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Le droit international public relatif aux groupes armés non étatiques

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Le droit international public relatif aux groupes armés non étatiques

DABONE, Zakaria

DABONE, Zakaria. Le droit international public relatif aux groupes armés non étatiques . Genève : Schulthess, 2012, 419 p.

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:83306

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

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Zakaria Daboné

Le droit international public relatif

aux groupes armés non étatiques

C G

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Zakaria Daboné

Le droit international public relatif

aux groupes armés non étatiques

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C G

Collection Genevoise

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Zakaria Daboné

Le droit international public relatif

aux groupes armés

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Information bibliographique de la Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

La Deutsche Nationalbibliothek a répertorié cette publication dans la Deutsche Nationalbiblio- grafie; les données bibliographiques détaillées peuvent être consultées sur Internet à l’adresse http://dnb.d-nb.de.

Tous droits réservés. Toute traduction, reproduction, représentation ou adaptation intégrale ou partielle de cette publication, par quelque procédé que ce soit (graphique, électronique ou mécanique, y compris photocopie et microfilm), et toutes formes d’enregistrement sont stricte- ment interdites sans l’autorisation expresse et écrite de l’éditeur.

© Schulthess Médias Juridiques SA, Genève · Zurich · Bâle 2012

ISBN 978-3-7255-6532-0 Schulthess Médias Juridiques SA, Genève · Zurich · Bâle www.schulthess.com

Diffusion en France Éditions Juridiques Associées / LGDJ, Paris

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