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Maîtrise des interfaces pour le contrôle de l'injection de charges dans les polymères isolants électriques

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HAL Id: tel-01412946

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01412946

Submitted on 9 Dec 2016

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Laurent Millière

To cite this version:

Laurent Millière. Maîtrise des interfaces pour le contrôle de l’injection de charges dans les polymères

isolants électriques. Matériaux. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2015. Français. �NNT :

2015TOU30317�. �tel-01412946�

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