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Texte intégral

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(4) lk]t[ko |hk. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. rkdmu I dkogInvo [qfmu ! G dkospy[c9zhkg-af,nF -q[\vo c]t 4q’sY; .................................................. 1 [qfmu @ G dkoclj; ................................................................................................... 10 [qfmu # G pe-Uo c]t g0Qkzaf ..................................................................................... 19 [qfmu $ G g0Qkla’0tspk c]t la’0tspk\kdvbgxao|j;p .......................................... 23 [qfmu& G d;o\kdw,h .............................................................................................. 26 rkdmu II dkodtlydedkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’laf [qfmu * G dko0tspkprao8Qow,h.sh\kdfh;pdko3m,dyj’ ......................................... 28 [qfmu ( G dko3m,dyj’ .............................................................................................. 33 [qfm ) G dkolhk’|v’]hP’xk ................................................................................ 41 [qfmu _ G raoxk c]t raodq[mujoe,k]hP’ .................................................................. 44 [qfmu !W G dkoxtlq,raoxk ....................................................................................... 48 [qfmu !! G dko]hP’xk ............................................................................................. 51 [qfmu !@ G dko]hP’dq[ .............................................................................................. 55 rkdmu III dko-jk’ [qfmu !# G dko8+w,hhF dko8n,j w,h c]t dkog0Qkw,h ....................................................... 59 [qfmu !$ G dkod+/k .................................................................................................. 64 [qfmu !& G dko8yf8A’w22hk ....................................................................................... 70 [qfmu !* G dko8+lkpw22hk ....................................................................................... 76 [qfmu !( G g7njv’,nle]a[8yf8A’w22hk.ogInvo .............................................................. 80 [qfmu !) G dko8+F dko8af c]t dkora[3]st ............................................................ 82 [qfmu !_ G dko0qfF dkodqj’ c]t dkog7kt3]stczjo ............................................... 88 [qfmu @W G dkooe.-hrkstot.o-u;yfxt9e;ao ........................................................... 91 [qfmu @! G dkod;fdkg7njv’9ad ................................................................................. 94 [qfmu @@ G dko[e]5’Iadlksq;mPo c]t .lh8v’vkdkf ........................................... 98.

(5) rkdmu I dkogInvo [qfmu ! dkospy[c9zhkg-af,nF -q[\vo c]t 4q’sU; dkospy[c9zhkg-af,n dD dkodtdP,;afltf5v5xtdvo { .sh8afzhkle]a[spy[zhkg-af,n0t|kf #&V#& -a’8uc,af sn^ zhkx638t0t|kf #WV&W -a’8uc,af { g0a,,n { g0a,\5f { fhkpspy[ { l=0ufzhk { g-nvdcmd { [aomaf { ,uf8af. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. !D. 0D 0Ao8vodkoxt8y[af. I6[ !. $. @. #. !. @. $. I6[ @. #. { cmd[jvoc9zhk c]t 0ufglAo.shgxaoI6[9t85 ]af0t|kf $ -a’8uc,af ma’lujc97nG 9kd95f \kpg]d ! sk95f\kpg]d @ c]t 9kd95f \kpg]d # sk95f\kp g]d $ .ljzhkmk’xUoD. { 0ufglAole]a[ra[c9zhk9kd\kpg]d ! sk 95f\kpg]d $ 0Bowxskc7,zhkmuj8afw;Dh. !. 1.

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(7) dkospy[\vo dD dkodtdP,;afltf5 c]t v5xtdvo { zhk/hkple]a[spy[|j;p\vo { zhkle]a[spy[-q[\vo { g0a,,n { g0a,\5f { fhkpspy[lu7ndaoda[lu0v’zhkmujspy[ s^n 7hkp7ndao { l=0ufzhk { g-nvdcmd { [aomaf-nj. 0D 0Ao8vodkoxt8y[af 8afzhkle]a[spy[|j;p\vo,u0t|kffaj’oUG. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. @D. { 7;k,pk;xt,ko #W -a’8uc,afD { 7;k,d;hk’xt,ko @W -a’8uc,afD { .sh8af @ czjoD I6[ ! 8afzhkle]a[spy[-q[\vo,u0t|kffaj’oUG #W -, #W -,. !@ -,. @W -,. I6[ @ { 7;k,pk;xt,ko (@ -a’8uc,af c]t 7;k,d;hk’xt,ko @W -a’8uc,afD. 3.

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(12) { ra[[jvodQo4q’.shf6d0hk’0v’4q’16jg7yj’dk’ c]h;0ufglAole]a[spy[8aodQo4q’w;h grnjvgIafgxaodQo4q’xt,ko * { ) -a’8uc,afc]h;xUof6dg0Qkw;hmk’.o|j;p4q’grnjv[+ .shgsaof6dspy[D 0ufglAospy[8aodQo4q’w;h f6dmk’0hk’0v’4q’. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. I6[ * { .shra[,h;ozhk[jvoxkd4q’g0Qk.ogrnjv[+.shgsaoc7,zhkmuj8afc]h;fk, c]t ]uf.sh ]P[D { spy[[jvora[xkd4q’ fh;p;ymuspy[fQo s^n lvpg-njv’fhkp 8k,mujwfhIPo;ymuspy[ c]t lvpD { spy[f6dme,tfkc]h;]ufc[[f6d c]t xUof6dg0Qkmk’.o0v’lkpsY;grnjv[+.shgsao f6dspy[ c]t oewxspy[8yfda[|j;p4q’D. I6[ (. I6[4q’mujspy[leg]af 8.

(13) 7e4k, !D dkospy[[jvora[c7,zhkg-af,nma’ $ 0hk’ c,jooe.-h[kflvpg-njv’fhkp dD 4nd 0D zyf @D dko8afzhkle]a[spy[lkpsY;0v’4q’8hv’8afd;hk’xt,ko @{# -a’8uc,af c]t pk; !& { @W -a’8uc,af dD 4nd 0D zyf #D dko8afzhkle]a[spy[|j;p\vopk;xt,ko #W -a’8uc,af dD 4nd 0D zyf $D dko8afzhkle]a[spy[zhkg-af,n8hv’8af.shwfh0t|kf #&V#& -a’8uc,af dD 4nd 0D zyf. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. &D dko8afzhkle]a[spy[-q[\vopk;xt,ko (@ -a’8uc,af c]t d;hk’xt,ko @W -a’8uc,af dD 4nd 0D zyf *D dko8afzhkle]a[spy[|j;p0v’4q’8hv’8afpk;xt,ko &W{*W -a’8uc,af dD 4nd 0D zyf (D dkospy[c9zhkg-af,ngryjooe.-h;ymuspy[c[[.f L dD lvpfeoE 0D lvpw0j;8uodk 7D spy[[kf4vpsâ’ ’D spy[lts^P’. )D dko8afzhkle]a[spy[|j;p0v’4q’8hv’8afd;hk’xt,kogmqjk.fL dD d;hk’xt,ko #W{#& -a’8uc,af 0D d;hk’xt,ko #&{$W -a’8uc,af 7Dd;hk’xt,ko$W{$&-a’8uc,af ’D d;hk’xt,ko *W{(W -a’8uc,af. 9.

(14) [qfmu @ dkoclj; dkoclj;fh;p,n gxaodkoclj;muj,u7;k,xkouf]tvPfvjvoF f5\ajovqfmqo c]t ,u7;k,,ad9yj’9tlk,kfclj;wfh’k,D dkoclj;c8j]t;ymu sn^ c8j]t[kfclj;lk,kf oewxclj;xtlq,xtlkodao.shgxao[kfclj;.o]kp8jk’Mwfhg-ajoG fvdw,hF 8Qow,hF .[w,hF I6[laf s^n I6[rk[8jk’Mmuj8hv’dkoD. ;ymuclj;[kfxudoqdw0;j ! #. @. { cm’g0a,0Bo[jvo\kpg]d ! c]h;37h’fhkp clj;,kmk’0;k,n.shgxao;q’ cm’g0a,]q’[jvo \kpg]d @ c]h;lvfg0a,0Bo[jvo\kp g]d #D. I6[ !. $ &. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. !D. { 37h’fhkpclj;wxmk’-hkp,n.shgxao;q’ cm’ g0a,0Bo[jvo\kpg]d $ c]h;lvfg0a,0Bo[jvo \kpg]d &D. I6[ @ { 37h’fhkpclj;wx0;k,n.shgxao;q’clj;8+Mwx mk’-hkp{0;kltsâ[daoD. I6[ #. 10.

(15) ;ymuclj;[kf[h;’. I6[ !. { cm’g0a,0Bo9kdmk’]j5,0v’zhkclj; 95f \kpg]d ! muj8hv’dkoclj;F c]h;fb’g0a,0Bo c]t 37h’fhkpclj;wxmk’0;k,n cm’g0a, ]q’95f\kpg]d @ -bj’gxao95ffP;da[\kpg]d ! grnjvgIaf.shfhkpclj;gxao[h;’F c]h;9yj’lvf g0a,cm’0Bo[jvo95f\kpg]d # c]t fb’g0a, 0BoD. I6[ @. { fb’fhkpclj;.shgxao[h;’r=fu cm’g0a,]q’95f \kpg]d $ grnjvIaf[kf[h;’clj;w;h9twfh[kf clj;[kf[h;’ ! [kf c]t clj;[kf8+Mwx.sh xt8y[af7ndaoda[clj;[kfmu !D. # !. @. $. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. @D. { 4hk9tclj;[kf[h;’-hvodaod+8hv’clj;[kf [h;’mevyf.spj c]t clj;[kf[h;’mu @ ohvpF .sh-hvog0Qk.o[kf[h;’mu ! d+9twfh[kfclj; gxao[h;’-hvodao [kf[h;’mujclj;c8j]t[kf9t ohvp sn^ .sp jsn^ vkf9tclj;gxaoI6[fvdw,hd+wfh c]h;clj;gxao[kf8+Mdaowx8k,]kpmuj8hv’dko I6[ #. ;ymuclj;[kf[h;’lk,kfclj;gxaoI6[fvdw,h.ljglNvF zhkx638t c]t clj;8k, ]kpclj; 8jk’Mmuj8hv’dkowfhD 0=h7;ogvqk.9.lj { c8j]t[kf[h;’mujclj;8hv’.shgmqjkdao c]t Iaf[h;’clj;.sh1j6g7yj’dk’0v’[h;’D { g;]kgvqkfhkpclj;dhP;gIaf[h;’8hv’dhP;wxmk’0;k,nD { dkoclj;[kf[h;’c8j]t[kf9tohvp s^n .spj c,jo0Boda[]kpclj;mujc8h,w;Dh 11.

(16) ;ymuclj;[kf0vf { cm’g0a,0Bo9kdmk’]j5,0v’zhkclj;7n95f \kpg]d ! c]h;gvqkfhkpclj;raodhP;xkp g0a, ! Iv[ cm’g0a,]q’\kpg]d @ -bj’1j6 .dhMda[95f\kpg]d ! c]h;cm’g0a,]q’ fb’ fhkp.shg7aj’ X9twfh[kf0vfohvp? c]h;clj; [kf0vf8+Mwx .shxt 8y[af7nc[[mu !D. @ ! I6[ !. { 4hk8hv’dkoclj;[kf0vf.spj.shxt8y[af7n daoda[;ymuclj;[kf0vfohvp c8j8hv’raofhkp @{# Iv[F ;ymuclj;[kf0vfoU lk,kfoe.-h .odkoclj;gdlvofvdw,h ]kpmujgxaog,af c]t 95f8k,]kpclj; 8jk’MD. I6[ @. $D. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. #D. ;ymuclj;[kf38|vo ! #. { cm’g0a,0Bo9kdmk’]j5,0v’zhkclj;95f \kpg]d ! c]t cm’g0a,]q’[jvo95f\kpg]d @ c]h;lvfg0a,0Bo[jvo\kpg]d # -bj’1j695f fP;da[\kpg]d !D. @. I6[ !. ! @. # I6[ @. @ $ I6[ #. { gvqkfhkpclj;dhP;xkpg0a,.shwfhs^kpMIv[ 8k,muj8hv’dko 7;k,pk;0v’[kfclj;w]pt g]d @ sk g]d #D { fb’g0a,0Bozjkofhkpclj;mujraodhP;xkpg0a, gvqkw;h .-h,n-hkp9a[I6f-j;p.shfhkpclj;mujdhP; rao1j6]Podao’k,F c]h;da[,kcm’[jvo\kp g]d $ -bj’1j695ffP;da[ \kpg]d @ c]t clj; [kf38|vo8+Mwx .shxt8y[af7ndaoda[[kfclj; [kfmevyfD 12.

(17) ;ymuclj;38|vooUlk,kfoe.-hclj;gxaoI6[fvdw,h sn^ du[fvdw,hF gxaofvdd5 s^k[F gxaoI6[38|vo0qf c]t I6[38|voc[[gxao[h;’D. I6[fvdd5s^k[. I6[fvdw,h. &D. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. I6[38|vo0qf. I6[38|voc[[gxao[h;’. ;ymuclj;c[[I6dtf5, #. ! @. { cm’g0a,9kdmk’]j5,0v’zhkclj;0Bo,k95f \kpg]d ! c]h;fb’g0a,0Bo c]t 37h’fhkpclj; dhP;xkpg0a, c]t cm’g0a,]q’\kpg]d @ c]h;lvfg0a,cm’0Bo16j[jvo\kpg]d # c]h; fb’g0a,0Bo9twfh[kfclj;c[[I6dtf5, ! [kf c]t clj;[kf8+Mwx.shxt8y[af7ndaoda[[kfmu !D. ;ymuclj;c[[I6dtf5,oUlk,kfoe.-hclj;0v[ sn^ glAo8jk’M0v’]kpclj;g-ajoG .[w,hF fvdw,h sn^ c7,zhkD [kfclj;9tgIaf[kf4ujM sn^ [kfsjk’M c]t [kfpk; sn^ [kflAod+wfh8k,7;k,8hv’dkoD 13.

(18) *D. ;ymuclj;[kf4vpsa^’ { cm’g0a,0Bo[jvo\kpg]d ! Xmk’-hkp ,n? c]t cm’g0a,]q’[jvo\kpg]d @ Xmk’0;k ,n?D ! @ I6[ ! # ! I6[ @. @. { .shg0a,lvf16jmk’]j5,zhk.shpk; @ gmqjk0v’ [kfclj;mk’gmy’c]h;cm’g0a,0Bo[jvo\kp g]d #D. # $! @ I6[ #. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. { cm’g0a,]q’[jvo\kpg]d $ -bj’16j-njdaoda[ \kpg]d !D. { clj;[kf8+Mwx9twfhclj;[kf4vpsâ’8yf8+daoD. I6[ $. (D. ;ymuclj;[kfxhv’. { ;k’glAofhkpclj;]q’gmy’]kpmuj9tclj;D. I6[ ! I6[ @. { .-hg0a,IhvpfhkpvudglAo|bj’clj;IafglAofhkpmuj ;k’w;hoAo.sh16j8yfda[zhkclj;D. { clj;Iaf.shgxaow]ptM 8k,muj8hv’dkoD I6[ # 14.

(19) ;ymuclj;[kf4q,. # @ ! ). _. $. &. ( *. I6[ !. { cm’g0a,0Bo9kdmk’]j5,0v’zhk clj;[jvo 95f\kpg]d ! c]h;cm’]q’\kp g]d @ c]t lvfg0a,cm’0Bo[jvo95f\kpg]d #F -bj’8yfda[ glAofhkpclj;\kpg]d ! c]h;fb’g0a,0Bo9twfh [kfclj;[kf4q, ! [kf c]h;9yj’clj;[kf8+M wx.shxt8y[af7ndaoda[[kfmu !D. I6[ @. I6[ #. clj;[kf4q,g8a,. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. )D. clj;[kf4q,lAo c]t pk;ltsa^[dao. dkoclj;[kf4q,.shgxao];f]kp8jk’MgIqk7;ogvqk.9.ljfa’oUG { clj;[kf4q,8hv’.-hltfb’grnjvgIaf.shzhkclj; g7aj’r=fuF g;]kcm’g0a,0Bo c]t ]q’d+ltf;d gIaf.sh[kfclj;]P[ c]t ’k,D { clj;[kf4q,[+7;ogIaf[kfclj;pk;9qogduo wxgrkt9tgIaf.sh[kfclj;pkoF [+]P[ c]t [+ ’k,D { 4hk]kpclj;d;hk’ c]t .spj7;o9tclj; [kf4q,lAo c]t pk;ltsa^[daoD { clj;[kf4q,8hv’clj;[kf4ujM c]t .shglAo fhkpclj;1j68yfMdao9qog[yj’[+gsaozhkclj;D ;ymuclj;[kf4q,oUlk,kfoe.-hclj;8Qow,hF .[w,hF fvdw,h c]t ]kpclj; 8jk’Mwfhgxao[kfclj;muj,u7;k,]tvPf c]t xkoufs^kpd;jk[kfclj;vnjoMD. 15.

(20) _D. dkoclj;zhkx638t dD dkodtdP,;afltf5v5xtdvo { zhkle]a[clj;0t|kf #WV&W -a’8uc,af { fhkpclj;lu8jk’M8k,muj8hv’dko { g0a,le]a[clj; { ltfb’ { g9hpdkd[volu { ]kpclj; { l=0ufzhk c]t g-nvdcmd { ,uf8af c]t [aomaf. 0D 0Ao8vodkoxt8y[af. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. { dkog]nvd]kpclj; c]t ;k’]kpclj;F 8hv’g]nvd]kpclj;.shg\ktda[zhkzno ohvp sn^ .spjD { dko;k’]kp.shg\ktlq,da[goNvmuj0v’zhkmuj9tclj;D { dko9af;k’]kpclj;D { dko9af;k’]kple]a[clj;1j6g7yj’dk’0v’zhkclj;D { dko9af;k’]kple]a[clj;1j6c90v’zhkclj;D { dko9af;k’]kple]a[clj;1j6vhv,0v[zhkclj;D clj;[kf0vf clj;[kfg7nv. clj;8jv’3lh clj;c[[I6dtf5,. clj;[kfg7nv. clj;[kf4q,g8a,. clj;[kf4q,g8a,. clj;[kfg7nv clj;[kfg7nv clj;[kf4q,g8a, clj;[kf[h;’ 16. clj;[kf[h;’.

(21) 7D dkodjkp]kpclj; { djkp]kpmuj8hv’dko.ljg9hpD { ;k’g9hpc0’czjo.spjle]a[Iv’.ljrNomujc0’ c]t Ik[rP’fuD { ;k’zhkmuj9tclj;.ljgmy’g9hpc0’D { ;k’g9hpmujdjkp]kp8k,8hv’dko.ljzhk.sh16j -njfu c]t 4nd[jvomuj8hv’dkoclj;F c]h;gvqkg0a, \5f0afzhk c]t g9hpoAo.shc|hoD { lvfg9hpdkd[volug0Qk.sh-njda[]kpclj;c]h; .-h[yd sn^ l=0uf8k,]kpclj;.ljzhk grnjvoewx clj;D. ’D dkoclj;zhk38t. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. .shxt8y[af8k,[qfIPomujIPo,k c]h;gvqk[kfclj;8jk’M,k.-hclj;8k,]kp xtlq,xtlkodao grnjv.shzhkx638tmujclj;leg]afoAo’k,D. I6[zhkx638tmujleg]af. 17.

(22) 7e4k, !D ;ymuclj;[kf[h;’.sh9q[’k,7;ogvqk.9.ljclj;.sh[kfgmqjkdao c]t Iaf[h;’clj; .sh16jg7yj’dk’0v’[h;’ dD 4nd 0D zyf. #D ;ymuclj;[kf0vfgryjolk,kfoe.-hclj;gIafspa’L dD clj;gdlvofvdw,h 0D clj;du[fvdw,h 7D clj;.[fvdw,h $D dkoclj;du[fvdd5s^k[gryjo.-h[kfclj;c[[.fL dD clj;[kf4q, 0D clj;[kf38|vo 7D clj;[kf0vf. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. @D dkoclj;[kf4q,,u7nclj;[kf4q,g8a,F clj;[kf4q,lAo c]t pk;ltsa^[dao dD 4nd 0D zyf. &D ;ymuclj;[kf[h;’lk,kfoewxclj;gxaoI6[spa’ c]t oewxclj;16j.lL. 18.

(23) [qfmu # pe-Uo c]t g0Qkzaf dkox5’c8j’vksko7k;xtgrfpe-Uo c]t zadg-yj’gxaovkskoxtgrf|nj’ g-yj’ oypq,dyo.o’kofv’F ’ko;aogduf s^n ’ko]hP’ pe,us^kpxtgrfg-ajoG pe-Uo’q;F pe 1+F pe-Uo\6F pe|a’\6D. dkox5’c8j’pe-UooE8qd dD g7njv’xtdv[. @. !. &. !D -Uo’q; @D sq;zad[qj;.spj #D \kdgzafl5dcf’ $D sv,[qj; &D sv,xhv, *D g-ugou]u (D 0u’vjvo )D sq;luw7 _D gdnv !W oExk !!D oE8ko !@D \kdok; !#D sq;zad[qj;csh’ !$D zydgzqk !&D-vf\kdgzaf. *. !@. ! dy3]dik, @ sq; !W |j;p ! ,af ! ,af ! ,af ! sq; # sq; ! [j;’-k @ [j;’cd’ @ [j;’cd’ @ [j;’cd’ & sq; ! [j;’cd’ # [j;’cd’. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. !D. !#. 0D dkodtdP, { g]nvd-N-Uo’q;lqfF [+,udyjog\ao7k; c]t 7;ogvqk-Uolao9t,u7;k,vjvoo5h,D { -Uo’q;]hk’oE.shltvkf xkfgxao8jvosokxt,ko !}@ 0v’0=h,n c]h;oewxxU’w2 vjvoM.shl5dr=-e]k Xl5dcfjF [+l5dcfj? sâ’9kdoAooe,k-vpgxao8jvo[k’M8k, ];’8af0v’-Uoxtw;Dh 19.

(24) { sq;[qj;.spj]hk’oE.shltvkf c]h;-vpgxao8jvo[k’Mc-joED { \kdgzafl5dcf’]hk’oE.shltvkf c]h;-vpgxao8jvolts^P’[k’M { sv,[qj;F sv,xhv, c]t g-ugou]u]hk’oE.shltvkf8afgxaomjvogmqjklv’0=h,nD { 0u’xvdgxnvdvvd]hk’oE.shltvkf-vpgxaoglAoc][MD { sq;luw7xvddk[cdjvvdc]h;-vpgxao8jvo[k’MD. 7D ;ymux5’ { gvqkoE8koF gdnvF oE\kdok;F oExkF oE-avf\kdgzaf c]t rydgzqk8u.shg0Qk daogxaooEpeF gvqk-UoF sq;zad[qj;.spjF \kdgzafl5dcf’F 0u’F sq;luw7F sq;zad[qj; csh’ c]t g7njv’sv,-k;.shg0Qkdao9qomqj; sâ’9kdoAogvqkoEpemuj8P,w;hoAo]q’.lj 7qo.shmqj;vudgmnjv|nj’ -y,]qf-kf.shr=fuD. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. ’D dko9af8q[c8j’. 9af.lj9ko8q[c8j’fh;pzadlt]afF .[sv,xhv, c]t \kdgzafl5dcf’D. I6[ dko9af8q[c8j’9ko. 9D dko8advksko grnjvxhv’daortpkf8yfcxf9kdz6hvnjoMF ma’gxaodkog/yd/qooy.l.odkodyoI;, daomuj,u]t[P[ .odko8advkskoc8j]t7A’7;oxt8y[affaj’oUG { 8ad.lj9ko.sjpdyoIj;,daos^kp7qo c8j.sh,u[j;’8adltgrktD { 8ad.lj9koIv’.og;]kdyog0Qk c]t 8hv’8ad.oxt]y,komug\ktlq,D. 20.

(25) @D. dkox5’c8j’g0Qkzaf dD g7njv’xtdv[. $. #. &. *. !!. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. @. !D g0Qk9hk;s5’l5dc]h; $ 4h;pohvp @D sq;dk]qf ! sq; #D 4qj;dtc; !W /ad $D .lhdvds;ko ! 0=h &D w0jwdj # |j;p *D sq;zad[qj;.spj ! sq; (D oE,aosvp @ [j;’cd’ )D gdnv !}@ [j;’dkg2 _D oE-uvY; ! [j;’dkg2 !WD oE8ko ! [j;’dkg2 !!D dtmP,csh’ # sq; !@D oE,aornf @ [j;’cd’ !#D rydwm !}@ [j;’-k. 0D dkodtdP,. { sq;dk]qfxvdgxnvdvvd]hk’oE.shltvkf c]h;-vpgxao8jvoD { \kd4qj;dtc;8afsq;F 8afsk’vvd]hk’oE.shltvkf8afgxao8jvoohvpMD { .lhdvds;kozjk.shwfh $ xjP’ c]h;-vpgxao8jvo[k’M8k,mk’8afD { sq;zad[qj;.spj]hk’oE.shltvkf cdtdk[vvd c]h;-vpohvpM7nda[sq;dk]qfD { w0j8u.shc8dF dtmP,xvdgxnvdvvdm5[.shc8dD. 7D ;ymux5’ gvqkg0QkmujdP,w;hoAo,k-k;.ljF gdnvF oE-uvY;F oE,aosvpF oE8koF rydwmF gvqk oE,ao.lj\=h 7hk’w2.shIhvo .ljdtmP,0Q;.shsv, .lhdvd.shl5d gvqksq;dk]qfF 4qj;dt c;F sq;zad[qj;.spjF 0Q;.shl5dF .ljw0jwdj 0Q;9qow0jwdjl5dF c]h;9yj’gvqkg0Qk9hk;mujdP,w;h c]h;oAo]q’ c]t x5’]qf-kf.shr=fu c]h;xq’]q’D. 21.

(26) ’D dko9af8q[c8j’ 8ad.lj9ko8q[c8j’.sh’k,|hkIa[xtmkoD \kpgsf zadmujoe,kx5’c8j’g0Qkzaf.shg]nvdrnfzad 8k,]tf6dko,kx5’c8j’D. 7e4k,. @D g0Qk9toe,kx5’c8j’g0Qkzaf8hv’gvqkg0Qkco;.fL dD 8hv’gvqkg0Qk9hk;mjus5’l5dc]h; 0D 8hv’gvqkg0Qk|P;. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. !D dkox5’c8j’pe-Uo7;og]nvd-Uo’q;mulqfF[+,udyjog\ao7k; c]t 7;og]nvd-Uolao 9t,u7;k,vjvoo5h,fu dD 4nd 0D zyf. #D dkox5’c8j’oEpe-Uo.ljoE8koF gdnvF oE\kdok;F oE-avf\kdgzaf c]t rydgzqk dD 4nd 0D zyf. 22.

(27) [qfmu $ g0Qkla’0tspk c]t la’0tspk\kdvbgxao|j;p g0Qkla’0tspkc,jovkskos;kovudxtgrf|bj’muj7qogIqkoypq,,adgIafdyo s^n gIaf 0kp16joemhv’8ts^kf lj;os^kpgryjo,adoypq,gIafg0Qkla’0tspkg0Qkd+kmujlulao|hkIa[ xtmkoF c8j[k’mhv’4yjo9t,adgIafg0Qkla’0tspk.lj.[g8up grkt;jk.[g8up9t,udyjo sv,D. dkox5’c8j’g0Qkla’0tspk dD g7njv’xtdv[ !D g0Qk|P; @D g0Qkd+k #D oE8ko $D gdnv &D \kdrhk; *D .[8v’. * & &. *. 0D dkodtdP,. ! dy3]dik, !}@ dy3]dik, @WW dik, ! [j;’-k ! |j;p @W { #W .[. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. !D. { \jkg0Qk|P;xtlq,g0Qkd+k.shw|j c]t |B’.shl5dD { 06f\kdrhk; c]t 7AogvqkoEsq;dtmy.shwfh|bj’4h;pohvpDX4hkgxaodtmyleg]afI6[.sh vjkolts^kd;ao\qfvkp5glpdjvoF grnjvxhv’daodko[6fgoqjkD { 9ud.[8v’F g-af.shltvkfdPosq;F dPoxkp.sh’k,D. 7D ;ymux5’ gvqkoEdtmy,kxtlq,da[oE8kogrnjv7qo.sh]t]kp 9kdoAooeg0Qkmujl5dc]h;,k xtlq,.shg0Qkdao c]h;oewx|B’vudgmnjv|bj’D. ’D ;ymugIafsohkla’0tspk !. #. !D w0jwdj @D oE8ko #D oEsq;dtmy $D gdnv 23. !W |j;p $ 0uf @ 4h;pohvp ! [j;’-k.

(28) 9D ;ymux5’ gvqkoEsq;dtmyF oE8koF gdnv c]t w0j8u.shg0QkdaoF 9kdoAo.-hzhk0k;8v’.shlt vkfF 4vd.ljrk4kfoewx|B’.shl5d c]t oewxs+xtlq,da[g0Qkla’0tspkD. lD ;ymus+ oegvqk.[8v’,ks+F .ljg0Qk c]h;8ad\hkla’0tspk.ljF oe,ks+3fpdu[sq;du[ xkpgIaf7hkpMda[s+\qdxkD. #. @ I6[ ;ymus+. @. la’0tspk\kdvbgxaosoj;p dD g7njv’xtdv[. $. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. !. !D \kdvb @D w0jwdj #D \kdrhk;csh’ $D oE8ko &D gdnv !. @. ! |j;p * |j;p ! |j;p @WW dik, ! [j;’dkg2. #. 0D dkodtdP, { g]nvdgvqk\kdvb|j;p.spj c]t ,aofuF [+gxaoglAo.ps^kpD { g9ktgvqkmk’0;Ao\kdvbvvdF .-h[j;’7;afgvqkcdjovvdF ]hk’.shltvkfxtw;hD { 06f\kdrhk; c]t 7AogvqkoEsq;dtmy ! 4h;pohvp X4hkgxaodtmyleg]afI6[.shvjko lts^kd;ao\qfvkp5glpdjvoF grnjvxhv’daodko[6fgoqjkD. 24.

(29) 7D ;ymux5’ gvqkoEsq;dtmyF gdnvF oE8ko7qo.shg0Qkdaoxtw;hF w0j8u.shc8dc]h;oe,k7qo.lj oEsq;dtmy.shg0QkdaoF 9kdoAooezhk0k;,k8v’c]h;4vd.lj\kdvbmujdP,w;hoAoF oewx\B’.lj\=h-b’ s^n s;fxt,kog7yj’-qj;3,’ g,njvl5dc]h;7;oxtw;h.shg1aoglpdjvo 9kdoAooe,kxkfgxaoxjP’D. 7e4k, !D dkogIaf|hkla’0tspk gryjo9t.ljspa’cfjL dD .ljw0jF .ljgdnv F .lj\kdrhk; 0D .ljw0jF .ljoE8koF .ljgdnv 7D .ljw0jF .ljoE8koF .ljgdnvF .lj\kdrhk;. #D dkogIafg0Qkla’0tspk gryjogvqkg0Qk-toyf.fgIafL dD g0Qk|P; c]t g0QkdO 0D g0Qk9hk; c]t g0QkdO 7D g0Qklk]u c]t g0QkdO. 25. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. @D dkox5’c8j’la’0tspk\kdvb gryjo.ljgdnvgrnjvgruh,7;k,,ao c]t ,u]qf-kf dD 4nd 0D zyf.

(30) [qfmu & d;o\kdw,h d;o\kdw,hd+c,jovksko-toyf|bj’mujgIqklk,kfd;ow;hdyofqowfhg-ajo;jkG d;o \kdoafF d;o\kd0k,F d;o\kd,j;’F d;o\kd,UF d;o\kdpq, c]t vnjoMD dkooe\kdw,h,kd;o0Bo16jda[c8j]tmhv’4yjo;jk,u\kdw,h-toyf.fs^kpd;jk\6jD. dkod;o\kdoaf dD g7njv’xtdv[ !. !D \kdoaf @D oE8ko #D gdnv $D oEltvkf &D \kdrhk;. &. 0D dkodtdP,. # |j;p $WW dik, ! [j;’-k ! 4h;pohvp ! |j;p. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. !D. { g]nvdgvqk\kdoaf|j;pmujl5dfuD { xvdgxnvdvvdgvqk8k\kdoafvvd.sh\qfF 8afgxao8jvoohvpMD { 06f\kdrhk; c]t 7AogvqkoEsq;dtmy.shwfh ! 4h;p.spjD X4hkgxaodtmyleg]afI6[ .sh vjkolts^kd;ao\qfvkp5glpdjvoF grnjvxhv’daodko[6fgoqjkD. 7D ;ymux5’ gvqkoEF \kdoaf.lj\=hF 7hk’w2.sh2qfF 9kdoAo.shxa[]tfa[w2xkodk’F .-hw,hdt fhk,7qoxt,ko $ { & -qj; 3,’ .ljoE8koF gdnvF 7qo\kdoaf|P;fu c]t ,ulucf’ g]adohvpF c]h;9bj’xq’]q’xtw;hF gvqkoEdtmy.lj\F=h 7hk’w2xkodk’F 0hP;dtmy.shc8d ,ao,ulu0k;.l,uoE,aovvd,koewx7qo.ljda[d;o\kdoaf.sh,u]qf-kf,ao c]t sv,D. ’D dkogda[Iadlk 7;ogda[Iadlkw;h.od;fcdh; s^n d;f1k’muj,u/kxyf1jk’c|ho|k c]h;gda[w;h .o86hg1aoD. 26.

(31) d;o\kd,j;’l5d dD g7njv’xtdv[ !. !D \kd,j;’l5d @D gdnv #D oE8ko $D \kdrhk;. $. $ dy3]dik, ! [j;’cd’ #WW dik, ! |j;p. 0D dkodtdP, { g]nvdgvqk\kd,j;’|j;pmujl5dfuF [+gxaoc,’F xvdgxnvdvvd c]h;xkfgvqkc8j-Uo sâ’9kdoAo.shgvqk8k|jk’,k8v’gvqkglAowpvvd.sh\qfD { 06f\kdrhk;F 7Aogvqkc8joEsq;dtmy.shwfh ! 4h;p.spjD. 7D ;ymux5’ gvqk\kd,j;’F oE8koF gdnv.lj\=h 7hk’w2xkodk’F d;oxt,ko $ { & -qj;3,’ 9qo\kd,j;’|P;fu c]t ,ulucf’g]ad|hvpF gvqkoEsq;dtmy.lj\=h7hk’w2xkodk’ 0hP;dtmy.shc8d,ao,ulu0k;.l,uoE,aovvd,kF oewx7qo.ljda[d;o\kd,j;’.sh,u ]qf-kf,ao c]t sv,D. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. @D. ’D dkogda[Iadlk. { 7;ogda[Iadlkw;h.od;fcdh; s^n d;f1k’muj,u/kxyf1jk’c|ho|k c]h;gda[w;h.o 86hg1aoD. 7e4k, !D dkogIafd;o\kdoafgryjo8hv’gIafw2cI’L dD 4nd 0D zyf @D dkogIafd;o\kdoafgryjo8hv’.ljdtmy\kdrhk;L dD 4nd 0D zyf #D dkogIafd;o\kd,j;’gryjo8hv’g]nvdgvqk\kd,j;’mujl5dgsuj,L dD 4nd 0D zyf 27.

(32) rkdmu II dkodtlyde [qfmu * dko0tspkpraow,h.sh\kdfh;pdko3m,dyj’ !D. 7;k,\kp7;k,le7ao0v’dko0tspkprao8Qow,hdyo\kdfh;p dko3m,dyj’. @D. xafw9muj,uvyfmyrqo8+dko3m,dyj’. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. dko0tspkprao8Qow,h.sh\kdfh;pdko3m,dyj’c,jodko0tspkprao8Qow,hdyo \kd-toyfraofu c]t gxao;ymudkogruj,xt]y,ko8Qow,h.sh\kd.shs^kp0BoF dko0t spkprao8Qow,h.sh\kdmujoypq,.-hwfhcdjG dko8yf8kF dko8+dyj’F dko3m,dyj’F dko xad-eD dko3m,dyj’c,jodko8afm+]e]P’vksko0v’rnfF lj;om+oEpa’,u16j8k,xqddt8y 9yj’gIaf.shdyj’mju3m,wfhIa[oE16j8ts^vfg;]k fh;pgsfoU9yj’gIaf.shdyj’3m,lqf16jltg\u 9qod;jk9tvvdIkdD dkovvdIkd0v’dyj’3m,9t0Bo16jda[7;k,-5j,F dko4jkpgmvkdkf c]t ]tfa[ v5ostr6,mujg\ktlq,F c8j4hkxjvp.shlyj’mujs5h,dyj’csh’d+vkf9tgxaov5xtlad8+dkogduf IkdwfhF faj’oAo]tf6mujg\kt8+dko3m,dyj’7;ogxao]tf6/qoD. xafw9muj,uvyfmyrqo8+dko3m,dyj’,ufaj’oUG { gIaf.shgdufdkoltlq,vksko c]t lko[k’-toyfmuj9egxao8+dko’vdIkd.o[=]y g;omuj3m,dyj’F 3fp;ymugIaf.shdyj’gduf[kfcz grnjv8afm+]e]P’vkskornf.olj;o vnjoM9yj’gdufdkoltlq,vksko c]t lko[k’1jk’0Bogmy’[kfczmuj3m,D { 8hv’lhk’ltrk[c;f]hv,.shg\ktlq,da[dko’vdIkd0v’rnfg-ajoG 7;k,-5j,F v5ostr6, c]t cl’lts;jk’D { 7;of6c]Iadlk .sh7;[75,7;k,-5j, s^n dkoxhv’dao[+.shgduf7;k,glpskpg-yj’ gduf9kd,qfF c,’w,h c]t laf]hP’D. 28.

(33) #D. dkodtdP,v5xtdvole]a[dko0tspkpraofh;pdko3m,dyj’. #D!. v5xtdvo c]t ;afltf5. #D@. ,uf.-hle]a[8+dyj’ c]t 3m,dyj’ X,uf7afg8u?. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. v5xtdvo c]t ;afltf5oe.-h.odko3m,dyj’mujgryjooypq,.-h3fpmqj;wx,ufaj’oUG dD v5xtdvo { ,uf7afg8u s^n ,uf.-hle]a[8+dyj’ c]t 3m,dyj’ X.-hle]a[xkfdyj’F 7h;odyj’F xkfdyj’F s5h,dyj’3m,? { 4q’1k’x]klt8yd0t|kf @ x $ -a’8uc,af .-hle]a[[ao95dk[\kdrhk;F 05p\kd rhk;F 4jko c]t cd[ { 9qdF lP, c]t -;hko .-hle]a[05f05,grnjv3m,dyj’ { g-nvd2k’.-hle]a[gxaog-nvd,aflyj’s5h,dyj’3m, { w,h7E.-hle]a[7Edyj’3m, 0D ;afltf5 { ly’mujs5h,djy’3m,,u7n G dk[\kdrhk;F 05p\kdrhk;F 4jkoF cd[ { fyoz5jp { I=3,og]aj’Ikd ,uf3m,dyj’ X,uf7afg8u? gxao,ufmuj.-hle]a[xkfgs’Qkdyj’8af-eF 8yf8kF 3m,dyj’g-yj’ ,uf3m,dyj’,us^kp0t|kfF s^kpc[[,u0kp16j3fpmqj;wxF dkog]nvd-N,uf3m,dyj’7;o 7eob’g4y’sâddkofaj’oUG dD ]adltot0v’,uf ]adltot0v’,ufgxaoc[[muj,u0t|kfg\ktlq, muj9t.-h3m,dyj’wfh,u.[,uf7q,F mqomkog-yj’lk,kf .-h;Pdwfhfqo3fp[+8hv’/qo s^n ]a[8ts^vfg;]kF mk’fhkoxkf,u.[,ufmujvjP’g-yj’9a[wfh1jk’7jv’ c7h; X3fpmqj;wx.shg]nvd.[,ufmujvjP’g[Nv’0;k g,njvxUo.[,ufvvdmk’ovd0v’38gv’?F ,ultxu’ mujc0’cI’[+lajog,njvg;]k.-h;PdF 380v’.[,uf c]t ltxy’[+g0Qk0U\hP’ c]t sad’jkpF ,ulj;oxtdv[muj.-hh;Pd7q[4h;oD. 29.

(34) 0D ;ymu.-h,uf3m,dyj’ ,uf3m,dyj’lk,kfoe.-h.o;Pd’ko8yf8kF 8+dyj’F mk[dyj’ c]t 3m,dyj’g-yj’gxao ;Pdmuj8hv’dkooe.-h,ufmuj7q,F 4hk.[,uf[+7q, g;]kxkf9tgIaf.shxkd[kf[+rP’F 95]a’0v’goNvw,h-E c]t 8yfrtpkfwfh’jkpD 7D dkof6c]Iadlk,uf3m,dyj’ g4y’;jk7q,0v’.[,uf9t16j.oltrk[mujfu16jd+8k, c8jg;]k.-h;Pdfqooko,ao9t[+ wfh75ootrk[ ltoAo8hv’wfh/qo X]a[? ,uf16jltg\uD. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. ’D dkoIadlk.[,uf /qo X]a[? .[,uffh;psuovjvoF /qofhkofP;3fpltgrktfhkomujvP’F gvqk.[,ufvjP’ gxao,6, @W vq’lkda[suo/qo,ufF /qo.shg8a,.[,uf X7;k,pk;0v’.[,uf?F /qo.shg8a, |hksuo/qo.[,uf X7;k,pk;0v’suo/qo,uf?F gvqkoE.ljsuo8ts^vf.ow]ptg;]k/qo X]a[? sâ’9kdoAod;fg[yj’.[,uf;jk.-hwfh s^n [+D 9D dkoIadlk38,uf lj;o.spjc,joIadlkltxy’[a’7a[,uf 3fp.sh1vfoE,aog7njv’.lj[=]yg;omujgxao7ko [a’7a[ c]t 38ltxy’.sh,u7;k,vjvo38D lD dkoIadlkfhk,,uf ]t;a’1jk.sh,uf8qd grkt9tgIaf.shfhk,sad c]t .-h;Pd[+wfh. $D. dkodtdP,8Qoc,jraoF 8QoraoF dyj’rao c]t |kogrkt-e. $D!. 8Qoc,jrao c]t |kogrkt-e8Qow,h.sh\kd lt4komujgrkt-e8Qow,h.sh\kdc8j]t[jvo9egxao8hv’,u8Qoc,jraow;hgrnjvdko0t spkprao3fpltgrktdko0tspkpraoc[[[+vk.lgrf s^n c[[.-hlj;odyj’.[ grnjv 0tspkpraoF 8Qoc,jraofuoAo vkf9t16j.o|kozt]yf[=]yg;o.dh7P’d+wfh lyj’le7aod+7n 8hv’9ecod-toyfrao.sh4nd8hv’ c]t -afg9o grnjv.sh0tspkpwfh4ndda[lkpraomuj 8hv’dkoD 3fpmqj;wxc]h;lt4komujgrkt-e8Qow,h.sh\kd,ad9t,udkolhk’|kox6d 8Qoc,jrao Xdhkcdjorao? w;hgxao0v’8qogv’ g-yj’9twfh[q;]t[afIadlk1jk’.dh-yfD. 30.

(35) $D@. 8Qorao.odko3m,dyj’ 8Qoraoc,jolj;o0v’8QornfmujgIaf|hkmujgxao]t[q[Ikd s^n gIaf|hkmujgxao]t[q[Ikd 0v’8Qornfmuj9t0tspkprao3fp;ymu3m,dyj’Dvkf9tgxaolj;o0v’8Qo c]t Ikd s^n lj;o0v’Ikdma’\qfd+wfh c]t dko.-hIkdgxao8Qo8=oAovkf9t.-hma’\qfIkd s^n vkfgxaomjvoIkdd+wfhD. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. dD 75olq,[af0v’-toyfraornfmuj.-hgxao8Qorao c,jolk,kf0tspkpraowfh’jkp[+;jk9tgxaodkodhkcdjo s^n dko3m,dyj’F 8Qo dhk s^n 8Qovjvomuj0tspkpwfh ,udko9tg]uog8u[38fu lk,kf9toe,k.-hgxao8Qoraowfh .ow]ptg;]kvaolAoF gxao8Qo8=mujlk,kfxa[38wfhm5dMltrk[dko.oc8j]tmhv’4yjo wfhF lk,kf9t8+g0Qkda[raornfmujgxaoraofuwfhF cdjo s^n 8Qoskwfh’jkp c]t ,u]k7k8OD 0D -toyf0v’8Qorao .omk’xt8y[afc]h; c[j’vvdgxao @ r;d7n { 8Qoraomujwfh9kddkodhkcdjo \kpg4y’8Qornfmuj9toe,k.-hgxao8QoraooAoc,jo0t spkprao9kddkodhkcdjo 3fp8Qorao-toyfoUdhk,k9kdcdjo faj’oAovkf,udko dkpraowfh Xzyf9kd8Qogdqjk? faj’oAo9bj’,u;ymuIadlk.sh,u7;k,dkprao|hvpmujl5fg-ajoG .-hraornfmujgxaoraocmhF .-hraornfmujcdjolk,kf’vdwfhs^kp8QoF .-hraoxtlq,mujgxao raocmh c]t vnjoMS3fpmqj;wx8Qorao9kddkodhkcdjo,ad9t.-hda[-toyfw,h1no8Qomuj dyo\kdg-ajoG \kd,UF \kd4qj;]PoF \kd0k,F \kd,j;’gxao8QoD { 8Qoraomujwfh9kddko8af-e gxao8Qoraomujwfh9kddko0tspkpraofh;p;ymu8af-eF c]t ;ymucpd|+ 8Qorao-toyfoUgxao8Qoraomujdq’8k,lkpraom5dM8Qo7n8QofP;dao c]t 3fpmqj;wx8Qorao-toyfoUg\ktcdjdkomqf]v’F .-hgxao8Qoraomqog-nhvrtpkf s^n mqo8+lkoryf.ofyoF gxao8Qoraomuj,u]t[q[Ikd8No oypq,.-hda[rnf1no8Qomujgxaow,hxtfa[D. $D#. dyj’raofu dyj’raofu\kpg4y’lj;o0v’8QornfmujgIaf|hkmujgxaopvf0tspkprao3fp;ymu3m,dyj’D dD xtgrf0v’dyj’raofu xtgrf0v’dyj’raofu.omk’xt8y[afc]h; c[j’dyj’raofuvvdgxao @ -toyf7nG { dyj’raofuc,jodyj’rao8hv’gxaodyj’cdjmuj,ulugoNvgxnvdgxaoluoE8ko s^n ,u]kpglAoluoE 8ko3fpxqddt8y,adgxaodyj’mujc0’ c]t ,uvkp5fqoF ,uvkskoltlq,16js^kpF mqo8+dko sjP;csh’ c]t gda[IadlkwfhfqoF c8j95fvjvo0v’dyj’rao-toyfoUc,jodko9tg]uog8u[ 31.

(36) 380v’8kgmy’dyj’-hkgIaf.shglpg;]k[a’7a[8kgsy’D { dyj’raofu-toyfgxaodyj’vjvolu0P;muj9tg]uo16j.o-j;’0v’dko9tg]uog8u[.spjg8a,mu c]h;F gxaodyj’muj,uvkskoltlq,|hvpF vjvocv8+dkosjP;csh’D. 7e4k, !D dko3m,dyj’[+c,jodko8afm+]e]P’vksko0v’rnf dD 4nd 0D zyf. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. 0D dkog]nvddyj’raofu dkog]nvddyj’raofu.odko3m,dyj’,usa^ddko7afg]nvdfaj’]5j,oUG { gxaodyj’xufP; s^n ]tf6fP; 4hkgxaodyj’cdj 7;o,uvkp5[+gduo ! xuF 4hkgxaodyj’vjvo 7;o,uvkp5[+gduo ! ]tf6D { gxaodyj’muj,u8kc0’cI’ [+;jk9tgxao8kpvf s^n 8k0hk’c,jolk,kfs^P;gsaowfh 1jk’9tc9h’D { gxao8Qomujlq,[6o,udko9tg]uog8u[38xkodk’D { dyj’,u0t|kfg\ktlq,7nxt,ko X!}${!}@? oU; X! oU; gmqjkda[ @F&$ -a’8uc,af? c]t ,ad.-hdyj’muj,u7;k,pk; @}# 0v’dyj’ oa[9kd8kpvfmujlq,[6oD { gxaodyj’mujwfh9kd8Qoc,jraomujc0’cI’ c]t [+,ug-Nv3]d 3fpltgrktrtpkfmuj8yf8+ daowfhD. @D dkog]nvddyj’raofu.odko3m,dyj’,usâddko7afg]nvdvao.fcfjL dD gxaodyj’xufP; 0D gxao8Qomujlq,[6o ,udko9tg]uog8u[38xkodk’ 7D gxaodyj’muj,u8kc0’cI’ ’D 4nd\qfm5d0=h #D v5xtdvo.odko3m,dyj’,uvao.fcfjL. 32.

(37) [qfmu ( dko3m,dyj’ !D. dko3m,dyj’16jda[8Qornf X.ovkdkf? dko3m,dyj’16jda[8Qornf X.ovkdkf? 3fpltgrktc[[7h;odyj’g\ktle]a[8Qo w,Fh 8Qofvdw,hxtfa[xtgrfG 8Qod5s^k[F 8Qop=g’yo c]t 8Qo\kd,j;’F \kd]ewpF \kdg2nv’g-jy’,u0Ao8vofaj’]5j,oUG. !D!. dkog]nvddyj’. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. c,jo.shg]nvddyj’ muj,uvkp5[+gduo ! xu g-yj’9tvvdIkdwfhfud;jkdyj’muj,uvkp5s^kpF xaflt9kdg-Nv3]d c]t c,’w,hD dyj’raofu. !D@. dkogIaf.shdyj’raogxao[kf. dkogIaf.shdyj’raogxao[kfxt8y[afwfh # c[[7nG dD dkodufdyj’ c,jogIaf.shgduf[=]yg;ovvdIkd c8j[+ ,uzqodjP;da[dkoltlq,vksko c]t I=3,o rkp.odyj’F rnfmuj9t3m,c[[oUwfhc,jo9t 8hv’gxaornfmujvvdIkd’jkp c]t 8v[lt dkodufdyj’ |v’I=3,o-j;pdkovvdIkdwfhfuD 0D dkoxkfdyj’. c,jodkoxkf]5j,mhv’0v’dyj’[=]yg;omuj 9t3m,g0Qkwx.ogoNvw,hxt,ko X!}# { !}@? 0v’glAozjkl6odk’0v’dyj’ c]t ,u7;k, pk;xt,ko *{) -a’8uc,afF sâ’9kdoAo9t .-hw,hlvf7ko.sh[kfczvhkw;hD. dkoxkfdyj’ 33.

(38) 7D 7h;o s^n 06fgxnvd0v'dyj’ c,jodkog9ktgxnvdw,h c]t 06fgspnhv w,h[=]yg;omuj9t3m,g0Qkwx.ogonhvw,hF 7;k, pk;0v’Ivp[kfczxt,koglAoIv[;q’ 0v’dyj’mk’fhkogmy’ c]t ]5j,0v’dyj’c]h; ]vdgvqkgxnvdvvd c]t 06fgspNvmujgxao g,nvd,njoM vhv,dyj’vvd.sh\qfD. dko7h;ogxnvd0v’dyj’. !D#. dko.-hI=3,og]aj’Ikd0v’dyj’3m, Xg-]kfyd?. !D$. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. g-yj’gxaolko-toyffP;da[lkomuj.-h-j;pdkovvdIkddyj’xad-ec8j7;k,g0A,05ho 0v’lko3m,dyj’9ts^kpgrktrnfmuj3m,dyj’lj;os^kp9tpkd8+dkovvdIkdS le]a[ dko.-hI=3,oda[dyj’3m,lj;o.spj9t.-h.oI6[0v’lko]t]kpg0A,05ho s^n .oI6[c[[ zq’g0A,05ho c]h;,kxqo.ljda[oEF gvqk,kmkIvpmuj7h;omk’gmy’djvodkos5h,dyj’F sâ’ 9kdmujlko]t]kpcsh’ s^n pa’xPd-5j,16jc]h;9yj’s5h,dyj’wfhD. dkos5h,dyj’3m,. { c,jodkooegvqkdk[\kdrhk;F 05p\kd rhk;muj,u7;k,-5j,3fpzjkodkoc-joE c]h; [u[gvqkoEvvd[ao95.lj4q’1k’x]klt8yd c]h;,afxkd4q’.shc|hoD dtdP,s5h,dyj’3m,. { gvqk,kzjk8k,7;k,pk; c]h;gvqkwxs5h, Ivp[kfcz0v’dyj’muj3m,,affh;pg-nvd 2k’mk’gmy’ c]t mk’]5j,Ivp[kfczmuj 7h;oD dkoxkflyj’s5h,dyj’. 34.

(39) !D&. dkof6c]dyj’3m, .og;]kdP,vvdIkddyj’3m,9t,u]adlt ot7ndaoda[dkovvdIkd0v’dyj’xad-e7n vkf9t.-hvkskorkp.odyj’F -j;p.odko vvdIkd3fpltgrktvkskomujx5’c8j’ 9kd.[F faj’oAodkof6c]Iadlk.[.sh16j.olt rk[lq,[6oF wfhIa[cl’cffg8a,mujlk,kf lhk’vkskowfh1jk’g8a,muj9bj’4n;jkgxaog’njvo w0muj9egxaogrnjv.shdyj’3m,vvdIkdwfhfu c]t ovd9kdoU7;k,-5j,0v’85j,dyj’3m, Xlyj’muj.-hs5h,dyj’? d=9egxao8hv’Iadlk.sh,u 7;k,-5j,16jltg\uD. !D*. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. dyj’3m,.ow]ptdP,vvdIkd. dko8afdyj’3m,wxx6d. !. c,jo9t8hv’ry9k]tokxt]y,ko0v’ Ikdda[0t|kf0v’dyj’ s^n 9eo;o.[0v’ dyj’.sh,u7;k,rq;raodaoF 4hkdyj’3m,,u0t |kf.spj xt]y,ko.[s^kp 9eo;oIkdmuj vvdd+9t8hv’,uxt]y,kos^kp[+faj’oAo9e o;oIkdmuj,u16j9t[+lk,kff6foEwx]hP’dyj’ s^n .[muj8afwxwfhrP’r=D .od=]toumuj[+coj.9;jk 9eo;oIkdmujvvd9trP’r=]hP’dyj’F .[wfh s^n [+ 7;osk;ymus^5fdko]tgsupoE0v’.[ .sh,uxt]y,ko|hvp]q’g-yj’vkf9tgvqkdyj’ 3m,gda[w;h.o4q’1k’fe s^n3vj’oEmujxyf/k gxaow]ptg;]k.f|bj’grnjv.shdyj’3m,vvd Ikds^kp0Bo c]t d=lk,kf8afdyj’3m,wx x6dwfhD. @. # dyj’3m,vvdIkdrhv,9t8afwxx6d 35.

(40) @D. dko3m,dyj’c[[/a’pvf dko3m,dyj’c[[oUIkd9tvvd[=]yg;o.dhda[pvfmujoe/a’]q’fyo g-yj’,u0Ao8vofaj’ ]5j,oUG. @D!. dkog]nvdpvf { g]nvdpvf0v’dyj’raomuj,uvkp5s^kpd;jk ! xu { .-hlP, s^n -;hko 05ffyo0hk’8Qorao.shgxao 05,g]ydxt,ko ( { ) -a’8uc,af. 8Qornfmu9t3m,dyj’. dko/a’pvf. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. @D@. 05f05,0hk’8Qorao { lvfxkppvfg0Qkwx.o05, c]h;gvqkfyoxqd. lvfxkppvf0v’8Qornf]q’05,x6d. @D#. dko[q;]t[afIadlk { sqfoEm5d,N c]t ]t;a’1jk.shsphk s^n 8Qow,h[a’cl’D { xt,ko #W { $W ;ao g,njvpvf.\jrQo0Bo,k9kdfyo9t,uIkdrhv,muj9tphkpx6dwfh maomuD dkorQo0Bo0v’pvf.\j. 36.

(41) #D. dko3m,dyj’c[[/a’dyj’.shpvfrQo0Bo|hkfyo dko3m,dyj’c[[oU g\ktle]a[rnfmuj,udyj’pk; c]t ,u]adltot7qf37h’wfh’jkp g-ajoG fvd-hvo-toyf8jk’M g-yj’,u0Ao8vofaj’]5j,oUG. #D!. dkog]nvddyj’ { g]nvddyj’muj,uvkp5s^kpd;jk ! xu c]t 05f fyo0hk’8Qo.shgxao05,g]ydxt,ko ( { ) -a’ 8uc,afD. 8Qornfmu9t3m,dyj’ dko05f05,0hk’8Qorao. dkogIaf.shgduf,u[kfcz. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. #D@. { gIaf.shgduf,u[kfczgduf0Bo 3fpdko[yf .shc8d s^n .-h,ufxkf c]h;fb’dyj’]q’skrNo fyo gvqkfyoxqd[=]yg;o[k’lj;o0v’dyj’ 3fp .shpvfrQo0Bogmy’fyopk;xt,ko !& { #W -a’8uc,afD Iv[[yfdyj’ c]t dkofb’dyj’]q’rNofyo. #D#. dkogIaf.shgdufIkd { .-hw,hxad grnjv,af8yfda[pvf.sh-nj grnjv .shIkdgduf0Bow;.o[=]yg;omujxqdfh;pfyoD. .-hw,hxadgrnjvz6d,af8yfda[pvf0v’dyj’ 37.

(42) #D$. dko[q;]t[afIadlk { sqfoEm5d,N c]t ]t;a’1jk.shsphk s^n 8Qow,h[a’cl’ { xt,ko &W { *W ;ao 9t,uIkdgduf0Bo[=]yg;omujgxao[kfcz c]h;gvqkwxx6dwfh. $D. dko3m,dyj’c[[’6g]nv dko3m,c[[oU7hkp7nda[;ymumuj # g\ktlq,da[w,hfvdw,hxtfa[g-ajoG fvd,t]yF fvdg]a[,nok’ g-yj’,u0Ao8vofaj’]5j,oUG. $D!. dkog]nvddyj’. dkog]nvddyj’0v’8Qornf. $D@. dko05f05,0hk’8Qornf. dkogIaf.shgdufIkd. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. { g]nvddyj’pk;F ,u]adltot7qf37h’wfh’jkp c[j’gxao8vopk;xt,ko #W -a’8uc,af c]t 05ffyo0hk’8Qo.shgxao05,g]ydxt,ko ( { ) -a’8uc,afD. { .-h,ufxkf.shgduf[kfcz c]h;gvqkfyoxqd gxao8vo8ts^vf7;k,pk;0v’dyj’D dkogvqkfyoxqd. $D#. gvqkw,h7E[kfcz. dko[q;]t[afIadlk { sqfoEm5d,N c]t ]t;a’1jk.shsphk s^n 8Qo w,h[a’cl’ { xt,ko #W { $& ;ao g,njvpvf.\jrQofyo 0Bo,k9t,uIkd c]h;gvqkwxx6d. pvf.=\j0v’dyj’rQofyo0Bo,k. 38.

(43) &D. dko3m,dyj’c[[l5,gs’Qk dko3m,dyj’c[[oU9t8hv’8af8Qornfmuj8hv’dkovvd.shgs^nvlAo8yf|hkfyo .ow]pt g;]kmuj8Qornf2ad8q;F lj;os^kp9t3m,da[8Qornfmuj,udyj’c0’cI’F [+ltf;d8+dkofb’ dyj’]q’skrNofyo s^n 8afdyj’wfhpkdF dko3m,c[[oUg\ktlq,da[8Qow,h.sh\kd7nG ]ewp gxao8Qo g-yj’,u0Ao8vofaj’]5j,oUG. &D!. dkog]nvd8Qoc,jrao. dkog]nvd8Qoc,jrao. &D@. dko8afgs’Qk. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. g]nvd8Qoc,jraomuj8hv’dko sâ’9kdoAo.sh8af8Qovvd.shgs^nvc8jgs’Qkc]h;9tla’ gdfg[yj’gs’Qkg]uj,c8dgxao8QovjvoD. dkogIaf.shgdufIkd s^n /a’gs’Qk.shgdufIkd g,njv8Qovjvomujgduf.\j pk;xt,ko * { !@ -a’8uc,af .shpq’fyoz5z5jp.ljgs’Qkxt ,ko !}@ 0v’pvfmujgduf.\jF g,njv8Qol6’xt ,ko @& -a’8uc,af .shpq’fyoz5z5jp.ljgs’Qk 7A’mujlv’ c]t 7A’muj # g,njvdyj’pk;xt,ko &W -a’8uc,afD pq’fyoz5z5jp.ljgs’Qk. 39.

(44) dko[q;]t[afIadlk { sqfoEm5d,N c]t ]t;a’1jk.shsphk s^n 8Qo w,h[a’cl’D { sâ’9kdoAoxt,ko @ vkmyf 9yj’8afdyj’wx x6d s^n xad-e3fp8af.sh.dhgs’Qk8Qo c]t .sh,uIkd8yfwxs^kpmujl5fD 8Qornf.\jmujwfh9kddko8afvvd9kdgsQ’kx6d { g,njv8afdyj’wxc]h; 9t8hv’gvqkfyomujl5,gs’Qkvvd.shg4y’8Qo8=gdqjk grnjv.sh8=gdqjkc8d pvf.\jvud c]t gIafl5,gs’Qk8+wxg,njv8hv’dko8Qo.\jD. 7e4k, !D dkogIaf.shdyj’raogxao[kf,u9adc[[L dD @ c[[ 0D # c[[ 7D $ c[[. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. &D#. @D 9qj’9a[76jdko3m,dyj’.sh4nd8hv’ X.sh0Po8q;g]d.ljmk’|hk[jvo DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD ? DDDDDDDDDDDDDD dD 3m,dyj’16jda[8Qornf !D lvfxkpg0Qk.o05,c]h;gvqkfyoxqd DDDDDDDDDDDDDD 0D dko3m,dyj’c[[’6g]nv @D 7;ho s^n 06fgxnvd0v’dyj’ DDDDDDDDDDDDDD 7D dko3m,dyj’c[[/a’pvf #D .-h,ufxkf.shgduf[kfczc]h;gvqkfyoxqd #D dko05f05,/a’pvf0v’dko3m,dyj’c[[/a’dyj’.shpvfrQo0Bo|hkfyo8hv’05f05, g]ydgmqjk.f-a’8uc,afL. 40.

(45) [qfmu ) dkolhk’|v’]hP’xk !D. dko7afg]nvdlt4komuj]hP’xk. @D. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. dko7afg]nvdlt4komujgxao[aoskle7aomujgIqk7;ory9t]tok1jk’4uj4h;ogrkt;jk ,aogxao95fg]uj,8Qo0v’dko8aflyo.9F .odko]q’,nxt8y[afgrnjv.shgxao|v’xk 8k, 95fxtlq’mujwfh;k’w;hD rNomujfaj’djk;8hv’gxao[jvo[+,udko0tspkpdyf9tdkovnjoM .ovkok7qfD 0=h7;ory9k]tok,ufaj’oUG { fyo8hv’gxaofyov5fq,lq,[6oF gda[oEwfh8ts]vfxuF ,urnf’vd’k,fuD { [+gxaodqf c]t gxaofjk’gduowxF 8hv’,u pH *F& { )F&D { 8hv’sjk’wd9kdmk’]qf1jk’|hvp !WW c,af0BowxD { 8hv’sjk’wd9kd3I’’kov5fltstdeF g0njvow22hkF 3I’’kozt]yflkog7,u c]t 3I’’ko vnjoMmujgxaozqodtmq[gIaf.shoEglpD { 8hv’gxao[jvooE9kdme,t-kfws]zjko8ts]vf s]n 9kd-qo]txtmkoD { gxao[jvooE[+4h;,.o]tf6/qo c]t oE[+0kf.o]tf6c]h’D { glAomk’7q,,tok7q,ltf;dD. xtgrf0v’|v’xk. |v’xkc,jo|v’mujwfh,k9kd|v’me,t-kf c]t |v’mujlhk’0Bo-bj’,us^kp c[[g-ajoG |v’fjP;F |v’76jF |v’]Podaofaj’]5j,oUG { I6[c[[|v’fjP;. 41.

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(49) @D$. xkdyosphk 4yjodegouf,k9kdxtgmf9yoF Iq’dq’F w8hs;aoF ]afg-p gxaoxtgrfxkgdaf g,njv vkp5 ! xu 0Bowxlk,kfgxaor+c,jraowfhD. @D&. xkgdafc][ 4yjodegouf,k9kdxtgmf9yo gxaoxtgrfxkgdafF I6[Ijk’]adltotmhv’7q,F sq; ,qoF 8k16j]j5, xk-toyfoU,addyowIoErnf g,njvvkp5 !{@ xu 0Bowxlk,kfgxaor+c,jraoD. @D*. xksq;.spj 4yjodegouf,k9kdxtgmf9yo gxaoxtgrfxkgdafFI6[Ijk’]adltotmhv’cxF sq; pk;F 8k16jgmy’xk-toyfoU,addyowIoErnf g,njvvkp5 !{@ xu0Bowxlk,kfgxaor+c,jraoD. @D(. xk7af]k. @D). ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. ,u4yjode,k9kdxtgmfvyogfpF xtgmfxkdult4koF xtgmf,a’dk]kgfafF xtgmf ,Po,hk g,njvoE|ad ! dy3]dik,lk,kfgxaor+c,jraowfhD. xk3iI6. 4yjodegouf,k9kdxtgmfvyogfpF xtgmfxkdult4koF xtgmf[a’dk]kgfafF xt gmf,Po,hkF g,njvoE|ad ! dy3]dik,lk,kfgxaor+c,jraowfhD. @D_. xk,uiydko. ,u4yjodegouf,k9kdxtgmfvyogfpF xtgmfxkdult4koF xtgmf[a’dk]kgfafF xt gmf,Po,hkF g,njvoE|ad ! dy3]dik,lk,kfgxaor+c,jraowfhD vkskoxk-toyfoU c,jowIoErnf{wIoElafF d5h’F svpF 0UdtgfnvoF |hP;F ,udko9tg]uog8u[38w; 7;k,c8d 8jk’0v’xk # -toyf7n G -nj ]adltot sq; ]e8q; xkd. xk7af]k. xk3iI6. xk,uiudko. .spj gx rP’. xkodk’ xkodk’ g[Nv’]5j,pk;. ohvp ohvpIP; rP’. 45.

(50) @D!W xkf5d xtdv[,us]kplkprao.omt;u[vk-u c8joy pq,]hP’,uxkf5dv5pF xkf5dfhkoF xkf5drao xk xtgrfoUdyolafgxaovkskoF g,njvvkp5 * gfnvo 0Bowxlk,kfgxaor+c,jraowfhD. #D. raodq[mujoe,k]hP’ .oxt95[aoraodq[mujrq[.o0q’g0fvk-uc,jo,us]kp-toyfF ,u0t|kf.spjF 0t|kf dk’F 0t|kfohvpc8d8jk’daowxD c8jdq[lk,kf]hP’wfh -bj’,u75olq,[afg\ktlq, da[ltrk[r6,uxtgmf c]t ltrk[r6,vkdkf0v’[hkogIqkD. #D!. dq[ok. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. gxaodq[mujoypq,]hP’.oxtgmfwms]kpmujl5f.oxt95[aoF gxaodq[0t|kfdk’ ]e8q;pk;[=]yg;olaos]a’,ulu0P; g7yj’oE8kog0A,9Egxao95fM 9kdsq;9qoIvf0ks]a’D[k’ 389tgsao]kpgxaoc0[lufext,ko #{$ c0[ rkf16jlj;o gmy’0v’dqd0k c]t |hk0k zy;|a’fhkogmy’gxao7616jmqj;wx c8jzy;rNomhv’9t]P[ c]t ,ulu0k;xqogs]nv’D dq[38z6h,u0t|kfohvpd;jk38c,j lv’gmqjkD g,njv.spjg8a,w;,uvkp5 * gfnvo0Bowxlk,kfgxaor+c,jraowfh 9tgsaodjv’ lP’16jdhv’7k’dtw8gxaolufe grnjv.-h.odko0tspkplP’Ihv’ g;]kIhv’djv’lP’ 9tx5h’vvd ,adrq[16j8k,xjksphk37dF c7,|v’F [=]yg;ovjk’oE8jk’MD. #D@. dq[m6f dq[m6f s^n dq[fq’ s^n gvUovud1jk’|bj’;jkdq[r6g0qkD gxaodq[muj,u0t|kf.spjmujl5f16j .og0fvk-u XAsea? 38.spjmujl5f|adg4y’ # dy3]dik,}38D lj;os]kp0t|kflt g]jp # { $ 38}dy3]dik, dq[faj’djk;,adrq[16j8k,xjkfq’ c]t sh;pIjv’8k,r6g0qkD dq[z6h9tla’gdfwfh8k,]e8q;9t.spj c]t pk;d;jk8q;c,jF zy;|a’0v’dq[m6flj;o s^kp9tgxaolu0P; s^n lu0P;xqoluoE8koD. 46.

(51) #D#. dq[9ko gxaodq[muj,u0t|kf.spj g,njv.spjg8a,w;,u7;k,pk;xt,ko _ { !) -a’8uc,af |ad @&W dik,}38 zy;|a’,uluoE8koxqo0P; c8jvkf,u7;k,c8d8jk’cfjg]ad |hvpoAo0Boda[muj16jvk.lD. dq[[6]2vd Xbullfrog? gxaodq[muj,k9kd8jk’xtgmf ,u4yjodegouf16j8kg;aovvd0v’r6g0qkIavdduh.oltst ]afvkg,]ydk ,adrq[gsao16jvjk’gda[oEF Ijv’oE c]t cs]j’oEmqj;wxD dq[-toyfoU,u 0t|kf.spjmujl5f ]e8q;pk; _ { @W -a’8uc,af 8k,]e8q;,ulu0P;xqooE8kog0A,D dq[ muj.spjg8a,w;9t,uoE|adxt,ko &DWW dik,D. 7e4k,. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. #D$. !D 9qj’vtmy[kpdjP;da[dko9afc[j’xtgrfxkc8j]tc[[,u7nco;.f L @D xkmujoe,k]hP’.oxtgmf]k;,uxk.fcfj L. #D 9jq’vtmy[kpc8j]tlkprao0v’dq[mujoe,k]hP’,ulkprao.fcfj L. 47.

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(54) 0qoxudwdj7qog[qkMwxmyfmk’fP;.shmqj; 9kdoAogvqkoE]hk’ @{# 7A’ c]h;gvqk]q’,5h’ 2adw0jD. *D@. ;ymuxtlq,raoc[[g7yj’csh’ { g7yj’xPd lj;os]kpgIafda[xk9uoF xkvyogfp c]t xkgdnv[m5d-toyf 3fpdP,-k,c]h; Iufw0j]q’ 9kdoAoIufoEg-Nv]q’ 7qo.sh]tvPf.shmqj; c]h;gvqkoE]hk’ 9bj’oegvqkw0j ]q’.lj[jvo2adD. *D#. ;ymuxtlq,raoc[[csh’. (D. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. lj;os]kpoypq,.-hda[xkwoF xkf5dF xkdqfF xkc0hF xkg7y’ g,njvwfh,udko8P, rhv,c]h; oegvqk,kIufw0j]q’.lj-k,F IufoEg-Nv]q’.lj 7qowx.omyfmk’fP;.shmqj; c]h; oewx2ad.o[jvomujdP,w;hD ;ymucdhw0.od=]touw0j8yfdaogxaodhvo .shgvqkoEoq,xJv’g9nv9k’ s^n 0U8q,cs];M ,k]hk’w0j.sh]t]kp c]h;oewx2adD. ;ymu2adw0jxk { 2adw0jxk.lj9;p { 2adw0jxk.ljc8t.ovjk’ { 2adw0jxk.lj34cdh; s^n 1k’ { 2adw0jxk.ljjvjk’ { 2adw0jxk.lj8k|jk’]vpoE { 2adw0jxk.lj,5h’. 7e4k, !D dkoxtlq,raoxk,u9ad;ymu.fcfj L @D 9qj’vtmy[kpdko7afg]nvdr+c,jrao,u7nco;.f L #D v5xtdvoIa[.-h.odkoxtlq,raoxk,uspa’cfj L $D 9qj’vtmy[kpdkoxtlq,raomP,xk,u;ymu.fcfj L &D dko2adw0jxkgryjolk,kf2ad.ljvao.fcfj L. 50.

(55) [qfmu !! dko]hP’xk !D. dko]hP’xk-toyffP;. @D. dko]hP’xks]kp-toyf.o|v’fP;dao. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. c,jodko]hP’xk-toyf.f|bj’gxao9eo;os]kpF lj;os]kpgryjooypq,]hP’xkf5dF xkoyoF xklts;kp c]t xk-toyfvnjoM grktltf;d.odko7;[75,F dkodyovk skogxaoxkmuj,udko0tspkp8q;fu 9tg]uog8u[38w;D vaf8kdkoxjvp,ufaj’oUG { xkf5drao & 38}8kc,af { xkf5dfhko ) 38}8kc,af { xkoyo ! 38}8kc,af { xkgdafmqj;wx # 38}8kc,af { r+ { c,jrao ! 38}@ 8kc,af 95fvjvoG dyovksko[+\qf c,jodko]hP’xks]kp-toyf,kxjvpIj;,dao xkc8j]t-toyfdyovkskoc8d 8jk’daowx c]t vksko.o]tfa[oEc8d8jk’dao gryjooypq,]hP’g,njvxk,u0t|kf .spj]5hoxk-Uo s^n xkr+c,jraoD vaf8kdkoxjvpxk,ufaj’oUG { xkwo &W: { xksq;.spj !W: { xk,uiydko &: { xkgdafc][ !&: { xk3iI6 !W: { xkdyosphk &: { xk7af]k &:. 51.

(56) d=]toymuj|v’]hP’xk,uwIoE-toyfrnfs]kp vaf8kdkoxjvpxk,ufaj’oUG { xkgdafc][ @W: { xksq;.spj !W: { xkwo $W: { xk,uiydko &: { xk7af]k &: { xk3iI6 @W:. dko]hP’xkIj;,da[lafvnjo { ]hP’xkda[wdjw0j wdj @WW 38}w]j { ]hP’xkda[wdj-Uo wdj !WW 38}w]j { ]hP’xkda[gxaf gxaf!WW 38}w]j { ]hP’xkda[\6 ]hP’ *{) gfnvo \6 & 38}w]j { .ljx5p16g]p $ dy3]dik,}w]j}vkmyf { oEg]ydxt,ko !F&{@ c,af { 7vdl6’9kd|hkoE !{!F& c,af { vaf8kdkoxjvpxk *DWWW{)DWWW 38}w]j { xk8hv’,u0t|kf & -a’8uc,af0Bowx { ]hP’lafwfh ! vkmyf9bj’xjvpxk]q’. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. #D. 4hk9txjvpxk.shxjvprP’c8j-toyffP;grkt,ao.spjw;lk,kfme]kpxk-toyf vnjowfhD { [ydv5p !)DWWW { @WDWWW 38}w]j { f5d]kf @WDWWW { #WDWWW 38}w]j { f5drao )DWWW { !WDWWW 38}w]j. 52.

(57) $D. dko]hP’xk.ljokg0Qk. $D!. dko7afg]nvdlt4komuj { [+gxao[jvos]5[ s^n 3oogduowx { fyowIjok8hv’gxaofyomujgda[oEwfhfu { oE.owIjok8hv’75,wfh XxjvpoEg0qhk { vvdltf;d? { wIjokmuj]hP’xk8hv’,ugoNvmuj @ w]j0Bowx { [+wd9kdmujrad. $D@. s]addkomuj7;oxt8y[af. $D#. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. { 7aook8hv’l6’oE[+4h;,xk[+lk,kfvvdwfh { Ijv’muj.-h]hP’xk8hv’,u7;k,d;hk’ &W{)W -a’8uc,af g]yd &W{)W -a’8uc,af .dhda[ 7aook { 05,muj.-hmhvoxk8hv’16jc9ok]tfa[ & { ) c,afF g]yd !F@& c,af { xjv’]t[kpoEg0Qkvvd8hv’,u8kojk’daoD { raog0Qkmujx6d8hv’vkp5pk; Xg0Qk’ao? mqo8+oEwfhfu rkps]a’xadfec]h; !W { !& ;ao 9bj’xjvpxk]q’F xk,u7;k,pk; !W -a’8uc,afD. dko[q;]t[afIadlk. { oE16jwIjok!&{@W -a’8uc,af { [+7;o.-hlkog7,u.og;]k]hP’xk 4hk,u7;k,9egxao8hv’phkpxkvvd { 7;o.shvkskogruh,g,njvgsao;jkxk9tg]uog8u[38-hk. $D$. vaf8kdkoxjvpxk { xkwo { xkoyo { xkxkd { xkvyogfp { xk9uo. !&W 38 !WW 38 #WW 38 #W 38 @W 38 *WW 388+w]j. { xkwo { xkxkd { xkoyo. 53. !@W 38 $WW 38 )W 38 *WW 388+w]j.

(58) 7e4k, !D 9qj’vtmy[kpdko]hP’xk-toyffP;,u7nco;.f L @D 9qj’vtmy[kpdko]hP’xks]kp-toyfIj;,dao,u7nco;.f L #D lafmujgryjooypq,oe,k]hP’Ij;,da[xk,uvao.fcfj L $D 4hk8hv’dko]hP’xk.ookg0Qk7;og]nvdgvqklt4komujco;.f L. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. &D s]addkomuj7;oxt8y[af.odko]hP’xk.ookg0Qk,u7nco;.f L. 54.

(59) [qfmu !@ dko]hP’dq[ !D. dko7afg]nvdlt4komujgrnjvlhk’|v’]hP’dq[ dkolhk’|v’]hP’dq[muj4nd;ymu9t-j;pxt1af8QomboD |v’]hP’dq[mujfu9t8hv’,u 7;k,mqomkoc0’cdjoD lk,kfvtokw,wfh’jkp c]t ]t[kplyj’glfgs^nvwfhfuF 7;o16j.dhgInvoD. @D. dkolhk’|v’]hP’dq[ dkolhk’|v’]hP’dq[.oxt95[aooypq,lhk’16j $ c[[7nG. @D!. c[[|v’fyo. @D@. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. gxao|v’mujoypq,]hP’c[[me,t-kf ,ulyj’dA’[a’gxaoIqj, grnjv.shdq[wfhvk.lF ]U -jvo.opk,dk’g;aoD 16jdk’|v’9t05fgxaovjk’g]ydxt,ko #W{$W -a’8uc,af c]t lk,kfgda[oEwfh @W -a’8uc,af Iv[|v’vhv,fh;pfk’0P;l6’ !F@{!F& c,afD 0=hglp dq[7;afI6gIaf.sh|hk|v’g9njvoF dq[8kp7kI6 gda[d6h]e[kd. c[[g7yj’fyo{g7yj’-u,a’. |v’]hP’dq[c[[g7yj’|v’fyo c]t g7yj’-u,a’gxao|v’mujd+fh;pfyo[]Jvdgxaode cr’vhv,l6’ !F@ c,af 16jrkp.o|v’9t.-h8k|jk’0P;vhv,gxao]JvdF xa[rNo|v’ .shIk[rP’fu16jdk’|v’c8j]t]Jvd,uvjk’oED. @D#. c[[|v’-u,a’ gxao|v’muj,u7;k,mqomko.-h’kowfhfqoF vtokw,’jkpD rhv,oAopa’lk,kfoe.-h wfhs^kp1jk’g-ajoG xtlq,raoF 2adw0jF vto5[koF ]hP’dq[ohvpF ]hP’dq[]5hoF ]hP’dq[r+ c,jraoD. @D$. c[[7vd8k|jk’ c,jolhk’gxaodt-a’F 8k|jk’;k’8k,cs^j’oE8jk’M oypq,.-hdaos^kp.o[jvomuj,u csj^’oE grnjvvto5[koI;dF dq[ohvpF dq[]5ho8ts^vfIvfr+c,jraolk,kfpqdphkp ’jkpD 55.

(60) #D. vaf8kdkoxjvpdq[ { ]t[kpoE[k’7A’7k; &W 38 } 8kc,af { oEws]zjko8ts^vf !WW38 } 8kc,af. ;ymuxt8y[af vtokw,vjk’ s^n |v’.sh]tvPfF vjk’ s^n |v’8hv’.sh,uoE c]t Iqj,8ts^vfg; ]kF 7afgvqkdq[muj,u0t|kfgmqjkdao oe,kxjvpD. $D. dkocpdgrfdq[. &D. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. lk,kfla’gdf]adltotrkpovdfaj’oUG { dq[z6h,ucdh;s60t|kf.spjd;jk;q’8k0v’,ao lj;odq[c,j;q’cdh;s6ohvpd;jk s^n gmqjkda[D { dq[z6h ,udjv’lP’ @ ;q’8yf16jdhv’7k’lufeF dq[c,j16jdhv’7k’[+,udjv’lP’D { dq[c,j Ivf]tf6xtlq,rao 0hk’9t,u|k,X-k?F mhv’g[a’F xkdIvf7k’9t,ulugs^nv’ g0A,D. sâddkoxtlq,raodq[ dko7afg]nvdr+c,jrao. dq[mujoe,kxtlq,rao8hv’,uvkp5 ) gfnvo0BowxD ,uoE|adxt,ko #WW{$WW dik,F ,ul50trk[c0’cI’lq,[6oF 4hk38z6h gIqkla’gdfg[yj’fY;,n-kMD 38c,j0hk’mhv’gxao |k,-kM c]t ,uzy;|a’lqf.lD. *D. xafw9lqj’zqodtmq[8+dkoxtlq,rao { vjk’xtlq,rao,uoE !W { !& -a’8uc,afF gIaf/qomP,F 4hk[+,uoEltf;d.-hoEdhvo ]t]kpsqf.shmqj;vjk’D { cl’lts;jk’gxaoxaf.9|bj’muj,uzqodtmq[8+dkoxtlq,raoF dko;k’w0j8hv’wfhIa[ cl’lts;jk’rP’r= 4hk[+faj’oAo w0j9tc8dgxao38wfh|hvpD { vjk’xtlq,rao8hv’,u7;k,ltvkf,uoE ( { !W -a’8uc,afD vaf8kdkoxjvpxtlq, rao ! 76j } @ 8kc,afD 56.

(61) ;ymuxtlq,raodq[gIafwfh @ ;ymu7n dD dkoxtlq,raoc[[me,t-kf \kpg4y’dkooegvqkr+c,jraodq[muj,u7;k,rhv, ,kxjvp]q’oedao.shdq[xtlq,rao daogv’D dq[9txtlq,rao.o-j;’]tf6/qogmqjkoAo c]t 9tg]uj,xtlq,raorkps]a’/qo 8qdwfhxt,ko !{# ;ao 4hk[+,uoE/qo 7;ogvqkoEdhvo,k]q’.lj.ovjk’ 3fpxjvpdq[r+ c,jraomuj,u7;k,rhv,mujl5f]q’vjk’8vosq;7jeD. 0D dkoxtlq,raog7yj’mP,{g7yj’me,t-kf c,jodko.-hI=3,o s^n lkog7,ugrnjv.shdq[c,j,u7;k,rhv,muj.shw0j c]t dq[z6hrhv, muj.shoEg-NvD 0Ao8voxt8y[af { 7afg]nvdgvqkdq[r+c,jraomuj,u7;k,lq,[6o c]t ,u 7;k,rhv,mk’grf { -aj’oE|ad { 9a[dq[c,jraos’kp0Bo c]h;lad1kmujwfh8P,w;h lad1k.ovaf8k !W{@W w,3di dik, } dy3]dik, { s]a’9kdlad7A’mu|bj’ *{) -qj;3,’ .shladvudgxao7A’mulv’.ovaf8k @W{#W w,3di dik,}dy3]dik, { le]a[r+rao.shladrhv,38c,j 7A’mulv’.ovaf8k !W{@W w,3didik, }dy3]dik, rkpsâ’lad1kc]h; xjvpdq[]q’.ljdao.shxtlq,raodaogv’D. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. (D. 38c,j. 38z6h 57.

(62) dko9tg]uog8u[.spj c]t ;q’9vo-u;yf0v’dq[ sâ’9kdw0jwfhIa[oEg-Nvc]h;9tc8dgxao38rkp.o ! { # ;ao 16j.oI6[Ijk’gxao I;dc8dvvd,k.\jMF g,njvvkp5wfh @W { @# ;ao 0ks]a’g]uj,xqj’s]a’9kdoAovkp5wfh @( { $W ;ao sk’9t7jvpsqfg0QkF 0k|hk0v’I;d9tg]uj,xqj’ g,njv,uvkp5 @W { @& ;ao I;d9t.-hg;]k @W { $W ;aoF .odkoxjPocx’I6[Ijk’9tdkpgxaodq[ohvplq,[6oD. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. )D. dko9tg]uog8u[.spj c]t ;q’9vo-u;yf0v’dq[. 7e4k, !D dkolhk’|v’]hP’dq[,uc[[.fcfjL @D 9qj’vtmy[kpdko7afg]nvdr+c,jrao,u7nco;.fL #D 9qj’vtmy[kpdkoxtlq,raodq[,u9ad;ymu c]t .shvtmy[kpc8j]t;ymugIaf7nco;.f L. 58.

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(64) dko8+w,hmuj.-hcI’0qj,. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. xt3spf0v’dko8+w,hd+7n 4hkw,hpk;[+r= gIqkvkf9tgIaf.shw,hpk;vvdwxwfFh 4hkw,hd;hk’[+r= gIqkvkfgIaf.shw,hd;hk’vvdwxwfhD. ’D dko8+w,h[kd { dko8+[kdw,hmk’cx. dko8+[kdc,jodko[kdw,hma’lv’38 c]h;gvqk,kxtdq[g0Qkdao.shgxaomjvofP;D. { dko8+[kdsk’xkmk’c7’ .shgdktdjP;daogxaoI6[sk’xk.sh1bf s^n Iafc|hofh;p8tx6dP; sn^ [6]v’D. 60.

(65) { dko8+mk, dko8+mk,c,jodko8+w,hmuj,u7;k,c0’ cI’ c]t mqomkomujl5fD ! G 8+mk,fh;pw,hmk, dko8+mk,oU,u1jl6 v’c[[7nG 8+mk,fh;p w,h c]t 8+mk,fh;pgsâdF dko8+mk,mujfu c,jodko8+mk,fh;pw,hD @ G 8+mk,fh;pgsâdmk,. dko8nj,w,h. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. @D. dko8nj,c,jodkogvqkw,h,k;k’g8a’dao gIaf.shw,h|k0BogIqkgvuho;jk8nj,w,hD. #D. dkog0Qkw,h dkog0Qkw,h 7ndkomujoegvqkw,h,k-qodaog0Qkfh;pI6 c]t gfnjvp .shgduf,u,6,.o ]ts;jk’dao0Bog-yj’gxao,6,lkd s^n ,6,[+gxao,6,lkd7ndkog0Qkw,hoAo9tgxaodko g0Qkc[[-njM s^n 8afxkdg0Qk-qodao s^n 9tgxaodkog0QkgfnjvpgdktdjP;dao sn^ 9t-qo daofh;p;ymu.fd=8k, oa[;jkgxaodkog0Qkw,hma’oAoF dkog0Qkw,h,u16jlk,]adltot7nG !D dkog0Qkw,hc[[-qo Xg0Qk-qo?D @D dkog0Qkw,hc[[[kd Xg0Qk[kd?D #D dkog0Qkc[[gfnvp c]t I6 Xg0Qkgfnvp?D. 61.

(66) I6[]5j,oUltcf’g4y’dkog0Qkw,hc[[8jk’Mmujoypq,.-hD. # G dkog0Qkc[[w]fjP;. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. ! G dkog0Qkw,hc[[-qolkd @ G dkog0Qkw,hc[[,6,’jP’. $ G dkog0Qkw,hc[[sk’xk. & G dkog0Qkc[[gfnjvp c]t I6. ( G dkog0Qkc[[gfnjvpI6rhv,[a’.[. * G dkog0Qkw,hc[[sk’oqdcvjo. 62.

(67) 7e4k, !D dkogvqkw,h,kg-njv,g0Qkdao3fp;k’wxmk’fP;daoc,jodko8+ s^n g0Qkw,hL dD 4nd 0D zyf @D dko8+w,hc[[[kd,uc[[.fcfjL #D dkogvqkw,h,k;k’g8a’daogIaf.shw,h|k0Boc,jodkog0Qkw,h s^n 8nj,w,h $D dko8+0k38tF 0k86h c]t glqkgryjo.-hdko8+c[[.fL. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. &D xt3spf0v’dko8+w,h,uspa’cfjL. 63.

(68) [qfmu !$ dkod+/k dkodtdP,lt4komujd+/k dD lt4komujd+/k lt4komujdkod+/k9t8hv’ltvkfF dko9af;k’.sh,u[jvos;jk’grnjvdkopjk’wx ,k.shltf;dlt[kpxaflt9kdlyj’duf0;k’F dko9af;k’;afltf58hv’9af;k’.shgxao [jvoF gxao]t[P[grnjv9a[,k.-h;Pd’ko’jkpF ;jv’w; c]t sûdg;Aodkogdufv5xt8y gsfD. dv’fyo9uj. g7njv’,n-jk’d+. Ihko. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. !D. dv’fyo9uj8P,d+ dv’xtmkpd+ 75[ao95xtmkp [jvod+. g-nvdgoaj’. I6[dko9af;k’lt4komujd+/k. 0D 0t|kf0v’/k /kfyo9ujmujoe.-hg0Qk.odkox5dlhk’vk7ko[hko-jv’muj.-hgxao/kfhko0hk’ c]t /k0Aoshv’9t,u0t|kf 10 cmF gryjo,adgvUo;jk/k|hkly[ s^n /kg7yj’dhvoD 4hkgxao/k d+fh;pfyo9uj16jdhv’7ko-Aomu ! muj.-hgxao/kdAofyo4q,rNo[+.sh8qdvvd,kovdrNovk 7ko9t,u0t|kf 20 cmF /k|hk-k; s^n /k|bj’dhvoD 64.

(69) 0uf\kpc4;fyo9ujmk’8A’ g-nvdgoaj’. 0uf\kpc4;fyo9ujmk’8A’ g-nvdgoaj’. I6[ /kd+|hkly[ s^n gvUo;jk/kg7yj’dhvo. I6[ /kd+|hk-k; s^n gvUo;jk/k|bj’dhvo. 7D dko;k’czoza’[jvod+. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. dko;k’czoza’mk’ovo sâ’9kdwfhrNomuj9td+c]h;F gryjo9tgIafvtokw,lt4komujF c8h,glAogrnjv[q’[vd 0v[g0f0v’/kd+D 4hkskd;jk/kd+16j0v[glqk .sh.-hg-nvdgoaj’8k,0v[glqk c]t glAomulv’goaj’fhko.o w]ptsjk’gmqjkda[0t|kf0v’fyo9ujF .-hl=fe s^n ,kdgdu0uf .ljrNomuj9td+8k,glAog-nvdma’lv’fhko c]t goaj’g-nvdl6’9kdrNogmqjkda[7;k,|k 0v’fyo9uj[;d.lj7;k,|k0v’xtmkpD fyo9uj9t,u0t|kf[+gmqjkdao okp-jk’9t 8hv’;k’fyo9uj8k,glAo-nj c]t g-nvdfhkoovdD g-nvdgoaj’9t8hv’sjk’vvd9kdfyo9uj xt,ko ! mm grnjv[+.shfyo9ujp6hg-nvdvvdwx c]t 9tgIaf.shc4;fyo9uj7qf]hP;D dko;k’czoza’mk’8A’ okp-jk’9t8hv’wfh9a[]tfa[7;k,mjP’ c]t ;afcmd];’l6’0v’/kmuj9td+D sâ’9kdoAo9twfhc[j’xao9eo;oc4;0v’fyo9ujF 7;k,|kc4;0v’fyo9uj9t8hv’];, 7;k,|k0v’fyo9uj c]t s;jk’xtmkpD 7;k,|kc4;0v’fyo9ujlk,kf0uf\kpwfh 8k,fhko0hk’glqkma’lv’g[Nv’D 7;k,|k0v’s;jk’xtmkpxt,ko 1 sk 1,2 cmD c8j[k’7A’phvo7;k,8hv’dkomuj,u0t|kffyo9ujc8d8jk’dao s;jk’xtmkpvkf|k g4y’ 1,50 cm dkoc[j’xaoc4;fyo9uj,u7;k,le7aogrktfyo9ujc8j]tc4;9t,u0t |kflt\+kltg\udaoD. 65.

(70) dkod+/kfyo9uj|hkly[ dD ;ymud+/kfyo9uj dkod+oe.-h,n-hkp9a[dhvofyo9ujF ,n0;k9a[,nxtmkp c]t 8adxtmkp9kd75F 8ad .shgxaodhvopk;F ;k’]q’g[Nv’lQoc4;c9glqk]ts;jk’dk’0v’lv’glAo-njmuj0ufw;h |hk7koD .-h,nxtmkpd+gdktxtmkpmuj;k’ c]h;.shgxao7hkp7nc0h;g]njvpD 9a[fyo9uj ’jP’wxmk’|hkF -5dfyo9ujwxmk’|hkgdktgvqkxtmkpF 0qj,g[Nv’mhkpfyo9uj.sh7jvpM ]q’ltg\uda[g[Nv’sq;F ln[8+-5dfyo9ujwxmk’|hkpa’xt,ko !FWW sk !F@W cmD djvo Ivf0hk’glqk 9bj’g-qk-5dfyo9ujs;jk’rNofyo9ujmuj8yfda[7ko c]t 0hk’sq;fyo9ujmuj8yfda[ glqk9t,uxtmkpg8a,s;jk’ s^n g;Qkvud;jks;jk’mk’ovo c]t s;jk’mk’8A’8hv’ [ao95xtmkp.shg8a,D xtmkplj;omujgs^nvdkp0v[fyo9uj c]t 0v[7ko.-h,nxtmkpd+ 06fvvd c]t -yfda[wxsk75xtmkp7no s^n s;jk’xtmkpmk’8A’muj[+g8a,D fyo9ujd+dhvo mevyf9t8hv’mjP’8q’0t|koda[glAo-njmuj0ufw;hc]h;F ];’l6’0v’fyo9ujmujd+c]h;8hv’ 16j.o]tfa[muj\kpw;hdjvo8k,0v[glqkF 4hk,uvaozyffjP’9t8hv’cdtvvdc]t d+.\jD. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. @D. 0D dkod+/kfyo9ujc4;mu !. sâ’9kdoe.-hdhvofyo9ujg8a,d+dhvomevyf c]t 1j6lQoglqkF g]U,d+dhvomulv’1j6lQo glqkg[Nv’dq’dao0hk,3fpxt8y[af8k,;ymudkod+fyo9ujD sâ’9kdoAookp-jk’goaj’g-nvd 9kdlv’g[Nv’F g-nvdsjk’9kdfyo9ujxt,ko ! mm g]U,d+lj;odk’3fp9tg]U,9kd -hkpsk0;k s^n 9kd0;ksk-hkpd=wfh8k,7;k,ltf;d0v’okp-jk’D les^;fg[yj’ s;jk’xtmkp8hv’.shg8a,8k,s;jk’mk’8A’ c]t s;jk’mk’ovoF xtmkp[+,ulj;o gs^nvvvd,k9kd0v[fyo9uj c]t 0v[7koD fyo9ujdhvol5fmhkp 4hk[+r=fuda[0t|kf.sh fb’vvd9kdxtmkpd+F 8af.shwfh0t|kfr=fu c]t d+.\jvudgmunjv|bj’D 0uf\kpc4;fyo9ujmk’8A’ g-nvdgoaj’ glAo0ufgmu’|hk7ko lQoglqkg[Nv’mu !. 7ko. lQoglqkg[Nv’mu @. I6[ dkod+/kfyo9uj|hkly[c4;mu ! 66.

(71) 7D dkod+/kfyo9ujc4;mu @ c]t #. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. dkod+c4;mu @ oe.-hdhvofyo9uj8afg7yj’ d+dhvomevyf c]t 1j6lQoglqkgrnjv.shs;jk’ xtmkpmk’8A’ ltsâ[daoda[c4;mu !F g]U,d+dhvomulv’1j6lQoglqkg[Nv’dq’dao0hk, vkf9toe.-hfyo9ujdhvog8a, s^n dhvo8afg7yj’ 0Boda[0t|kffyo9ujdhvol5fmhkp0v’c4; mu ! 3fpxt8y[af8k,;ymudkod+fyo9ujD dkod+c4;mu # oe.-hdhvofyo9ujg8a, d+dhvome vyf c]t 1j6lQoglqkF g]U,d+dhvomulv’1j6lQoglqkg[Nv’dq’dao0hk,xt8y[afg\nvodkod+ c4;mu !F g]U,d+c4;mu $ xt8y[afg\nvoc4;mu @ sâ’9kdoAo.shgoaj’g-nvd9kdlv’ g[Nv’F g-nvdsjk’9kdfyo9ujxt,ko ! mm g]U,d+lj;odk’ fyo9ujdhvol5fmhkp c8j9t1j6 s;jk’dk’c4;9t8hv’r=fuda[0t|kfF grkt;jkwfhd+lq,mP[9kdc4;mu ! ,kc]h;F 4hk[+r=fu9egxao8hv’8afdhvofyo9ujc8j8hv’wfhg[yj’s;jk’xtmkp8k,];’8A’9t8hv’lt saâ[daowxD. 0uf\kpc4;fyo9ujmk’8A’. g-nvdgoaj’. lQoglqkg[Nv’mu @ 7ko. lQoglqkg[Nv’mu !. I6[ dkod+/kfyo9uj|hkly[c4;mu @. 67.

(72) ’D dko[e]5’Iadlk/kd+ .shsqfoE9qog4y’ @) ;ao [+wfh0kfF /kfyo9ujd=7nxtmkpd+9t,u7;k,mqomkogmqjk da[ (W: 0v’7;k,mqomko0Aol5fmhkp.ow]pts^kpM xu8+|hkD. dkoIadlk7;k,xvfwr g;]kd+/k9t8hv’7eob’g4y’v5xt8ygsfmujlk,kfgduf0Boda[8q;gv’m5d;yokmuF lt oAo7;oxt8y[affaj’oUG { 8hv’o5j’g7njv’.shg\ktlq,da[dkod+F .ljgdu[sh5,0=hF .lj4q’,ng;]k9a[;afltf5muj,uoE |adF ,u7q, c]t -kF .lj\;ddaodtmq[xhv’dao7;k,xvfwr g,njv,u;af45c0’ c]t ,u oE|ad8qd]q’9kdmujl6’F g,njv8qd4ndsq;9t[+gIaf.shgduf7;k,g9a[x;fD { gvqk.9.ljd;fdkshk’ s^n Ihko c]t dko8yf8A’F g,njvgsao;jk[+,u7;k,Ia[xtdao9t 8hv’lhv,cx’ s^n ;jkgxjgrgduowxd=oegvqkshk’vnjo,koe.-hD { gvqk.9.ljlkpw22hkF fvdw2 g,njvgIaf;Pd1j6[jvomuj,ucl’lts;jk’[+rP’r=Fxhv’dao dkogdufw22hk]af;q’9voD g,njvgsao;jk[+,u7;k,xvfwr8hv’lhv,cx’ s^n .shokp -jk’w22hk,kd;fdk c]t lhv,cx’.shdjvoD { m5dlyj’1jk’0v’dkod+/k9t8hv’gvqk.9.ljg4y’7;k,xvfwrw;hdjvoF 8k,3I’9ad 3I’’ko lt4komujd+lhk’8jk’M9tgsao7e0;aomuj0Pogxaorklkva’dyf;jkG“Safety First” \kpg4y’7;k,xvfwrgxaolyj’mujgvqk.9.lj djvo;Pd’kovnjoMD 4hkohv’oad IPoI6hgvqkw;hc8jfP;oUd=pyj’gxaodkofuD sâ’g]ud9kddkod+/kfyo9uj9t8hv’wfhgIafvtokw,lt4komujF ]hk’gda[,hPo;aflt f5 c]t v5xtdvom5d1jk’.shIP[IhvpD d;fdkg[yj’]t[q[w22hk1j6lt4komujd+/k 4hk,u grnjv7;k,xvfwrm5d1jk’D. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. #D. 68.

gpp]t,ao cl&rsquo;9ao 9aofk]kF ,afmtpq,lbdlklq,[6o;P&rsquo;9ao graflts;jk&rsquo

gpp]t,ao cl’9ao 9aofk]kF ,afmtpq,lbdlklq,[6o;P’9ao graflts;jk&rsquo