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Texte intégral

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(11) 0D dkogzqk0Uujgspnhv.og8qkgzqk g8qkgzqk0Uujgspnhv 7;ogxaog8qkgzqkmju,u7;k,Ihvol6’ c]t xt1afrt]a’’ko,uma’ 0t|kfohvp c]t 0t|kf.spjD. 7D dko/a’dq[ dkode9af0Uujgspnhvmjugxao37’dko0t|kf.spj muj,ulj;oIj;,0v’veokfdkoxqd 7v’ c]t xt-k-qo.odkofegouo37’dko,ufaj’oUG { 8hv’,udkox6rnhofh;p1k’x]kl8yd s^n ;afltf5x6rnholtgrktgrnjvxhv’daooE-bj,g0Qk l6jcs^j’oE.8hfyoS { 4Y,0Uujgspnhv c]h;,udko/a’dq[fh;pfyogxao-AoM grnjvxhv’daodyjog|aoS { 8=jm=jvkdkfgrnjvoecdafmjugduf9kd0Uujgspnhv wx.-hxt3spf.odyf9tdevnjoMS { [e[afoEglpmjugduf9kd0Uujgspnhv djvoxjvp]q’l6jcs^j’oElkmk]totD. #.. dkox6d9yfleobd. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. x6d9yfleobd.shlt,k-ydm5d7qo.o7v[7q;F Ij;,ma’.o-5,-qoF 3I’IPoF 3I’\=F Ihko 7hkF 8ts^kfF shv’dkoF 3I’’ko c]t lt4komuj]af4tdko8jk’Mfaj’oUG { djvovnjo.sh7yfg4y’mju,k0v’0Uujgspnhv.oc8j ]tcsj’ lj;os^kp,k9kd dkov5xt3rd c]t [=]y3rd0v’7qo.oc8j]t;aoS { 8hv’Ij;,,ndaos^5fzjvo0Uujgspnhv9kdcs^j’degouf.shs^kpmjul5f 3fpdko7afcpd0Uuj gspnhvmujlk,kfoeda[,k.-h.\j c]t dkode9af0Uujgspnhvxtgrf8jk’1jk’4nd;ymuS { 8hv’4Y,0UgspNv.sh4nd[jvomjumk’|j;p’kovtokw,c0;’ s^n g,nv’deoqf.shS { [=j7;o4Y,0Ugspnhv.ljsqomk’F c,joE c]t lt4komjulkmk]tot8jk’MD. 7e4k, !D 0Uujgspnhvmjuoe,k.-h.\j,u9adxtgrf c]t ,uxtgrf.fcfj L @D dkode9af0UgspNvgxaoryfgIqk7;ogIafco;.f L #D gxaospa’gryjo9bj’oe.-h1k’x]kl8ydx6rnhodjvo/a’dq[0Ugspnhv L 6.

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(13) 7D dkows;h\j6grnjvo p=,noq[gxaoI6[fvd[q; .shxkpoY;,n95xkp7k’ r=fuD. ’D dkows;h8v[da[gfadohvp. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. p=,noq[gxaoI6[fvd[q;16jdk’|hkgvydr=fuD. 9D dkows;hm5d.shz6h8kp. 7;o96fm6[fvdfP;c]h;dk[]q’rNo ! 7A’ g;]kdk[]q’.ljrNo8hv’.sh,noq[16jF [+.shc[,n vvd7ndk[rtr5fmtI6[D. @D. ,k]tpkf.odkooaj’2a’xk4tdt4k s^n g[yj’dkoltcf’ ,k]tpkf.odkooaj’2a’xk4tdt4k s^n g[yj’dkoltcf’8jk’M gIqk7;oxt8y[af faj’oUG { 8hv’oaj’8k,4kot0v’8qogv’ 4hk,udko9afgxaoc4;-njd+8hv’oaj’8k,c4;-nj[+7;o pqdphkp8k,.9 c]t [+7;og;Qk]q,lP’fa’]q[d;o7qovnjo { g;]kg0Qkoaj’8ja’8hv’g0Qkwxoaj’mk’.odjvogrnjv.sh7qomuj,k8k,sa^’g0Qkoaj’wfhltf;d { g;]koaj’8hv’oaj’le];,IP[Ihvp.omjk[+g|aj’8u’wx,k 8.

(14) { g,njvwfh2a’xk4tdt4k sn^ dkoltcf’9q[c]h; 7;o8q[,n.shdPfz6hltcf’r=xt,koS { [+7;og]qjk sn^ ltcf’vk]q,da[dko2a’ c]t dkoltcf’mjkmu8jk’Mgxaodko]q[ d;o7qovnjoF 8hv’I6h9addko7;[75,vk]q,0v’8qogv’D. ,k]tpkf.odkog0Qkrq[z6h.spj. 7e4k, !D dkooq[ws;h0v’xtgrou]k;,u7nG dkodk[rtr5fmtI6[F dkooq[ws;hz6hvk;53lF gfadohvpF \6jgrnjvo c]t dkows;hm5d.shz6h8kp4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf. ສດິ. { g,njvg0Qkrq[zh6.spj sn^ 76vk9ko 7;og7ktxt86 c]h;p=,noq[ 4k,lt[kpfuS { 4hkgryjode]a’gIaf;Pd1j6d+7;o0=3mfdjvo 9bj’1nog;Qkfh;pmjkmk’vjvoohv,l5rk[ [+ 7;ooaj’djvowfhIa[vto5pkfS { [+7;ogvqk,ngmQk38t sn^ 1no7Ecv;F memjkmk’2hk;2aj’F 9qd4q’lQ’ sn^ 4q’glNvS { [+7;ooaj’ sn^ 1no8+|hkzh6.spjF 7;ooaj’ sn^ 1nowxmk’-hkp sn^ 0;kg]adohvpF ,nma’ @ 8hv’co[0hk’ sn^ xtlkodaoS { g,njv]q,;Pdc]h; 8hv’p=,noq[0v[.9oegryjoc]h; 9bj’vvdwxD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. #D. @D dkog0Qkrq[zh6.spjgIqk7;og7ktxt86djvog0Qkrq[z6h.spj4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf #D dkodk[ s^n ws;hrtr5fmtI6[ gIqk7;o96fm6[9adfvdL X.sh\kp 3 .lj rP’ ! 0=h? dD 96fm6[ ! fvd 0D 96fm6[ @ fvd 7D 96fm6[ # fvd ’D 96fm6[ $ fvd. 9.

(15) [qfmu $ dkospy[fh;p,n dkospy[fh;p,ngxaorNo4kovaole7aomuj9t8hv’IPoIh6g-ajoG ;ymuspy[F ;ymulvpgrnjv oewx.-h.odkospy[F lvpF 8k[ c]t 96og7njv’oj5’0kf.sh8qogv’ sn^ lt,k-yd.o 7v[7q;D dkospy[ c]t dkolvpfh;p,n8hv’g]nvdglAofhkpspy[lufP;dao sn^ lumuj 7hkp7ndaoD g,njvg;]kmujspy[c]h;.shlu0v’cr c]t fhkpspy[dq,dnodaoD. !D. ;ymuspy[fQo. ສດິ. glAospy[. 8afzhk0t|kf &V!W -a’8uc,af @ czjo c]t deoqfglAospy[3fp.-hl=0ufzhk 0ufglAo-nj.ljzhk mk’fuD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. cm’g0a,0Bo]q’gmy’zhkgmnjv]t # { $ [kf spy[9bj’fb’g0a,0Bogmnjv|bj’[kfspy[8hv’spy[ 4ujM.sh[kfspy[sjk’dao WF@ { WF# -a’8uc,af c]t .-hw\spy[ @ glAoF [kfspy[mk’gmy’ c]t mk’]j5,0v’zhk9t8hv’.sh[kfspy[gmqjk daoD. @D. ;ymuspy[[kf4vpsâ’. glAospy[. 8afzhk0t|kf &V!W -a’8uc,af @ czjo c]t deoqfglAospy[3fp.-hl=0ufzhk 0ufglAo-nj.ljzhk mk’fuD. 10.

(16) .-hg0a,cm’0Bogmy’zhk fb’fhkp0Bo c]h;cm’ g0a,da[,kmk’sa^’ c]t cm’g0a,0Bo sjk’ 9kd[kfg0a,mevyf xt,ko WF@ -a’8uc,af c]t cm’g0a,da[,kmk’sa^’ -njda[[jvo[kf g0a,mevyf [kfspy[oU7n[kfspy[9adD. #D. ;ymulvpfeoE. glAospy[. 8afzhk0t|kf &V!W -a’8uc,af @ czjo c]t deoqfglAolvp3fp.-hl=0ufzhk 0ufglAo-nj.ljzhk mk’fuD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. ;ymulvpfeoE .shxt8y[af7hkp7ndaoda[;ymuspy[ [kf4vpsa^’ 8jk’daoc8j;jk7v’fhkplvpzhk mk’fulvpgvqkzhk !{@ glAo/hkp0v’zhk c]t 9tgsao[kflvpgxao95fMF lj;o7v’fhkpspy[ zhkmk’xUo fhkp9tspy[gxao[kfpk;MF [kf lvp9tsjk’daoxt,ko WF&{! -a’8uc,af .-h lvp1j6[jvo-y[3lh’ sn^ c7,lk[dtf6, c]t 7= glNvD. $D. ;ymulvpw0;j8uodk 8afzhk0t|kf !WV!W -a’8uc,af ! czjo c]t deoqfglAora[lvpxt,ko & -a’8uc,af 3fp .-hl=0ufzhk 0ufglAo.ljzhkmk’xUoD. 11.

(17) ra[,h;oc7,zhk.shr=fuda[glAomuj0ufdeoqfw;h lvpc]h;9bj’fk,w;h c]t ]uf.sh]P[D. ;ymulvpg-njv’fhkp. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. &D. ສດິ. ;ymulvpw0j;8uodk c,jolvp9kd-hkp,nwxsk 0;k,nF gIaf.shgsaoglAofhkpmujlvpoAow0;jdao c]t .shzhkczjogmy’da[czjo]j5,8yfdaoF [kf lvp.shsjk’daoxt,ko WF( { ! -a’8uc,af .-h lvpxkp0k3lh’ c]t 8uodt3xj’D. 8afzhk0t|kf !WV!W -a’8uc,af ! czjo c]t deoqfglAora[lvpxt,ko & -a’8uc,af 3fp .-hl=0ufzhk 0ufw;h.ljzhkmk’xUoD. ra[,h;oc7,zhk.shr=fuda[glAomuj0ufdeoqfw;h lvpc]h;9yj’fk,w;h c]t ]uf.sh]P[D. 12.

(18) ;ymulvpg-njv’fhkp .-hg0a,cm’0Bo c]h;lvp gvqkglAo/hkp0v’zhkczjo]j5,xt,ko ! { @ glAoF c]h;lvfg0a,g0Qk[jvolaomq[zhkxt,ko WF&{WF( -a’8uc,afF fb’g0a,vvd,k c]t lvp gvqkglAo/hkp0v’zhkmk’]j5,7ndaoda[[kfme vyfF .-hlvp[jvoxkpc0oglNvF 8uoglNv c]t 8uodt3xj’D. &D. ;ymulvpraoc7,zhkcr Xlvpdao/j5p?. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. c,jo;ymulvpc7,zhkmuj8afw;hc]h; grnjv[+.shglAo8jemuj1j6c7,zhkmuj8afoAos^5fvvdF .-h.od=]toumuj[+,u9adg]aoc7,9twfhlvpraoc7,w;hD. WF@{WF# -,. 8afzhk0t|kf &V!W -a’8uc,af ! czjo c]t deoqfglAolvpxt,ko WF@ { WF# -a’8uc,af 3fp.-hl=0ufzhk 0uf.ljzhkmk’fuD. WF#{WF( -,. cm’g0a,g0Qkc7,zhkcrlts^P’ c]t lt g\udaoF g-yj’7;k,d;hk’c8j]t[kfsjk’daoxt ,ko WF# { WF( -a’8uc,afF .oc8j]t[kfmuj cm’g0a, .shgvqkglAofhkpspy[dhP;xkpg0a, c8j-hkpsk0;kD. 13.

(19) *D. ;ymulvpI6dtf5, 8afI6dtf5,.shd;hk’ 8k,0t|kf0v’g,afdt f5, s^n gmqjkda[glAozjk.9dk’0v’g,afdtf5, [;d7;k,|k0v’g,afdtf5,D. mk’sq;. mk’mhkp. c[[sq;,qomhkp8af. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. g-njv’0vffhkpw;hmk’.oI6dtf5,lvfxkpg0a, 9kd[jvomuj8afw;h.shcm’xkpg0a,0Bosjk’9kd c7,zhkmuj8afxt,ko WF@ { WF# -a’8uc,afF .sh glAofhkp16jdQog0a,dhP;xkpg0a,F fb’g0a,0Bo.sh glAofhkpspy[g0Qkskc7,zhkmuj8afF c]h;lvp [kf8+Mwx7ndaoda[lvp[kfmu ! .shlvp4ujMF lj;omk’sq;0v’I6dtf5,8hv’lvp37h’8k, I6[F .shglAofhkplvpc8j]t[kf]Pogxaoc[[ fP;dao c]t ltg\udaoD g,njvlvpI6dtf5,vhv,,kIvf[jvomk’mhkp 0v’I6dtf5,.shspy[Iafc7,zhk @ { # gmnjv c]h;gvqkg0a,lvfg0Qk[jvoglAofhkpmujspy[w;h c]h;gvqkfhkpdhP;xkpg0a,grnjv.shI6dtf5, c|ho|kfuD. dkolvpI6dtf5,,u @ c[[7nG c[[sq;,qomhkp 8af c]t c[[sq;8afmhkp8afD. c[[sq;8afmhkp8af 14.

(20) dko8k[ c]t dko96og7njv’o5j’sqj, dko8k[ c]t 96og7njv’oj5’sqj,,u7;k,le7ao c]t 9egxao8hv’IPoIh6grnjv lk,kfcdhw0g;]kmujg7njv’oj5’sqj,,uIvp0kf[jvo.f[jvo|bj’D ltoAo9bj’8hv’IPoIh6;ymu 8k[ c]t 96o.sh4nd8hv’g\ktlq,grnjvIadlkg7njv’oj5’muj9q[’k,g4y’;jk9t0kf[jvo .f|bj’d=.shlk,kfoe.-hwfhD dD ;ymu8k[Ivp0kf { .-h,uf8afg]a,Ivp0kf.shgxaoI6[lujc9lkdS { cmd[=]yg;oIvp0kfS { g]nvdzhkglfmuj,ulu c]t goNvzhk-toyffP;daoda[goNvzhkmuj0kfF 4hk-vdsk[+wfhd+ 7;o.-hzhk-toyfmuj7hkp7ndaos^kpmujl5f c]t oe,k8af.shgxaoI6[lujc9lkd.sh.spj d;jkIvp0kfmujwfhg]a,w;h0hk’]txt,ko @F& -a’8uc,afD @F& -,. ສດິ. Ivp0kf. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. (D. @F& -,. { gvqkzhkmuj8afw;h;k’ma[[jvoIvp0kf.shglAo fhkp0v’goNvzhk.sh-njdaoda[[jvo0kf c]t .-h g0a,,5f0afw;Dh. { ra[zhkmuj8k[g0Qkmk’.ofhko]t WF& -a’8uc,af fk,c7,zhkw;h c]t .-hg0a,lvp4ujM9qoIv[ [jvora[zhkmujoe,k8k[F g,njvlvpIP[Ihvp c]h;9bj’fb’fhkpfk,vvdD. 15.

(21) { xUozhk0Bo.-h,uf8af8afma’lujc90v’zhkmuj,uIvp 0kfF ra[c7,zhkg0Qkmk’.ofhko]t WF& -a’8u c,af 7nda[gmnjvmevyf c]h;fk, c]t lvp4ujM .sh8yfda[zhkfhko]j5,F g,njvlvpIP[Ihvp9bj’fb’ fhkpfk,vvdD. 0D ;ymu96oIvp0kf. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. .-h,uf8afg]a,Ivp0kfmuj/j5p.shgxaoI6[;q’dq,D. I6[ !. .-hltfb’7b’zhkmuj0kf .shIvp0kf1j6g7yj’dk’D. I6[ @. 16.

(22) .-hfhkpspy[muj,ulufP;da[zhkspy[fQo[kf4ujM .dh da[Ivp0kf grnjv[+.sh/j5pvvdD. I6[ # spy[vhv,Ivp0kf7nG gvqkg0a,cm’]q’[jvomuj spy[fQow;hc]h; gvqkfhkpspy[dhP;xkpg0a,9bj’ fb’g0a,0Bo .shspy[;ymuoU9qovhv,Ivp0kfD I6[ $. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. g,njvspy[vhv,Ivp0kf|bj’Iv[ c]h;0bhoIv[ .\jfh;p;ymudhP;glAofhkpF .shla[s;jk’0v’[kf spy[Iv[mu ! gIafc[[oUwxg]NvpM9qog8a,Ivp 0kfD I6[ & dko96ozhk;ymuoUgvUo;jkdko96oc[[8koqdcdh;F .odko96oc[[8koqdcdh;oU[+7;ofb’fhkpg7aj’ sn^ pkogduowxgrkt9tgIaf.shzhkmuj96ooAopj6 sn^ pkowfhD I6[ *. 17.

(23) 7e4k, !D grnjv.sh;ymuspy[fQoc|ho|kfu7;o.-hfhkpspy[ @ glAo4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf @D dkolvp0k3lh’ c]t 8uodt3xj’.sh9q[’k,7;o.-h[kflvpw0j;8uodk4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf. &D dkolvpfeoE7;o.-hfhkpspy[9adglAoL X.sh\kp .lj dD .-hfhkpspy[ ! glAo 0D .-hfhkpspy[ @ glAo 7D .-hfhkpspy[ # glAo ’D .-hfhkpspy[ $ glAo. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. $D dkolvpg-njv’fhkp.-hlvp[jvo.f0v’g7njv’o5j’sqj,L X.sh\kp .lj rP’ ! 0=h? dD 7=glNv 0D 0k3lh’ 7D 8uodt3xj’ ’D 8uolYo. ສດິ. #D dko96oc,jodkospy[[jvoIvp0kfgxaoxjv’ohvp4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf. rP’ ! 0=h?. *D dko8afzhkle]a[spy[[kf4vpsâ’8hv’8afzhkmk’d;hk’ c]t pk;gmqjk.fL (D .shvtmy[kp;ymuspy[fQo8hv’spy[co;.fL 18.

(24) [qfmu & dko0Q;-Uo 0Q;-Uo c,jovkskoxtgrf|bj’mujoypq,daox5’c8j’.o7q;gInvo grkt;jk0Q;-Uolk ,kfdyowfh\qfm5d7qo [+;jk9tgxaogfadohvp s^n z6h.spj lk,kfdyoda[g0Qk|P; s^n g0Qk9hk;d+wfhD dko0Q;-Uolk,kf0Q;.ljzad,us^kp1jk’g-ajo;jkG 0Q;-Uo.ljzaddkfF 0Q; -Uo.ljzaddt]+kxuF 0Q;-Uo.ljdt]qfF 0Q;-Uo.ljgsaf c]t vnjoMD. dkox5’c8j’0Q;-Uo.ljzaddkf. !. !D -Uo’q; @D zaddkf #D sq;zad[qj;.spj $D \kdg]ajo.spj &D sv,[qj;.[ *D sv,xhv, (D oExk )D oE,aosvp _D oE-uvY; !WD oE8ko !!D oE,ao !@D sq;zad[qj;csh’ !#D sq;zadmP,csh’. @. #. !}@ dy3]dik, ! ,af ! sq; @ |j;p ! ,af ! ,af ! [j;’cd’ ! [j;’cd’ ! [j;’-k ! [j;’-k ! [j;’cd’ # sq; @ sq;. ສດິ. dD g7njv’xtdv[. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. !D. $. 0D dkodtdP, { g]nvd-N-Uo’q;mujlqf [+,udyjog\ao7k; c]t gxao-Uolao s^n [jvomujvjvofuS { ]hk’-Uo’q;.shltvkf c]h;-vp[k’M xtw;hS { ]hk’zaddkf.ooEltvkf -vpgxao8jvo0Q;8k,I6[-q’muj8qogv’,adS { cdtdk[sq;zad[qj;.spjvvd ]hk’oE.shltvkf -vpgxao8jvo[k’MS { ]hk’\kdg]ajo.spj.shltvkf c]h;xkfgxao8jvor=fu7eS 19.

(25) { ]hk’sv,[qj;.[F sv,xhv,.shltvkf 8afgxao8jvoxt,kolv’0=h,nS { cdtdk[zad[qj;F zadmP,csh’vvd -vpgxao8jvo[k’MD. 7D ;ymux5’ gvqkoE,ao.lj\=h7hk’w2.sh2qf c]h;gvqksq;zadmP,csh’]q’0Q;.shsv, sâ’9kdoAo gvqk-Uo’q;muj-vpw;hoAo]q’0Q; .ljg7njv’x5’]qfg-ajoG .ljoExkF oE,aosvpF -uvY;F oE 8koF 0Q;.shg0Qkdao9qo-Uol5d c]h;9bj’.ljzaddkf 0Q;.shg0Qkdaovudgmnjv|bj’ c]h;9bj’.lj sq;zad[qj;.sjpxt,ko # okmu 9bj’.lj\kdg]ajoF -y,]qf-kf.shr=fu g;]k9txq’.sh.lj sv,[qj;.[ c]t sv,xhv,c]h; 9bj’xq’]q’D. ’D ;ymudko9af8q[c8j’. dkox5’c8j’0Q;-Uo.ljzaddt]+kxu dD g7njv’xtdv[. !. !D -Uo\6 s^n -Uo’q; @D zaddt]+kxu #D sq;zad[qj;.spj $D \kdg]ajo.spj &D sv,[qj;.[ *D sv,xhv, (D oExk )D oE,aosvp _D oE-uvY; !WD oE8ko !!D oE,ao !@D sq;zad[qj;csh’ !#D sq;zadmP,csh’. @. #. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. @D. ສດິ. { 8ad.lj9ko.spjdyooedaos^kp7qo c8j,u[j;’le]a[8adS { dko8ad.lj9ko8hv’[+.shs^kp s^n ]Qovvd,k0v[9koS { 7;o8q[c8j’fh;p.[zad[qj; c]t sv,xhv,D. $. 20. !}@ dy3]dik, ! sq; ! sq; @ |j;p ! ,af ! ,af ! [j;’cd’ ! [j;’cd’ ! [j;’-k ! [j;’-k ! [j;’cd’ # sq; @ sq;.

(26) 0D dkodtdP, { g]nvd-N-Uo\6mujlqf [+,udyjog\ao7k; c]t lu[+cf’s^kpS { ]hk’-Uo\6.ooEltvkf -vpgxao8jvo[k’MS { ]hk’zaddkf.ooEltvkf -vpgxao8jvo0Q;S { cdtdk[sq;zad[qj;.spjF ]hk’oE.shltvkfF -vpgxao8jvo[k’MS { ]hk’\kdg]ajo.spj.shltvkf c]h;xkfgxao8jvor=fu7eS { ]hk’sv,[qj;.[F sv,xhv,.ooEltvkf 8afgxao8jvoxt,kolv’0=h,nS { cdtdk[zad[qj;F zadmP,csh’vvd -vpgxao8jvo[k’MD. 7D ;ymux5’. ’D ;ymudko9af8q[c8j’ { 8ad.lj9ko.spjle]a[dyooedaos^kp7qo c8j,u[;j’le]a[8adS { dko8ad.lj9ko8hv’[+.sh]Qovvd,k0v[9koS { 7;o8q[c8j’fh;p.[zad[qj; c]t sv,xhv,D. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. gvqkoE,ao.lj\=h7hk’w2.sh2qf c]h;gvqksq;zad[qj;F zadmP,csh’]q’ 0Q;.lj9qosv, sâ’9kdoAogvqk-Uo\6muj-vpw;hoAo]q’F .ljg7njv’x5’]qf-kfg-ajoG oExkF oE,aosvpF -u vY;F oE8koF 0Q;.shg0Qkdao9qo-Uol5d c]h;9bj’.ljzaddt]Oxu 0Q;.shg0Qkdaovudgmnjv|bj’ c]h;9bj’.ljsq;zad[qj;.sjpxt,ko # okmu 9bj’.lj\kdg]ajoF -u,]qf-kf.shr=fu g;]k9t xq’.sh.ljsv,[qj;.[ c]t sv,xhv, c]h;9bj’xq’]q’D. 7e4k, !D dkog]nvd-N-Uo\6mujlqfF [+,udyjog\ao7k; lu[+cf’s^kp4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf @D dko0Q;-Uo.ljzadgrnjv.sh,u]qf-kfc-[ gIqk7;o.ljg7njv’x5’-toyf.fcfjL X.sh\kp .lj rP’ ! 0=h? dD gdnvF oE,aoF oE8ko 0D oExkF oE8koF oE,aosvp 7D oE,aoF oExkF oE,aosvpF oE-uvY;F oE8ko. 21.

(27) [qfmu * g0Qk8Q,.lj\kddh;p c]t 4qj;fe g0Qk8Q,muj7qo]k;gIqkoypq,dyo,us^kp-toyfg-ajoG g0Qk8Q,.lj\kddh;pF 4qj;feF 0P; c]t 4qj;vnjoMD. ;ymudkox5’c8j’g0Qk8Q,.ljdh;p dD g7njv’xtdv[. #. *. ! dy3]dik, ! s;u ! |j;p $ [j;’cd’ ! [j;’-k #W { $W .[ s^n s+. ສດິ. @. !D g0Qklko|P; @D \kddh;poEl5d #D \kdrhk;csh’ $D oE8ko &D gdnv *D .[8v’8k,9eo;os+. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. !D. 0D dkodtdP,. { g0qhklko|P;oewx\jk.shw|jxt,ko # { $ -qj;3,’S { \kddh;pxvdgxnvdvvdF oewx8afgxao # { $ 8vor=fuS { \kdrhk;06f c]t 7AogvqkoEsq;dtmy.shwfh ! 4h;p.spjS { .[8v’8kdcff.shvjvo c]h;oe,k9udxt,kolv’/k,n s^n d;hk’xt,ko !&{@W -a’8uc,afF sâ’9kdoAooe,kdPosq;F dPoxkp.sh’k,D. 7D dkox5’ { gvqkoEsq;dtmy.lj\=h 7hk’w2.sh2qf .ljg0QkF oE8ko c]t gdnv c]h;7qo.shg0Qkdao 0hP;9qooEcsh’ c]t .shg0Qkl5dr=fu [+.shg]tS { 8adg0Qkmuj0Q;leg]afc]h;.ljrk4kf xtw;h.shg1ao9bj’oewxs+D. ’D ;ymus+ oe.[8v’mujdP,w;hc]h;oe,ks+8k,0Ao8vog-ajoG .ljg0QkF dh;p c]h;s+ g;]ks+ .shdu[sq; c]t du[xkprhv,grnjv.shwfhg0Qk8Q,l;p’k,8k,I6[D 22.

(28) I6[0Ao8vodkos+g0Qk8Q,.ljdh;pG dko;k’.[8v’s+g0Qk8Q,lk,kf;k’-njF ;k’lts^P’ c]t 8afgxaoI6[-q’vnjoM 8k,7;k,,adD ! @ #. &. $. dkox5’c8j’g0Qk8Q,4qj;fe. @. &. ສດິ. dD g7njv’xtdv[. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. @D. *. !D g0Qklko|P; @D 4qj;fe #D oE8ko $D gdnv &D \kdrhk; *D .[8v’8k,9eo;o. *. @ dy3]dik, $WW dik, & [j;’cd’ ! [j;’-k ! |j;p #W { $W .[. 0D dkodtdP, { g0Qklko\P;oewx\jk.shw|jF xt,ko # { $ -qj;3,’S { ]hk’4qj;fegvqkdyjolk[vvdc]h;c-j.shvjvo s^n 8Q,.shl5dS { \kdrhk;06f c]t 7AogvqkoEsq;dtmyda[oExkp.shwfh @ 4h;p.spjS { gvqk.[8v’oewx8kdcff.shvjvo c]h;oe,k9ud.shwfhlv’/k,n s^n 7;k,d;hk’xt ,ko !&{@W -a’8uc,af sâ’9kdoAooe,k8aflj;osq; c]t xkp.shgxaoI6[37’D 23.

(29) 7D dkox5’ gvqkoEsq;dtmyF oExkpdtmy0hP;.shc8d,aoF gvqkg0Qklko|P;F 4qj;feF oE 8koF c]t gdnv 7qo.shg0Qkl5dr=fu [+.shg]tF [+.shg0Qkw\h .shoEdtmycsh’]q’ c]h; 9bj’xq’xtw;h.shg1ao c]h;9bj’oewxs+D. ’D ;ymus+ gvqk.[8v’mujdP,w;h,ks+ .ljg0Qk.shwfhxt,ko ! [j;’cd’c]h;s+ g;]ks+.shdu[ sq; c]t du[xkp[jvos+9q[’k, g,njvs+9qo\qfg0Qkc]h; .shoes+g0Qk8Q,wx|B’xt,ko #W{$W okmu c]h;xq’]q’xtw;h.shg1aoF oewxIa[xtmkogxao0v’s;kowfhD. @D g0Qkmuj9toe,kgIafg0Qk8Q,.ljdh;pc,jog0Qk-toyf.fL X.sh\kp .lj rP’ ! 0=h? dD g0Qklko|P; 0D g0Qklko9hk; 7D g0Qklk]u #D gxaospa’gryjo9bj’.ljgdnvg;]kgIafg0Qk8Q, L X.sh\kp .lj dD grnjvgIaf.shg0Qk8Q,oAog7a, 0D grnjv.shg0Qk8Q,oAo,u]qf-kf 7D grnjvgIaf.shg0Qk8Q,oAo,ao c]t ,u]qf-kf. 24. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. !D dkooe.[8v’,ks+g0Qk8Q,oAo9t8hv’8kdcff.shvjvodjvo4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf. ສດິ. 7e4k,. rP’ ! 0=h?.

(30) rkdmu II dkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’laf [qfmu ( dkox6drnfzadfh;psq; s^n |+ 7;k,\kp0v’dkox6drnffh;psq; s^n |+ rnf[k’-toyf,u]e8Qo s^n IkdgIaf|hkmujltlq,vkskog-ajoG sq;zad[qj;F sq;zad mP,F 0u’F 0jkF sq;luw7F 8Qodh;p c]t vnjoMD rnfgs^qjkoU[+lk,kf0tspkpraofh;p dkoxad-eF 3m,dyj’F 8yf8k c]t 8+dyj’wfh ma’[+g\ktlq,da[dko0tspkpraofh;p cdjoD. dkoc[j’sq;c,jodkocpdlj;o0v’ rnfvvd8k,Ivpcpd8k,me,t-kf g-ajoG sq; zad[qj; c]t sq;zadmP,D sq;zad[qj;. ສດິ. dD dkoc[j’sq;. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. !D. sq;zadmP,. 0D dkocpd|+. dkoc[j’|+c,jodkocpd|+0v’rnfmuj c8d|+ g-ajoG dh;pF 0u’F 0jkF sq;luw7 c]t 0U \YoD. sq;0jk. 25.

(31) 75oxt3spf0v’dkox6drnfzadfh;psq; s^n |+ { dkox6drnfzadfh;psq; s^n |+ gxao;ymumujg\ktlq,da[dko0tspkpraornf[k’xt grf g-yj’[+lk,kf0tspkpraowfh3fp;ymuvnjoM s^n 0tspkpwfhpkdg-ajoG sq;zad[qj;F sq; dtmP,F 0u’F 0jkF sq;luw7 c]t vnjoMD { 8Qornfmujzjkodko0tspkpraofh;psq; c]t |+,u]adltot7ngdqjk c]t c8d|+.\j wfh gxao9eo;os^kpD { rnffaj’djk;0tspkpraowfh’jkp c]t ltf;d lk,kfgvqksq;,kc[j’ s^n gvqk|+ ,kcpd c]h;oewxx6d.lj05,F .lj|ko s^n .lj.ork-totle]a[x6d Xdt34x6dF 75F -k,?D g,njvsqfoE.shrP’r=d+9twfhrnf8Qo.\jD. !D dkoc[j’sq;c,jodkocpdlj;o0v’rnfvvd8k,Ivpcpd8k,me,t-kf 4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf @D rnfmuj.-hx6dfh;pdkocpd|+,usap’cfjL X.sh\kp 3 .lj dD 0u’ 0D sq;luw7 7D dh;p ’D 4nd\qfm5d0=h #D dkox6drnfzadfh;psq; c]t |+,u75oxt3spfco;.fL. 26. ສດິ. 7e4k,. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. @D. rP’ ! 0=h?D.

(32) [qfmu ) dkox6drnfzadfh;psq; s^n |+ X8+? rnfzadmujx6dfh;psq; s^n |+ dD rnfzadmujx6dfh;psq; rnfmujx6dfh;psq; ,uzad[qj;F zadmP,F gznvdF ,ao/t]aj’ c]t vnjoMD. sq;zad[qj;. ສດິ. sq;zadmP,. sq;,ao/t]aj’. sq;gznvd. 0D rnfzadmujx6dfh;p|+. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. !D. rnfmujx6dfh;p|+ ,u0u’F 0jkF 0U\yhoF sq;luw7F 8Qodh;pF \kdoaf c]t vnjoMD. sq;luw7. sq;0jk 27. sq;0u’.

(33) 8Qodh;p. @D. 8Qo\kdoaf. dko7afg]nvdco;rao. #D. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. sâ’9kdmujgIqkI6h-toyf0v’raornfmujgIqk9tx6dc]h; djvo9tx6d7;o7afg]nvdraornf .shfu 3fpxt8y[af8k,sâddkofaj’]5j,ouhG { g]nvdsq; s^n |+ 9kd8Qoraofumuj,u]adltotdq’da[lkpraoS { g]nvdsq; s^n |+ mujlq,[6o c]t c0’cI’S { g]nvd0t|kfg\ktlq,.odko0tspkprao s^n x6dF 0t|kf[+.spj c]t [+ohvp9qo gduowxF c8d.[vjvoxt,ko @{# .[S { g]nvdsq; s^n |+mujxaflt9kdg-Nv3]dD. fyogrktx6d. vkf9t-Nfyogrktx6dleg]afI6[muj,u0kp8k,Ihko0kpv5xtdvodkodtglf s^n gvqkfyo,kxtlq,gvqkgv’8k,l6f s^n lj;oxtlq,faj’]5j,oUG. dD lj;oxtlq, vaf8klj;oxtlq, { x5p\ad @ lj;oS { 05p\kdrhk; ! lj;oS { 0Ucd[ !}@ lj;oS { oE\ad95]yo-u -u;trk[g9nv9k’ s^n vugva, XEM? ! ]yfxtlq,da[ oE @W ]yfD. 05p\kdrhk;. oEvugva, 28. 0Ucd[.

(34) 0D ;ymuxtlq, gvqklj;oxtlq,ma’\qf7qo.shg0Qkdao c]h;gvqkoE\ad95]yo-u-u;trk[ s^n oEvugva, XEM? xtlq,da[oE.shg0Qkdao .sh,u7;k,-5j,r=g\ktlq,F [+xPdgduowx \adw;hxt,ko ! vkmyyf 9bj’lk,kfoe,k.-hwfhD. v5xtdvo.odkox6d dD v5xtdvo. -k,. 75. ສດິ. { rk-tot.odkox6d,udt3xtF 34F -k, c]t 75D. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. $D. { v5xtdvo.odkox6d,u9qdF -;hko c]t lP,D. 9qd. -;hko 29. lP,.

(35) { v5xtdvosqfoE,um+1k’F [q;sqfoEF 3vDDD. 75. 3v. [q;sqfoE. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. m+1k’. { v5xtdvo.lj/5jo c]t xhv’daolaf86rnf ,u[A’lufF 75 c]t -h;koD. [A’luf. 75. -;hko. { v5xtdvole]a[c[j’sq; s^n cpd|+ ,u,uf c]t rhkD. ,uf. rhk 30.

(36) 0D dkogIaf7;k,ltvkf c]t dkogda[Iadlkg7njv’,nsâ’dko.-h sâ’dko.-h;Pd’koleg]afc]h; 7;ogIaf7;k,ltvkf c]t gda[Iadlkg7njv’,n faj’oUG { 7;o]hk’v5xtdvo.shltvkf c]t g-af.shcsh’S { gda[Iadlkw;h[jvomujcsh’F xvfwr c]t oe,k.-h,u7;k,ltf;dD. &D ;ymudkox6drnffh;psq; s^n |+ &D!D dkox6drnffh;psq; dD ;ymuc[j’sq;rnf. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. c[j’sq;zqd[jq; c]t zadmP, 8k,Ivpc[j’me,t-kf8k,I6[]5j,oUG. dkoc[j’sq;zadmP,. dkoc[j’sq;zad[qj;. 0D ;ymux6d. { 05f05,.ork-totle]a[x6dmjug7njvophkpwfh s^n 05f05,.o|kox6dmujdP,fyow;hF gvqk sq; s^n |+mujc[j’,kcxt.ljmk’dk’0v’05,x6dS { dkox6d7;oxtw]ptsjk’]ts;jk’c4; c]t 8Qo 3fp7eob’g4y’0t|kfdko9t g]uog8u[380v’rnfg;]k,ao0tspkp8q;vvdS. dkog9kt05f05,.o-k, 31.

(37) { gvqkfyoxqd c8j8hv’xt.shpvf-Uvvd,k ltrk[7nda[8vomujgIqkc[j’vvd,kx6d lyj’ muj7;o]t;a’7n[+.shfyoxqdpvfS. dkogvqkfyoxqd. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. { sqfoE.sh,u7;k,-5j,c8j1jk.shxPd9qogduowxgrktgs’Qk8Qovkf9tgoqjk8kpwfh c]t 7;osqfoE8vog-Qk c]t 8voc]’S. dkosqfoErnfzadsâ’9kdx6dc]h; { gIafIqj,[a’cffxt,ko # { & ;ao c]h;9bj’gxufIqj,vvdD. 32.

(38) &D@D dkox6drnffh;p|+ dD ;ymucpd|+grnjvoewxx6d cpd|+0v’rnf grnjvoewxx6d,u0Ao8vofaj’]5j,oUG { .-hlP,05fcpd|+.sh0kfvvd9kd8Qoc,jraoS. dko05fcpd|+mujxkf0kf9kd8Qoc,jrao. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. { .-h,uf7q,M xkf|+muj8yfda[8Qoc,jrao.sh0kfvvd9kddaoS. dko.-h,ufxkf|+muj8yf8Qoc,jrao { 8afIkdmuj8yf,kda[|+4Y,S. dko8afIkd 33.

(39) { 4hk|+,u.[8yf,ks^kp7;o8af.[4Y,grnjvxhv’daodko7kpoED. dko8af.[ c]t ]e8Qo. 0D ;ymux6d. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. { gvqkwxx6d.ork-totF 05,x6d c]t |kox6dmujdP,w;hD. dkox6d8Qow,h.ork-tot 34.

(40) &D# 95ffu c]t 95fvjvo.odkox6dfh;p;ymuc[j’sq; s^n cpd|+ dD95ffu { 9twfhIa[raornfmuj,u]adltotdq’8k,lkpraogfu,m5d1jk’S { x6d’jkpd;jkdkox6drnfvnjoM grkt.-hsq; s^n |+x6d3fpdq’S { .shzqozt]yffuD 0D95fvjvo { x6dwfhgmnjv]t|hvpS { glp7jk.-h9jkps^kpd;jkD. dko[q;]t[afIadlkrnfzadmujx6dfh;psq; s^n |+ dD dkosqfoE. ສດິ. .odkosqfoErnfzadgrnjv.sh,u7;k,-5j,16jltg\uoAo 7;osqfoE.shs^kp.ow]pt mevyf0v’dkox6d c]t ]tf6c]h’D le]a[.o]tf6/qo,u7;k,-5j,rP’r= 7;os^5fzjvo dkosqfoE]q’D. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. *D. 0D dko.lj/5jo. dko.lj/5jo8hv’.sh4ndda[w]ptdko9tg]uog8u[38 c]t .lj8k,7;k,8hv’dko 0v’rnfzadD ltoAogIqk7;og]nvd/5jofaj’oUG /5jo7vdF /5jog7,uF /5jooE-u;trk[ c]t /5jo\ad8k,g’njvow0muj,u.oc8j]tmhv’4yjoD. /5jo\ad-toyfoE. /5jooE-u;trk[ 35.

(41) 7D dkode9aflaf86rnf skdrq[dko]t[kf0v’[Q’ s^n c,’w,hF 4hk[+s^kp.sh.-h,n9a[[qj’4Y,F 4hkgxao grhp.sh.-hoEzaddtgfqk s^n oE1k]hk’4h;p !& -u-u xtlq,da[oE @W ]yf sqf s^n luf 8k,dhv’.[.og;]k8voc]’ s^n .-hoE1krNog,nv’w]jc,’w,Dh. oE1kw]jc,’w,hc[[rNog,nv’ dD dkogIafoE1kw]jc,’w,h-toyfmqj;wx. ສດິ. lj;oxtlq, lj;oxtlq,0v’oE1krNog,nv’le]a[w]jc,’w,h s^n de9afc,’w,h-toyfmqj;wx,u lj;oxtlq,faj’oUG { sq;zadmP,S { oE,aorkik2yo XoE1k0hkg-Nv?S { oElt[6 c]t oED ;ymugIaf { .-hsq;zadmP, # sq;.spj [qf.sh]tvPfS { gvqksq;zadmP,muj[qf]tvPf,kc-joE,aorkik2uo XoE1k0hkg-Nv? @ ;aoF 9kdoAo gvqk,k8v’xtlq,da[oElt[6 ! [j;’cd’S { 8nj,oE]q’.shwfh !W ]yf c]h;gvqkwxluf.shmqj;grnjvw]j c]t 0hkc,’w,hD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. (D. 0D dkogIafoE1kle]a[w]jc,’w,hxtgrfxkdf6f lj;oxtlq, lj;oxtlq,0v’oE1krNog,nv’le]a[w]jc,’ s^n de9afc,’w,hxtgrfxkdf6f g-ajoG grhpcxh’ s^n \af]kp ,ulj;oxtlq,faj’oUG { cdjodtgfqkS { oED ;ymugIaf { gvqkcdjodtgfqkxt,ko WF& { ! dy3]dik, [qf.sh]tvPfS { cdjodtgfqkmuj[qf]tvPfoAos+zhk0k;[k’ c-joE @W ]yf xtw;h ! 7noS 36.

(42) { oewxlufrqjornfzadwfhfu3fpltgrktda[[qj’7n[S { 4hkgvqk,kxtlq,da[oExt,ko $WW ]yf lk,kfw]jc,’w,hmuj,k]q[d;o Xluf ! 7A’ lk,kfd5h,wfh !& ;ao?D. 7e4k,. #D dkode9aflaf86rnfzadxtgrf[Q’gIqk7;ogIafco;.fL X.sh\kp 3 .lj rP’ ! 0=h?D dD gvqk,n9a[vvd 0D .-hlkog7,u 7D .-h/5jo7vd ’D 4nd\qfm5d0=h. 37. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. @D 9qj’9a[76jdkooe.-hv5xtdvo.odkox6dF .lj/j5o c]t c[j’sq;L X.sh0Po8q;g]d.lj[jvo DDDDDDDDDDD? DDDDDDDDdD v5xtdvo.lj/5jo c]t xhv’daolaf86 !D 9qd DDDDDDDD0D rk-tot.odkox6d @D 75 DDDDDDDD7D v5xtdvo.odkox6d #D ,uf DDDDDDDD’D v5xtdvole]a[c[j’sq; s^n cpd|+ $D -k,. ສດິ. !D ;ymucpd|+0v’rnf grnjvoewxx6d[+7;o.-h,uf7q,M xkf|+mu8yfda[8Qoc,jrao.sh 0kfvvd9kddao4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf.

(43) [qfmu _ dkogda[d6h c]t 9e|jkprnfzad dkogda[d6h rnfmujx6dfh;psq; s^n |+rkpsâ’mujrnf,udko0tspkp8q;g8a,muj g\ktcdjdkogda[ d6hc]h; gIqk7;ogvqk.9.lj7n G. dD v5xtdvogda[d6h. ,uf. rhk. lP,. ສດິ. gIqk8hv’dtdP,v5xtdvo c]t rk-tot.odkogda[d6hrnfzad.shIP[Ihvp g-yj’,u faj’oUG ,uf8afF ,ufF dt8jkF rhk c]t lP,D. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. !D. 0D ;ymudkogda[d6h. { dkogda[d6hrnfmujx6dfh;psq; s^n |+ lj;os^kpc,jogda[d6h.og;]k8vog-Qk grkt;jk9t wfhzad’k,S { dkogda[d6hzadlj;os^kpc,jogda[gvqklj;omujgxaopvfvjvo grnjvwxx5’c8j’vkskoF .shxtlj;omujgxao8Qow;h grnjv.shc8dpvf.\jwfhvuds^kpM 7A’S { dkogda[d6hrnfmujgxaosq; s^n gxao|+ grnjvIa[xtmko s^n x6d c,jo.-hlP,05f s^n .-h,uf xkfgvqk lj;omujcdjlk,kfIa[xtmko s^n lk,kfx6dwfFh .shxtlj;omujvjvow;hgrnjv.sh c8dpvf s^n sq;8+wxD. dkogda[d6hrnfzad 38.

(44) 7D sâ’dkogda[d6h sâ’dkogda[d6hgIqk7;oxt8y[affaj'oUG { gIaf7;k,ltvkfrnfzadG ]hk’rnfzadfh;poEltvkf grnjv]hk’0U/5jo s^n 0Ufyo c]t c,’w,h vkf9t8yf,kda[rnfzadS { 8afc8j’gvqk.[F pvfF 8QoF sq; c]t Ikdmuj[+’k,vvdS { 7af0t|kf.sh16j # ]tfa[G .spjF dk’F ohvp c]t 9afxtgrfG ’k,s^kpF xkodk’ c]t r=.-hwfhS { [ao95.ljsu[s+ 9af]P’.lj4q’1k’ c]t 9af]P’.sh9q[’k,D. dko9e|jkp. ສດິ. rnfmujx6dfh;psq; s^n |+ sâ’9kdzjko0t[;odko,afF [ao95.ljsu[s+c]h;lk,kf lqj’0kp.o8ts^kf grnjv9e|jkpgxao8QoG { dko9e|jkp.shz6h[=]y3rd3fpdq’F z6hx6dwx0kp.o8ts^kffh;p8qogv’S { dko9e|jkpzjkor+7hk{c,j7hkc,joz6hx6d[+lk,kfwx0kpfh;p8qogv’wfhg-yj’dko9e |jkpc[[ouh9twfh]k7k0hvo0hk’8OS { dko9e|jkpzjkod5j,dtlyde s^n zjkolt,k7q,dkozt]yf0v’[hko c,jod5j,dtly de s^n d5j,zt]yfxt9e[hko gxaoz6h];[];,zqozt]yfgv’ grnjvIa[xtdao75ootrk[ lyo7hk c]t 9twfh7jk8v[cmos^kpS { dko9e|jkpc[[laopk]j;’|hkgxaodkolaopkw;hdjvo]j;’|hk]ts;jk’z6hx6dc]t z6h-N .odko9e|jkpc[[oU z6hx6dlk,kf,u8ts^kfIv’Ia[ c]t wfh]k7kfuD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. @D. 39.

(45) 7e4k, !D dkogda[rnfmujx6dfh;psq; c]t |+ lj;os^kp c,jo[+gda[.og;]k8vog-Qkgrkt;jk 9twfhzad’k, 4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf. #D dko9e|jkp.shz6h[=]y3rd3fpdq’c,jo9e|jkpco;.fL $D rnfzadmujoypq,7af,u0t|kf.fcfjL X.sh\kp 3 .lj dD ohvp c]t .spj 0D dk’ c]t .spj 7D ohvp c]t dk’ ’D ohvpF dk’F .spj. 40. ສດິ. rP’ ! 0=h?D. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. @D v5xtdvo.odkogda[d6h,uvao.fcfjL X.sh\kp 3 .lj dD ,uf 0D rhk 7D lP, ’D 4nd\qfm5d0=h. rP’ ! 0=h?D.

(46) [qfmu !W raolafohvpmujoe,k]hP’ !D. 7;k,gxao,k lafohvpgxaolafmujxt-k-qo]k;,u7;k,oypq,dao]hP’s^kp.ovtfufzjko,k9qog4y’ xaf95[aoF gxaolafmuj]hP’’jkp.orNomuj9edafF lafohvpmuj,adoypq,]hP’wfhcdjG \6F \kF c,;F cdtF c[h c]t dt8jkpD lafohvpmujlk,kflhk’.sh,u]kpwfh.o7v[7q;d+7nz6h]hP’ ,uG \6F cdtF c[h c]t dt8jkpD \k]hP’w;hg/qhkgInvo s^n -j;p.odko-vd16jskdyo 8k,me,t-kfF le]a[ c,;]hP’w;hgrnjvw]j|6D. @D. 7;k,le7ao0v’dko]hP’lafohvp. raolafmujoe,k]hP’. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. #D. ສດິ. lafohvpgxaolafxtgrfmujr;dgIqk]hP’grnjvgxaovkskoma’lk,kf0kplhk’]kpwfh .shcdj7v[7q; c]t gxaovk-u[glu, s^n gxaovk-u[8Qo8=wfh 3fp[+8hv’dkolt4komuj c]t mboIvos^kpD. #D!D \6rNog,nv’. \6xtgrfoU,u16jgdnv[m5dmhv’4yjo.oxtgmf]k;gxao\6muj,u0t|kfohvp4hkmP[.lj\6 rao8jk’xtgmf g-yj’\6faj’djk;9tgvUoc8d8jk’daowx.oc8j]tmhv’4yjog-ajoG \69uHfF \6 \kddt3foF \6[q;c8j-nj];,c,jo\6]kf-bj’gxaoraorNog,nv’0v’]k;D. dD \69uHf gxao\6mujoypq,dao]hP’s]kp.og0frkddk’ c]t rkd.8h gxao\6muj,uI6[Ijk’ohvpD. 0D \6]kf. ,uI6[Ijk’.sjp c]t ,uoE|ads]kpdj;k\6 9uHfD \6xtgrfoU lj;os^kpoypq,]hP’.og0f rkdg|nv c8j.oxt95[ao \6rNog,nv’]k; gIqkwfh,udkoczjdt9kpwxmqj;m5dMmhv’4yjo .o0v[g0fmqj;xtgmfD 41.

(47) #D@D \68jk’xtgmf \6rao8jk’xtgmf mujgryjooypq,oeg0Qk,k]hP’.o]k;le]a[zt]yfgxaolyo7hk lj;o s^kpc,jorao]kflt;kp XLarge white?F c]ogfIf XLandrace?F f6]Jvdg9u-u XDurocjersey? s^n co;rao]6dxtlq,ma’ # co;raooU lk,kf.sh-Uos^kpD dD \6rao]kflt;kp. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. \6rao-toyfoU,u4yjodegouf,k9kdxtgmfva’ dyf gxaoraomuj]hP’’jkplk,kfxa[8q;da[lt rk[c;f]hv,[hkogIqk0hvo0hk’wfhfuF ]ad ltot3fpmqj;wxgxao\60t|kf.spjF s68A’F ]e8q;pk;F |a’ c]t 0qolu0k;8ts^vf]e 8q; vkfgxaaolu0k;D ,u-Uos^kp,uoE,ao|hvp le]a[8q;c,jlk,kf.sh]6ds^kpD. 0D \6raoc]ogIl. \6rao-toyfoU ,u4yjodegouf,k9kdxtgmf cfo,kd gxao\6muj]hP’wfhfu.o[hkogIqk ,u dkoxa[8q;da[ltrk[c;f]hv,wfhfu ,udko 9tg]uog8u[.spjfuF .spjw;F .sh-Uos^kpD lj;o s^kpoypq,gvqk\6raooU.-hgxaoc,jraogrkt]e 8q;pk;F ,ug8Qkoq,s]kpF g\ktlq,.odko zt]yf]6d\6gxaoluo7hkF ,u|a’ c]t 0qo 0k;ma’\qf]e8q;F s6.sjp c]t 86[F sq; ohvpF lq[pk;F dt3rd.sjp c]t sâ’dqj’r= fu’k,D. 42.

(48) 7D \6raof6iJvdg9u-u \6raooU ,u4yjodegouf,k9kdxtgmfvkg,]y dk gxaoraomuj,udko9tg]uog8u[w; ,u7;k, mqomko8+ltrk[c;f]hv, c8j.sh]6d[+s^kp xko.fD ]adltot3fpmqj;wx,u|a’ c]t 0qo ,ulucf’g0A,mqj;]e8q;F .[s6ohvp c]t 86[ g7yj’|bj’F sq;.spjF lq[lAo c]t dt3rd.sjpD. #D#D c[h. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. c[h gxaolaf]hP’-toyf|bj’ muj,uxts;afdko ]hP’,kc8jfqookoc]h; lk,kfczj0t spkpgdnv[mqj;m5drkdlj;o0v’3]dD g,njv s^kpraoxu,kc]h; wfh,udko]hP’c[hs^kpmu l5f.oxtgmfvyogfp ]v’]q’,kc,jomt;u[ va2iyddk le]a[mt;u[vk-u8kg;aovvd ljP’.8h c,joxtgmfwmmujwfhoec[hg0Qk,k ]hP’.oxu !_)W c8jxaf95[aooU wfh,udkoczj dt9kpwx.oc8j]tmhv’4yjo8jk’M 0v’3]dD. #D$D dt8jkp dt8jkp[hko muj]hP’dao.oxt95[aooU,us^kp lkprao 8A’c8j0t|kfohvp9qog4y’0t|kf .sjpF sq; c]t s6d+c8d8jk’daoD ,ulu8jk’M ,u0qolAopk;c8d8jk’daoD faj’oAo dko g]nvd-Ndt8jkpwx]hP’oAo 0Bo16jda[7;k,r= .9 c]t dkooe.-hxt3spf0v’z6h]hP’D. 43.

(49) 7e4k, !D \6,u7;k,le7ao8+,to5f7nG gxaovkskoF lhk’]kpwfh c]t gxaovk-u[4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf @D 9qj’9a[76j8Qodegouf0v’\6c8j]txtgrfL X.sh0Po8q;g]d.lj[jvo DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD?D DDDDDDDDDD dD \69uHf !D ,k9kdxtgmfcfo,kd DDDDDDDDDD 0D \6rao]kflt;kp @D ,k9kdxtgmfvkg,]ydk DDDDDDDDDD 7D \6raoc]ogf^l #D ,k9kdxtgmf]k; DDDDDDDDDD ’D \6raof6iJvdg9u-u $D ,k9kdxtgmfva’dyf. 44. ສດິ. rP’ ! 0=h?D. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. #D 0h=.fc,jo\6,k9kdxtgmf]k;L X.sh\kp 3.lj dD \69uHfF \6rao]kflt;kpF \6raoc]ogfl 0D \6\kddt3foF \6raof6iJvdg9u-uF \6[q; 7D \69uHfF \6\kddt3foF \6[q;.

(50) [qfmu !! lt4komujF 7vd c]t v5xtdvole]a[]hP’lafohvp !D. dko7afg]nvdlt4komuj grnjv1kd]hP’laf.shwfhIa[zqofu z6h]hP’laf7;o,udko7afg]nvdlt4komujg\ktlq, da[lafc8j]txtgrf c]t w;vkp5D [=]yg;omuj9tx5dlhk’7vd8hv’gxao[jvo3ooF vkdkf]j;’fuF sjk’9kdgInvoF ,u gfujodh;k’F gxao[jvomuj[+g7upgdufrtpkf,kdjvoD. c[[0v’7vd dD c[[7vd\kcs’o. ສດິ. 7vd\kcs’o gxao7vdlaf0t|kfohvpF dA’[a’]q,F cff c]t /qo[+wfhfuF oypq,.-h.o 7v[7q;8k,mhv’4yjo8jk’MD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. @D. 0D c[[7vd\kcs’odkp. 7vd\kcs’odkp gxao7vdlhk’’jkp lk ,kfdA’[a’]q,F cff c]t /qofudj;kc[[ \kcs’omqj;wxD. 7D c[[7vd|hk9qj;-AofP; 7vd|hk9qj;-AofP; gxao7vdmuj]hP’lafwfh s^kp38 lk,kfdA’[a’cff s^n /qowfhfuD gryjooypq,oe.-h]hP’lafgxaoluo7hkD. 45.

(51) ’D c[[7vd|hk9qj;lv’-Ao 7vd|hk9qj;lv’-Ao c,jo7vdmujpqdsâ’7k 0Bogxaolv’-Ao grkt;jk[jvos;jk’0v’sâ’ 7kgxao-jv’]t[kpvkdkf c]t ]t[kp 7;k,IhvowfhfuD. 9D c[[|hk9qj;lv’-Aodkp 7vd|hk9qj;lv’-Aodkp ,u]adltot7hkp7n c[[|hk9qj;lv’-Ao c8j,5’mk’lu|hkvvd 8nj,D dkolhk’7vd,u7nG. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. rNo7vdG vkf.-hfyo s^n .-hw,hcxhox6F c8j4hk]hP’gxao9eo;os^kp gryjo,ad.-hrNo 7vd-u,a’D ;afltf5muj.-h,5’sâ’7kd+,us]kp-toyfg-ajoG sphk7kF sphkc/dF .[8v’F w,hxjv’F la’dtlu s^n dtg[nhv’D sâ’7k7vdG gryjo[+oypq,.-hla’dtlugrkt9tgIaf.shlafIhvo gduf7;k,7Pf.og;]kvk dkfvq[gvqhkD sâ’7kc[[|hk9qj;lv’-Aolk,kf]t[kpvkdkfwfhfud;jkD /kcvh,7vdG gryjo,ad.-hw,hdq,F w,hs^Pj, s^n cxhoD c8j4hkgxao7vd4k;vo lj;o.spj gryjo.-hgsâdm+cxa[ s^n -u,a’D. #D. v5xtdvo.shvksko c]t oE dD Ik’oE v5xtdvo.shvksko c]t oElaf,us^kp1jk’ g-ajoG dHvdvaf383o,afF dHvdc[[oE1vfF vjk’d+gIaffh;p-u,a’F Ijk’gIaffh;pw,h s^n ltc8og]fD. 46.

(52) 0D Ik’vksko. Ik’vkskolaf,us^kp-toyfg-jaoG Ik’-u,a’F 4a’ltc8og]f c]t Ik’gIaf fh;pw,hD. 7e4k, !D 7vd]hP’lafohvp,uc[[.fcfjL. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. @D 9qj’9a[76j7vd]hP’lafmjug\ktlq,da[dko]hP’laf X.sh0Po8q;g]d.lj[jvo DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD?D DDDDDDDDDD dD 7vdc[[\kcs’o !D ]hP’wfhs^kp38 DDDDDDDDDD 0D 7vd|hk9q;-AofP; @D ]hP’gxaoluo7hk DDDDDDDDDD 7D 7vd|hk9q; @ -Aodkp #D ]hP’laf9eo;o|hvp #D dko7afg]nvdlt4komuj]hP’laf 7;o7eob’g4y’xtgrflafF vkp5laf4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf. 47.

(53) [qfmu !@. dko]hP’lafohvp !D. dko]hP’\6 dko]hP’\63fpmqj;wxc]h;c,jjo0Boda[9eo;o\6mujoe,k]hP’F 4hk]hP’.o9eo;o ohvp8k,-qoot[qf gryjo,ad9txjvpwx8k,me,t-kf .owIj sn^ l;oF c8j[+7;oxjvp .o\j6[hkoF [k’mhv’4yjo.-hg-nvd,af]jk, s^n ]hP’0a’.lj7vdD dko]hP’\6gxaoluo7hk 8hv’,udkof6c]Iadlk3fpoe.-hg8adoyd;ymtpklkfg0Qk-j;pD. !D!D dko]hP’\6ohvpgduf.\j. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. g,njv\6ohvpvvd,k.\jM 9egxao9t8hv’xt8y[affaj’oUG { gvqkoEg,nvdvvd9kdxkd{9kdfa’F g-af 38\6ohvp.shcsh’S { 8aflkp[nsjk’9kdmhv’\6ohvpxt,ko @{# -a’8uc,af gvqkvuvqf9E.lj[jvo8afoAoS { 8afc0h;mujcs^,rQovvd,kgmy’ @ 76j c]t ]5j, @ 7j6S { 8afsk’\6ohvpsjk’9kddQoxt,ko @{# -a’8uc,afS { \kpg[us6S { gvqk\6ohvpf6foq,c,j.shw;D. .o-j;’oUz6h]hP’8hv’wfhgvqk.9.lj.odko[q;]t[afIadlk grktw]ptoU \6ohvpgduf .\j[+lk,kfgvqk8q;]vf9kd7;k,|k;g1ao c]t 7;k,IhvoF 8ts^vfg4y’dkodyo oEF dyooq,c,j c]t vkskofh;p8qogv’D faj’oAoz6h]hP’8hv’,u7;k,rhv,fhko7vdF oE c]t vksko grnjvgIaf.sh\6ohvp9tg]uog8u[.sjpw;0Bo c]t lk,kfgvqk\6ohvp vvd0kpwfhrkp.o ${& vkmyfD. 48.

(54) !D@D dko]hP’\6]5o \6]5ogxao\6mujgIqk]hP’grnjv9e|jkp3fpwfh,k9kd\6ohvpmuj1jkoq,c]h;D dko]hP’ \6]5o,u @ c[[7n G dD dko]hP’.omqj’sphk dko]hP’.omqj’sphkc,jodko,af s^n 0a’\6 8k,mqj’sphkle]a[]hP’.o9eo;oohvp8k, [hkogInvo g-yj’xt1afdko.-h9jkp7jkvk skoD c8j[+4ndsâddkogrkt9tlhk’7;k, gxugxNvo.orNomujoAofh;pD. 0D dko]hP’c[[0a’. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. dko]hP’c[[0a’ c,jo;ymudkomuj4nd8hv’ 8k,sâddko 3fpz6h]hP’lk,kf7;[75,wfh s^kp1jk’g-ajoG [jvo.shoE c]t vkskoD rhv,fP;daooAod+lk,kfde9aflyj’glfgs^nv 9kdlafwfh’jkpD laf9tg]uog8u[.spjfuF vtok w,wfh’jkp c]t pa’s^5fzjvodkogdufrt pkfvudfh;pD !D#D. dko]hP’\6r+c,jrao grnjv.shwfhr+c,jrao muj,ul50trk[c0’cI’F ]hP’]6dfuF .sh]6ds^kpF ]6dgduf,k,u7;k, c0’cI’ 7;o.shvksko c]t oE4nd8k, 7;k,8hv’dkoF ,u7vdwfh,kf8t4koD le ]a[r+rao.sh]hP’fjP;F lj;oc,jrao.sh.-h7vd ];,.og;]k[+4nrk c8jg,njv4nrkc]h; .sh cpdvvd0a’fjP;D. r+rao. c,jrao 49.

(55) dko]hP’c[h. ສດິ. dko]hP’c[h lj;os^kpc]h;c,jo]hP’8k,mqj’sphkme,t-kfF 4hk]hP’c[h.o9e o;oohvp38F gryjooypq,]jk,8k,mqj’sphkD dko7afg]nvdc[h,k]hP’oAod+vk.lc8jdkola’gdfI6[Ijk’rkpovd [+I6hxts;af 0v’c[h]tvPfF gonjv’9kd;jkg9Qk0v’laf[+,udko9qfc8h,F zqozt]yfmujwfhIa[d+8je faj’oAo grnjv1kd.shdko]hP’wfhIa[dkorafmtok 9egxao8hv’,udko7afg]nvdc[h,k ]hP’ 3fpvk.ldkola’gdf9kd]adltotrkpovdF lv[4k,oy.lF dko.sh]6d c]t 7;o7afg]nvdfaj’oUG { g]nvdc[hvkp5 & { * gfnvoS { ]adltot0v’Ijk’dkplq,lj;oF ’k,F ,uvtw;pt;t8jk’M 7q[4h;oS { ,u7;k,c0’cI’lq,[6oS { dyovkskogdaj’S { 7;og]nvd9kdc,jmuj.sh]6ds^kpF ]hP’]6dfuF oy.lfuS { 7;ocpd8q;z6h c]t 8q;c,jvvd9kddaoc8jvkp5pa’ohvpS. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. @D. g,njvc[h,udko9tg]uog8u[38g8a,mujc]h;9bj’oeg0Qk,k]hP’Ij;,dao 3fpmqj;wxc]h; 7;o]hP’Ij;,dao g,njvvkp5wfh !W gfnvo s^n s^kpdj;koAo 8k,7;k,lq,[6omk’fhko oE|ad0v’Ijk’dkpD. 50.

(56) dko]hP’dt8jkp. ສດິ. ;ymu]hP’dt8jkp 3fpmqj;wxc]h; gryjooypq, ]hP’c[[0a’.lj7vdohvpF 16jgfujosphkmuj,uIQ; s^n 8k|jk’vhv, grnjvltf;d.odko8yf 8k,d;fdk c]t dko[q;]t[afIadlkD le ]a[dko]hP’dt8jkp .oxaf95[aooU c,jopa’ [+maod;hk’0;k’ lj;o.spj gryjo]hP’grnjv 7;k,l;p’k, c]t ]hP’grnjvgvqk-UoD .o ;Pd’kodkocrf gryjowfhoe.-hdt8jkpx6d g-Nvrtpkfgrkt;jkdt8jkpgxaolafmqf]v’ -toyf|bj’muj-j;p.shcrfr;dgIqklk,kfzt ]yf1kxvh’daortpkfwfhs^kp-toyfvudf;hpD. 7e4k,. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. #D. !D 0=h7;oxt8y[af8+\6ohvpgduf.\j gvqkoEg,nvdvvd9kdxkd{fa’F g-af38.shccsh’F 8aflkp[nF 8afc0h;F 8afsk’F \kpg[us6F gvqk\6ohvpf6foq,c,j4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf @D dkog]nvdr+c,jraolafmuj[+fu,ul50trk[c0’cI’F ]hP’]6dfuF ,u]6ds^kpF ]6dgduf,kc0’cI’4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf. 51.

(57) [qfmu !# vksko c]t dko.shvkskolafohvp vksko c]t cs^j’muj,k0v’vksko dD vksko vkskoc,jolyj’muj9egxao.odkofe]q’-u;yf0v’laf c]t 0kf[+wfhF g,njvlaf dyog0Qkc]h; gxaoxt3spf8+Ijk’dkpgIaf.shc0’cI’F 9tg]uog8u[.sjp c]t lk,kf .shzqozt]yffuF ,u7;k,8hkomko8+rtpkfwfhvudfh;pD. 0D csj^’muj,k0v’vksko vksko9er;dg,af. ສດິ. vksko9er;dg,af,u7nG g0QkF lk]uF g0Qk /hk’F g0Qk[kg]F g,af4qj;gs]nv’F 4qj;0P;F \kd’kDDD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. !D. vksko9er;ddkd. vksko9er;ddkd,u7nG IeF g0QkxPoF 0U g[pF 0Ugs^QkF dkd4qj;gs^nv’F dkd4qj;0P;F dkd,ao8QoF dkd\kdrhk;F dkd4qj;fyoF dkd\kd’kF dkdg,af/hkpDDD vksko9er;dsq; vksko9er;dsq;,u7nG sq;,ao8QoF sq;,ao fhk’F sq;zaddkfF sq;dk]qfDDD. 52.

(58) vksko9er;dsphk vksko9er;dsphk,u7nG sphklqfF [voF 8Qodh;pF .[dt4yoF zad8q[DDD. vkskomuj9kd9er;dlaf vksko9er;dlaf,u7nG xkxqjoF dtf6dxqjoF -UoxqjoF g]nvfxqjoF svpxqjoF oq,zq’DDD. 7D vkskoleg]afI6[. ’D vkskole]a[]hP’\6F c[h c]t dt8jkp. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. vkskoleg]afI6[ c,jowfh9kddkoxtlq, s^kp1jk’,uma’rnfF laf c]t cIjmkf8jk’MD. \6F c[h c]t dt8jkp c,jolafohvpmujdyovksko8jk’daoD c[h c]t dt 8jkp3fpme,t-kf9tdyosphkgxaovkskoF c8jxaf95[aogrnjv.shzqozt]yyf8v[lt|v’ 8+z6h[=]y3rd8k,g;]k c]t ,uxt]y,korP’r=F gryjo9bj’]hP’laf9er;doUfh;pvksko leg]afI6[D. @D. dko.shvksko lafc8j]t-toyfF c8j]t-Ovkp5F c8j]t38,u7;k,8hv’dkovkskoc8d8jk’dao [+;jkmk’fhkoxt]y,kod+7n75ootrk[ g-yj’laf[k’-Ovkp5,u7;k,8hv’dkovksko 8ts^vf grnjvdko9tg]uog8u[.spjF dkoln[rao c]t dko.-hcI’’koD. 53.

(59) ;ymuxt8y[af.odko.shvksko { dko.shvksko8hv’4nd8k,g;]kltg\uS { .shvksko1jk’mqj;g4y’ grktlaf,adpkf-y’daodyovkskoF 8hv’cpdvvdgxao95F cpdvvdc8j]t-Ovkp5F cpdvvdc8j]t0t|kfF cpdvvdc8j]t-toyf s^n vkf,u dkocpdfjP;pyj’gxaodkofuS { Ik’vksko8hv’[ao951jk’rP’r=F .shcmfg\ktda[9eo;olafF vkp5lafF xtgrflaf { xt]y,kovksko.shrP’r=da[7;k,8hv’dko c]t vksko8hv’,u75ork[S { .shvksko1jk’4nd8hv’8k,95fxtlq’g-ajoG grnjvfe]q’-u;yfF grnjvdko9tg]uog8u[ .sjpF dkoln[raoF grnjvgIaf.sh85hp c]t grnjv.-hcI’’koS { Ik’vksko 8hv’;k’.shsjk’ grnjv[+.shlafpkfdaog;]kdyovkskoS { [+7;o]hP’laffqogduowxgrkt9t,udkolYogxnv’vkskoD. 7e4k,. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. @D 9qj’9a[7j6rnfmujc,jo-toyffP;daoL X.sh0Po8q;g]d.lj[jvo DDDDDDDDDDDDDD?D DDDDDDDDDD dD g0Qk !D dkd4qj; DDDDDDDDDD 0D lk]u @D dkd’k DDDDDDDDDD 7D g,af4qj; #D Ie DDDDDDDDDD ’D g,af’k $D dkdlk]u. ສດິ. !D vksko9er;dg,af,uspa’cfjL. #D vkskoleg]afI6[xtdv[fh;pspa’cfjL X.sh\kp 3 .lj dD g0QkF cIjmkf 0D lafF cIjmkf 7D rnfF cIjmkf ’D rnfF lafF cIjmkfF g0Qk. 54. rP’ ! 0=h?D.

(60) rkdmu III dko-jk’ [qfmu !$ dkooe.-hg7njv’,nle]a[;Pd’ko-jk’w,h djvomuj9t]q’,nxt8y[af;Pd’ko.f|bj’ zh6oe.-h9t8hv’I6hg7njv’,n8jk’M gxao8Qo c,jov5xtdvoF g7njv’,n c]t g7njv’;afcmd g-yj’9egxao9t8hv’I6h9ad]adltotdko oe.-h c]t dkoIadlkg7njv’,ndjvogrnjv9t.-hwfh4nd8hv’ [+gdufdkoglpskpcdj g7njv’,n c]t [+gdufvao8t ]kpcdjzh6.-hD. !D. g7njv’,n;afcmd. !D!D c,af. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. c,afgxaog7njv’,nmevyfmuj-jk’w,h9t8hv’.-hle]a[;afcmdw]pt sn^ 0t|kf7;k, dh;k’F 7;k,pk; c]t 7;k,l6’0v’;af45 .ow,hc,af9t,u0uf\kp0t|kfD 4hk gxao-toyfw,hc,afc[[ra[wfh9t,u0uf\kp0t|kfgxaooU;1j6fhko\bj’ c]t vudfhko |bj’[vdgxao0t|kfg,8iydgxao0uf\kp,yo]uc,afF -a’8uc,af c]t c,af .-hltgrkt ;afcmd0t|kf];’|kF ];’dh;k’ c]t ];’pk;D dD ]adltot0v’c,af. c,afd=h. c,af,h;o. 0D dkooe.- h dko.-hc,afd=h gryjo.-hcmd95f.f\bj’muj8hv’ dkoF 3fpgvqk95fxkp0v’c,afgdktmuj95f 8hv’dko c]h;;afcmdwxsk[jvomuj9t8af sn^ -vpD dko;afcmd 55.

(61) !D@D w,hlkd dD ]adltot0v’w,hlkd w,hlkd c,jog7njv’,n-toyf|bj’0v’-jk’w,h mujgIaff;hpw,h s^n 3]stxtdv[fh;plv’rkd lj;o7nG fhk, c]t .[D. .[ fhk, 0D dkooe.- h. .-h;afcmd0t\kfF d;flv[7;k,rP’ 0v’w,hF .og;]kdq[ c]t .-hd;flv[,5, lkd8jk’MD. @D d;flv[7;k,rP’. #D d;flkd. !D#D 0=]kd. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. !D d;flkd,5,.o. $D 0uf,5, $& º. dD ]adltot0=]kd 0=]kd c,jog7njv’,n-toyf|bj’0v’-jk’w,hmuj gIaff;hpw,h s^n x]kl8ydF xtdv[fh;p lk,rkdlj;o7nG cxhoF ]eF w]0af c]t gsâdmuj,uxkpcs^,D. w]0af gsâdcs^,. ]e cxho. 0D dkooe.-h .-hw;h0ufw,h.shgxao7v’grnjv8af-vpF g9ktI6 s^n g]njvp[a’.[D ;afcmdgvqk0t|kf 56.

(62) !D$D oEmjP’ dD ]adltot0v’oEmjP’ s^vfoEmjP’mk’ovo. s^vfoEmjP’mk’8A’. ]e. oEmjP’ c,jog7njv’,n-toyf|bj’0v’ -jk’w,hmujgIaff;hpw,hF vk]6,yoP, s^n x]kl8ydF xtdv[fh;plk,rkdlj;o 7nG ]eF s^vfoEmjP’mk’ovo c]t mk’8A’D. 0D dkooe.- h .-h9a[]tfa[7;k,Ik[rP’ c]t wfh lkd. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. !D&D ]6dfyj’. ສດິ. @D 9a[]tfa[mk’8A’. !D 9a[]tfa[mk’ovo dD ]adltot0v’]6dfyj’. ]6dfyj’ c,jog7njv’,n-toyf|bj’0v’ -jk’w,hmujgIaff;hp3]stF xtdv[ fh;plv’rkdlj;o7nG 3]st c]t g-nvdD. g-nvd 3]st 0D dkooe.-h. .-h9a[]tfa[7;k,mjP’8q’mk’8A’D. !D ;afcmdmk’gmy’. @ ;afcmdmk’]5j, 57.

(63) @D. g7njv’,nxtgrfg]njvp. @D!D g]njvpsk’xk dD ]adltotg]njvpsk’xk .[. fhk,. g]njvpsk’xk c,jog7njv’,n8af-toyf|bj’ 0v’-jk’w,h mujgIaffh;p3]st xtdv[ fh;plv’rkdlj;o7nG .[ c]t fhk,muj gIaffh;pw,h s^n x]kl8ydD. 0D dkooe.-h. !D dko-vpw,h. @D dko8afw,h. @D@D g]njvp7ao dD ]adltot0v’g]njvp7ao 7aog]njvp. .[g]njvp. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. .-hw;h8af c]t -vpw,hD. g]njvp7aoc,jog7njv’,n8af-toyf|bj’0v’-jk’ w,hmujgIaff;hp3]st xtdv[fh;plk,rkd lj;o7nG .[F 7aoF fhk, c]t glAog7aj’muj gIaffh;pw,hF g-nvd c]t ];fgsâdD. glAog7aj’. fhk, X,n9a[?. 0D dkooe.-h .-hw;h-vp8k,glAo 8af8k,glAoF .-hxt3spfwfh7ndaoda[g]njvplt]5g-ajoG dko g]njvplj;o37h’gxao;q’,qoF rkpovd.[g]njvpgxao]adltot.[-vpF 4vfxjPo0t|kf .sjpohvpwfh8k,7;k,8hv’dkoD 58.

(64) @D#D g]njvplt]5 dD ]adltot0v’g]njvplt]5 7ao. g]njvplt]5 c,jog7njv’,n8af-toyf|bj’0v’ -jk’w,h mujgIaff;hp3]stxtdv[fh;plk, rkdlj;o7nG .[F 7ao c]t fhk,D. fhk, .[g]njvp 0D dkooe.-h. .-hw;hg]njvp8k,glAo37h’gxao];f]kp8jk’MD. @D$D g]njvpsk’|6. dkog]njvp8k,c[[ g]njvpsk’|6 c,jog7njv’,n8af-toyf|bj’0v’ -jk’w,h mujgIaff;hp3]st xtdv[lv’rkd lj;o7nG .[F c]t fhk,D. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. .[g]njvp. ສດິ. dD ]adltot0v’g]njvpsk’|6 fhk,. 0D dkooe.-h. .-hg]njvp[jvomujg]njvp7aog]njvp[+wfhD. dkog]njvpI6. 59.

(65) #D. g7njv’,nxtgrfg9kt. #D!D lyj;gx dD ]adltot0v’lyj;gx lyj;gx c,jog7njv’,n-toyf|bj’0v’-jk’w,hmuj gIaff;hp3]st xtdv[fh;plk,rkdlj;o7nG fhk,F xvd c]t .[D. 0D dkooe.-h. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. .-h[kdF 8q[c8j’I6 c]t gfnvp.o|hkw,hD dkogIafgfnjvp. #D@D lyj;|k dD ]adltot0v’luj;|k. luj;|k c,jog7njv’,n-toyf|bj’0v’-jk’w,hmuj gIaff;hp3]st xtdv[fh;plk,rkdlj;o7nG fhk,F xvd c]t .[D 0D dkooe.-h .-hle]a[g9ktI68k,0t|kfmju8hv’dkoD. dkog9ktI6 60.

(66) $D. g7njv’g-kt s^n dq[. $D!D dq[]k’lAo dD ]adltot0v’dq[]k’lAo. 0D dkooe.-h .-hdq[w,hgmnjvmevyfgrnjvfafcx’|hkw,h.sh Ik[rP’D. $D@D dq[]k’pk;. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. dD ]adltot0v’dq[]k’pk;. 0D dkooe.-h. .-hdq[w,hgmnjvmulv’ sâ’9kddq[lAodq[,kc]h;.-hdq[.sh]tvPf c]t wfh\hkIk[ rP’fuD. &D. g7njv’8vd g7njv’8vdmujoypq,.-hdao3fpmqj;wxda[;Pd’ko-jk’w,h c]t -jk’d=jlhk’wfhcdj7hvo 8ugsa^d c]t 7hvow,hD. &D!D 7hvow,h dD ]adltot0v’7hvow,h. 61.

(67) 0D dkooe.-h .-hle]a[8vdlyj;. &D@D 7hvo8ugsa^d dD ]adltot0v’7hvo8ugsâd. 0D dkooe.-h. ສດິ. lj;o.spj-jk’w,h c]t -jk’d+lhk’oypq,.-h 7hvo8ugsâd8vd c]t 4vo8tx6D 7hvo8ugsâd ,u1j6lv’c[[7nG 7hvoc’j, c]t 7hvo[+,u c’j,D. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 7e4k,. !D 7hvo8uc’j,.-hw;hh8vdlyj;4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf @D g]njvplt]5.-hw;hg]njvp.shgxao;q’,qo4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf #D 9qj’9a[76jg7njv’,n-jk’w,h c]t dkooe.-h.sh4nd8hv’L X.sh0Po8q;g]d.l[jvo DDDDDDDDD?D DDDDDDDDD dD c,af !D 8vd8tx6 DDDDDDDDD 0D g]njvp @D g9kt DDDDDDDDD 7D oEmjP’ #D .-hcmd DDDDDDDDD ’D luj; $D 8vdluj;w,h DDDDDDDDD 9D 7hvo8vdluj; &D .-h8af DDDDDDDDD lD 7hvo8u *D 9a[]tfa[ $D gryjooe.-hw,hlkdw;hgIafspa’cfjL 62.

(68) [qfIPomu !& ;afltf5d+lhk’ ;afltf5d+lhk’9kdme,t-kf dD suo suomujoe,k.-h.o;Pd’kodkod+lhk’ 8hv’,u7;k,ltvkf xaflt9kdlyj’g9nvxqo g-ajoG fyo8q,F glfw,h8jk’MD suo0q[ c,josuo9kdme,t-kf Xsuor6 s^n suoc,joEg,af .spj? g-yj’oe,k0q[grnjv.shwfh0t|kf8k,7;k,8hv’dkoD suoxtgrf0q[lk,kf8yf 9vfda[g[8q’wfhfud;jksuo[+0q[D suo[+0q[ c,josuocIj9kdsh;poE]eg- g-yj’,ug,af0t |kfohvpmuj[+9egxao9t8hv’oe,k0q[D 0t|kf0v’suomujoe,k.-hle]a[gIafg[8q’9t. ສດິ. ,u0t|kf.spjl5f @W sk @& mmD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. !D. I6[suo0q[. I6[suo[+0q[. djvo9toesuo,k.-hle]a[dkoxtlq,g[8q’ mk’mujfucmh7;o]hk’.shltvkfdjvoF dkogda[Iadlk9t8hv’sûdg;Ao[+.shfyoxtxqo1j6da[suoD g;]k8adsuo7;o.-hzhkvafxkd c]t fa’ grnjvxhv’dao0U/5joxy;g0Qkxkd s^n fa’D. 0D fyo-kp fyo-kpmujoe,k.-h.o;Pd’kodkod+lhk’9t8hv’ltvkfF fyo-kpmujoe,kxtlq, gIafg[8q’ c]t dkod+/k9t8hv’gxaofyo-kpg,af.spjD le]a[dko3[d/k9t8hv’,u lk,0t|kf7nG g,af.spjF g,afdk’ c]t g,afohvpD lj;ofyo-kp4q,rNo 7;ogvqk-t oyfg,afohvpgrkt]k7k9t4ndd;jkD 63.

(69) { dkomqflv[7;k,ltvkf0v’fyo-kp oefyo-kp xt,kog7yj’9vd9kdlv’dv’fyo -kp 4vd]q’.lj9vdcdh;lv’|j;p muj[ao95 oEwlltvkfF .-hw,h7qoxtlq,.shmqj;g0QkdaoF dv’muj ! oE16j.o9vd05jo 9vd mu ! 9tdkpgxaooEmuj05jod;jk9vdmu @F ltcf’;jk fyo-kpdv’mu ! gxNvod;jkfyo -kp dv’mu @D faj’oAo 7;ooe-kpdv’mu ! wx]hk’djvooe,k.-hg0Qk.odkod+lhk’8jk’MD dv’muj @. oE.o9vd.l. 7D oE. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. dkogda[Iadlk9t8hv’sûdg;Ao[+.shfyo8q, -kd.[w,h8jk’M xtxqo1j6da[fyo-kpF 8vdw,hcxhovhv,w;h grnjv[+.shfyo-kp-t]q’da[rNo s^n ws^|uF .od=]tou/qo8qdD g;]k8adfyo-kp7;o.-hzhkvafxkd c]t vaffa’ grnjvxhv’dao0U/5joxy;g0Qkxkd c]t fa’D. grnjvgIaf.shgdufxt8ydy]ypkmk’g7,u]ts;jk’oE c]t -u,a’wfhIa[zqofu9t8hv’oe .-hoEltvkfD. @D. ;afltf5d+lhk’zt]yf9kd3I’’ko dD -u,a’. -u,a’gxao;af45d+lhk’mujzt]yf9kd3I’’koF g,njv-u,a’4ndxtlq,da[oEd=9tgdufxt8y dy]ypkmk’g7,u c]t 7jvpc0’8q;F sâ’9kdoAo $& okmu dkoc0’8q;0v’-u,a’ .ow]ptmevyfc,jo\qfwxD ltoAo8hv’oe.-h-u,a’mujxtlq,c]h;.sh\qf8k,g;]kD -u,a’ mujoe.-hgIafg[8q’ le]a[37’lhk’0v’vk7kowfhcdj-u,a’l6f ASTM C-150 (American Standard Testing Materials).. gryjooe.-h-u,a’ltgrktle]a[8q[c8j’F d+ c]t 3[dvk7ko[hkogInvo grkt,u 7;k,vjvo|P; c]t c0’8q;-hkF ma’x5’c8j’’jkp c]t grU,7;k,l;p’k,.shcdj [hkogInvo8nj,vudD 64.

(70) rkpsâ’dkoxtdv[37’lhk’vk7ko s^n d+{3[d 8q[c8j’vk7koc]h; pa’,u 7;k,9egxao9t8hv’.-hhoEsqfg-Qk c]t c]’ rkp.o @) ;ao .od=]touvkdkfvq[ gvQk c]t csh’c]h’gonjv’9kd;jk-u,a’8hv’dko7;k,-5j,gdnv[ _W: c]t lk,kf c0’8q;wfhg4y’ (W: 0v’7;k,mqomkomuj8hv’dkoD 7;ooe.-h-u,a’fh;p7;k,]t,af]t;a’ grkt-u,a’lk,kfxy;g0Qks6F 8kF xkd c]t fa’ gIaf.sh7qogIqkg9a[xj;pwfhD 7;o.-hzhkvafxkd c]t fa’ g,njvg0Qkwx.olk’ gda[,hPo c]t g;]kxtlq,-u,a’D dkogda[Iadlkmujfu8hv’sûdg;Ao9kdzqodtmq[0v’ fyo2hkvkdkf gxao8Qoc,jo[+.sh4nd7;k,-5j,grkt9tgIaf.sh-u,a’c0’8q; c]t glp 75ootrk[djvooewx.-hD. 0D gsâdglu,. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. dkod+lhk’8jk’M 7;ooegvqkgsâdglu,mujwfh,kf8t4ko,k.-hhD gsâdglu,muj[ao95.lj 37’lhk’vk7ko[hkogInvo,uglAozjkl6odk’s^kp0t|kfD gsâdxhv’vhvp,u0t|kf glAozjkl6odk’9kd !W{$W ,, Xø !W{ $W vjko;jk 2u !W sk $W?D lj;ogsâddq,dhP’ 9t,u0t|kfc8j #{$W ,,D gsâddq,dhP’muj,uglAozjkl6odk’c8j *{) ,, 9toe.-hgIaf gsâdxvd7ko c]t xvdglqkF lj;omuj.spjd;jkoAo9toe.-hgIafcdo37’gsâdglu,D gsâddq,dhP’muj,uglAozjkl6odk’ #, $ c]t & ,, oe.-hgIafgsâd8k|jk’muj,u37’lhk’ g[8q’glu,gsâd0t|kfohvpD -toyf0v’gsâdglu,,ufaj’oUG ! I6[ gsâdglu,dq,dhP’ @ I6[ gsâdglu,xhv’vhvp. dkooe.-hgsâdglu,7;o]t,af]t;a’1jk’l6’ grktgsâd,u7;k,c0’F lQo 0v’ gsâdmuj8afvvdoAodkpgxao7q,F 7;o,hPo.shfugrktgsâdlk,kfgduf\hP’wfh’jkp 9kd 7;k,-j5, c]t oED 65.

(71) 7D fyo9uj. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. I6[fyo9ujdhvo8ao. ສດິ. fyo9uj mujzt]yf1j6[hkogIqk,u-toyfgxaoI6 c]t -toyfdhvo8aoD -toyfgxaoI69t,u0t |kf.spjd;jk g\ktlq,da[dkod+/kgInvofhkoovd c]t fhko.oS ,u0t|kf )F&W V )F&W V @WFWW cmF )F&W V !@F&W V !)F&W cmD lj;o-toyfdhvo8ao9t,u0t|kf ohvpd;jk g-yj’,u0t|kf $F&W V (F&W V !)FWW cmF &FWW V )F&W V!_FWW cmD g\kt lq,da[dkod+/kmuj1j68yffyog-ajoG /kvjk’gda[vk9q,F /kdhv’7ko-Ao]5j, c]t vnjoMD dkooe.-hfyo9uj 7;o,u7;k,]t,af]t;a’F rtpkpk,[+.shfyo9uj8qd]q’,k9kdmuj l6’F 8qd4nd7qo vkfgduf7;k,g9a[x;f s^n glp-u;yfwfh c]t g,njv8qd4ndlyj’0v’d=gduf 7;k,glpskpwfhD. I6[fyo9ujdhvogxaoI6. ’D fyo[]Hvd fyo[]Hvdgxao;af45d+lhk’muj.-hle]a[d+/kmujgIaffh;pdkoxtlq,9kd-u,a’F fyo-kp c]t suog,afohvpD fyo[]Hvdgxao;af45mujgxaodhvo c8jskd;jk,ulj;o3do1j6g[Nv’.oF grktltoAo9bj’,uoE|adg[qk]q’8nj,F ,uzqofu8+dkoIa[oE|ad0v’37’lhk’vk7koD fyo []Hvdg\ktlq,da[dkod+/kfhkoovd c]t fhko.oF [+-Yogxnv’xtmkpd+F lk,kfd+ wfh1jk’w;;k grkt;jk fyo[]Hvdgxaodhvo.spjd;jkfyo9ujD fyo[]Hvd,u0t|kf 6,50 x 19 x 39 cm; 8,50 x 19 x 390 cm; 10 x 20 x 40 cm; 15 x 20 x 40 cm; 20 x 20 x 40 cm.. 66.

(72) dkooe.-hfyo[]Hvd 7;o,u7;k,]t,af]t;a’F rtpkpk,[+.shfyo[]Hvd8qd]q’ ,k9kdmujl6’ grktlk,kf8qd4nd7qo vkfgduf7;k,g9a[x;f s^n glp-u;yfwfh c]t g,njv8qd4ndlyj’0v’d=9tgduf7;k,glpskpF 7;ooe.-h4q’,ng;]k9a[fyo[]Hvd grnjv xhv’dao[+.sh,ao[kf,nD. I6[ ]adltot c]t 0t|kf0v’fyo[]Hvd. ສດິ. 9D ;q’dq[xt86 c]t ;q’dq[xjv’1hP,. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. dkod+lhk’vk7kolt4komuj8jk’M ,u7;k, 9egxao9t8hv’oe.-h;q’dq[F xt86 c]t xjv’ 1hP, grnjvIa[cl’lts;kj’ c]t vkdkfzjko g0Qk,krkp.ovk7ko[hkogInvowfhD. I6[ ;q’dq[xjv’1hP,. I6[ ;q’dq[xt86. dkooe.-h;afltf5d+lhk’m5d-toyf 7;ooe.-hfh;p7;k,]t,af]t;a’8hv’wfhIPo I6hdjP;da[75oxt3spfF vao8t]kp c]t ;ymuxhv’daoD. 67.

(73) 7e4k, !D fyo-kpmujltvkf g,njv4vd]q’9vdoEltvkfF oE1j6.o9vd9t0j5o4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf @D fyo-kpg,af.spjoe.-hxtlq,gIafg[8q’4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. #D 9qj’9a[76j;afltf5d+lhk’ c]t dkooe.-h.sh4nd8hv’L X.sh0Po8q;g]d.lj[jvo DDDDDDDDDDD?D DDDDDDDDDD dD suo0q[oe.-hxtlq,g[8q’c0’d;jk !D zv’;afltf5d+lhk' DDDDDDDDDD 0D oEmujoe.-hg0Qk.o;Pdd+lhk’8hv’ @D d+/k DDDDDDDDDD 7D fyo9ujF fyo[^Hvd #D suocIj DDDDDDDDDDD 'D]=h c]t 75d+lhk’ $D .lltvkf $D phvospa’cl’lts;jk’9kdf;’vkmyf lk,kfzjkog0Qkrkp.ogInvowfhL X.sh\kp .lj rP’ ! 0=h?D dD /kfyo9uj 7D xt86,h;ogsâd 0D sâ’7k,5’fh;pdtg[Nv’lucf’ ’D ;q’dq[xt86 c]t xjv’1hP,. 68.

(74) [qfmu !* g7njv’.-hw22hk !D. g7njv’.-hw22hkxtgrf.sh7;k,g1ao. !D!D raf]q,w22hk-toyf8A’rnho c]t 8A’38t raf]q,w22hk-toyf8A’rnho c]t 8A’38t oy pq,.-h1jk’s^;’s^kp grkt;jk,ao-j;pxt 1afw2wfhs^kpd;jkraf]q,c0;ogrfkoxt ,kog7yj’\bj’D .odkog]nvdraf]q,8A’38t 7;og]nvd0t|kfmujg\ktlq,da[dko.-h ’koD dkooe.-hraf]q,7;oxa[.sh16j.o]t fa[xkodk’ [+.shcI’gduowx rhv,daooAo d=8hv’gxufxjv’1hP,vvd grnjv.sh]q,zjko wfhltf;dfuD. 8tcd’ .[raf. ສດິ. lt;ydxyf{gxuf 7aoraf]q, 8uoraf]q,. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. dD raf]q,8yfgrfko. raf]q,8yfgrfko 8yf8A’w;hmujl6’d;jk ltoAo9bj'gIaf.shvkdkf.oshv’4jkpgmwfhfu d;jkraf]q,8A’38t c]t 8A’rNoD [=]yg;omujvkdkf4jkpgmdh;k’0;k’ grkt8yf8A’w;h l6’ .shcI’]q,lt\+kltg\uD 8uoraf]q,. 8uo8yfraf]q,. \j;praf]q, .[raf]q, sq;sao.[raf]q, 8tcd’raf]q,. 7aovHk[raf]q, dP;9a[8tcd’. 0D raf]q,f6fvkdkf raf]q,f6fvkdkf c,jov5xtdvow22hkmuj8yf8A’16j/k fhkogmy’ c]t grfko0v’vk7ko[hkogInvoF shv’ .[raf]q, xa[vkdkf c]t 3I’’ko grnjv]t[kpvkdkf c]t dyjorkp.osav’ s^n f6f/5jo]tvv’8jk’Mvvd9kdshv’D /kvaf. 69.

(75) dkooe.-h [=j7;o,u;af45w;w2.dhraf]q,g-ajoG zhkdA’F ,5h’ s^n g9hp8jk’M grktg,njvraf]q,gIaf ;Pd16j9t,u7;k,Ihvo g-yj’4hk,u;af45dufdaho s^n g0Qkwx7af.[raf]q,9t15f\6o c]t 9t gIaf.sh7;k,Ihvol6’0Bo c]h;gdufw2w\hwfhD dko[q;]t[afIadlk 4hk1kd.shraf]q,,uvkp5dko.-h;Pd’kopk;oko7;oxt8y[affaj’oUG !D [+7;o,udkodtcmd1jk’cI’S @D .-hda[cI’faomuj4nd8hv’g-ajoG raf]q, @@W V X3;o? 1jk.-hcI’faogduo9tw\hS #D [+7;o.-hraf]q,.olt4komujxPd-j5,S $D djvogIafvtokw,8hv’4vfxadlP[vvd c]h;9bj’.-hzhkcsh’g-af46D. !D@D g7njv’[qfvksko. lt;ydxyf{gxuf. 3,g8uw22hk. ສດິ. /kvaf 7ao9a[. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 34cdh;. g7njv’[qfvkskow22hkgxaog7njv’.-hxt9e7q; gInvo g-yj’.sh7;k,ltf;d.odko[qflyj’ 0v’muj[+c0’9qogduowx.sh]tvPfwfhg-ajoG oE dhvoF \kdw,h c]t vnjoMD g7njv’[qf\kd w,h,us^kp-toyf c]t gxaog7njv’mujohvp g-yj’ phkpwx,kwfh’jkpfkp grkt;jk,uv5xtdvo [+s^kp dko.-h’koltf;dD. dkooe.-h djvo9t.-hg7njv’[qf 8hv’d;fdkg[yj’ltrk[;jk .-h’kowfh s^n [+D sâ’9kd.-h’ko c]h; 8hv’me7;k,ltvkf34F .[raf c]t g-af46.shcsh’D .odko.-h’ko.shxt8y[af faj’oUG !D [+7;o.-hg7njv’[qfvksko8yf8+daofqoMdj;k #W okmu grkt9tw\h s^n gxgrS @D .odko[qfvkskocs^; [+7;o.ljvksko.o34cdh;s^kpgduowx grkt,ao9t]Qo vvdS #D .og;]kg7njv’gIaf;Pd shk,gvqk[j;’ s^n w,h]q’7qo.o34 grkt9t4nd.[rafS $D g;]k[qfvksko.sh]tvPf 7;og]uj,c8j7;k,w;8+kdjvoD 70.

(76) g7njv’.-hxtgrfcl’ltsj;k’ dD fvdw2xhv, fvdw22hk,u\hkmuj.shcl’lts;jk’ c]t ,us^kp-toyf8k,7;k,g\ktlq, c]t s^vfwlhgxaos^vfmujg]uj,,udko.-h;Pd’ko,kokoF xaf95[aopa’oypq,.-h16j gonjv’9kd,u0=h fumuj.shcl’lts;jk’me,t-kf c]t ]k7k4ndF gxufx5[8yfxa[ oypq,.-h.olt4komuj,u dkogxufxyfg]nhvpM c]t .sh7;k,Ihvol6’D 4hk8yf8A’.oshv’xa[vkdkf g7njv’xa[ vkdkf9tgIaf;Pds^kp0Bo c]t lYogxnv’w22hkD 0t\kf0v’fvdw2deoqfgxao;af Xw?F ,us^kp0t\kfg-ajoG 5, 10, 25, 40, 60 c]t 100 w X;af), 0Q;0v’fvdw29t,u16jlv’c[[7nG c[[sq;gdkt c]t c[[sq; dP;D. s^vfcdh; sq;gdkt sq;dP;. ສດິ. .lh. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. @D. 0D s^vfw2ouvvo s^vfw2ouvvomuj8yf8k,[hkogInvoF 3I’IPo c]t 8k,lt4komuj8jk’M 9t,u7;k,c9h’ d;jkfvdxhv,xt,ko $ { & gmqjkF s^vfw2 c8j]t-toyf9tdyow2[+gmqjkdaogonjv’9kd;jk de]a’w22hkl6oglp.o[ks^kfc8d8jk’daowx8k,75ootrk[0v’z6hzt]yfD s^vfw2oy vvo,u[ks^kf (Ballast) c]t lt8Hkfg8u (Starter) .-hIj;,da[[ks^kfD dko.-h;Pd’koc,joxt1afdj;kfvdw2xhv, c]t cl’ltsj;k’d+fudj;k c8j]k 7kcr’d;jkfvdw2xhv,D. 71.

(77) g7njv’.-hw22hkxtgrf.sh7;k,Ihvo dD g8qk]ufw22hk. lt;ydxa[v5ootr6,. djvo9t]ufglNvzhkm5dM7ah’ 7;ocpdxtgrf zhk[k’ zhk\kw;h grnjv7;k,ltf;d.o dko]ufF grnjv9t]ufzhk-toyf.fdjvo s^n sâ’D dkozqjooE[+7;ozqjooEs^kp9qogduowxgrkt 9tgIaf.shl6oglp7;k,Ihvo.odko]ufs^kp 0Bo c]t [+7;o]ufgmnjv]t\hvp grkt9t gIaf.shlYogxnv’7jkw2s^kpF gonjv’9kdg,njv lP[xadlP[c]h; 9t8hv’]==.shg8qk]ufIhvo djvo 9qod;jk]tfa[7;k,Ihvo9tg\ktlq, da[-toyf0v’zhkmuj9t]ufD. lkpw2. czjo]uf. ສດິ. dko[q;]t[afIadlk { 7;o4vfxadlP[vvdglpdjvog,njv[+8hv’dko.-h c]t shk,;k’g8qk]ufw;hgmy’glNv zhkgrkt9tgIaf.shglNvzhkw\hwfhS { d;flv[ltrk[lkpw22hk 3fpltgrkt95f8+g0Qkg8qk]uf c]t 95f8+g0QkxadlP[ grktgxao95fmujlkpw22hkgduf0kfwfh’jkpD skdrq[lto;o0kf7;oxjPolkpw22hk .\jgrktvkf9tgdufvao8t]kp.o0tot.-h;Pd’kowfhD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. #D. 0D g8qkw22hk g8qkw22hkgxaog7njv’.-hw22hkmuj.sh7;k,Ihvo c]t oewx.-hhxt3spf.odkos5’8Q,D g8qk w22hk,us^kp0t\kf 8A’c8j0t\kfohvp 9qog4y’0t\kf.sjp c]t ,uma’c[[me,t fk c]t c[[vaf8t3o,afD. .lhg8qk \j;pg8qk s69a[. dko[q;]t[afIadlk { [+.shoEwx4nd];f7;k,IhvoS { 1jkxjvp.shlyj’lqddtxqd8qd1j6.oIjv’dtg[Nv’grkt9tgIaf.sh];f7;k,Ihvo,uvkp5 dko.-h;Pd’ko\hvp]q’D 72.

(78) 7D dk8Q,oEw22hk dk8Q,oEw22hk gxaov5xtdvomuj.-hw22hk-t oyfmuj.sh7;k,IhvoF ,uv5ootr6,l6’g4y’9qo oE2qf c]t lk,kfoeoEIhvowx.-hxt 3spf8jk’M 8k,7;k,8hv’dkoD. 7ao9a[ /kvaf \j;pdk. lkpw2. sq;lP[. s69a[. /kvaf. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ’D \=hs5’g0Qk. ສດິ. 0=h7;o]t;a’ g,njvgIqklP[xadlP[c]h; 7;k,Ihvo9tl6’0Bog]NvpMF 7;k,Ihvomujl6’0BooU9t 4jkp4vfwxskoEmuj.ljw;h.odkoE9qoIhvo c]t 2qfF faj’oAo8hv’]t,af]t;a’[+.shoE csh’ grkt9tgIaf.sh\=hgxgrwfhD. \=hs5’g0Qkc,jog7njv’.-hw22hk16j.o[hkogInvo g-yj’,u7;k,le7aos^kpD vud1jk’\bj’ ,aopa’ lk,kf.sh7;k,ltf;ds^kp1jk’ c]t [+ 9egxao8hv’wfhg/Qk 7nda[dko.-h\=hs5’g0Qk c[[.-h4jkoD. lt;ydxyf{gxuf lkpw2. sq;lP[. dko[q;]t[afIadlk { djvo9tme7;k,ltvkf8hv’4vfxadlP[m5d7A’S { me7;k,ltvkfwfhfh;pdko.-hoEg1ao s^n oEv5joxtlq,da[oE1k]hk’9koS { .-hzhkg-af46m5drkdlj;o c]t [+7;o.-hcx’468k,38\=h-Ao.oS { gda[,hPow;h[jvo csh’ c]t xvfwrD 73.

(79) 9D \=hdtmtw22hk /kvaf. \j;p\=h. s69a[. lkpw2. lt;ydxyf{gxuf. \=hdtmtw22hk gxaog7njv’.-hmuj.sh7;k,Ihvo vudxtgrf|bj’F .-hgxaog7njv’v5xtdvo-j;p .odkox5’c8j’vkskorkp.o7v[7q;.sh,u 7;k,ltf;d c]t xt1afg;]kD \=hdtmt w22hklk,kf.-h.odko0Q;F vq[F 8Q, c]t cd’ wfhgxao1jk’fuD. dko[q;]t[afIadlk { shk,c-j]q’oEgrnjv]hk’S { djvo9tlP[lkpg0Qk8hv’g-af.shcsh’S { 8hv’d;flkpw22hkmuj8+g0Qk\=h.sh1j6.olt rk[fultg\uD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 7e4k,. !D raf]q,8A’38t c]t 8A’rNo[+7;o.-h.dh/hkdA’F ,5h’ s^n g9hp4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf. @D djvo9t]ufglNvzhk m5dM7A’gIqk7;ocpdzhk[k’ c]t zhk\kw;hgrnjv7;k,lt f;d.odko]uf4nd sn^ zyfL dD 4nd 0D zyf #D fvdw22hkxhv,,u9adc[[ 7ncc[[.fcfjL X.sh\kp .lj dD c[[shvp c]t c[[l5[ 0D c[[de]a’s^kp c]t de]a’\hvp 7D c[[gdkt c]t c[[dP; ’D c[[sq;rP’ c]t sq;,qo $D \=hdtmtw22hk.-hw;hgIafspa’cfjL 74. rP’ ! 0=h?.

9aomt;q&rsquo;lk lu-q,-no 1kfltfkIad cl&rsquo;9ao 9aofk]k graflts;jk&rsquo

9aomt;q’lk lu-q,-no 1kfltfkIad cl’9ao 9aofk]k graflts;jk&rsquo