cl’g’yo w;pkdvo

Texte intégral

(1)c[[IPo. r6,lkf -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu @. IP[IP’3fp. G. Il fi 7e,tou l5]ygff ,u7q[ dy’j dyf8ylad. d;fcdh3fp. G. cl’g’yo w;pkdvo. [aookmydko3fp G. r;’7e lq,ltoyf. g0Qk|hk3fp. f;’,k]k okd[5o8k 9aomtw] gdufs^hk. G. dt-;’lbdlkmydko lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk ;ymtpklkf dkolbdlk @W!!.

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(3) lk]t[ko |hk 1 1 10 15 20 20 28 33 36 41 45. ສດິ. 38. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. rkdmu I G 7;k,Ih 6 l a ’ g0[dj P ;da [ r6 , lkfme,t-kfmq j ; wx .......................... [qfmu ! G mt;u[ c]t ,tsklt\5f ................................................................. [qfmu @ G -Ao[aopkdkf0v’3]d ...................................................................... [qfmu # G r6,vkdkf ...................................................................................... rkdmu II G mt;u [ vk2iy d k ............................................................................. [qfmu $ G r6,lkfme,t-kf0v’mt;u[vk2iydk ............................................. [qfmu & G xt-kdvo.omt;u[vk2iydk ............................................................. [qfmu * G dkodtlyde1jm6 t;u[vk2iydk ............................................................ [qfmu ( G v5fltstde1j6mt;u[vk2iydk ............................................................ [qfmu ) G xtgmfgv1y[ .................................................................................... [qfmu _ G lkmk]tot]afvk2iydk.8h ............................................................... rkdmu III G mt;u [ gvu i q [ .................................................................................... [qfmu !W G r6,lkfme,t-kf0v’mt;u[gvuiq[ ................................................... [qfmu !! G xt-kdvo.omt;u[gvui[q .................................................................. [qfmu !@ G dko0tspkp8q;0v’glf4tdyf.ogvui[q ............................................. [qfmu !# G xtgmfiafg-p .................................................................................. [qfmu !$ G xtgmf/ia’j ...................................................................................... rkdmu IV G mt;u [ vkg,iy d k ............................................................................ [qfmu !& G r6,lkfme,t-kf0v’mt;u[vkg,iydk ............................................ [qfmu !* G xt-kdvo.omt;u[vkg,iydk ........................................................... [qfmu !( G ltrk[glf4tdyf1j6mt;u[vkg,iydk ................................................... [qfmu !) G 8q;g,nv’1jm6 t;u[vkg,iydk ................................................................ [qfmu !_ G ltstiafvkg,iydk .......................................................................... [qfmu @W G xtgmfg[i-yo .................................................................................. rkdmu V G mt;u [ 3vg-vkou ............................................................................. [qfmu @! G mt;u[3vg-vkou ................................................................................ [qfmu @@ G xtgmfvqflt8ik]u ............................................................................ 45 49 52 55 59 63 63 67 71 74 77 83 88 88 92.

(4) rkdmu I 7;k,Ih6la’g0[djP;da[r6,lkfme,t-kfmqj;wx [qfmu ! mt;u[ c]t ,tsklt\5f |j;p3]dmjur;dgIqkvkwl1j6m5d;aooU ,ugoNvmjud;hk’xt,ko &!W ]hko d,@F .ooAogoNvmju mjgu xaoczjofyod;hk’ !$_ ]hko d,@ s^n @_ :F lj;omjgu s^vn oAoc,jogoNvmjgu xaomtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f g-y’j d;,gvqkxt,ko #*! ]hko d,@ s^n (!: c]t wfhc[j’vvdgxao * mt;u[ c]t $ ,tsklt\5fD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. !D! mt;u [ vk-u mt;u[vk-ugxaomt;u[mjdu ;hk’.spjwrlkod;jk\jF6 ,ugoNvmjxu t,ko $$ ]hko d,@ 3fp,uvkok g0foa[c8jglAo0t|komu !W = .8h 0Bowx9qog4y’glAo0t|komu )# g= |nv c]t 8A’c8jglAoc;’mu @& = 8kg;aovvdwx9qog4y’ !(W = 8kg;ao8qdD myfg|nv8yfda[,tsklt\5fvkd8ydF myf8kg;aovvd8yfda[ ,tsklt\5fxk-u2ydF myf.8h8yfda[,tsklt\5fvyogfpF myf8kg;ao8qdlP’.8h8yfda[ mt;u[ vk2iydk 3fp,umtg]cf’ c]t 7v’-6cvf0Aow;hD myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[mt;u[gvuiq[ 3fpc,jo lkpr63ddkfF mtg]dkltxPo c]t lkpr6v6ikogxao-kpcfoD !D@ mt;u [ vkg,iy d k mt;u[vkg,iydkgxaomt;u[.spjvaofa[mu @ g-y’j ,ugoNvmjuxt,ko $@ ]hko d,@F 8A’1j6-ud3]d 8kg;ao8qdg-y’j cdjpk;c8jg|nvsk.8hxt,ko !(DWWW d,F 95fg|nvl5f1j6glAo0t|ko mu )# =#_j g|nvcdjpk;]q’wxg4y’95f.8hl5f0v’cs^,Ivo1j6glAo0t|komu && = &_j .8hF 1j]6 ts;jk’glAoc;’mu &# = 8kg;ao8qdskglAoc;’mu !*( = 8kg;aovvdD mt;u[vkg,iydk 8A’1j6]ts;jk’dk’0v’ # ,tsklt\5f.spj7nG myfg|nv8yfda[ ,tsklt\5fvkd8ydF myf8kg;aovvd8yfda[,tsklt\5fvaf]a’8yd c]t myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[ ,tsklt\5fxk-u2dy D goNvmjxu tdv[fh;p @ 8vofyo.spj g-y’j gryoj gvUo;jkG <vkg,iydkg|nv< 3fp,u goNvmjxu t,ko @$ ]hko d,@ c]t vkg,iydk.8h 3fp,ugoNvmjxu t,ko !W ]hko d,@ g-y’j 8yf9vfda[ czjofyody;j mjugvUo;jk vkg,iydkdk’xtdv[,ugoNvmjuxt,ko ) ]hko d,@F g,nvj ];,8vofyo0v’ vkg,iydkdk’ c]t vkg,iydk.8hg0Qkdaogryoj gvUo;jkG <vkg,iydk]k8yo< grktxt-k-qo.og0foU .-hrklkmju,ug7Qkrklk]kc8'gxaolj;o.spjD. ສດິ. ! D mt;u [. 1.

(5) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. lt4kou7Qo7;hk1j60Q;3]d.8h. oqdxu'd;yo1j60Q;3]d.8h 3.

(6) @ D mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. mtg]c,jorkdlj;o|jb’0v’,tsklt\5f g-y’j ma’lv’,u7;k,c8d8jk’daofh;pg’nvj ow0 r6,lkfdkptrk[ 3fpltgrktc,joc8d8jk’daofhkomju8A’ c]t r6,lao4koD mtg][k’[jvo8A’1j6]ts;jk’dk’0v’czjofyolv’czjo s^n cpjg]ydg0Qkwxskmt;u[D c8j[k’[jvomtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f4nd8afc[j’fh;pcs^,F -jv’c7[ s^n gdkt8jk’MD 3fpmq;j wx c]h;gIqkla’gdfwfh;kj mtg],u16j8k,c7,/a’j mju,uvkj ;;ad;EF ,ugdktfvo s^n cs^,8jk’MD 4hk/a’j 1j6[=]yg;o.fskd,u]adltot-ao c]t g]ydF g0foAo9t[+,umtg] c]t 9tgvUo;jk ,tsklt\5f oa[c8jc7,/a’j oAowx3]fD mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5fc,joznooEg7a,mjud;hk’.spjwrlko g-jy’d;, gvqkrkdlj;o.spj0v’|hk3]d c]t gryoj wfhc[j’vvdgxao $ ,tsklt\5ffa’j oUG !D ,tsklt\5 f xk-u 2 y d gxao,tsklt\5fmjud;hk’0;k’d;jk\6Fj ,ugoNvmuxj t,ko !)W ]hko d,@D myf8kg;ao8qd 8yfda[mt;u[vk-uF myf8kg;aovvd8yfda[mt;u[vkg,iydkF myf.8h8yfda[ mt;u[0Q;3]d.8h c]t myfg|nv8yfda[,tsklt\5fvkd8ydD @D ,tsklt\5 f va f ]a ’ 8y d ,ugoNvmjuxt,ko _*F& ]hko d,@D myfg|nv8yfda[,tsklt\5fvkd8ydF myf8kg;aovvd 8yfda[mt;u[gvuiq[ c]t vk2iydkF myf.8h8yfda[mt;u[0Q;3]d.8h c]t myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[ mt;u[vkg,iydkD #D ,tsklt\5 f vy o gfp ,ugoNvmjud;hk’xt,ko (& ]hkod,@D vkokg0fmk’rkdg|nv8yfda[mt;u[vk-u myf8k g;ao8qd8yfda[mt;u[vk2iydkF myf8kg;aovvd8yfda[mt;u[3vg-vkou c]t myf.8h8yfda[mt;u[ 0Q;3]d.8hD $D ,tsklt\5 f vkd8y d gxao,tsklt\5fmjuohvpd;jk\j6F ,ugoNvmjud;hk’xt,ko !WF& ]hko d,@D 8A’16gj 0fg|nvl5f 0v’|j;p3]dF vhv,Iv[fh;p/a’j mtg]mk’myfg|nv0v’mt;u[vk-uF vkg,iydk c]t gvuiq[D ovd9kdoAoc]h;F 1jg6 my’|hkoEmtg]pk,.fd=,2u v’1jl6 tg\uF fa’j oAo gryoj 9j’b gvUo;jk |hkoE mtg],uI[6 ]adltots^[5 l;f c]t rhv,fP;daooU1.6j omtg]pa’,udtcloE XlkpoEg7nvj o? vjo5 c]t g1ao g-y’j dtcloEgs^kqj oU wfhws^wx,k8ts^vfD .o,N|b’j MoEmtg],udko0Bo{]q’lv’7A’D 4.

(7) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. !D# mt;u [ vk2iy d k mt;u[vk2iydk,ugoNvmjuxt,ko #W ]hko d,@ F 8A’1j6]ts;jk’glAo0t|komu #( = g|nv sk #& = .8hF 3fp,uglAol6ol6f 8afzjkomk’dk’ c]t 1j]6 ts;jk’glAoc;’ !) = 8kg;ao8qdg4y’glAoc;’mu &W = 8kg;aovvdD mt;u[oU 8A’1j6mk’myf.8h0v’mt;u[gvuiq[ c]t rkd8kg;ao8qdlP’.8h0v’ mt;u[vk-uD myfg|nv8yfda[mtg]g,fuc8ikgo c]t -jv’c7[-u[iko8kF myf8kg;aovvdlP’g|nv 8yfda[mt;u[vk-u 3fp,u7v’-6cvf c]t mtg]cf’0Aow;hD myf8kg;aovvd8yfda[,tsklt\5f vyogfpF myf.8h8yfda[,tsklt\5fvyogfp c]t ,tsklt\5fvaf]a’8ydF myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[ ,tsklt\5fvaf]a’8ydD !D$ mt;u[gvuiq[ mt;u[gvui[q gxaomt;u[ohvp9af1j.6 ovaofa[mu & .o9eo;o * mt;u[ g-y’j ,ugoNvmjxu t,ko _F) ]hko d,@ g-y’j gmqkj da[ (: 0v’goNvmj\ u fq 3]dF gxaomt;u[mj,u cu zjofyo8+czjoda[mt;u[vk-u3fp,uvkokg0f oa[c8jglAo0t|komu #& = g|nv sk (@ = g|nv c]t 1j]6 ts;jk’glAoc;’mu !W =8kg;ao8qd sk @& = 8kg;aovvdF myf.8h8yfda[mtg]fe c]t mtg]g,fuc8ikgoF myfg|nv8yfda[,tsklt\5fvkd8ydF myf8kg;aovvd8yfda[mt;u[vk-u c]t myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[,tsklt\5fvaf]a’8ydD !D& mt;u [ 3vg-vkou mt;u[3vg-vkou gxaomt;u[mju,ugoNvmjuohvpd;jk\j6 3fp,ugoNvmjurP’c8j )F& ]hko d,@F xtdv[fh;p[aofkgdkt.spj{ohvp1jk’s^;’s^kp7n,uxt,ko !WDWWW d;jkgdkt g-y’j ,umuj8A’1j6.o 0v[g0fvaod;hk’0;k’.og0f,tsklt\5fxk-u2yd c]t 8yfda[,tsklt\5fvyogfpmk’myf 8kg;ao8qdF gdktmju.spjd;jk\j6 c,jogdktvqflt8ik]uD goNvmj0u v’mt;u[oU lj;o.spjc,joovo1jg6 2Nv’3]d.8hF 1j]6 ts;jk’glAo0t|komu @W g= |nvsk *W = .8h c]t 1j6]ts;jk’glAoc;’mu !!W = 8kg;aovvd sk !@W =8kg;ao8qdD !D* mt;u[0Q;3]d.8h Xva’8kd8yd? mt;u[0Q;3]d.8h s^n va’8kd8ydF gxaomt;u[mju,ugoNvmjuovo1j6g0f.8h0v’|j;p3]d 7ng]u,j c8jglAo0Q;3]d ** = ##j .8hg0Qkwxskg0f0;Ao3]d.8h X_W .= 8h?F g0foUgxao8vofyomudj ;hk’0;k’ g-y’j xqd75,fh;poEdhk,8ts^vfxuF ,ugoNvmjxu t,ko !$F@$& ]hko d,@ 1j]6 ts;jk’dk’0v’ # ,tsk lt\5f.spj7nG ,tsklt\5fxk-u2ydF vaf]a’8yd c]t vyogfpF mt;u[oU[+,u7qovkwl1j6,urP’c8j oad7Qo7;hkgmjkq oAomjug0Qkwx grnvj fegouodko7Qo7;hkc8jd,= du kozafxjPodaowx1jl6 t4koou7oQ 7;hkD. 2.

(8) 5. xk-u2dy .8h. .8hl6ol6f. g|nvl6ol6f l6ol6f. dk]u2=gop. xk-u2ydg|nv. vk]afltdk dkokiu. c[od6]k. .8hl6ol6f. l6ol6f. dtclvaf]a’8yd. vyogfp.8h. vqflt8ik]u8kg;ao8qd. ສ. ວ. oj dtcloEg1ao ສະ dtcloEv5 ສ ຫງ czomj ວນdu tcloEg7nvj o0v'3]d ລຂິ ະສ ດິ. dtcl0Q;3]d.8h. vaf]a’8yd.8h. dtcll6ol6f. da[lt8iy,. vaf]a’8ydg|nv. ]k[Ikf=. g|nvglAol6ol6f. vqflt8ik]u8kg;aovvd. d63]-u3;. xk-u2ydg|nv. 3v1k-u3v.

(9) # D r6,lao4ko8Qo8=1j6gmy’|hk3]d #D! r6,lao4ko1j6gmy’mt;u[. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. !D mqj’rP’ \kpg4y’[jvomju,u|hkfyoIk[rP’ mju,u]tfa[l6’9kd|hkoEmtg]xt,ko @WW , mq’j rP’ mjud;hk’0;k’d;jk\j6.o3]d,u7nG mq’j rP'dkokfk c]t mq’j rP’,yf-u-y[xu Xvkg,iydkg|nv?S mqj’rP’vk,k3-o c]t mqj’rP'vkd-a’8yo Xvkg,iydk.8h?S mqj’rP’-ug[iuF mqj’rP’rkd 8kg;aovvdlP’g|nv0v’9uo Xvk-u?F mq’j rP’dq’3d c]t oug- Xvk2iydk?S mq’j rP’iafg-p Xgvui[q ?D @D r6 r P’ \kpg4y’|hkfyo[jvomjIu k[rP’7nd[a mq’j rP’ c8j1.6j o]tfa[l6’d;jk @WW , 0BowxD ryglf,u r6rP’mju,u]tfa[l6’dkp $DWWW , g-aoj G r6rP’xk,Pd c]t r6rP’8ug[f l6’ &DWWW , 1j6mt;u[ vk-uS r6rP’gxi6 c]t 3[]u;u l6’ $DWWW , 1j6vkg,iydk.8hD #D r6 \kpg4y’g0fr6,lao4komju,u]tfa[l6’d;jkr6,lao4kovnjo g-yj’,u]adltotltsâ[-a[-hvo d;jk\j616jgmy’|hk3]dF ]adltot0v’I6[c[[r6,lao4kooUgryoj c[j’vvdgxao @ xtgrf7nG r6|5j, c]t r6gdqjkD r6|j5, \kpg4y’r6mjugduf.\j g-yj’lj;os^kpgxaor6l6’,u9v,cs^,g-ajoG r6sy,tw] mju,u9v,gvg;ucif l6’mjul5f.o3]d X)D)$) ,?D r6gdqjk\kpg4y’r6mjugduf,kfqookoc]h; c]t 4ndlPfg-kts^kpgIaf.sh9v,r6xh6 c]t 8O]q’g-aoj G r6v[a xk]kf1jr6 kd8kg;aovvd0v’ltst]af vkg,iydkD $D ]hv’ s^n Ijv, \kpg4y’g0ffyos^5[ s^n [=]yg;ofyo8O g-y’j gxao[jvows^0v’c,joED ,ao,u16js^kp-toyf g-y’j [k’-toyfd=gxao]hv’d;hk’ c]t ,ugxUo7jvpMgouo0BoF [k’-toyfd=gxao]hv’Iv, c]t -aoF [k’]hv’d=1Pf-nj c]t [k’]hv’d=7qf37h’D r6,lao4ko-toyfoU,u16mj 5d[jvo0v’|hk3]d [+;kj g0f mq’j rP’F r6rP’ s^n r6l6’D. 6.

(10) ]hv'c,joE. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. ]hv'Ijv,r6. #D@ r6 , la o 4ko1j 6 . 8h , tsklt\5 f !D ws^jmtg] c,jooa[gvqkrNomjumuj8+9kdmt;u[]q’wx g-y’j ,u7;k,g]ydc8j W , {@WW ,S rNomju faj’djk;oU ,u]da ltot7jvpMgouo]q’wxD @D 8ts^yj’mtg] c,jorkdlj;omju8+9kdws^mj tg]]q’wx g-y’j ,u7;k,g]ydc8j @WW ,{#DWWW ,D g0foU,da gduf,u 7v’8jk’Mlts^[a dao g-y’j gryoj gvUo;jk7v’.8h[kfkoD #D mqj’rP’.8hmtg] gxaog0fmjgu ]ydd;jkm5dM[jvo.orNomtg] g-y’j g]ydc8j #DWWW ,D ]q’wxF d;,gvqkgoNvmjxu t,ko )$: 0v’rNomtg]ma’\qfD g0foUxtdv[fh;pr6,lao4kos^kp1jk’g-aoj G r6ovh pmj,u 9u v,cs^, c]t 9v,xh6D ovdoAo d=pa’,ulkpr6.8hmtg] g-y’j gxaolkpr6mujpk;7qf37h’wx8k,rNomtg]F [k’[jvo d=0kfgxao;ad gxao8vork.sh,uIvpc8dcs’F [k’lkpr6,u7;k,pk;g4y’ !&DWWW d, g-aoj G lkpr616rj No,tsklt\5fvaf]a’8ydD rNomtg]pa’,ugs;g]yd g-y’j lj;o.spjgryoj rq[gsao1j6]P[8k, c7,/a’j g-aoj G gs;,kiuvko g]ydg4y’ !!DW@W , 1j6,tlt\5fxk-u2ydD 7.

(11) 8. vkg,iydk. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ [ c]t ,tsklt\5f.o3]d czomjudko9af;k'mt;u ລຂິ ະສ ດິ. vkg,iydk.

(12) ສດິ. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 7e4k, !D |j;p3]dmjru ;dgIqkfe]q’-u;fy 1j.6 oxaf95[oa oU gryoj c[j’vvdgxao9admt;u[L 9q’j 9af]P’ ]efa[c8j.spjskohvpD @D mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5fc8d8jk’daoco;.fL #D 1j6gmy’|hk3]dgIqkoU,u9ad,tsklt\5fL 9q’j vtmy[kp0v[g0fmju8A’ c]t goNvmu0j v’ c8j]t,tsklt\5fD $D r6,lao4ko8Qo8=16jgmy’mt;u[ c]t 1j6rNo,tsklt\5f,u7;k,c8d8jk’ c]t 7ndao co;.fL &D g/ydxt8y[fa !D c8h,czomjdu Pj ;da[mj8u ’A F 0v[g0fF -kpcfo0v’c8j]tmt;u[ c]t ,tsklt\5f 16.j o3]dD @D c8h,czo;kf|hk8afg0f,tsklt\5fD. 9.

(13) [qfmu @ -Ao[aopkdkf0v’3]d ! D -Ao[aopkdkf oad;ymtpklkfc[j’37’lhk’0v’[aopkdkfvvdgxao-AoM3fp.-hgdo8jk’daog-ajoG c[j’8k,laflj;o0v’dHkfF c[j’8k,75olq,[afmk’w22hkF c8j.odkolbdlkfhko v58o5 py ,q ;ymtpk c]h;gryoj c[j’-Ao[aopkdkf8k,dkoxjPocx’0v’v5ostr6,vvdgxao $ -Ao7nG. g,3-3x. c8d3,ltc2. lt8ik38ltc2 [k]6ovkdkf. g7njv'[yovkprqo. ສດິ. lt8ik383x. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ]tfa[7;k,l6'. g,3-ltc2. 38i3xltc2 v5ostr6, -Ao[aopkdkf. -Ao38i3xltc2 XTroposphere? gxao-Ao[aopkdkf168j yfda[|hkfyo,u7;k,|kxt,ko !W{!& d,D gxao-Aomu,j uv5ostr6,s^5f]q’8k,]tfa[7;k,l6’D py’j 0Bol6’gmqkj .fvkdkf py’j g1ao]q’F v5ostr6,s^f5 ]q’xt,ko WF* =c 8+md5 M w]pt !WW , 9kd|hkfyo0BowxD g,nvj 0Bol6’g4y’ g0fl6’l5f 0v’[aopkdkf-AooUc]h; v5ostr6,d=,]u da ltot7q’mu7j Gn xt,ko {&( c= sk {*W =c D 16.j6 o[aopkdkf -AooUvkdkf,udkoxajoxj;ogxaoxt9eg-ajoG /qo8qdF ]q,rkp5F \vdF 7;k,-5j,F 7;k,IhvoF 10.

(14) ສດິ. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 7;k,|k;DDD c8j0Bowxpjkol6’Mxt,ko ){!@ d, 16jg-yj’da[glAo0t|ko #& =g|nv c]t .8h,udtcl]q,rafcI’7;k,w;xt,ko @WW{&WW d,}-q;j 3,’ 3fprafwx8k,myffP;daoda[myf \6oxyoj vhv,8q;gv’0v’\j;p3]d g-y’j gvUo;jkG dtcl]q,g9flt8iy, XJet Stream? gxaodtcl]q, mu,j uxt3spf8+dko[yo0hk,mt;u[D -Aolt8ik38ltc2 XStratosphere ? -AooU16lj 6’9kd|hkfyoxt,ko !({*W d,D gxao-Ao mu,j uvkdkfxqddt8yfuF vkdkfg7nvj ows;8k,co;ovoF [+,uvkdkfxaoj xj;oc8jv5ostr6,gru,j 0Bo 8k,]efa[7;k,l6’9qoIvfg0fc[j’-Aovkdkf X38i3x3xg-y}Tropopause? v5ostr6,0BoIvf !WW c= gonvj ’9kd3v3-omuwj ]ptl6’ $) d, f6fdno]a’luvo5 8ikw;3vgif9kdf;’8kg;aogvqkw;hF [aopkdkf -Aolt8ik38ltc2 ,u7;k,lts’q[s^kpd;jk-Ao38i3xltc2F g7njv’[yowvrqo 9jb’oypq,[yo .o8vo]jk’0v’-Ao[aopkdkfoU grnvj sûd]P’ltrk[vkdkfmuIj o5 cI’.o-Ao38i3xltc2D -Aog,3-ltc2 XMesosphere? l6’9kd|hkfyoxt,ko *W{_W d,F v5ostr6,0v’vkdkf -AooUs^5f]q’8k,]efa[7;k,l6’ c]t s^5f]q’8Od;jk-Ao38i3xltc27n g,nvj 0BowxIvfg0fc[j’ -Ao[aopkdkfg,3-3xg-u XMesopause? v5ostr6,8O]q’Ivf {_W c= sk {!WW c= muwj ]ptl6’ )W d, ma’oUgonvj ’9kdsjk’9kdcs^’j 7;k,Ihvo.o-Ao3v3-ovvdwxF ,;ovkdkf.o-AooU,u[+g4y’ WF!: 0v’,;ovkdkfma’\qfF vkdkf16-j oA oU7vj pg[qk[k’]q’D -Aogmu3,ltc2 s^n c8d3,ltc2 XThermosphere? 16lj ’6 9kd|hkfyo _W d, 0BowxF gxao-Ao vkdkf mugj [qk[k’ mulj f5 g-y’j 3,g]d5o s^n vto5rkd0v’vkdkf 3fpmq;j wxc,jo16.j oltrk[c8d8q; gxaovuvq’ X[;d s^n ]q[? s^n gvUo;jkG -Aovu3v3oltc2 XIonosphere? 9b’j gIaf.shvkdkf [+xqddt8yD c8jgxao-Aovkdkf mulj k,kfltmhvo7No8jk’M0v’;ymtp59kd|hkfyowxl60j ’q g0f8jk’Mvhv,3]dwfhD v5ostr6,0v’vkdkf-AooUgru,j 0Bo8k,]efa[7;k,l6’D g,nvj 0Bog4y’]tfa[7;k,l6’]ts;jk’ #WW d, v5ostr6,lk,kf0Bol6’g4y’ &WW c= 16gj |nv-Aoc8d3,ltc20Bowxmuwj ]pt7;k,l6’xt,ko &WW d, 3,g]d5o0v’vkdkf 16sj kj ’wddaos^kp9qo[+lk,kfc]jo-qo3,g]d5ovnoj wfh .o[k’7A’3,g]d5o g-y’j g7nvj omugj xaoglAo8q’ gs^kjq oUvkfs^f5 rQovyfmyroq 0v’cI’3oh,4j;’3]dgIqkgvUo;jk [aopkdkf.o-Ao muvj k8v, s^n 3,g]d5o0v’vkdkf,uco;3oh,9ts^5f|uwxl6vj k;tdkf gvUo;jkG <gvad3-ltc2 < XExosphere?D -Ao3v3-o XOzore layer? gxaolj;o|b’j 0v’-Ao[aopkdkf0v’3]d X.o-Aolt8ik38ltc2? -Ao3v3-o-j;pf6f-a[]a’luv5o8ikw;3vg]f9kdf;’8kg;aoxt,ko _({__: 0v’]a’luma’\qf mucj zj,kpa’3]d -Ao3v3-o,u7;k,le7aos^kp grktgIaf|hkmugj xaogdkt75h,daoxqdxhv’rnf c]t laf9kd]a’lumguj xaovao8t]kp0v’f;’8kg;aoD 11.

(15) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. fa’j oAoF g,nvj .fmu3j v3-o[k’]q’ gIqkd=wfhIa[dkoxqdxhv’|hvp]q’fh;p gIqkgvUo]a’lu mugj xao vao8t]kp9kdf;’8kg;ao;jk v5o8ikw;3vg]afD vq ’ xtdvo0v’[a o pkdkf [aopkdkfmusj ,h5 s+3]dlj;o.spjxtdv[fh;pdHkfou38ic-o N2 XNitrogene? ():F dHkfvqd -uc-o Xo2? @!:F dHkfvkddvo XArgon? WF_:F lj;omupj a’gs^nvgxaovkpoEF dHkfdkd3[oyd X7k[vowfvqdw- co2? c]t dHkfvnoj MD vq ’ xtdv[s^ a d { dHkfou38ic-o} wo38ig9o XN2? ,uxt8ydy]ypkda[lkovnjo c8jg,njvvk8v,fjP; 0v’,aocpdvvd,k];,g0Qkdaogxaovq’xtdv[0v’lkovnoj Mg-aoj G lkowog8if} oy8ikf9t,u[qf[kf le7ao8+ly’j ,u-u;yfD { dHkfvqd-uc-o XO2? 9tgxaozqozt]yf9kddkola’g7ktcl’0v’rnfF lk]jkpF cr]’8vo c]t ly’j mu,j u-u;yfF ,u7;k,;jv’w;.odkomext8ydy]ypkda[lkovnoj c]t -j;p.s wh 28yfF 4hkxt]y,kovqd-uc-o.ovkdkf,us^kpd;jk #&:D 3]dma’f;’9t]5d w\hgxaow2D fa’j oAoF ly’j mu,j u-u;yfgmy’3]d 9b’j ;y;afmtokdko.sh,u7qo c]t laf g-y’j .-h vqd-uc-o.odkogzqkzkomkfvksko c]t 7kpdHkfdkd3[oydvvd,k Xco2?D { dHkfvkdvo XAr/vkdvo? gxaomkfmu[j ,+ xu t8yd]y py kda[mkfvnoj gduf0Bo9kddkolts^kp8q; X-kdde,ao8trk[]a’lu? 0v’mkf3x8kf-P,rkp.o3]dD { dHkfdkd3[oyd X7k[vowfvvdw-? gxaodHkfgInvodt9qd Xgreenhousegas? ,u7o5 lq,[af .odkof6fdno]a’luvoy 2ikgif g-y’j czjvvd9kd3]d gIaf.sh3]dvq[v5oj c]t v5ostr6, .o8vodk’g;ao c]t dk’7no[+c8d8jk’daoD @D dko9= ] t9vo0v’[a o pkdkf @D! dkogdu f0v’]q, ]q,gduf9kddkomuvj kdkfmusj h5,s+3]d,u7;k,|kc|hoF 7;k,fao c]t v5ostr6,16.j o c8j]tg0f8jk’daoF phvo;jk,aowfhI[a cl’lts;jk’9kdf;’8kg;ao.o,6,8jk’daoD fa’j oAoF dtcl ]q,9bj’g7njvophkp9kdg0f7;k,faol6’0v’vkdkfwxskg0f7;k,fao8O0v’vkdkf g-ajoG ]q,vk]ug-D. 12.

(16) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. @D# dtcl]q,8Qo8= T ]q,xt9exu0v’3]d c,jo]q,mujrafxt9e8ts^vfxu.olj;o8jk’M0v’3]d [+,udko xjPocx’myfmk’8k,]tf6dko 3fprafvvd9kdg0f7;k,dqfvkdkfl6’wxpa’g0f 7;k,dqfvkdkf8O0v’3]dD ]q,xt9exu0v’3]dgvUo-ncj 8d8jk’daowx8k,myfmk’ mu]j q,raf,k7n]q, 8kg;aovvd s^n ]q,lyo7hk}rkoyfF ]q,8kg;ao8qd c]t ]q,0Q;3]dD T ]q,vk]ug- s^n ]q,rkoyf c,jo]q,murj fa ,kc8jg0f7;k,dqffaol6’ glAo0t|komu #W = g|nv c]t .8hwxskg0f7;k,dqffao8O Xg0fl6ol6f?D ]q,fa’j djk; raflt\O ltg\u1gj6 0fIhvo 8ts^vfxuf;h p7;k,w;ltg]jpxt,ko @W{#W d,}-q;j 3,’ ,aogxao]q, mu,j zu oq xt3spf cdjdkogfuogInvD T ]q,8kg;ao8qd c,jo]q,murj afvvd9kdg0f7;k,faol6’.oglAo0t|komu #W =wxsk 7;k,fao 8O.og0fglAo0t|komu *W ={*& = 0v’ma’lv’g2Nv’3]d c]t ,aoc,jo]q, murj fa xt9e16.j og0fvq[v5oj D ]q,fa’j djk;,umfy rafzjkofa’j oUG 16gj 2Nv’3]dg|nv ]q,rafc8jmfy 8kg;ao8qdlP’.8hwxskmyf8kg;aovvdlP’g|nv c]t 16gj 2Nv’3]d.8h]q,rafc8jmyf 8kg;ao8qdlP’g|nvwxskmyf8kg;aovvdlP’.8hD T ]q,,=]tl5, X]q,xt9e]tf6? c,jodtcl]q,mujxjPomyfmk’.odkorafzjko 8k, ]tf6dko.oxu|bj’D .o]tf6|k;]q,rafwx8k,myf8kg;aovvdlP’g|nvskmyf8k g;ao8qdlP’.8h g-y’j c,jo]q,murj fa ,k9kdg0f7;k,faol6’-ug[iuwxl6gj 0f7;k,fao8O ,tsklt\5fxk-u2yd c]t vyogfpF .o]tf6Ihvo,tsklt\5fvyogfpgxaog0f 7;k,faol6’0tspkp8q;F c8j16mj t;u[vk-urafgxaog0f7;k,fao8OD fa’j oAoF ]q,9b’j raf8k,myf8kg;ao8qdlP’.8hwxl6jmyf8kg;aovvdlP’g|nv7nG 9kd,tsklt\5f. ສດິ. @D@ xafw9muj,uvyfmyrqo8+]q, cI’gdifPo0v’7;k,dqffaovkdkf (Pressure-Gradiant force?G rNozy;0v’3]d c8j]t[jvowfhI[a rt]a’’ko 9kdf;’8kg;ao[+gmqkj dao rNomufj ’ja djk; 9b’j ,uvo5 str6, c]t 7;k,fao vkdkfc8d8jk’daowxD 16jczomujv585oypq,;ymtpk9t,uglAoltcf’7;k,dqffaovkdkfgmqjkdao gvUo;jk vu3-[k}wv3-[k Xisobars?F glAovu3-[kc8j]tglAo9t,u7kj 7;k,dqffaovkdkfc8d8jk’ gmqkj Mdaog-aoj G c8d8jk’daom5dM * ,u]u[kgxao8QoD. 13.

(17) {. {. wxl6mj t;u[F rhv,ma’wfhoegvqkvkpoE ,krhv,rk.sh,/u oq 8qdgvUo;jk ,=]tl5,]tf6Ivh oD ]q,xt9eg;]k s^n vkfgvUo;jk]q,xt9e;ao grktgduf9kd7;k,c8d8jk’0v’ v5ostr6,]ts;jk’dk’g;ao c]t dk’7no gIaf.shgduf]q,rafxjPomyfmk’daorkp .ow]pt g;]klAoM0v’;aog-aoj G ]q,[qdF ]q,mtg] c]t ]q,r6D ]q,[qd{]q,mtg] gduf0Bo.o[=]yg;omu1j .j6 dhmtg]7n .og;]kdk’g;aovkdkfgmy’rNofyo .dh-kp/aj’Ihvo9af9bj’,u]q,raf9kdmtg]g0Qkl6j/aj’gvUo;jkG ]q,mtg] lj;o.og;]k dk’7no9t,u],q rafvvd9kd/a’j gvUo;jkG ]q,[qdD ]q,0Q;3]d. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ]q,vk]ug-. ສດິ. ]q,8kg;ao8qd. ]q,vk]ug-. ]q,8kg;ao8qd ]q,0Q;3]d. ]t[q[]q,0v’3]d 7e4k, !D dkoc[j’-Ao[aopkdkfgruoj vu’.ljspa’L c]t ,u9ad-Ao7n-Ao.fcfjL @D 9q’j vtmy[kpdjP;da[-Ao[aopkdkfc8j]t-Aogxao7nco;.fL #D oadIPo,u;ymudkoco;.f.odkoxqdxadIadlkvkdkf16.j omhv’4yoj 0v’oadIPogv’D 14.

(18) [qfmu # r6,vkdkf. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. !D! 7;k,\kp0v’2h k vkdkf c]t r6 , vkdkf { 2hkvkdkf c,joltrk[0v’vkdkf.o-q;j w]ptg;]k |b’j 16.j olt4komucj sj’|b’j muj cojovo g-y’j ltrk[vkdkfoAo,udkoxjPocx’.o,N|’jb D { r6,vkdkf c,jozqoltg]jp0v’dkoxjPocx’0v’2hkvkdkfxt9e;ao.o0q’g0f .f|b’j g-y’j r6,vkdkffa’j djk; wfh\o6 ;Po8+gonvj ’daogxaog;]kpk;oko @W{#W xu0oB wxD !D@ ,6 o lj ; o8j k ’M0v’vkdkf { 7;k,fao0v’vkdkf c,jode]a’cI’9kdoE|ad0v'vkdkf mujdqf]q’rNofyo ,us;q |j;p;afcmdgxao,u][u kD 7yfltg]jpc]h;7;k,fao0v’vkdkf muxj dq dt8y1]j6 tfa[ |hkoE mtg]c,jo !W!& ,u]u[kD 4hk7jk7;k,fao0v’vkdkfskdl6’d;jk !W!& ,u]u[k gryoj gvUo;jkvkdkf,u7;k, faol6’ c8j4kh skd8Od;jk,kf8t4kofa’j djk; gryoj gvUo;jk vkdkf,u7;k,fao8OD { v5ostr6,0v'vkdkfG [aopkdkfmusj ,h5 s+3]dgIqkoU,vu o5 str6, c8d8jk’dao16.j oc8j]t 0q’g0f0v’|hk3]d c]t 16.j oc8j]tpjko7;k,l6’D ltrk[v5ostr6,muwj fhI[a 7nco;oAo c,jo0Boda[xt]y,ko7;k,Ihvomuj|hk3]dwfhIa[9kdf;’8kg;aoD gryjo;afcmd v5ostr6,0v’vkdkf fh;pc8d3,c,af (Thermometre) g-y’j sq;|j;pc,jovq’lk c-o-uv5f (Celcius) 0Posp==h;jkG < =c <D { 7;k,-5,j 0v’vkdkf \kpg4y’xt]y,kovkpoEmu,j .u ovkdkfF g,nvj xt]y,kovkpoE gru,j 0Bos^kp9trk.shgduf,ug,dF \vdF oE7hk’F \kdgsa[F /qo c]t sy,t16gj my’ |hk3]dD !D# g0f7;k,dq f fa o vkdkf0v’3]d dkomujlj;o8jk’M0v’3]dwfhIa[7;k,Ihvo 9kdf;’8kg;ao[+gmqjkdao 9bj’gIaf.shgduf g0f7;k,dqffaovkdkf8O c]t g0f7;k,dqffaovkdkfl6’.o3]dD g0f7;k,dqffaovkdkf0v’ 3]d,u $ g0f7nG !? [=]gy ;omu1j .j6 dhglAol6ol6f]ts;jk’glAo0t|ko & g= |nvg4y’ & .= 8h g-y’j gxao[=]gy ;o muwj fhI[a 7;k,Ihvo8ts^vfxuD g0foUgxaog0f7;k,dqffaovkdkf8OgvUo;jkG g0f7;k,dqffao vkdkf8Ol6ol6fD. ສດິ. ! D 2hkvkdkf c]t r6,vkdkf XWeather and Climate?. 15.

(19) @? [=]yg;omu1j 6]j ts;jk’glAo0t|komu #W ={#& =ma’g2Nv’3]dg|nv c]t .8hF gxaog0f 7;k,dqffaovkdkfl6’gvUo;jkG g0f7;k,dqffaovkdkfl6’.dhg0fIhvoD #? [=]yg;omu1j 6]j ts;jk’glAo0t|ko Xlatitute? mu *W ={ *& = ma’.og2Nv’3]dg|nv c]t .8h gxaog0f7;k,dqffaovkdkf8O.dh0Q;3]dD $? [=]yg;o0Q;3]dma’lv’ s^n glAo0t|ko _W =g|nv c]t .8h g-y’j gxaog0fmu,j uvkdkf |k;9af8ts^vfxu gxaog0f7;k,dqffaovkdkfl6’gvUo;jk g0f7;k,dqffaovkdkfl6’ 0Q;3]dD. X$? X#?. X!? X@? X#? X$?. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. g0f7;k,dqffaovkdkf 8Ol6ol6f. ສດິ. X@?. g0f7;k,dqffaovkdkf0v’3]d. @D g0fr6 , vkdkf8j k ’M0v’3]d vu’8k,dkoIa[xt]y,ko7;k,Ihvo9kdf;’8kg;ao0v’g0f8jk’Mgmy’|hk3]dc8d8jk’dao gryoj 9b’j c[j’r6,vkdkfgmy’|hk3]dvvdgxao # g0f.spj1cj6 8j]tg2Nv’3]d7nG g0fr6,vkdkfIhvo .dhglAol6ol6fF g0fr6,vkdkfvq[v5jo X]ts;jk' @# =sk *& = 0v'ma' @ g2Nv'3]d? c]t g0fr6,vkdkf|k;.dh0Q;3]dD c8j7;k,9y’r6,vkdkf0Boda[s^kpg’njvow0g-ajoG mju8A'8k, ]tfa[vq'lk0t|koF r6,lao4koF lkpoEg7nvj oF ,6olj;o8jk’M0v’vkdkfDDD fa’j oAoF gryoj 9b’j c[j’c8j]tr6,vkdkf.spjMvvdgxaos^kpg0fr6,vkdkfpjvpvudD 16.

(20) ສດິ. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. @D! r6 , vkdkfIh v o r6,vkdkfIhvoc[j'vvdgxao $ xtgrf7nG r6,vkdkfIhvo-5j,l6ol6f gxaog0fmu,j u]tf6fP;.oxu|b’j F ,u/qo8qd8ts^vfxuD v5ostr6,ltg]jp.oxu|b’j xt,ko @* =c c]t xt]y,kooE/qoc,jos^kpd;jk !&WW ,,}xuD r6,vkdkfoU,u16gj 0fl6ol6fg-aoj G 16[j =]yg;o]5,j c,joEvk,k3-o.omt;u[vkg,iydk.8hF ]5j,c,joEdq’3d c]t -kp/aj’vjk;dygo.ovk2iydkF ,kg]g-pF vyo3fgog-pF 2y]y[xyoF -kp/a’j 8kg;ao8qd0v’vyogfp c]t ,Po,kgxao8QoD r6,vkdkfIhvo.dhglAol6ol6f xu|b’j ,ulv’]tf67nG ]tf6/qomu,j uvkdkfIhvos^kp ltg]jp #W =c c]t ]tf6c]h’ g-y’j 7qo mhv’4yoj gvUo;jk ]tf6|k; grktvkdkf[+IhvocI’xko.f ltg]jp @W =cD r6,vkdkfoU,u16gj 0f vkpao 0v’lv’g2Nv’3]d7nG 16gj 2Nv’3]dg|nv,u1x6j tgmfg-godko c]t -6fa’ Xmt;u[vk2iydk?F xtgmfg,ad-yd c]t \6gj dktva’8u Xmt;u[vkg,iydk? le]a[g2Nv’3]d.8h,1u -j6 ec[F g0f|v’.spj c]t rkd8kg;ao8qd 0v’gdkt,kfkdkltdk Xmt;u[vk2iydk?F rkd.8h0v’g[i-yo Xmt;u[vkg,iydk? c]t rkdg|nv0v’xtgmfvqflt8ik]u Xmt;u[3vg-vkou?D r6 , vkdkfIh v o-5 j , ,= ] tl5 , ,u @ ]tf67nG ]tf6Ihvo,u/qo8qds^kp c]t ]tf6|k;gdnv[[+,u/qo8qdD v5ostr6,ltg]jp0v’ gfnvoIhvol5f #W =c c]t ltg]jpgfnvomu| j k;l5fxt,ko @W c= c,jor6,vkdkf0v’g0fvk-u 8kg;aovvdF vk-u8kg;aovvdlP’.8h c]t vk-u.8hD ryglfc,jog0fmugj ryoj lk,kfx6dg0QkwfhfuD g0foU/qo8qds^kp 3fpltgrkt169j uikx6o9u Xvyogfp? xu|b’j /qo8qdg4y’ !@DWWW ,,D r6 , vkdkfcsh ’ c]h ’ c,jog0fvkdkfcsh’c]h’fqoM,u/oq 8qdgmnvj |b’j c[[/qo2hk7tov’D 16mj tg]-kp-kIkik v5ostr6,ltg]jpgfnvo,a’dvo ) =c c]t ltg]jpgfnvod=]tdqf #& =cF 16mj tg]-kp3d[ultg]jp gfnvoIhvo l5f #W =c c]t gfnvomu| j k;l5f {#W = cD ovd9kdoAo v5ostr6,pa’38odao ]ts;jk’ dk'g;ao c]t dk'7no7nG 1jm6 tg]-kp-kIkik8vomjP’ v5ostr6,0Bodkp &W c= F c8j8vodk’7no v5ostr6,]q’8Od;jk W =cD g0fr6,vkdkffaj’djk; ,u16jc8j]tg2Nv’3]dD 16jg2Nv’3]dg|nv c,jomtg]-kp -kIkikF ]u[u Xvk2iydk?F vk;kxu c]t 3d[u Xvk-udk’? 16gj 2nNv’3]d.8hc,jo mtg]-kpdk]kIkiu Xvk2iydkdk’? c]t rkddk’0v’xtgmfvqflt8ik]uD 17.

(21) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. @D@ g0fr6,vkdkfvq[v5jo 16j]ts;jk’dk’0v’g0fr6,vkdkfIhvo c]t r6,vkdkf|k;0v’lv’g2Nv’3]dD r6,vkdkffa’j djk;xu|b’j ,u $ ]tf67nG ]tf6|k;F ]tf6[ko.\j X]tf6.[w,hxq'j ?F ]tf6Ihvo c]t ]tf6.[w,hsôqj D gryoj c[j’g0fr6,vkdkfoUvvdgxao # xtgrf7nG r6 , vkdkfvq [ v5 j o g,fu c 8ikgo ]tf6|k;[+|k;xko.f ,usy,t8qd[k’gmnjv v5ostr6,ltg]jp.ogfnvo,a’dvomujvkogXmt;u[vk2iydk? !! c= . ]tf6IhvoM c]t csh’F v5ostr6,ltg]jp.ogfnvoly’skmujvkog@& =cD ,u/qo8qdc[[/qo2hk7tov’.o]tf6.[w,hs^qoj sk]tf6|k;D r6,vkdkffa’j djk; ,u16cj 7,/a’j mtg]g,fuc8ikgo Xmt;u[gvuiq[ c]t mt;u[vk2iydk?F 7k]u2g= op Xmt;u[vkg,iydk?D ovdoAo pa',u1cj6 s^,rkd.8h c]t rkd8kg;ao8qdlP’.8h0v’xtgmf vqflt8ik]uD r6,vkdkfvq[v5jomtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f /qo8qd8ts^vfxu mhv’2hk,ug,dxqd75, 16gj ]NvpMF v5ostr6,ltg]jpgfnvoIhvol5fxt,ko !& c= c]t ltg]jpgfnvomu| j k;l5fxt,ko & =cD ]q,8kg;ao8qdoegvqk7;k,-5,j ,kl6gj 0foUg-aoj G [aofk xtgmf16cj 7,/a’j 8kg;ao8qd0v’mt;u[gvui[q D r6 , vkdkfvq [ v5 j o mt;u [ g,njvspa[g0Qkg]yd.oczjofyogmqjk.f/qopyj’|hvp]q’ c]t ,u7;k,csh’c]h’s^kp0Bo v5ostr6,ltg]jp0v’gfnvo|k;l5f {& c= r6,vkdkffa’j djk;oU d;,gvqkrkddk’0v’mt;u[gvui[q F rkddk’0v’vkg,iydkg|nv c]t g0f-ug[iu8kg;ao8qdD @D# r6 , vkdkf|k; c[j’vvdgxao @ g0fr6,vkdkf7nG r6,vkdkf|k;g0fr6l’6 c]t r6,vkdkf|k; 0Q;3]dD r6 , vkdkf|k;g0fr6 l 6 ’ gxaor6,vkdkfmu,j u]tf6|k;pk;F sy,t8qds^kpF ]tf6IhvolAo,u/qo8qds^kpD r6,vkdkfoU ,u16jg0fr6l6’g-ajoG r6vkogxuF xugigoF dkdxaf Xmt;u[gvuiq[?D ovdoAo d=pa’,u16jr6rP’8yg[fF lkpr6ivddu (Rockies) c]t lkpr6va’gfu c8jvkdkf,u]adltotcsh’c]h’d;jkD r6 , vkdkf|k;9a f 0Q ; 3]d d;,gvqk @ 0Q;3]d7nG 160j Q;3]dg|nvc,jog0fvhv,cvh,0Q;3]doa[ma’gdkt3dicvo]a’D r6,vkdkf fa’j djk;,uvkdkf|k;9af c]t cdjpk;F [+,cu l’cff8ts^vf * gfnvo 7n * gfnvo,nf 18.

(22) 1j06 ;Q 3]dg|nvF .o * gfnvofj'ja djk;c,joc9h'1j06 ;Q 3]d.8hF dq'dao0hk, * gfnvo,nf1j06 ;Q 3]d.8h9tgxao * gfnvoc9h'1j60Q;3]dg|nv c]t g;]k]tf6Ihvo1j6g2Nv'3]dg|nvF 1j6g2Nv'3]d.8hc,jo]tf6|k;F v5ostr6,]q’Ivf {$W c= sk {*W c= F ]tf6Ivh o[+Ivh o ,u7;k,-5,j rP’g]ad|hvp v5ostr6, {! =c .ogfnvod=]tdqf160j ;Q 3]dg|nvD le]a[160j ;Q 3]d.8hvkdkf|k;s^kpd;jk 0Q;3]dg|nvD 8k8t]k’G w]pt0v’dk’g;ao c]t dk’7nopk;d;jk !@ -q;j 3,’. 3]dg|nv dk'g;ao <!@ -,. \j . o [k. @!}#. @#}_ Ihvo. .[w, hs^qoj. @!}*. @#}_. 1jg6 2Nv' dk'g;ao >!@ -, 3]d.8h. dk'g;ao <!@ -,. @@}!@. .[w, hs^qoj. |k;. |k;. @@}!@. .\j o k [. Ihvo. ສດິ. 1jg6 2Nv' dk'g;ao >!@ -,. @!}*. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. @!}#. 8k8t]k’G dkowfhI[a cl’8kg;ao.o]tf6dko8jk’M0v’c8j]t0Q;3]d gfnvo ,y45ok{ly’sk daopk{mao;k ,a’dvo{,uok g,lk{rbfltrk. 0Q;3]dg|nv ]tf6Ihvo ]tf6.[w,hso^qj ]tf6|k; ]tf6[ko.\j. 0Q;3]d.8h. c9h’ * gfnvo ,nf * gfnvo. ]tf6|k; ]tf6[ko.\j ]tf6Ihvo ]tf6.[w,hso^qj. ,nf * gfnvo c9h’ * gfnvo. 7e4k, !D 2hkvkdkf c]t r6,vkdkf8jk’daoco;.fL @D g0f7;k,dqffaovkdkf0v’3]dc[j’gxao9adg0f 7ng0f.fcfjL #D 9q’j xP[mP[r6,vkdkfvq[v5oj c]t r6,vkdkf|k;c8d8jk’daoco;.fL $D .shoda IPoc8h,I6[g0f7;k,dqffaovkdkf0v’3]dD 19.

(23) rkd. II. mt;u[vk2iydk. [qfmu $ r6,lkfme,t-kf0v’mt;u[vk2iydk ! D r6,lao4ko0v’mt;u[vk2iydk mt;u[vk2iydk,u]adltotgxaoxbdczjo c]t gxaor6rP’mjud;hk’.spjc8jd=,u]adltot r6,lao4kovnoj Mxtxqo1jo6 eg-aoj G r6l’6 F vjk’8OF mj’q rP’DDD @W =. !W=. W=. !W =. @W =. #W =. $W =. &W =. $W =. $W =. lDcvf. #W =. ]kl. mtg]g,fuc8ikgo. #W =. r6rP’ c]t r6l6’mk’rkdg|nv. r6rP’dyou. ug[l. @W =. mq'j rP’]5,j c,joEoyo. lD 3;o8k vjk;dygo. r6rP’dkg,uI5o oEdq’3. d. rD mk’rkd8kg;aovvd rD dy]u,ao9k3i lD;y d 8= g ip. ,tsklt\5fvaf]a’8yd. lDcmocdopy d k. lDok1k-k. mtg]-kpok,y[. !W =. l6'd;jk !D&WW ,. oD -eg[-u. W=. ,tsklt\5fvyogfp. [3, c7 ’ -jv dD ,kfkdkfltdk. [ -e. yd. !W =. mqj'rP']5j, c,joE-ec[. @W =. g0fr6 c]t r6rP’rkd.8h. W{&WW , W $WW _WW dy3]c,af !W=. glAol6ol6f. mtg]-kp dk]kIk]u. !FWWW{!F&WW , &WW{!FWWW. @W =. !W =. r6rP’gvmu3vxu. mqh'rP'D]5j,c,joEdq’3d. @W =. vjk;gvgfo. g0fr6rP’. W=. #W =. vk-u8kg;ao8qdlP’.8h. lDoaog-u. 8u. lD -kf. mq'j rP’]5,j c,joEwog9u !W =. r6m. ສດິ. r6rP’mk’rkd8kg;ao8qd mtg]-kp-kIkik. @W =. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. r6vkciddko. 8kg;aovvd lP’.8h. cs^,d6f3I[ W=. !W =. @W =. #W =. czomjur6,lao4ko0v';u[vk2iydk 20. lkpr6fikgdoltc[d. $W =. #W = &W =.

(24) ສດິ. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. dD r6rP’ mt;u[vk2iydkgxaomt;u[csj’r6rP’mjdu ;hk’.spjwrlko g-y’j ]tfa[l6’0v’r6,lao4kogdnv[ gmjkq daoma’\qfmt;u[F ltg]jpc]h;l6’xt,ko (&W c,afF [+o[a gvqkg0frkd8kg;aovvdlP’.8h c]t rkd8kg;ao8qdlP’g|nv g-yj’c,jog0fr6l6’D 1j6rkd8kg;aovvd0v’mt;u[,ur6rP’mjule7ao7nG r6rP’vk[u-ou Fu 3-,k]uF 8a’dkoudk c]t ouvk-kD mk’rkd.8h,ru r6 P’v6dkofkF dk8a’dk c]t mk’rkd8kg;ao8qd,urr6 P’dugo c]t dkg,uio6 D 0D Ivpc8dg]njvo.spj c]t r6w2 r6,lao4kofj’a djk;oU ,u1m6j k’rkd8kg;aovvdlP’g|nv0v’mt;u[ g-y’j 1j]6 ts;jk’dk’0v’ r6rP’vk[u-ou u c]t r6rP’3-,k]uD ,aogxaog0ffyo8O c]t gxao|v’mjcu djpk;c8jmtg]cf’Ivf |v’ouvk-kD ,kIvfxaf95[oa F g0foUdp= ’a xkdqf,uczjofyows; c]t r6w2]tg[uf 3fpltgrktc,jo 1j]6 P[Ivpc8dg]nvj o.spjooA D 7D lkpr68jk’M1j6mt;u[vk2iydk mt;u[vk2iydkwfh,ur6l6’1j6mk’rkd8kg;ao8qdlP’g|nvmjugvUo;jkG lkpr6vaf]kfg-yj’ gxaolkpr6|,5j F ]tfa[7;k,l6’0v’lkpr6gs^kjq oU ltg]jpc]h;xt,ko @WWW c,afD ovd9kdoUF g0fr6l6’pa’,u16jrkd8kg;aovvdlP’.8h g-y’j lj;os^kpgxaog0fr6w2gdqkj .ooAor6w2du]u,ao9k3i X&D)_& ,? gxao9v,r6mulj ’6 d;jk\j.6 omt;u[vk2iydkF lj;o16mj k’rkd.8hdh =,ulkpr6mu,j u]tfa[l6’ lq,7;og-aoj G r6g]ud[a c]t r6fikgdoltc[dD ’D mqj’rP’ mq’j rP’1j6mt;u[vk2iydk,ugoNvmju|hvp4hkmP[.ljr6,lao4ko8Qo8=vnoj MF ,uc8j16j]P[8k, c7,mtg] c]t 8k,]hv’oElkp8jk’Mgmqkj oAo g-y’j gxaomq’j rP’mjcu 7[1jg6 [Nv’8kg;ao8qd c]t 8kg;aovvd0v’mt;u[D lj;omq’j rP’]hv’c,joEoAoc,jo168j k,]hv’c,joEoyoF ]hv’c,joEoug-F ]hv’c,joEdq’3d c]t vnoj MD. @ D r6,vkdkf c]t c,joE dD r6,vkdkf mt;u[vk2iydklj;o.spjgxaovkdkfIhvocsh’c]h’ grkt;jkgxaomt;u[mjuxbdczjo 3fp,uglAovkpao8afzjkomk’rkdg|nv c]t rkd.8h rhv,oAod=,uglAol6ol6f8afzjko8vodk’ 0v’mt;u[D ltgrktmk’rkdg|nv0v’mt;u[vkdkf ,u]adltotIhvocsh’c]h’muIj 5ocI’d;jk phvo;jkczjofyod;hk’ gIaf.shvyfmyrqo0v’vkpoE9kd,tsklt\5f[+lk,kfg0Qkwxg4y’g0f 21.

(25) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. .9dk’0v’czjofyo c]t phvo8k,c7,/a’j ,tsklt\5fg[Nv’8kg;ao8qdlP’g|nv c]t 8kg;ao8qd lP’.8hwfh,lu kpoEg7nvj og1aows^zkj oD !D r6,vkdkfIhvo-5j,l6ol6f g0foUd;,gvqkrNomju8vodk’0v’mt;u[7n g0f]hv’c,joEdq’3d c]t rkd8kg;aovvd lP’g|nv0v’gdkt,kfkdkltdk g-y’j ,uvo5 str6,ltg]jp @* =c F ,u xt]y,kooE/qos^kpd;jk !&WW ,,} xuF ,u]tf6fP;7n]tf6/oq gmqkj oAoD @D r6,vkdkfIhvo-j5,.dhl6ol6f g;Qk];,r6,vkdkfoUd;,gvqkc8jglAo0t|komu & =sk !( = g|nv c]t .8h 0v’mt;u[F c8jg,njvspa[wxskrkd8kg;aovvd r6,vkdkffja’djk;wfhd;,wxIvfglAol6ol6fD vkdkfoU ,u]da ltotIhvo-j,5 F ,u @ ]tf67Gn ]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/oq F xt]y,kooE/qoltg]jp &WW sk !WWW ,, 8+xuF v5ostr6,ltg]jpxt,ko #W =cD #D r6,vkdkfg7yj’csh’c]h’ r6,vkdkfoUd;,gvqk8vofyomj8u O 9kdg0fr6,vkdkfIhvo-5,j .dhglAol6ol6fvvdwxskmk’ rkdg|nv c]t rkd.8h0v’mt;u[F ,u @ ]tf67n ]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoD w]ptmju,u/qo8qdc,jolAo c]t 8qd[+lt\Oltg\u7[n k’xu/oq 8qds^kp9qogdufoE4h;,F [k’xurfa csh’c]h’,u]tf6c]h’cdjpk; s^kpgfnvoF xt]y,kooE/qoltg]jp @&W sk &WW ,, 8+xuF v5ostr6,ltg]jpxt,ko #W =cD $D r6,vkdkfIhvocsh’c]h’ \kpg4y’g0fvkdkfmjcu sh’c]h’fqoM 9j’b ,u/oq 8qdgmnvj |b’j c8jrfa gxao/qoc[[/qo2hk7tov’D 1jg6 0fmtg]-kp-kIkik v5ostr6,ltg]jp.ogfnvo,a’dvo ) c= c]t ltg]jp.ogfnvod=]tdqf #& c= F 1jg6 0fmtg]-kp3d[u ltg]jpgfnvoIhvomjlu f5 c,jo #& = c c]t gfnvomj| ju k; mulj f5 {#W =cF ovd oAo v5ostr6,pa’38odao]ts;jk’dk'g;ao c]t dk'7noG 1jm6 tg]-kp-kIkik .o8vomjP’v5ostr6, l6’0Bodkp &W =c F c8j.o8vodk’7norafs^5f]q’8Od;jk W c= D g0fr6,vkdkffja’djk;wfhxkdqf,u16mj a’lv’g2Nv’3]d7nG 1j6g2Nv’3]dg|nvc,jomtg]-kp -kIkikF ]u[u Xvk2iydk?F vk;k[u c]t 3d[u Xvk-udk’?F 1j6g2Nv’3]d.8h c,jomtg]-kp dk]kIkiu Xvk2iydk ? c]t g0frkddk’0v’vqflt8ik]uD. 22.

(26) mtg]-kp-kIkik. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. c,jor6,vkdkfg0fc7,/a’j g|nvl5f0v’mt;u[mj8u fy da[mtg]g,fuc8ikgo c]t g0f.8hlf5 0v’mt;u[F ]tf6|k;[+|k;xko.fF ,usy,t8qd[k’7A’7k;F v5ostr6,ltg]jp .ogfnvo,a’dvo 1jm6 vuj kog- !! c= F .o]tf6Ivh ovkdkfIhvo c]t csh’F v5ostr6,ltg]jp.ogfnvoly’sk 1jm6 vuj kog@& c= ,u/oq 8qdc[[/qo2hk7tov’.o]tf6.[w,hsojq^ sk]tf6|k;D r6,vkdkffa’j djk; ,u1c6j 7,/a’j mtg] g,fuc8ikgoF 7k]u2=gop Xmt;u[vkg,iydk?D ovdoAo d=,1u c6j s^,s;a’fu (Good Hope}Bonne Esperance) X.8hlf5 0v’mt;u[vk2iydk ?F rkd.8h c]t rkd8kg;aovvdlP’.8h0v’xtgmfvqflt8ik]uD 0D c,joE c,joE1j6mt;u[vk2iydklj;os^kp,uxt]y,kooE|hvp c]t ws^lt\Oltg\u8ts^vfxug-aoj G c,joEdq’3dF c,joEoyoF c,joEoug-F c,joE-ec[DDD [aofkc,joEgs^kjq oU];h oc8j,cu dh’ ,u8kfs^kp g-y’j lhk’7;k,sp5’h pkd.shcdjdkooe.-hgxaoglAomk’7q,,tok7q,{0qolq’j c8jltf;d.shcdjdko lhk’g0nvj ow22hkoE8qdg-aoj G g0nvj ow22hkvafl;o (Aswan) 1jc6 ,joEoyoD. ສດິ. & D r6 , vkdkfg,fu c 8ikgo. # D -a [ rtpkdvo.8h f y o mt;u[vk2iydkIaj’,uwxfh;p-a[rtpkdvo.8hfyo g-yj’,ugxao9eo;os^;’s^kpc9d1kp 1jg6 0f8jk’M7nG [+cIjl;j os^kpg8Qk3I,1jg6 0fxtgmfdq’3dF xtgmfvk2iydk.8hF mtg]-kp-kIkikF g0fr6vaf]kfF c4[vjk;dugo c]t [jvovnoj MvudD 1j6xtgmfdq’3d c]t xtgmfvk2iydk.8h,u[+7e g-y’j d;,g4y’ *W: 0v’7e.o3]dD 23.

(27) ovdoAo 1j6vk2iydk.8hpa’,u[+grafd;,gvqk _): 0v’graf.o3]dF 1j6rkdg|nv0v’mtg] -kp-kIkik,u[o+ E,aog-Nvw2 c]t dHkfme,t-kf g-y’j 95f|adc,jo1jx6 tgmf]u[u c]t vkog-iuD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. $ D g0fme,t-kf8j k ’M0v’mt;u [ vk2iy d k. mtg]-kp 3vvk-uf xjk8b[l6ol6f -k;ko xjk37d xjkg0fg,fuc8ikgo xjkg0fr6rP' xjkg0fr6l6'. czomujg0fme,t-kf0v'mt;u[vk2iydk 24.

(28) ສດິ. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. !D g0fxj k 8b [ g0fxjk8b[ d;,gvqkgoNvmju0v’g0fl6ol6fc8jglAo0t|komu W = sk & = g|nv c]t .8h0v’ mt;u[ 3fpltgrktc,jog0f]hv’c,joEdq’3dF vjk;dugoF c7,mtg]rkd8kg;aovvdlP’.8h c]t rkd8kg;aovvd0v’gdkt,kfkdkltdkD xjk8b[fa’j djk;gduf0Bo.og0fmu,j /u oq 8qds^kpd;jk !&WW ,, 8+xuF rhv,daooAo d=gxaog0fmju,uv5ostr6,l6’8ts^vfxuD ,aogxaog0fxjk8b[fq’|kxtdv[fh;p w,hsk^ p-toyfmj,u ]u k7kcr’ma’,u8oQ w,hsk^ p-Aomu,j gu 7nvdhP;dvf .oxjkw,hooA pa’,ulfa [k’xtgrf vkwl1j6 g-aoj G ]u’F 7jk’F mtouF dtIvdF ’6 c]t vnoj MD @D g0fmqj ’sphk 4af9kdg0fxjk8b[l6ol6f c,jog0fmq’j sphk-k;ko g-y’j d;,gvqkgoNvmjdu ;hk’0;k’lq,7;o 3fpltgrkt c,jod;,gvqkgdnv[g7y’j |j’b 0v’fyo8vo.8h0v’mt;u[D lj;omk’rkdg|nvd;,gvqkc8jglAo0t|komu & = g|nv sk !# = g|nvgmqkj oAoD mq’j sphk -k;ko 8A’1j6g0fvkdkfIhvomju,u @ ]tf67nG ]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoD rnf8Qo8=mugj duf.og0foU c,jo8Qosphkmjul’6 xt,ko @ sk # c,afD ovdoAopa’,u8oQ w,h.spjgdufsjk’Mxtxqo16dj [a 8QosphkoAo g-ajoG 8Qo[k;[a[ c]t 8QolelkD .oxjkg0foUpa’,ulafxtgrfdyosphk c]t lafxtgrfdyo-Uo vkwl1j6s^kp-toyfg-ajoG 7;kpxjkF ’q;xjkF ,hk]kpF -hk’F cIfF ly’F glnvfk; c]t vnjoMD ryglf1j6[k’csj’pa’,uc,’;ao g-{g- (TséTsé) mjuoegvqkrtpkf gs’qkovo,klj6laf]hP’ c]t 7qo.orkdrNooUD ,kg4y’xaf95[oa F mq’j sphk.og0foUwfh4dn oe.-hg0Qk.odkox6d/a’gxaolj;os^kpc]h;D. g0fmqj'sphk-k;ko 25.

(29) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. #D g0fmtg]-kp mtg]-kp-kIkik d;,gvqkgoNvmjud;hk’0;k’1jm6 k’rkdg|nv0v’mt;u[vk2iydk g-y’j cdjpk;c8jc7,mtg]cf’Ivf/a’j mtg]rkd8kg;ao8qdD 1jm6 k’rkd.8h0v’mt;u[,umtg]-kpdk ]kIkiu c]t mtg]-kpok,y[uD phvo7;k,csh’c]h’0v’vkdkfF g,nvj g[y’j ];,c]h;ma’ @ g0fmjudkj ;,koAo]h;oc8jgxqkj cxoF [+,uxkj w,h s^n rnfgduf0Bowfh 3fpltgrktc,jo1j6mtg]-kp-kIkikD lj;o1j6mk’.8hoAogsao;jk,urnfs^kpd;jkg-aoj G dqd|k, mu,j uIkdpk;F dqd7=hF 8Qodt[v’grafD rhv,daooAo d=,ulaf[k’-toyfmumj qomko8+7;k,csh’c]h’ vkwl1j6g-aoj G v6fF oqddt9vdgmfF ’6F 0Ug0a[F dtxv,DDDD. -uik[ 26.

(30) ສດິ ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 8Qo[k;[a[. 7e4k, !D 9q’j [vd]adltot95fryglf{I6[Ijk’r6,lao4ko0v’mt;u[vk2iydkgxaoco;.f L { rhv,ma’vtmy[kpc8j]tI6[c[[r6,lao4koD @D ]adltot0v’r6,vkdkf.omt;u[vk2iydkgxaoco;.fL gryjowfhc[j’r6,vkdkf faj’djk; oAogxao9adxtgrfL c8j]txtgrfc8d8jk’daoco;.fL c]t ,u1j6g0f.f 0v’mt;u[L #D -a[rtpkdvo.8hfyomjule7ao0v’mt;u[vk2iydk,u-toyf.fcfj L 1j6g0f.f L $D mt;u[vk2iydkxtdv[fh;pg0fme,t-kf.fcfj L c]t ,u16jg0f.f L &D g/ydxt8y[fa !D 9q’j c8h,czomjur,6 lao4koF czomjur,6 vkdkf0v’mt;u[vk2iydkD @D .shoadIPo-vdI6[rk[mtg]-kp.f|jb’F I6[lafxtgrf.f|jb’mjufe]q’-u;yf.o mt;u[vk2iydkD 27.

(31) [qfmu & xt-kdvo.omt;u[vk2iydk ! D xts;a f 7;k,gxa o ,k0v’xt-kdvo.omt;u [ vk2iy d k. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. !D! g-N v -kf mt;u[vk2iydkgxaomt;u[mju[+,uxt-kdvos^kpmP[.ljmt;u[vnoj M grkt;jk dko7hkmkf 7qozy;fe.olt8t;afmu XV-XVIII wfhgIaf.shrqo]tg,nv’.omt;u[oU\qfwxxt,ko !WW ]hko7qoD rqo]tg,nv’ 0v’mt;u[vk2iydkxtdv[fh;p @ g-Nv-kf.spj7nG g-Nv-kfzy;fe c]t g-Nv-kf zy;0k;D ovd9kdoAoF pa’,u-k;zy;gs^nv’ c]t 7qo-vfIj;,1j6oedaoD !? g-Nv-kfzy;fe gxaog-Nv-kfmju,u9eo;os^kp7nd;,gvqk @}# 0v’9eo;orqo]tg,nv’ma’\qf.omt;u[F c9d1kp1j6gdnv[mqj;m5dcsj’F [jvomju,u7qovkwl1j6s^kpd;jk\j6 c,jomk’rkd8kg;ao8qd c]t rkddk’D g-Nv-kfoUwfhc[j’vvdgxao @ -qo-kf.spj7nG -qo-kf-6fa’ c]t -qo-kf[a’86D lv’ -qo-kfoUc[j’vvdgxaos^kp-qogzqkj mj,u ru klkg;Qkc8j]tmhv’4yoj c8d8jk’daoD ovdoAo d=p’a ,usk^ p -qogzqkj mjufe]q’-u;yfgxaodj5,ohvpF ,ultrk[glf4tdyfmjupa'fhvprafmtokF ,ug9Qkdqd{ g9Qkgs^qkj gxaosq;|hkD r;dg0qkg9Qk,u9f5 ryglffhkodkofe]q’-u;fy c]t dkome,kskdyo7hk0kp7hkp7ndoa g-aoj G ,uvk-u[ gxao-k;dtlydemju0Boda[me,t-kf 3fpvkwldkogIafwIj,ao8QoF lk]uF g0Qk,yoF g0Qk/hk’F g0Qkg[^ gxao8Qo8=D @? g-Nv-kfzy;0k; Xg-Nv-kfvkia[ c]t c[dc[? g-Nv-kfoU lj;os^kpc,jofe]q’-u;yf1j6mk’rkdg|nv0v'mt;u[ 3fp,uvk-u[gxao-jk’ saf4tdeF dtlyde c]t 7hk0kp1j6c[[7q’mjuD c8jd=pa’,u9eo;o|jb’mjufe]q’-u;yfc[[[+16j7q'muFj ]hP’laf1j86 k,mtg]-kpD ovd9kd @ g-Nv-kfmjuwfhdkj ;,kc]h;F rqo]tg,nv’0v’mt;u[vk2iydkpa’xtdv[fh;p -k;zy;0k; X-k;gvui[q ? vkwl1jx6 t,ko !W ]hkod;jk7qomjwu fhv[q rtpq[]q’,k8A’4yoj 4ko 1j.6 og0f vkdkfvq[vj5o c]t g0fmju,ug’nvj ow0me,t-kfveo;p7;k,ltf;d.odkome,kskdyo g-y’j s^kpd;jk\jc6 ,jo1jx6 tgmfvk2iydk.8hF 16rj kd8kg;aovvdpa’,u-k;zy;gs^vn ’ 9eo;os^kpclo7qo mjug0Qk,kvkwl16.j ooAos^kpd;jk\6jc,jo-k;vyogfp g-y’j g0Qk,kvkwl1j6 phvor;d]jkg,nv’0Bo va’dyfgvqk,kgIaf;Pd168j k,oy7q,csj’8jk’M0v’r;dg0qkD 1j6g0foU pa’,u7qo-vfxt,ko !@: 0v’rqo]tg,nv’mt;u[vk2iydk g-y’j ];,,u[oa fk-qo-kf8jk’Mmjfu e]q’-u;fy 1jg6 my’r6rP’vk[u-ou u 28.

(32) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. oAoc,jo-qo-kf gv8u3vxuF 1j6g0fvjk’oyg- c,jo-qo-kfgxuo c]t -qo-kf,kodkfmujvkwl 168j k,gdkt,kfkdkltdkD !D@ fy o cfo fyocfo0v’mt;u[vk2iydk4ndr;d]jkg,nv’0Bogvuiq[8afc[j’.olt8t;afmu XIX vao,u 9addtrafva’dyfF /ia’j F cvfltxkpF xvd85pdkoF vu8k]uF c[o-ydDDD mjugxaozh6pbfgvqkfyocfo vk2iydkD r;dg0qkwfhc[j’xaofyocfovk2iydkgxaoI6[g]0k7toyf XglAo-n?j D xaf95[oa F [aofkxtgmf fa’j djk;oAowfhI[a gvdt]kfc]h; c8jp’a 7q’IadlkI6[]adltot0v’-kpcfooAow;h7ngdqkj D. czomjuxtgmf8jk’M.omt;u[vk2iydk 29.

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(46) mk’dkoIa[Iv’,u !! rklk7nG gxfu XPedi?F 3-38 XSotho?F -;kok XTswana?F -;k-u XSwazi?F ;a’fk XVend a ?F -q’s’k XTionga?F vk2iydk X Afrikaans ?F va’dyfF cvogfg[g] X Ndebele ?F 3-lk X Xhosa? c]t -6]6 XZulu ?D rklkmuxj t-kdvog;Qks^kp,urklk-6]6 @#F):F 3-lk !(F*:F c]t vk2iydk !#F#:FD xt-kdvomu,j ug-Nvlkp9kd-kf.fd=9txkd g;QkrklkoAoD lkmk]tot]afvk2iydk.8h gxaoxtgmfmujxt-kdvooypq,s^Yody]ks^kp-toyfF dy]k mulj e7ao0v’vk2iydk.8h,udy]k[kog8tF iad[u XRugby ? c]t diyd XCricket? ovdoAo pa’ ,ud]y kxtgrfvnoj Mg-aoj G ]vpoEF c]jo c]t ]koF dHv[ XGolf?F ,;pF g8aooyf XTennis? c]t vnoj MD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. lkmk]tot]afvk2iydk.8h gxaoxtgmfmu,j -u [a rtpkdvomuvj f5 ,q lq,[6o ,u]kpIa[xkodk’F ,u]t[q[dkog’yoF dko7q,,tok7q,F rt]a’’ko c]t ]t[q[s5oh fugxao|b’j .o-k; 0v’3]d X!}@W? ,ul6odk’glf4tdyfmulj e7ao7nG g,nv’g7[mk; XCapetown ?F xvdgv]y-kc[f XPort Elizabeth? f;d[ko XDurban? c]t gxi38iuvk}39Iaocofltg[yd XPretoria/ Johannesberg?D xt-kdvo lj;os^kp0v’xtgmfc,jopa’m5dpkdF xt-kdvomusj ;jk’’kol6’F 7;k,s^f5 38odao]ts;jk’7qom5d c]t 7qoIa’j c,jol6’1jk’0kf0AoD lkmk]tot]afvk2iydk.8h gxaoxtgmfmu,j ultstdvodkodtglfoa[raocsj’c9d1kp16j mq;j xtgmf,uzqozt]yfmulj e7ao7nG g0Qkg[] XBle? g-y’j c8j]txuzt]yfwfh _ ]hko38oF |kdvt’5oj XGrapes?F \kdok;F vhvpDDD vnoj Ms^kp-toyfD g0fx6d/a’mulj e7aoc,jo16.j og0fr6,vkdkfc[[ g,fuc8ikgo c]t g0flkpr6fikgdoltc[dmk'fhko8kg;ao8qd c]t 8kg;aovvdD dko]hP’laf 3fpltgrktdko]hP’’q;c,jo16.j og0fr6rP’muwj fhI[a oE/qos^kp lj;og0fcsh’c]h’ s^n g0fmuwj fhI[a xt]y,kooE/qo|hvpgxaog0f]hP’c[h c]t cdt grnvj gvqk-UoF oq, c]t 0qooe.-hg0Qkv5flkstde g7nvj ’o5’j sq,j D lkmk]tot]afvk2iydk.8h gxaoxtgmfmu,j cu s^’j cIjmkfmulj e7ao-toyf8jk’Md;jkxtgmfvnoj .omt;u[vk2iydkF 9bj’gIaf.shxtgmf,udkorafmtok fhkov5flkstdes^kpmujl5f.omt;u[ vk2iydkF 0tc|’v5flkstdemulj e7ao,uvf5 lkstde05f7QocIjmkfF v5flktdevkskoF dqo9adF ]qfpqoF 8OczjoDDDvnoj MD lkmk]tot]afvk2iydk.8h gxaoxtgmf|bj’.o3]dmuj,u]t[q[dko7hk c]t glf4tdyf c[[gl]uxt-kmyxtw8 9bj’7hk0kpda[xtgmfgl]uxt-kmyxtw8mqj;wx 3fpltgrktxtgmfmuj rafmtokc]h;g-aajoG ltst]afvkg,iydkF va’dyfF g1p]t,aoF pujx5jo c]t vnjoMD lyo7hkmujlqj’. ສດິ. # D r6 , lkfglf4tdy f. 43.

(47) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 7e4k, !D g’nvj ow0me,t-kf0v’lkmk]tot]afvk2iydk.8h,u7nco;.fL @D -a[rtpkdvo.8hfyomulj e7ao0v’lkmk]tot]afvk2iydk.8h,uspa’cfjL #D xt-kdvo0v’lkmk]tot]afvk2iydk.8h,u7nco;.fL $D glf4tdyf0v’lkmk]tot]afvk2iydk.8h,u7nco;.fL &D v5flkstdemuoj e]kpwfhll6j kmk]tot]afvk2iydk.8hc,jo0tc|’.fcfjL. ສດິ. vvd,uzqozt]yf9kddtlydeg-aoj G 0qocdtF lk]uF oE8koF gs^Qkc;’F zqozt]yf9kddkoxt,q’ lj;ozqozt]yfv5flkstde,u7eF grafF v6ikoyvv, XUranium ? c]t vnjoMF lyo7hkmujoeg0Qk lj;os^kpgxaog7nvj ’9adF ]qfpqoF 3]st[k’-toyf c]t zqozt]yf9kdoE,aoD lkmk]tot]afvk2iydk.8h gxaoxtgmfmujdko7q,,tok7q,mk’[qd|kc|hoF dko 7q,,tok7q, mujle7aoc,jomk’]qfw2 c]t 4t|qo grnjv]e]P’zqozt]yfwxl6j3I’’ko c]t l68j ts^kfD l6odk’dko7q,,tok7q,mk’[qdmulj e7aoc,jo g,nv’39Iaocofltg[ud XJohannesburg) c]t l6odk’dko7q,,tok7q,mk’mtg]c,jog,nv’g7[mk; (Capetown? g-yj’16jmk’.8hl5f 0v’xtgmfD. 44.

(48) rkd. III. mt;u[gvuiq[. [q fmu !W r6 , lkf me,t-kf0v’mt;u[gvuiq[ lkfme,t-kf0v’mt;u. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. mt;u[gvui[q gxaomt;u[ohvp Xvaofa[mu & .o * mt;u[? g-y’j ,ugoNvmjxu t,ko _F) ]hko d,@ g-y’j gmqjkda[ (: 0v’goNvmju\qf3]dF gxaomt;u[mju,uczjofyo8+czjoda[mt;u[vk-uF ,uvkokg0f oa[c8jglAo0t|komu #& = sk (@ = g|nv c]t 1j]6 ts;jk’glAoc;’mu !W = 8kg;ao8qd skglAoc;’ mu @& = 8kg;aovvdF myf.8h8yfda[mtg]fe c]t mtg]g,fu c8ikgoF myfg|nv8yfda[,tsklt\5f vkd8ydF myf8kg;aovvd8yfda[mt;u[vk-uF myf8kg;ao8qd8yfda[,tsklt\5fvaf]a’8ydD. czomjur6,lao4komt;u[gvuiq[ 45.

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