mv’,u f;oladfk

Texte intégral

(1)c[[IPo. xts;aflkf -Ao,afmtpq, xumu !. IP[IP’3fp. G. mjko Il ltgsû,lad rk[5ffu mjko Il gf-ko5]kf clof;’gff mjko cr’lu 7e,5’75o. d;fcdh3fp. G. mjko 7egrqk rvocdh; ok’ mv’,u f;oladfk. [aookmydko3fp. G. ok’ r;’7e lq,ltoyf. g0Qk|hk3fp. G. ok’ f;’,k]k okd[5o8k. dt-;’lbdlkmydko lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk ;ymtpklkf dkolbdlk ;P’9aoF @W!W.

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(4) lk]t[ko xts;aflkf3]d[6Iko 3fpla’g0[ ............................................. 1 7;k,Ihg6 [Nv’8QodjP;da[;y-kxts;aflkf .......................................... 1 la’7q,,to5fxt4q,[6Iko ................................................................. 6 la’7q,g9Qkmkf ............................................................................. 15 vt]yptme8kg;aovvd[6Iko .......................................................... 18 xts;aflkf]k;ltw\[6Iko c]t ltw\dk’ ......................... 32 Ijv’Ivp[6Iko7tfu c]t g,nv’]k;[6Iko ...................................... 32 dkomhvo3I,g,nv’]k;[6Ikog0Qkgxaovkok9ad]k;]hko-hk’ ........... 42 vkok9ad]k;]hko-hk’ltw\-P’mv’ 7Dl X!#&#{!&*W? ................ 50 dko8+l0h6 v’xt-k-qo]k;8hkoladfyokrt,hk ................................... 57 vkok9ad]k;]hko-hk’ltw\Ij’5 gInv’ 7Dl X!*#){!*_&? .................. 65 vkok9ad]hko-hk’c8dcpd c]t 4ndI5dIko9kdladfuokltspk, ... 72 dko8+l0h6 v’xt-k-qo]k;8hkoladfuokltspk,rkp.8hdkooerk 0v’g9Qkvto5;’q X7Dl !)W${!)@_? ................................................. 79 [qfmu !@ G Ijv’Ijvp[6Iko7tfu.omhv’4yoj ....................................................... 83 cx7ela[ G ................................................................................................... 94. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. rkdmu I G [qfmu ! G [qfmu @ G [qfmu # G [qfmu $ G rkdmu IIG [qfmu & G [qfmu * G [qfmu ( G [qfmu ) G [qfmu _ G [qfmu !W G [qfmu !! G. ສດິ. |hk.

(5) rkdmu. I. xts;aflkf3]d[6Iko3fpla’g0[. [qfmu ! 7;k,Ih6g[Nv’8QodjP;da[;y-kxts;aflkf ! D 7;k,\kpxts;a f lkf ,to5f c]t ly’j mu,j -u ;u fy vnoj Mmj1u v6j vh ,8q;gIqk]h;oc8jdegoufF 9tg]uog8u[380BoD la’7q,,to5f gIqkd=,udkoxjPocx’g-aoj fP;daoD ly’j .fmjur;dgIqkgsao.o,NoUl;j os^kp,udkoxjPocx’wx8k, dk]tg;]kF \kp7;k,;jk ly’j gsq^jkoAo wfhzkj oxts;aflkf,kc]h;D ltoAoF xts;aflkfc,jo ;ymtpklkfmj7u oQ 7;hkg4y’gsfdko.f|b’j mjwu fhgduf0Bo .ovtfuf3fpzjko0t[;odko;y;fa csj’dko degouf c]t dko0tspkp8q;0v’la’7q,,to5f.ovtfufD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. dkoIPoxts;aflkf-j;p.shr;dgIqkIa[Ih6 c]t g0Qk.9g4y’xts;af7;k,gxao,k0v’ la’7q,,to5fF -kfF [aofkgzqkj c]t x6pj kj 8kpkpDDD 3fpzjko0t[;odkovvdcI’’ko c]t dko8+l86h kj ’M 9b’j lk,kflhk’lkrafmtokxtgmf-kf .shgxaoxbdczjoc|ho|k9qogmqkh m5d;aooUD 9kdoAoF 9b’j gIaf.shr;dgIqk,u7;k,rkdr6,.9 c]t Ih[6 o5 75o8+[oa rt[5]f5 zhm6 wuj fhlkh ’lk,kdjvo g-y’j r;dgIqkma’\qf8hv’Ih| 6 kh mju0v’8qogv’mju7;oxt8y[fa .ola’7q,8+wxD dkoIPoxts;aflkf-j;p.shr;dgIqkIa[Ih6 c]t g0Qk.91jk’4nd8hv’g4y’xtdqfdkoF gsfzqo 0v’[aoskmjugduf0Bo.ola’7q, c]t lkprq;raog-yj’dao c]t dao]ts;jk’xtdqfdkogsq^jkoAoD 9kdoAoF ,aowfhlt|v’[qfIPo8jk’Mmj4u vf4vowfh grnvj ,kxa[x5’F cdhw0.odkorafmtokxtgmf -kfF la’7q, c]t rafmtok-u;yfdkogxao1j.6 sho[a ,Nfu0Bo g-aoj ;jk dkox6d/a’]hP’laf.o]tf6dkooU da[]tf6dko|hkF gxaospa’dko8+lh6d6h-kf0v’]k; 9b’j wfhIa[w--totF gxaospa’r+7hk-k;0kp 9b’j lk,kfskg’yowfhsk^ pF gxaospa’xaf95[oa -u;fy dkogxao1j06 v’xt-k-qo]k; 9b’j fu0oB DDD ma’\qfoAo d=phvo;jkwfh,u[qfIPo,kc]h; 9b’j lk,kfxa[x5’cdhw00=hzyfrkf c]t glu,0tspkply’j mju,uzqofuD fa’j oAoF 9b’j g;Qkwfh;kj dkoIPoxts;aflkf c,jodkoIPogvqk7;k,I6mh gju xao[qfIPo.ovtfuf grnvj ,k oe.-h.oxaf95[ao c]t ;k’czowxlj6vtok7qfD. ສດິ. @ D 7;k,le7ao.odkoIPoIh6xts;aflkf. # D xafw9mju-j;p.sh,to5fIh69adgsfdko.oxts;aflkf ;aog;]kwfhzkj orQowxg]NvpMF c8j,to5fpa’xtIjv’Ivpw;h.shgsao.os^kpI6[c[[mjcu 8d8jk’ daoD g4y’1jk’.fd=8k,F xafw9mj-u ;j p.shr;dgIqkIh96 da gsfdko.ovtfuffu0oB oAoc,jovu’.lj0,h= o6 c]t sa^d4kos^kp1jk’fa’j oUG 1.

(6) ສດິ. {. dkog]qkj g]nvj ’F dkog]qkj oymkoF dkoltcf']t7vo c]t dkorao]tok3fpln[mvfc8j 7qoIjo5 oUg4y’ 7qoIj5o|hkfh;ps^kpI6[dko8jk’dao g-y’j oad;y-kdkomk’xts;aflkf gvUo;jk s^da 4koxts;aflkfzjkodko[vdg]qkj D [aofkIjv’Ivp[6IkoF ;af45l’jy 0v’F mj1u v6j kwl0v’7qoltw|djvomjxu tw;h1g6j my’|hkfyo s^n .orNofyog-y’j oad;y-kdkomk’xts;aflkf c]t [6Iko;ymtpkgvUo;jk sâd4ko xtgrf;af45D. 0;kosuo. 0;komv’le]yf 2. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. {.

(7) lu]k9k]bd. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 8q;vadlvo]y,j. ສດິ. { dko[aombdfh;pdko7;afF dkoc8h,F dko9qfdjkp s^n ry,fh;p8q;vadlvog-y’j oad;y-kdko mk’xts;aflkf c]t [6Iko;ymtpkgvUo;jkgvdtlkoxtgrfdko[aombdD. |a'ln.[]ko 3.

(8) 9kdgvdtlkogs^kjq oAowfh-;j p.shr;dgIqkIa[Ih6 c]t g0Qk.9g4y’xts;af7;k,gxao,k0v’ la’7q,,to5fF -kfF [aofkgzqkj F x6pj kj 8kpkpDDD. $D ;ymu7yfw]jg;]k.oxts;aflkf. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. xts;aflkf0v’,;o,to5f,usk^ pxtdqfdkogduf0Bo.ow]ptg;]kmjcu 8d8jk’daoD grnvj 1kd Ia[Ih6 c]t g0Qk.98hv’la[-hvo[aofkxtdqfdkogsqk^j oAo7no8k,]efa[g;]kD ltoAodkodeoqfg;]k gxaoly’j mju9egxaogrkt,aogxaosa^ddkorNo4ko mjule7ao.odko-vdIh6 c]t IPoIh6xts;aflkfD c8jfoq oko,kc]h;F ,to5fwfh7fy g4y’;ymdu ko[aombd;Pd’komj8u oq wfhgIafwfhlkh ’ c]t ;ym7u fy w]j g;]kvvd,koe.-hD g0qkg9Qkwfhla’gdfxtdqfdkome,t-kfmu\ j 6o;Powx,kg-aoj G dkozafxjPo ]ts;jk’dk’g;ao c]t dk’7noF dkozafxjPo0v’]tf6dko]ts;jk’vkdkfIhvo{vkdkf|k; c]t vnoj MD ma’oUd=grkt;jkxtdqfdkogsq^jkoAo,udkorq;rao1jk’lt|yfc|hoda[dkofe]q’-u;yf xt9e;ao0v’,to5fD vu’.ljxtdqfdkome,t-kfgs^qjkoAoF 7qo[6Iko 9bj’wfh7yfw]jg;]k8k, dkog7nvj ophkp0v’f;’9ao c]t f;’8kg;aogxaos^da c]h;lhk’gxaoxt8ymoy 0Bofh;pdkoc[j’g;]k vvdgxao,NF gxaogfnvoF gxaoxu c]t sa^’9kdoAoc[j’gxao-q;j 3,’F okmu g-y’j gxaorNo4ko0v’dko deoqfg;]koa[8A’c8jg;]koAogxao8Qo,kD ;ymdu ko7yfw]jxt8ymoy 0v’7qo[6Iko,u @ c[[7ng[Nv’8Qovu’.ljdko379vo0v’f;’9aogxao sâd.odko7yfw]j-b’j gvUo;jk <xt8ymyo9aomt]t7t8y<D .ow]pt8+,kg0qkg9Qk wfhvu’.ljdko379vo 0v’f;’8kg;aogxaosâd.odko7yfw]jgvUo;jk <xt8ymyol5]ypt7t8y< lj;o]k;gIqk.oltw\[6Iko d=,udkoxtfyf c]t oe.-hxt8ymyo.oI6[c[[9aomt]t7t8yg-aoj daoD 3fpdeoqfgvqkgfnvo|b’j ,u @_ s^n #W ;aoD .ooAo,ugfnvo0Bo !& ;ao c]t gfnvocI,,u !$ s^n !& ;aoD lj;odko.-hladdt]kf .odko[aombdgsfdkomk’xts;aflkf,u @ I6[c[[sâd7nG r5fmtladdt]kf c]t 7iyf8tladdt]kfD ;ymdu kooa[laddt]kfc[[r5fmtladdt]kfwfhdeoqfgvqk xurtr5fmtg9Qkxt]yoyrko X8kp? gxaoxu8A’8Qor5fmtladdt]kf gvUosp=h;kj <rDl<D ;ymudkooa[ laddt]kfc[[7iyf8tladdt]kfdeoqfgvqkxumujrtg1-6degoufgxaoxug]u,j 8Qomevyf0v’7iyf8t laddt]kf gvUosp=h;kj <7Dl<F lj;ogsfdko.fmugj dufdjvodkodegouf0v’rtg1-6oAo gvUo;jk <xudvj o 7Dl<D 4hklq,mP[xur5fmtladdt]kfc,jo,u djvoxu7iyf8tladdt]kf &$# xuD grnvj 1kd7yfw]j gsfdko.f|b’j d=gvqk9eo;oxuooA [;d s^n ]q[vvd8k,dkos^f5 ]noj oAoD 8q;1jk’G 4hk1kdIh6;kj ritg9Qk2hk’j5, mju0Bo7v’vkok9ad]k;]hko-hk’.oxu 7Dl !#&# 9tdq’da[xu rDl .foAo gIqkd=lk,kf7yfw]jwfhfa’j oUG xu 7Dl !#&# T &$# 9twfhxu rDl !)_*D 4.

(9) 8q;1jk’G gIqkIh6;kj ot7vos^;’;P’9aolhk’8A’0Bo .oxu rDl @WW# 4k,;jk9tdq’da[xu 7Dl .fL gIqklk,kf7yfw]jwfhfa’j oUG xu rDl @WW#{&$# 9twfh xu 7Dl !$*WD ovdoAo xt8ymyolkdqopa’deoqfg;]kvvd1jk’]tvPffa’j oUG ! gfnvo,u @){#! ;aoF ! xu,u !@ gfnvoF 9tgmqkj da[ #*& da[ * -q;j 3,'D ltoAo m5d $ xu.f .ogfnvod5,rk 9b'j ,u @_ ;ao X* -D,V$" @$ -D,? 9b'j gxaoxu mju,u #** ;aoF ! mqflt;afgmqkj da[ !W xuF ! lt8t;afgmqkj da[ !WW xu c]t ! ltsaflt;afgmqkj da[ !WWW xuD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 7e4k, !D xts;aflkfc,jospa’L @D dkoIPoIh6xts;aflkf,u7;k,le7aoco;.f8+dkorafmtokxtgmf-kfL #D xafw9mju-;j p.shr;dgIqkIPoIh6xts;aflkfwfhfuoAoc,jovu’.ljsa^d4kovao.f cfjL $D dko7yfw]jg;]k.ogsfdkoxts;aflkfgruoj vu’.ljspa’cfjL { .shoda IPo7yfw]jgxao rDl xqfxjvp-kf X!_(&?F xugduf0v'8qogv' c]t 0v'grnvj oF xulkh '8A'3I'IPo0v'8qoDDD { ok'rvo gdufxu rDl @&$WF mhk;9ao gdufxu rDl @&$! 4k,;jk vkp50v'c8j]t7qo gmqkj .fL. ສດິ. czo;kfltcf’dko7yfw]jg;]k. 5.

(10) [q f mu @ la ’ 7q , ,to5 f xt4q , [6 I ko ! D dkodegou f 0v’,to5 f sjk’9kdoUsk^ ply[]hkoxuF .o3]doU,lu af-toyf|b’j mju,uI6[Ijk']adltot7hkp7nmtou c8jgxao xtgrfmj u , u d kora f mtok]n j o mtou x tgrfvn j o D zjko0t[;odko me,kskdy o F mtou toyfoUwfh7vj pMrafmtokpjk’fh;p lv’0ksa’â F .-hlv’0k|hkgrnvj 9a[ly'j 0v' c]t Iho6 e.-hdvh osuoF ’jkw,hDDD gxaog7nvj ’,n.odkoskdyoD lafmu,j uI6[Ijk'7hkp7nmtouoAogryoj gvUo;jk 7qoxt4q,[6Iko s^n mtou 7 q o g-y j ’ degou f 0B o sj k ’9kdoU x t,ko #{$ ]h k oxu D [a o fkIj v ’Ivp dtf6d0v’7qoxt4q,[6Ikowfh7Qorq[gsao1j6s^kp[jvo7nG rkd8kg;aovvd0v’mt;u[vk2iydkF mt;u[gvuiq[F gmy’gdkt-k;kmjuxtgmfvyo3fgog-pF 1j6xaddy’j xtgmf9uo c]t [jvovnoj MD. vk2iydk 8kg;ao8qd lP'g|nv. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 9uo. ສດິ. gvuiq[8kg;ao8qd gvuiq[8kg;aovvd. -k;k vk2iydk.8h. g0fmju1j6vkwl Ijv'Ivpmju,u37'dtf6d dkodegouf0v'7qodjvooU#D&]hkoxu g0fmju7qoxtfyf7yfc8j'8q;|a'ln dkoczj0tspkp0v'dtlyde 7kf7tgomyfmk'mevyf.odkog7nvj ophkp0v'7qo[6Iko. czomjudko7Qorq[csj^’degouf0v’,to5f 6.

(11) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. lj;o1j6xtgmf]k;gIqkoad7Qo7;hkwfhrq[g7nvj ’,nF g7nvj ’.-h mjugIaffh;psuoF gxnvdsvpF gsa^dF mv’F 7e c]t Ijv’Ivpmju16jvkwlF 05,/a’lq[ 0v’7qo[6Iko1j6s^kpcsj’g-aoj G 0v[g0f4EIk’F 4Exjk]vpF 9hkpr6g]upmucj 0;’sq;raoD zk-P’mv’F 4Exjv’mjuc0;’s^;’rt[k’D [hkod;ko zk-hk’F [hko1k’F 4E,tskw-F 4Epq,,t]kf mjcu 0;’7e,j;oF c0;’9exkladF c0;’-P’0;k’DDD. $. #. @. $. #. !. !{@. ;y;fa mtokdko dko0tspkp8q;0v’37’dtf6d c]t ,aolt\v’0v’,to5fxt4q, [6Iko,kgxao,to5fxaf95[oa 7.

(12) ສດິ ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ ;y;fa dko0tspkp8q;0v’,to5fxt4q,[6Iko. 7qoxt4q,[6Ikofe]q’-u;yfgxao\;f\j6 s^n gxaod5,j xt,koly[d;jk7qoD 8vodk’g;aoF g0qk g9Qkgda[gfafzadxjkF \kdw,h c]t ]jklafgrnvj gxaovkskoS 8vodk’7nog0qkg9Qkovo1j6.o4EF g’u[zksuo s^n ovo.o86[gIaffh;p’jkw,hF ,5’fh;p.[w,h s^n sphkcsh’D g0qkg9QkIh69adma[8jvpsuo gxaovk;5f c]t v5xtdvoS Ih6oe.-hw2/u’grnvj .sh7;k,vq[vj5oF xU’9uvj ksko c]t w]jlafxjkD -u;yf dkogxao1j6sp5h’pkd]e[kdF vksko[+rP’r=-Erafvkwl.o4E .oI6F dkofe]q’-u;yfc[[ oUcdjpk;gxaog;]ks^kp]hkoxuD 8.

(13) @ D dkofe]q’-u;yf0v’7qo[6Iko. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. zjkos^kp]hkoxuF 7qoxt4q,[6Iko wfh,du korafmtok c]t 0tspkp8q;dkp,kgxao7qomj,u u 7;k,lts^kf c]t ,uI6[Ijk’lq,[6o0Bo7hkp7n7qoxaf95[aoF 37’dtf6dohvpF /k,n c]t fY;,nohvp 7jv’c7h;F ,aolt\v’0tspkp8q;F |hkzkdl6’F .[|hkrP’D wfh7oQ rq[Ijk’dtf6d0v’7qo-toyfoU 1jm6 d5 mt;u[.o3]d g-y’j ,uvkp5skj ’9kdoUxt,ko $W raoxuD r;dg0qkg9Qkfe]q’-u;fy 1j6gxaodj5,ohvpF ];,,uxt,koly[xkp7v[7q;mjugxaopkf8yruoj hv’.dhlyfdaoD dj5,7qogs^qkj oU g-y'j w]ptmevyfc,jo dqdgs^kjq ,kofk s^n dqd,kofklyfmy]kf Xzhp6 'y gxaosq;|hk?D 7qo.odqdgsqkj^ fP;dao ]h;oc8jgIaf;PdF me,kskdyoc[[];,\jF6 -j;pgs^vn g-y’j dao c]t dao.og;]kgIaf;PdD .o0t[;odkofe]q’-u;fy F 7qo[6IkowfhIh6x6dzadF x6dg0QkF ]hP’lafF zt]yfg7nvj ’xAofyogzqkF 8Ozhk9kddkooe.-hgxnvdw,hF Ihz6 t]yfg7nvj ’gvh 7nG lkpc0oF lkp7=D 7qo[6Iko [+ltgrktc8j-vd vkskowfhsk^ p0Bod;jkgdqkj gmqkj oAo g0qkg9Qkpa’,u7;k,g[ud[ko,j;o-noj c]t ,u-u;yfmjufu0Bog]NvpMD. g7njv’,ngIaffh;psuo 9.

(14) ສດິ ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. g7njv’,ngIaffh;pdtf6dlaf. dkofe]q'-u;yf0v’,to5fxt4q,[6Iko 10.

(15) 11. ສດິ ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. dkooe.-hw,h c]t suo0v'7qoxt4q,[6Iko.

(16) # D dkora’mt]kp0v’la’7q,,to5fxt4q,[6Iko. ສດິ ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 7qoxt4q,[6Iko de]a'w]j]kj laf. dkofe]q’-u;yf0v’7qo[6Ikog[Nv’8Qo,udkorafmtokfud;jkmtou7oq D c8j7oq [6Ikod=rP’ c8jIo6h e.-hsou grnvj zt]yfg7nvj ’,n.odkovvdcI’’koD g4y’c,jo;jk g7nvj ’,nmgju Iaffh;psuoF 9twfh Ia[dkoxtfyf7yflhk’ c]t rafmtok1jk’[+15f1A’d=8k,F c8j,aod=pa'[+,u75otrk[mujmqomko c0'cdjo ltoAo9b'j gIaf.shzoq zt]yf8OD xt,koltstlt;afmu IV djvo 7DlF ,to5f9b’j 7Qorq[3]st c]t oe.-h3]stgrnvj zt]yfg7nvj ’,nv5xtdvoD phvog7nvnj ’,nmguj Iaffh;p3]st,u7o5 trk[F ,to5f9b’j lk,kf-a[-jk;fyoF gru,j goNvmjdu kox6d/a’F zjkw,hgIafgInvF zjksuogIafgInvoD zt]yfvkskowfhs^kpd;jkgdqjk rP’r=.odkodyo1j6 c]t ,ulj;ogs^nvcIw;hD phvo7;k,lk,kf.odkovvdcI’’ko s^n pbfgvqkzqozt]yf0v’7qovnjo mjucIw;hoAo,kgxao0v’8qoF d5j,7qo9eo;o|bj’9bj'oa[,Noa[Iaj’,uD 7qo.odqdgs^jqk,kIvf95foU [+lk,kfgIaf;Pd];,daoF Ia[zqozt]yf];,vudc]h;D ltoAo la’7q,ltst-u[xt4q,[6Ikowfh7vj pM ra’mt]kpF rk.shla’7q,mu,j u-qo-Aodegouf0Bocmo oAo7nla’7q,g9QkmkfD. 12.

(17) ສດິ ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. g7njv’,nmujgIaffh;p3]st. g7njv’,nmujgIaffh;p3]st. 13.

(18) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 7e4k, !D ,to5f[6Ikowfhdegouf0Bo c]t ,uIvj ’Ivp1j6.lcfjL @D dkofe]q’-u;yf0v’7qo[6Ikogxaoco;.fL #D dkofe]q’-u;yf0v’mtou7qo c]t 7qo[6Iko,u7;k,c8d8jk’daoco;.fL $D phvospa’la’7q,,to5fxt4q,[6Iko9b’j ra’mt]kpL &D 4hkr;dgIqkskd[+vvdcI’’koF [+,udkoIPoIhv6 tok7qf9tgxaoco;.fL *D .omhv’4joy 0v’oadIPo,uIvj ’Ivpspa’0v’7qo[6IkoL. 14.

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(21) c8j[l+ k,kfdh,5 8qogv’wfhD fh;pgsfoAoF dj,5 7qogs^kjq oU9egxao8hv’wxdh16 ,n 9kdzhm6 Iju ’ja ,ud7= gn 9QkmkfD c8jrfa [+lk,kfmqfcmo7nowfh8k,deoqfg;]k 9egxaodj,5 7qooU8vh ’dkp,kgxaozhI6 [a .-h g-y'j gxaomuj ,k0v’ <0hkmkf|Ulyo<D. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. r;d0hkmkf.ola’7q,g9Qkmkf. r;d0hkmkfgs^kqj oUgxaodj5,7qomu,j u9eo;orqo1jk’s^;’s^kp.ola’7q,F gxaozh6vvdcI’’ko 8Qo8=grnvj zt]yf]hP’la’7q,D c8jr;dg0qkg9Qkrafgxaodj,5 7qomu4j ndxt8yglf9kdla’7q,D lts^ 5 [ G la’7q,g9Qkmkfgxao]t[v[mulv’0v’la’7q,,to5fmu,j wu ]ptg;]kdkodegouf0Bo,k8A’c8j $WWW xudjvo 7DlD g4y’c,jo;jk xts;aflkfla’7q,g9Qkmkf9tgxaoxts;aflkfmuj,udkoc[j’ 4kot7qo.ola’7q,vvdgxao-Ao7qofh;pdkopbf4n <7qo< gxaog7nvj ’;afcmd4kot7qo.ola’7q,d=8k,D c8j.oxts;afla’7q,,to5fF 7qo.oltw|0hkmkfd=wfhxtdv[lj;o-j;plhk’7;k,lu;yw]mevyf 0v’,;o,to5fD [aofk7;k,lu;yw]faj’djk;oAo ]h;oc8j,uvyfmyrqo8+dkorafmtokla’7q,3]d .op5dxaf95[aoD fa’j 7eg;Qk0v’mjko,kd{va’cdomu;j kj G <,u]t[v[g9Qkmkf 9b’j ,udkoc[j’’ko .o0t|kfd;hk’]ts;jk’dkodtlydeda[v5flkstde<D 7e4k, !D xafw9.fcfjmguj Iaf.shla’7q,g9Qkmkfgduf0BoL @D fh;pgsfzqovao.f.o]t[v[g9Qkmkf9b’j pbf4n <7qo< gxaog7nvj ’,n;fa cmd4kot7qo.ola’7q,L #D 9q’j vtmy[kpmu,j k0v’0hkmkf.ola’7q,g9QkmkfL 17.

(22) [q f mu $ vt]y p tme8kg;a o vvd[6 I ko 7e;jk <vt]yptme< 7n\kdzqo0v’rafmtokdkofhko;afmtotmemuj9tg]uol6’l5fD vt]yptme gxao7ela[mu,j gu 7Qk,k9kdrklk[k]u g-y’j dq’da[7ela[.orklkva’dyf;jk <civilization< mu,j u 7;k,\kp.orklk]k;;jk <7;k,9tg]uo s^n 7;k, lu;yw]<D. ! D 4yjodegoufvt]yptme[6Iko8kg;aovvdD. mt;u[vkg,iydk. mt;u [ gvu i q [. mt;u [ vk-u. mt;u[vk2iydk. cs^j'degoufvt]yptme[6Iko. czomjultcf'4yjodegoufvt]yptme[6Iko8kg;aovvd 18. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. rkd8kg;aovvdgxaofyocfo|b’j mu,j urafmtokdko0v’-5,-qo,kc8j[6Ikootdko c]t 4nd9af.shgxaocs^j’vt]yptmemujgdqjkcdjcsj’|bj’0v’3]dD [aofkcs^j’vt]yptme[6Iko.orkd 8kg;aovvdoAo]h;oc8j,u4yjo4kodegouf.o[=]yg;ofyocfomujgxaomqj’rP’c7,oE.spjmujle7ao 8jk’Mg-aoj G { fyocfo]hv’c,joE8ydgiu{gvu2iaf (Tigre-Euphrates? .og0fvk-u8kg;ao8qdlP’.8hD { fyocfo]hv’c,joEoyo XNil? .orkd8kg;aovvdlP’g|nv0v’mt;u[vk2iydkD { fyocfo]hv’c,joEI;’3s XYellow River? .og0fvk-u8kg;aovvd X1jx6 tgmf9uo?D { fyocfo]hv’c,joElyom5 XIndus River? .og0fvk-u.8h X1jx6 tgmfvyogfp?D.

(23) ສດິ. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. @D xa f w9rN o 4ko.odkodegou f vt]y p tme vt]yptme7nrfa mtokdko0v’;afmtotmemu9j tg]uol6’l5f oa[8A’c8jpd5 ltw\mu,j to5fpa’ fe]q’-u;yfc[[g7njvomujwx,k8k,g0fmuj,uvkskofh;pdkogda[g7njv’xjk0v’fq’ c]t ]jklaf ,udkolhk’lkvt]yptmegxao0v’8qogv’c]h;D c8jdkomuj,to5f9tlhk’7;k,9tg]uo9qog4y’ 0Aogxaovt]yptmewfhoAod=8hv’,udqf]t[P[ c[[czomucj ojovo 3fpvkwlxafw98jk’M mulj e7ao grnvj gvNvveo;p8+dkolhk’fa’j oUG @D!D xa f w9mk’fh k or6 , lkf ltrk[r6,lao4ko[=]yg;omujgxao[jvo16jvkwl0v’-5,-qo.oltw\[6Ikomujdkpgxaocs^j’ degoufvt]yptme[6Iko0v’rkd8kg;aovvd]h;oc8j8’A 1j.6 ofyocfo[=]gy ;omq’j rP’c7,c,joEF grktgxaofyocfomujv5fq,lq,[6og\ktlq,cdjdkodtlydeF dko7hk c]t dko7q,,tok7q,D ovd9kdc,joEc]h;pa’,urz6 k c]t mtg]-kpmu9j fa gxaoxafw9mugj vNvveo;p8+dkolhk’vt]yptme .ofhkomugj xaodecr’me,t-kf grnvj xhv’dao dkoI5dIko9kd[5d7qorkpovdD 9kdltrk[r6, lkfc[[oU 9b’j gIaf.sh-5,-qomufj e]q'-u;yf.oc4[oU ,ug;]kr=muj9tlhk’lkF ltlq, c]t rafmtok vt]yptmemju,u]adltot ltgrkt0v'8qo0BoD @D@D xa f w9mk’fh k oglf4tdy f fyocfomugj xaocs^’j vt]yptme[6Ikorkd8kg;aovvdoAo ]h;oc8jgxaocs^’j mu-j 5,-qo,udko fe]q’-u;yffh;pdkodtlydeD r;dg0qkg9QkIh96 da oegvqkrnf[k’-toyf,kx6d c]t oegvqklaf[k’ xtgrf,k]hP’grnjvgxaovksko c]t /bdcv[oe.-hg0Qk-j;pcI’’ko7qoD dkomuj,to5fIh69ad rafmtokdkozt]yfdtlydegIaf.sh,zu oq zt]yfgs^vn 9kddko[=]3y rd 9b’j oewxc]dxjPoda[zqozt]yf vnoj 9qorafmtok,kgxaodko7hkD dkodegoufdkoc]dxjPofa’j djk;wfhdkpgxaoxafw9le7aomugj Iaf.sh la’7q,,udko0tspkp8q;1jk’;jv’w;wxrhv,Mda[dkorafmtokvt]yptmefhkovnoj Mvudfh;pD @D#D xa f w9mk’fh k ola ’ 7q , fyocfomugj xao[jvodegoufcs^’j vt]yptme[6Iko0v’rkd8kg;aovvdoAo ]h;oc8jgxaomu-j ,5 -qo .o0q’g0foU,udko9af]t[P[la’7q, c]t I6[c[[dkoxqd7v’grnvj 7;k,lao8y c]t lts’q[l5d 0v’7qo.ola’7q,D 8t]vfIvfdkoltcs;’sk7;k,Ih68jk’M g-ajoG ;ymudkoxyjoxq;7qog9a[F dkoxtfyf8q;vadlvogrnjv.-h.odko8yf8+rq;rao c]t gmadoydF 7;k,Ih6;ymtpkdko8jk’MD ovd9kdoUp’a ,udkoltcs;’sk7;k,\Ao7q’ mk’fhko9yf.9grnvj gxaode]a’cI'mk’fhko9yf.9 grnvj zjkozjkv5xtlad.odkofegouo-u;yf lq’j zqo.shgduf]afmy7;k,g-nvj 0Bo g-y'j wfhdkpgxaoxafw9 le7ao1jk’|b’j d+.shgdufzqo’kodkolhk’lkmk’fhkoxtgrouF ly]txt c]t ;afmtotmeD 19.

(24) # D 7;k,gxa o ,k0v’vt]y p tme. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. #D!D vt]y p tmeg,3-3x8k,u g,3-3x8k,u XMesopotamia? gxaofyocfomu8j ’A 1jg6 0f8kg;aovvddk']ts;jk’dk’c,joE 8udgiu XTigre? c]t gvu2iaf XEuphrates? mujws^,k9kdr6vkdg,ou]q’lj6vjk;gxug-pF gxao fyocfo]hv’c,joEmuvj f5 ,q lq,[6oD c8jdg= xaofyocfomuvj vh ,Iv[wxfh;p7;k,m5]tdaofkoS pk,Ihvo vkdkfIhvo9qocsh’c]h’F pk,/qo,u/oq 8qd9qooE4h;,D .o]tf6.[w,hx’jq c,joEma’lv’ 9trafrk gvqk/5oj me,t-kf,kma[4q,8k,c7,/a’j ma’lv’gIaf.shfyocfocsj’oU dkpgxao8vofyo mjuv5fq, lq,[6oD oadxts;aflkf gvUo-nfj yocfooU;kj <fyocfo;q’37h’csj’7;k,v5fq,lq,[6o<D xaf95[aofyocfocsj’oUgxaolj;o|bj’0v’xtgmf-uiu c]t xtgmfvuiadD vt]yptmeg,33x8k,ug]u,j 8Qo0Bog,nvj xt,ko *FWWW{&FWWW xu djvo 7Dl gxaovt]yptme0v’s^kpdj,5 7qoD gsfzqo d=grkt;jkfyocfocsj’oUgxaofyocfomu,j su k^ pdj,5 7qozafxjPodaog0Qk,kvkwl c]t 7v[7v’D fa’j oAoF xts;aflkf0v’0q’g0foU9b’j gxaoxts;aflkfdjP;da[7;k,9tg]uo0v’7qoc8j]tdj5,mjucpd8q; vvd9kddao[+c,jo7;k,9tg]uo0v’vkok9admugj xaoxbdczjo\Ao7q’8+gonvj ’gxaovao|b’j vaofP;dao7n xts;aflkf0v’7qogv1y[ c]t vyogfpD dj,5 7qomulj e7ao.odkolhk’lkvt]yptme.o0q’g0foUc,joG dD dj5,7qol5c,iP’ gxaodj,5 7qomevyfmugj 0Qk,k,u[fq [kf.odko8A’4yoj 4koI;,8q;daogxao-5,-qog,nv’0t|kf .spj.oI6[0v’ot7vo]afs^kpcsj’gmy’fyocfog,3-3x8k,uD r;dg0qkg9QkI69h da d+lkh ’ly’j 4k;vo ;af450t|kf.spjfh;pfyo|P;8kdcsh’muj,u]adltot7hkp7nxuit,yf grnjvgxaolt4komujxtdv[ rymudemk’lklt|kD zqo’ko;afmtotmemulj e7ao0v’-k;l5c,iP’ muxj tw;h.shcdj-k;3]d7nG fhko7toyflkf c]t g]0k0toyf 7nI9h6 da dko.-hg]d76o Xx?F g]dsko X:? c]t dko.-hh g]d4ko *WD. 8q;g]dl5c,iP’[6Iko 20.

(25) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. fhko8q;vadlvogxao8a;vadlvoI6[rk[mugj vUo;jk 8q;vadlvo 76o2y v, (Cuneiform). 8q;vadlvo76ou2v,mu[j aombd.ljczjofyo|P;,uvkp5xt,ko # &WW {# WWW xu djvo 7Dl .. .ofhkofk]klkfr;dg0qkg9QkIh69adlhk’xt8ymyovvd,koe.-h8k,]t[q[xt8ymyomk’ 9aomt]t7t8y (Make up Noon calendar) 7ndeoqfxu|b’j ,u !@ gfnvoF |b’j gfnvo,u @_ da[ !}@ ,N c]t xu|b’j ,u 365 ;aoD .ofhkodkodtlyde-k;l5c,iP’Ih69adoe.-hrt]a’’ko0v’lafg0Qk-j;p.odkox6d/a’ 7ndko.-hlfa g0Qk.odko]kdcdjw4D ovd9kdoAog0qkg9Qkpa’wfh-;jn kj gxaozh6 lhk’]t[q[-qo]txtmko c[[7q[-5f0Bo.-hmevyf0v’3]d g-y’j xtdv[,ug0nvj odAooEF vjk’gda[oEF Ijv’]t[kpoE c]t xt86oED 21.

(26) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. fhkolt4kxaf8tptde lj;o.spj0v’-k;l5c,iP’9tgIaffh;pfyo9uj -k;l5c,iP’4n;kj gxao-qo-kfmevyfmu.j -hfyo9ugj 0Qk.odkod+lhk’D fyo9u0j v’-k;l5c,iP’ mevyfgIaf9kdfyo|P; 8kdcsh’ gvUo;jk <fyo9u8j kdcsh’< g-y’j 8+,kwfh,du kooewxvq[w2 9b’j gIaf.shfoy 9u,j 7u ;k,c0’cdjo c]t mqomkogvUo;jk <fyo9ugj zqk<D 8q;cmo0v’ly’j d+lkh ’fh;pfyo9umj ,ju 7u ;k,gfaoj d;jk\jd6 7= n ;afmu,j u I6[Ijk’]adltotdkod+lhk’7hkp7n da[xuit,yfmugj xao-AoMgvUo;jk <-ydd6ciaf<D. -ydd6ciaf “The White Temple” 3[f0k;mugj ,nv’ <v;dl% <. 0D dj,5 7qovaddkfP’ gxaodj5,7qomujvkwl8q;vadlvoI6[]yj,0v’-k;l5c,iP’gzupczj7;k,lk,kf djP;da[ vt]yptmerkd8kg;aovvdwxljr6 kd8kg;ao8qdD fa’j oAozqo’ko;afmtotme 0v’7qovaddkfP’d=7n gxaozhm6 gju xuf3]d8kg;aovvdwxlj36 ]d8kg;ao8qdD 7D d5,j 7qo[k[u3]oP’ gxaodj5,7qomugj 0Qk,kcmomudj 5j,7qovaddkfP’ c]t gxaodj5,7qomu,j uzqo’kogfaoj muxj tw;hcdj -k;3]d7nG xt,;odqf\kpmucj 8j’0Bo9kdIuf7v’xtgrouc[[fa’j gfu,0v’-k;l5c,iP’da[0toq[ meoP,0v’gzqkj -qog-,yf8yd mugj vUo;jk <dqf\kpIk,,6ik[u<D dqf\kpoU,[u fq deoqfdko]q’3mf .o]adltotc[[ <8k8+8kc0o8+c0oDDD<D zqo’komugj faoj vudxtgrf|b’j 7ndkoxtfyf8q;g]dD. 22.

(27) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ’D d5,j 7qo7kofP’ dj5,7qo7kofP’7nd5j,7qomugj xaozh6ln[mvf7;k,9tg]uomk’vt]yptme0v’-k;l5c,iP’ c]t [k[u3ioP’D zqo’komulj e7ao7ndkolhk’ly’j d+lkh ’mu9j fa g0Qk.o ! .o g9af0v’ly’j ,tsaflt9ao 3]d[6Iko7nG l;ov5mypko]vp g-yj’xaf95[aopa’gs^nvrP’c8jgxao8eokog]qjk0kow;hgmqjkoAoD ovd9kdoUF -k;7kofP’pa’gxaodj,5 7qomevyfmuIj 96h da c8h,czomumj vh ’2hk c]t f;’fk;mulj k,kf meokpdkogdufdq[dyo8kg;aowfh Xl5iypt7kf?D. ສດິ. 8q;g]d[6Iko0v’-k;[k[u]vo. l;ov5mypko]vpcsj’d5’[k[u]vo. 23.

(28) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. #D@ vt]y p tmegv1y [ gv1y[7n|’jb .o[aofkcs^’j degoufvt]yptme0v’,to5f-kfcsj’mevyf0v’3]dD gv1y[8A’1j6 rkd8kg;aovvdlP’g|nv0v’mt;u[vk2iydk pk;1Pfwx8k,]hv’ c,joEoyoD fh;p7;k,v5f,q lq,[6o0v’c,joEoyooUwfhfb’f66fgvqkzh67qog0Qk,kfe]q’-u;yf c]t 8A’4yoj 4ko9qodkpgxaocs^’j -5,-qodtlyde[6Iko0Bog,nvj xt,ko $FWWW{#F&WW xu djvo 7DlD dko];,8q;g0Qkdao0v’xt-k-qo-k;gv1y[[6IkooAo ,u]da ltotdhk;|hkwxwdd;jk dko ];,8q;g0Qkdao0v’xt-k-qo-k;l5c,iP’.ofyocfog,3-3x8k,uD dko];,8q;g0Qkdao0v’ -k;gv1y[gxaodko];,fyocfomudj ;hk’.spjg0Qkdaogxaovkok9ad|b’j vkok9adfP;rkp.8hdtlaf vq’fP;xqd7v’mu-j k;gv1y[gvUo;jk <2kikvq'< (Pharaon)D 2kikvq'7nG ok,,tpqf0v’zhx6 dq 7v’ mujgvUo;jk dtlaf c]t gxaozh6lt4kxtokgv1y[0Bogxao <]k-tvkok9adcsj’mevyf0v’3]d< mu,j uxts;aflkf 7;k,gxao,k1jk’8+gonvj ’gxaog;]koko #FWWW d;jkxuD. xuit,yf 2kikvq'. xuit,yf0Aowf csj’-addkik 24.

(29) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. zqo’kogfaoj mk’fhko;afmtotme0v’-k;gv1y[muxj tw;h.shcdj-k;3]dwfhcdj7;k,Ihm6 k’fhko ;ymtpklkfD skdry9k]tok9kddkod+lhk’xuit,yfrP’1jk’fP;d=lk,kfgsao7;k,9tg]uo mk’;ymtpklkf{;ymtpkdko0v’-k;gv1y[[6Ikowfh1kj ’s^;’s^kpg-aoj G 7;k,Ih6 .odko7eo;oF g7nvj ’zjvocI’xtgrf]6d]hF= gmadoyd.odkog7nvj ophkpdhvosuoF g7nvj ’,nltdafsuoF dkogda[Iadlk -kdlq[[=.j shgoqkj c]t vnoj MD 8q;1jk’G ;ymudkoIadlkIjk’dkp0v’zh68kpw;h[+.shgoqkj gxnvj pfh;plkog7,u[k’1jk’c]h; .-hzkh sh,5 s+Ikj ’dkpw;hD -kdlq[muIj da lkw;hoUgvUo;jk< ,e,u (Mummy).. ,e,u 2kikvq'vyogou,qfl. zqo’komulj e7aovudxtgrf|b’j mugj Iaf.sh7qoI5oj sâ’wfhIh6g]nvj ’ 7;k,gxao,k0v’-k;gv1y[ [6Iko7ndkoxtfyf8q;vadlvocmolP’wfh g,nvj xt,ko $FWWW xu djvo 7Dl g-y’j ,um’a \qf # c[[7nG c[[gIp3id^y[2ydF c[[gIpik8yd c]t c[[gf3,8ydD 25.

(30) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 8q;vadlvogv1y[[6Ikoc[[gIp3id^y[2yd. 8q;vadlvoc[[gIpik8yd 26.

(31) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. zqo’kovudfhko|bj’muj-k;gv1y[[6Ikoxtw;hcdj-k;3]d7n’koxt8y,kdemujrafmtokwx rhv,da[;Pd’kolt4kxaf8tptdeg-aoj G dko7;afF dkoxAoD xt8y,kde mulj e7ao0v’-k;gvpy[ [6Iko7nG <czjosuookg,u< mugj xaoI6[2kikvq' .lj,q’d5fD czjosuo oUxtfyf0Bog,nvj xt,ko #FWWW xu djvo 7Dl c]t dkpgxao8q;c[[0v’;Pd’koxt8y,kde0v’gv1y[.ow]pt8+,kD. lt2y’csj’dug-ltw\]k-t;q’mu & 27.

(32) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. #D# vt]y p tme9u o [=]yg;ofyocfo]jv’c,joEI;’3s c]t g0fmqj’rP’mk’rkdg|nv0v’xtgmf9uo .o xaf95[oa 7ncs^’j degoufvt]yptme9uo .oltw\mevyfg,nvj xt,ko $FWWW{#FWWW xu djvo 7DlD 9kdoAo 9b’j 0tspkp]q’,kmk’rkddk’ c]t rkd.8h0v’xtgmfD vt]yptme9uogxaovt]yptmemu,j ru fa mtokdko8+gonvj ’,k8A’c8jltw\suo9qog4y’lt8t;afmu XXI c]t gxaovt]yptmemu, j vu fy myroq 8+d[a [aofkxtgmf.ovk-u8kg;aovvd c]t 8kg;aovvdlP’.8hD sâd4komu[j q’j [vdg4y’fyocfo9uomu,j u,to5fvkwl,k c8jfbdfe[ao7ndko7Qorq[37’dtf6d,to5f [6Iko mugj vUo;jk <,to5fxaddy’j < mu,j uvkp5xt,ko *WWFWWW{&WWFWWW xu djvo 7Dl c]t g7nvj ’,n .op5dsuogdqkj D zqo’kogfajomk’;afmtotmec,jo7;k,g-njv c]t lklt|kg-ajoG 7;k,g-njvdjP;da[ me,t-kfF dko[6-k[aort[6]5fF dkoljP’m;kp s^n dkomeokpF 7;k,g-nvj djP;da[lts;aoD 3fpltgrkt7;k,g-njvdjP;da[dkoljP’m;kpoAo7qo9uo,u7;k,g-njv1jk’s^;’s^kp.o-u;yf xt9e;aoD fa’j oAoF 7qo9uo 9b’j oegvqkdtf6d,k0Pogxao7e4k, c]h;oewxgzqkw2c]h;d=meokp wx8k,Ivpc8d0v’dtf6doAoD. dtf6dmu7j qo9uo.-hgrnvj dkoljP’m;kp 28.

(33) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. mk’fhkovadlvolkf7ndkoxtfyf8q;vadlvoc[[I6[rk[ g-y’j ,uxt,ko @FWWW d;jk 38DDD fhkofk]klkf7ndkoc8h,czomu[j vd8ec|j’f;’fk;8jk’M.omhv’2hkF dkoxtfyf xt8ymyoF dkoxtfyfg0a,-Umyf c]t g7nvj ’;afcmdczjofyows;D ovd9kdoU 7qo9uopa’,u7;k,3ffgfajomk’fhkolt4kxaf8tptde7ndkolhk’s=xklkf ]k-t;a’F ;af c]t l5lkomuj.spj38,t3s4koD .ooAo lyj’mujgfajod;jk\j6 7ndkolhk’decr’ g,nv’9uo.oltw\rtg9Qk-yo-uIv’g8h (Tsin-Chi-Houang ti) mu,j 7u ;k,pk;ma’\qf @F$WW dy3]c,afD. decr’g,nv’9uo. #D$ vt]y p tmevy o gfp vt]yptmevyogfp[6Ikogxaovt]yptmemujgduf0Bo.ofyocfovaod;hk’.spjwrlko.oc4[ vk-u.8h c]t gxaoIkd4kocsj’vt]yptme0v’7qos^kprao]hko7qomufj e]q’-u;fy .oc4[vk-u.8hF 8kg;aovvdlP’.8h c]t vk-u8kg;aovvd.oxaf95[aoD vt]yptmevyogfp[6Ikogxaovt]yptme mulj hk’3fp7qolv’dj5,7nG r;dfik;ufP’ c]t r;dvkitpaoD vt]yptmemulj kh ’3fpdj,5 7qofik;ufP’gvUo;jkG <vt]yptmelyom5< g-y’j gduf0Bo g,nvj xt,ko $F&WW xu djvo 7Dl 7q’8q;,kIvf !F&WW xu djvo 7Dl 9b’j wfhlo6 skpwxD dkoskpwx0v’vt]yptme lyom5oUoadxts;aflkfg-nvj ;jk ,ulkgsf,k9kdwrme,t-kf s^n wrlq’7k,D 29.

(34) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. ]adltot0v’vt]yptmelyom57dn kom5,j gmde]a’-a[F de]a’cI’’ko c]t lt8yxoa pk grnvj dyf9tdko.odkod+lkh ’mugj oAozqoxt3spf.-hlvpF 7;k,gxao]t[P[ c]t l50tvtokw,gxaoly’j le7aoD g;Qk];,c]h; r6,xaopkmu-j k;lyom5xtw;h.shcdj-k;3]d d=7n7;k,Ih6muwj fh9kddko;k’ za’g,nv’F dkod+lhk’muj7eob’g4y’sâdl50tvtokw,D lyj’faj’djk;ryl6fwfh9kddko7Qorq[-kd 8q;g,nv’ @ csj’muj,u]adltot7hkp7ndao7ng,nv’ 3,cIo39fk3i (Mohenjo Daro) c]t. lt4komuvj k[oE. The Great Bath, Mohenjo- daro. 30.

(35) ສດິ. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. g,nv’Ikia[xk (Harappa) gxaos^da 4kole7aomulj tcf’g4y’ <g,nv’mu,j du kovvdc[[;k’za’g,nv’ c]t goAo7;k,ltvkf< gxaoly’j le7aoD vt]yptmemulj hk’3fp-k;vkitpaogvUo;jkG <vt]yptmevkitpao<D vt]yptmeoU gduf0Bo g,nvj xt,ko !F&WW xu djvo 7DlD ]adltotgfaoj 0v’vt]yptmevkitpao7n]t[q[dkoc[j’-Ao;aootD ]t[q[;aootgduf0Bo g,njv7qovkitpaog0Qk,kI;,daoda[dj5,7qorNog,nv’gfu,7nr;dfik;ufP’D 95fxtlq’0v’dko9af]t[q[-Ao;aootd= grnvj 9af4kot7qo8k,lk0kvk-u[vvdgxao37’lhk’0v’ la’7q, c]t grnvj ltdafdAodkoxtlq,xtlkodao0v’dj5,-qo 3fpltgrktd5,j 7qovkitpao c]t fik;ufP’D zqo’kogfajo0v’vt]yptmevyogfp[6Iko mujxtw;h.shcdj-k;3]d c,jo7;k,g-njv s^n lklt|k g-aoj lklt|kIyof6 c]t lklt|kr5fDDD 8q;1jk’G .oxaf95[ao,uxt-kdvomugj -nvj 4n lklt|kr5fxt,ko &WW d;jk]hko7qo c]t g-nvj 4nlklt|kIyof6xt,ko #)W ]hkod;jk7qoD .ofhkovadlvolkfoAo4n;jk-k;vyogfpgxaodj5,7qo|bj’.ovk-umuj,uzqo’kovao.spjs^;’ .odko7Qo7yf c]t xtfyf8q;vadlvo.sh7qos^kp-kfwfhoewx.-h1jk’d;hk’0;k’ 7nrklk laoltdiyf c]t rklk[k]uD zqo’kovudfhko|bj’mujle7ao7ndkoxtfyf8q;g]dmujgIqk.-hdao.o xaf95[ao7n <8q;g]dlkdqo: 1, 2, 3DDD< g-y’j Ih69addaofu.ook, <g]dvkia[< c]t dkoxtfyfg]dl6o <W< vvd.-hD 7e4k, !D vt]yptmeg,3-3x8k,umxuj tw;hcdj-k;3]dxtdv[,uvao.fcfjL @D ]adltotgfaoj 0v’vt]yptmegv1y[ltcf’vvdco;.fL #D ]adltotgfaoj 0v’vt]yptmelyom5ltcf’vvdco;.fL vtmy[kp $D oadIPo9q'j pqd.shgsao]adltotmjugfaoj 0v’vt]yptme9uoD. 31.

(36) rkdmu II xts;aflkf]k;ltw\[6Iko c]t ltw\dk’ [qfmu & Ijv’Ivp[6Iko7tfu c]t g,nv’]k;[6Iko ! D Ijv’Ivp[6Iko7tfu.ofyocfo]k; oadxts;aflkf c]t oad[6Iko7tfumujlbdlk7Qo7;hkdjP;da[]k;wfh1A’1no.shIh6;jk fyocfo]k; ,u,to5fvkwl1j6,kc8jfbdfe[ao c]t ,urafmtokdko1jk’gxao]t[q[8+gonjv’,k 8A’c8jp5dsuogdqkj F suodk’F suo.\jF p5dmv’ c]t p5dgsâdD [aofkp5dgs^qkj oUwfhIa[dko1A’1no 9kd[6Iko;af45 c]t Ijv’Ivp[6Iko7tfum4uj nd7Qorq[16sj ^kpcsj’.oczjofyo]k;g-aoj G. @ D Ijv’Ivpp5dsuo. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. p5dsuooa[;jkgxaop5dltw\mevyf0v’,to5f c[j’vvdgxao # p5dltw\pjvpfa’j oUG dD p5dsuogdqjk p5dsuogdqkj (Paleolithic) .o]k;7kf;jk,uvkp5c8j &WWFWWW xu sk !WFWWW xu djvo 7DlD ,to5f.op5doUIh69adoe.-hg7nvj ’,nsuolesâ[.-hw;h8af s^n la[g-aoj G svdsuoF rhksuoF lP,suo c]t 0;kosuo g-yj’g7njv’,nsuogs^qjkoUgryjo7Qorq[1j6s^kpc0;’.o]k;g-ajoG sq;raoF -P’0;k’F s^;’rt[k’F ;P’9ao c]t 7e,j;oD .ooAogfaoj c,jodko7Qorq[ c0h;F [Y’dtf6d0t\a[-hkp0v’7qo [6Iko1j64E zkg]uppvfoE7ko Xc0;’sq;rao? ,uvkp516j.o]ts;jk’ &WWDWWW xu sk !WFWWW xu djvo 7DlD 0D p5dsuodk’ p5dsuodk’ (Mesolithic) .o]k;7kf;jk ,uvkp516j]ts;jk’ !WFWWW xu sk $FWWW xu djvo 7Dl gxaop5dg-nvj ,8+]ts;jk’p5dsuogdqkj da[p5dsuo.\jD g7nvj ’,ng7nvj ’.-h0v’,to5f.op5doU9t,u7;k, xkoufs^kp0BoD Ijv’Ivpp5dsuodk’mu7j oQ rq[.oxtgmf]k;,u7nG { Ijv’Ivp37’dtf6d { g7nvj ’,nsuo8jvpmu4j Efyo[hko;a’g,nv’-tot7k, { g7nvj ’,nsuo8jvpmu4j EzkIv,g,nv’;a’;P’D 7D p5dsuo.\j p5dsuo.\j (Neolithic) .o]k;7kf;jk,uvkp516j]ts;jk’ $FWWW xu sk @FWWW xu djvo 7DlD Ijv’Ivpp5dsuo.\jmgju ryoj 7Qorq[.o]k;,u7Gn 37’dtf6d,to5fF g7nvj ’,nsou /qo c]t gxnvdsvpmtg] 32.

(37) mu4j E,tskw- c0;’7e,j;o g-y’j ,uvkp51kj ’ohvp *FWWW xu zjko,kc]h; c]t .ocsj’vnoj MvudD gvdt]ad0v’g7nvj ’,nsuo.op5doU7n <0;kosuo rkf[jk< D !D@ Ij v ’Ivpp5 d 3]st sâd4komu[j q’j [vdg4y’p5d3]st (Metal Age) .ofyocfo]k;oAo7ndko,ucs^’j 3]st c]t g7jnvj ’,nmugj Iaffh;p3]stD rk-totg7nvj ’,nmugj Iaffh;p3]stmurj q[.oczjo fyocfo]k;,uG 3vmv’F dtfy’F xvdc0o c]t g7nvj ’.-hmgju Iaffh;pgs^da ,u.[svdF djP;F ,uf c]t vnoj MD Ijv’Ivpdkooe.-h 3]stwfh4dn 7Qorq[s^kpcsj’.ofyocfo]k;xaf95[oa g-aoj G mu4j Esq;r6F 4Eok’vaoj c0;’s^;’rt[k’D ovd9kdouh pa’rq[1jm6 cju 0;’sq;raoF c0;’7e,j;o c]t c0;’-P’0;k’D ryglf gryoj pa’rq[g8qk s^v,3]st mujc0;’s^;’oEmk.og0fr69v,lug,nv’okc] c]t g,nv’;P’r67kgxao9eo;o s^kpg8qkD ovd9kdoU gryoj pa’rq[[6Ikolt4komu,j u-lnj P’s^kpcsj’g-aoj G. ສດິ. dj5,suo8A’ g,nv’sq;g,nv’ c0;’sq;rao. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. {. glqksuo8A’ c0;'sq;rao 33.

(38) ສດິ. dj5,wssuo c0;’-P’0;k’. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. {. wssuo c0;’-P’0;k’ 34.

(39) ສດິ. dj5,suo8A’ c0;’s^;’oEmk. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. {. suo8A’9v,lu c0;’s^;’oEmk 35.

(40) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. { dj5,8a’j suo sn^ 7hv’[hk’suoc0;’s^;’rt[k’. 7hv’[hk’suo s^n 8aj’suomujxkdc-’ c0;’s^;’rit[k’. 8aj’suo rq[mujlq[cvd c0;’s^;’rit[k’ 36.

(41) [aofk;af45[6Ikomu7j Qorq[.oxtgmfgIqkgsq^kj oU oad[6Iko7tfu wfh9afg0Qk1j6.op5d3]stc8j,u -njIPdgvUo;jk <;afmtotmesuo.spj< s^n ;afmtotmesuo38tD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 8k,dko7Qo7;hk0v’oad[6Iko7tfu c]t oadxts;aflkfwfh1’A 1no.shr;dgIqkIh;6 kj 0t[;o ;y;afcsj’dkod+8A’vkok9adg,nv’ Xot7vo]af? 0v’7qo]k;.ofyocfo]k;oAo,u7;k,gxao,k vaopk;oko c]t ltsâ[-a[-hvoD [aofkoadxts;aflkfd=,us^kpmafltotdjP;da[dkod+8A’ vkok9ad0v’7qo]k;D g4y’1jk’.fd=8k,F r=lk,kflts^[5 wfh;kj dj,5 7qomu8j ’A 4yoj 4ko1j.6 o czjofyo]k; xtdv[,us^kp-qogzqkj g-aoj G ,vo{0tc, F ]k;{w8F 9uo{myg[f c]t ,Q’{vy;,Poxtlq,xtlko g0QkdaoF ,uma’dj5,7qomudj egouf1j6mouj U c]t g7nvj ophkp wx,k.o0q’g0f.dh7P’D [aofkdj,5 7qogs^kjq oU[+,du ,5j 7qo.ffe]q’-u;fy gxaogvdt]kfltgrktD r;dg0qkg9Qkfe]q’-u;fy Ij;,dao c]t 7jvpg-njv,xtlkog8Qk3I,g0Qkdaofh;pdkoleraomk’g7nvpkfF dkopv,Ia[ ;y]tde0v’[5d7qo c]t 7;k,7hkp7ndaomk’fhkoxtgrouF ;afmtotme c]h; rafmtok0Bo ,kgxaog,nv’F c7;ho s^n vkok9ad0v’8qogv’0Bogmy’czjofyo]k;]hko-hk’.oltw\[6IkoS g-y’j xtdqf,us^kpg,nv’F s^kpc7;homuj,u]adltotI6[c[[dkoxqd7v’7hkp7n]af|bj’muj,u-njIPdgvUo c8d8jk’daowxg-aoj G ;P’F -P’F ot7voF c7;hoF vkok9ad c]t g,nv’D [aofkg,nv’gs^kjq oAo 8A’dtc9ddt9kpdao1j]6 P[8k,mq’j rP’c7,c,joE0v’ c]t lk0k 0v’,ao g-y’j I;,,u[oa fkg,nv’le7aofa’j oUG g,nv’c4oF g,nv’-;kF g,nv’;P’9aoF g,nv’lu37f 8t[v’F g,nv’r;oF g,nv’9exkot7vo c]t g,nv’vnoj Mvudmk’fyocfo/a’j 0;k0v’c,joE0v’D 8q;1jk’[aofkg,nv’]k;[6Ikole7ao8jk’Mg-aoj G @D! g,nv’lu37f8t[v’ lu37f8t[v’gxaovkok9adg,nv’mujgdqjkcdj0v’]k;F ,ul6odk’dkoxqd7v’mevyf8A’1j6 ]hv’c,joEg-[A’w2sjk’9kdxkdc,joExt,ko !& dy3]c,afD vkok9adoUlkh ’8A’0Bo.o ]ts;jk’ lt8t;afmu I djvo 7DlS gxaovkok9adg,nv’|b’j mu,j u7;k,I5’j gInv’ c]t ,uvkokg0fd;hk’.spj r=l,q 7;oD .oltw\dkoxqd7v’0v’rtg9Qkl5,fy 8tme,t;q’lk vkok9adlu37f8t[v’wfhd[a 7no,k 0tspkp8q;vud7A’|b’j s^’a 9kd8qd1j.6 8hdkoxqd7v’0v’0tc,csj’9ao]k mu,j 0u v[g0f-kpcfo mudj ;hk’0;k’ g-y’j I;,,u[aofkg,nv’8jk’Mfja'8k8t]k'8+wxoUD. ສດິ. @ D g,nv’]k;[6Iko. 37.

(42) 38. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ.

(43) ສດິ. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. l6odk’dkoxqd7v’0v’vkok9adlu37f.oltw\dkoxqd7v’0v’ritg9Qkl5,fy 8tme,t;q’lk 7nG ,ti5d0tot7voD .oltw\oU 1j6mk'rkdg|nv0v'lu37f8t[v’wfhxtdqf,ug,nv'.\jgduf0Bo7nG g,nv';P'9ao g-y'j 8+,kwfhdkp,kgxaol6odk’dkoxqd7v’0v’7qo]k;.ow]pt8+,kD ,kIvf lt8t;afmu X vkok9adlu37f8t[v’ wfh4dn dj,5 7qo0v,csj’vkok9adva’d=Id5 Iko c]t pbf7v’D 9kdoAo ,kIvflt8t;afmu XIII wfhxtdkf8q;vvdgxaogvdt]kf c]t wfh4dn g8Qk3I,g0Qkdao gxaog,nv’|b’j 0v’vkok9ad]hko-hk’.odk’lt8t;afmu XIV 8k,czodkomhvo3I,sq;g,nv’]k; 0v’ritg9Qk2hk’j5, c]t ,u4kotgxaog,nv’.spj.o0Aog0nvj og,nv’D @D@ g,n v ’-;k g,nv’-;kxaf95[oa ,u-;jn kj s^;’rit[k’ gxaog,nv’|b’j mulj kh ’8A’0Bodjvolt8t;afmu VIII 3fp c,jodj,5 7qo]t;hkgxaozhl6 kh ’8a’h djvo\6Sj ,ulk,8td5o7v[7v’7nG { 8td5ooaomk { 8td5ortpkokd { 8td5o9aomtrkoyf 8k,8eokov5]a’7tmkf c]t rq’lk;tfkog,nv’s^;’rit[k’[vd;jk s^;’rit[k’ gfu,cmh,u-n;j kj <g,nv’-;k< 8k,ok,0v’zh6lhk’8A’mevyf-n;j kj G <05o-;k< ,kIvf xu 7Dl (&( 05o]= ]6d-kp0v’05o[6],q wfhpdq dv’ma[g0Qkpbfgvqkg,nv’-;k c]h;0Boxqd7v’ rhv,ma’xjPo-ngj ,nv’ ,kgxao <ot7vo-P’mv’<D 9kdoAo,kIvfxu 7Dl !#&# g,nv’-P’mv’d=wfhI[a dkog8Qk3I,g0Qkdaogxaog,nv’|b’j 0v’ vkok9ad]hko-hk’.oltw\dkoxqd7v’0v’ritg9Qk2hk’j,5 F ,u4kotgxaog,nv’s^;’0v’vkok9ad ,k9qoIvf xu 7Dl !&*W 9b’j wfh,v[|hkmu7j ;k,gxao]k-tmkou 0v’vkok9ad.shcdjg,nv’;P’9aoD @D# g,nv’;P’9ao ;P’9aogxaog,nv’gdqkj cdj0v’]k; 8A’1jr6 kddk’0v’xtgmfd;,gvqklv’2kd/a’j c,joE 0v’S ,uvkokg0fd;,gvqkfyocfo[=]yg;oc0;’ot7vos^;’F ;P’9aoF lj;o|bj’0v’c0;’ [=]y7ew- c]t c0;’|v’7kp.oxaf95[aoD 8k,sâd4komk’[6Iko7tfu c]t xts;aflkf [vd;jk[=]gy ;ovhv,cvh,g,nv’;P’9ao,us^kpg,nv’mugj xaog,nv’[=];y ko0Boda[g-aoj G { mk’myf8kg;aovvdlP’g|nv,ug,nv’;P’7e { mk’myf8kg;ao8qd ,ug,nv’xkdsh;ps^;’F ;P’75dDDD { mk’myf.8h ,ug,nv’;P’rtoEIj5’ Xxkd-ao?D { mk’myfg|nv ,ug,nv’-P’7ko X-tot7k,?D 39.

(44) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 8k,s^da 4komk’xts;aflkf[vd;jk g,nv’oUlkh ’8A’0Bo.olt8t;afmu VIII ,u-;jn kj |v’7aocm glNvoEF ,urtpk[6iu9oa gxaozhx6 dq 7v’c]h;xjPo-ngj ,nv’8k,ok,0v’zh6 xqd7v’gvUo;jk <;P’9ao<D ,k.olt8t;afmu X g,nv’;P’9aowfh8qd1j6.8hveokf0v’r;d0v,csj’va’d= c]t wfhlhk’ l6odk’dkoxqd7v’1j6muj <-kp2v’<D ,kIvflt8t;afmu XIII g,nv’;P’9ao wfhxtdkfcpd8q; gxaogvdt]kfD xu 7Dl !#&( g,nv’;P’9aowfh4dn g8Qk3I,g0Qkdaogxaog,nv’|b’j 0v’vkok9ad]hko-hk’D @D$ g,n v ’r;o g,nv’r;o,uvkokg0f8A’1j.6 o[=]gy ;or6rP’c0;’-P’0;k’.oxaf95[oa F gxao g,nv’[6Iko |b’j 0v’]k;mu,j uxts;af7;k,gxao,kvaopk;oko c]t ,u-nlj P’3fj’fa’wxmq;j 3]dD gsfzqo d=grkt;jkg,nv’r;ogxaofyocfomuj,uIjv’Ivpvt]yptmevaogdqjkcdj7nwssuo-bj’laooy4ko;jk ,uvkp5.o]ts;jk’lt8t;afmu X sk lt8t;afmu V djvo 7DlD oad7Qo7;hkxts;aflkfmuvj k;53l[vd;jk dj,5 7qomufj e]q’-u;fy mevyf.ofyocfor6rP’-P’0;k’ djvo\j67nd5j,7qodb,,5 c]t vnoj MD 9kdoAo8+,k 9b’j gxaodj5,7qo.o\;frklk]k;{w8mufj e]q’-u;yf Ij;,daolhk’8A’gxao-5,-qog,nv’0Bo.o]ts;jk’dk’lt8t;afmu VIII D c8jgonvj ’9kd;jk gsfdko xts;aflkf0v’g,nv’r;os^’a 9kd05og9afg9nv’ ]6d-kp05o[6],q lhk’8A’gxaog,nv’r;o0Boc]h; 8+,kgsfdkoxts;aflkf.o-j;’oU[+7vj pc9j,c9h’D gsfdkoxts;aflkfg,nv’r;oda[,kxtdqf8q;vud.o]ts;jk’dk’lt8t;afmu XII g-y’j gxao -j;’mugj ,nv’r;o8qd1j6.8hveokf0v’fkps;PfD xu 7Dl !!#$ 05og9nv’csj’g,nv’-P’clo wfhpdq ma[,k[5d8ugvqkg,nv’xtdao Xg,nv’r;o? vvd9kdr;dfkps;PfD xu 7Dl !!(* g,nv’r;o wfh8qd1j6.8hdkoxqd7v’0v’dj5,7qo]k;sâ’9kdmuj05og9nv’4nd0hk8kp.olt|k,Iq[.o0totmuj fegouodko0a[w]jr;dfkps;Pfmurj kdg|nvD ,kIvfxu 7Dl !#&! g,nv’r;owfh4dn g8Qk3I,g0Qkdaogxaog,nv’|b’j 0v’vkok9ad]hko-hk’8k, czodkomhvo3I,vkok9ad0v’ritg9Qk2hk’j5,D 9kdoAog,nv’r;o d=wfhIa[4kot8ec|j’.sh gxaog,nv’.spjF g,nv’p5fmtlkfmugj vUo;jk <0Aog0nvj og,nv'< .o]t[q[dko9afdko dkoxqd7v’0v’ vkok9ad]hko-hk’D g;Qk];,c]h; gsfdko7;k,gxao,kmk’xts;aflkf0v’ [aofksq;g,nv’]k;[6IkooAo c,jo,u7;k,gxao,kmujltsâ[-a[-hvoD c8j]tg,nv’oAoraf,udko9afdko dkoxqd7v’mujgxao gvdt]kfr=.zr=]k;[+0Bo8+daoD 9qo,kIvfdk’lt8t;afmu XIV [aofkg,nv’]k;[6Ikogs^kqj oAo 9b’j wfhI[a dkomhvo3I,g0Qkdao.shgxaovkok9ad|b’j 0v’7qo]k; mugj vUo;jk <vkok9ad]hko-hk’<D 40.

(45) ສດິ. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. lts^ 5 [ fyocfomujgxaoxtgmf]k;.oxaf95[aooU ,u,to5fvkwl1j6,kc8jfbdfe[ao c]t ,uraf mtokdko1jk’gxao]t[q[8+gonvj ’,k8A’c8jp5dsuo9qoIvfp5d3]st c]t rhv,daolhk’gxaocs^’j vt]yptme,kc8jfdb fe[aoD s^da 4komk’[6Iko7tfumrju [q .ofyocfo]k;c8jg|nvg4y’.8h wfh1’A 1no .shgsao;jk7qo]k;wfh,udko8A’4yjo4kodt9kp1j6mqj;wx.os^kpcsj’.ofyocfomk’rkd.8h0v’ xtgmf9uoD [aofkdj,5 -qogzqkj gs^kjq oAo[+wfhfe]q’-u;fy 1jk’3fffjP; g0qkg9Qk,udkog-nvj ,xtlkodao 1jk’dq,dP;F dkp,kgxao-qo-kf]k; c]t rhv,daolhk’8A’g,nv’]k;[6Iko0Bo.os^kpcsj’c8j g|nvg4y’.8h8k,lv’2kd/aj’c,joE0v’ c]t lk0k0v’,aoD l5fmhkpd=g8Qk3I,g0Qkdaogxao vkok9ad|b’j 8k,lv’2kd/a’j c,joE0v’.odk’lt8t;afmu XIV gvUo;jk <vkok9ad]k;]hko-hk’<D 7e4k, !D Ijv’Ivps^da 4komk’[6Iko7tfum7uj oQ rq[.ofyocfo]k;xtdv[,uvoa .fcfjL @D 9q’j [vdlt4komu[j 6Iko7tfu.oc8j]tp5d murj q[.ofyocfo]k;,u16cj sj’.fcfj L #D 9q’j [vdg,nv’]k;[6Iko8k,lv’2kd/a’j c,joE0v’xtdv[,ug,nv’.fcfj L $D 9q’j vtmy[kpdjP;da[rafmtokdko7;k,gxao,k0v’g,nv’]k;[6Ikog-aoj G { g,nv’ lu37f8t[v’ { g,nv’ ;P’9ao { g,nv’ r;o { g,nv’ -;k. 41.

(46) [q f mu * dkomh v o3I,g,n v ’]k;[6 I kog0Q k gxa o vkok9a d ]k; ]h k o-h k ’ ! D ritg9Q k 2h k ’5 j , dtdP,9a f 8A ’ de]a ’. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. ritg9Qk2hk’5,j c,jog-Nvlkp]k-t;q’muxj dq 7v’ot7vo-P’mv’mulj [n mvfdao,k8A’c8j0o5 ]= 0Boxqd7v’ot7vo-P’mv’ Xg,nv’-;k? .oxu 7Dl (&( gxao8Qo,kD rtvq’degouf.oxu 7Dl !#!* muoj t7vo-P’mv’F gxao]k-t[5f0v’g9Qk2hk’hP; X05ozu2hk?D rtvq’degouf0Bo.o0totmu[j aofk sq;g,nv’ ]k;r;,,udkoxqd7v’c[[dtc9ddt9kpS vudfhko|b’j ltrk[dko16.j oot7vo -P’mv’d=,7u ;k,la[lqoxaoj xj;ovaogonvj ’,k9kddko0afcpj’]ts;jk’d5,j ladfyokfh;pdaoD fa’j oAo g9Qk2hk’5j,rhv,fh;pglokvk,kfmuj.dh-yf c]t w;h;k’.99eo;o|bj’9bj’wfhg7njvophkp]q’wx rkd.8h8k,]ec,joE0v’grnvj -vdsk;ymumk’csj’dko9af8A’g8Qk3I,de]a’ c]t g7nvj ows; mhvo3I,czjofyog0Qkgxaovkok9admugj xaoxbdczjogvdtrk[D. I6[xAoritg9Qk2hk’5,j ,tsk]kf muoj t7vos^;’;P’9ao 42.

(47) ritvq’ c]t glokvk,kf0v’gryjowfhvkwl16j;af0v’rit,tskxklt,aomuj[=]yg;o sq;skf]uzj u Xg,nv’30’F c0;’9exklad .oxt95[oa ?D 16mj oju U ritvq’wfhmedkog7nvj ows;ltlq, g8Qk3I,de]a’ c]t medkog/ydcv[ly]txtp5fmt;ymudkol6Ih [q 8jk’MS rhv,fP;daooAod=-vdI6h ltrk[dko grnvj dtdP,.shcdjdkog7nvj oma[mhvo3I,czjofyo]k;.shgxaovkok9adgvdtrk[D. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. rkpsâ’mudj tdP,IP[Ihvpc]h; .oxu 7Dl !#$_ g9Qk2hk’5,j wfhg7nvj ode]a’vvd9kd4ko mu\ j oA 0v’8qog0Qkl6gj ,nv’]k;[6Iko16rj kd.8h0v’]k;D mevyfde]a’0v’g9Qk2hk’5,j wfh[d5 8ugvqk g,nv’xkddq[g-y’j 0Boda[c7;horq,,tmafS 9kdoAod=[d5 8ugvqksq;g,nv’]k;8jk’Mg-aoj G g,nv’dt[v’ Xlu37f8t[v’?F 9exkot7voF g,nv’;P’ Xrkd8kg;ao8qd0v’oEsuo[6o?F g,nv’rtoEI5j’ Xc7,xkdoEdtfy’? c]t g,nv’r;oF rkpsâ’mulj eg]afdko[5dpbfgvqkg,nv’r;oc]h; ritvq’ d=wfhmedko8qd]q’c[j’xaog0fcfoda[ladfyokcsj’vkok9adfkps;Pf X]k-tdkog9uo168qo? grnvj .sh,udkoIa[I6h0v[g0f-kpcfo g-y’j dao c]t dao .oxu 7Dl !#&! g-yj’,ugoNv.o;jkG { rqo]tgInvomu1j gj6 Invo,uIkh oF d;hko,uglqk XgInvopqdrNo? c,jorqo]tgInvo]k;D { sâddkoc[j’xaofyocfo.sh4ngvqklaor6xaooE 7n/qo8qdoEws^]q’,kfyo]k;c8j[vj o.f .sh4gn vqk[jvooAogxaog0fcfo]k;D. ສດິ. @ D dkofegouodkomhvo3I,czjofyo]k;g0Qkgxaovkok9ad]hko-hk’. dkog7nvj oma[mhvo3I,[aofkg,nv’]k;[6Iko oerk3fpg9Qk2hk’5,j 43.

(48) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. g,nvj 8qd]q’g0fcfoda[fkps;Pfleg]afc]h;F rtvq’d=oede]a’[5d8u0oB mk’rkdg|nv c]t pbfgvqksq;g,nv’]k;/jkpg|nv g-aoj G g,nv’c4’ Xc4o?F g,nv’w-F g,nv’w]j c]t g,nv’vnoj M muj0Boda[c7;holy[lv’95wmD 9kdoAo d=ln[8+g7njvoma[g0Qklj6]hv’oEv6 grnjvmhvo3I,gvqk[aofk sq;g,nv’.oc7;holy[lv’xaook]ND .o0totoAo g9Qkg,nv’-P’I5’j wfh0Polkoltcf’dko0=vvj o ohv,pv,lq’j lj;p c]t lq’j g7nvj ’[aookdko,k4;kpcdjg9Qk2hk’5,j D rkpsâ’mupj bffyocforkdg|nvc]h;F ritvq’wfhg7nvj oma[]q’,kmk’.8h c]t 8A’ma[16gj 0f xkdoEv6grnvj dtdP,pbfgvqkot7vo-P’mv’D g,nvj g9Qk2hk7eIP; z6gh xaovk;0v’g9Qk2hk’5,j I60h kj ; djP;da[dkog7njvoma[spa[g0Qk,k.dhot7vo0v’8qod=wfh9aflqj’de]a’wx[5d8udv’ma[0v’ g9Qk2hk’5,j 16gj 0fxkdv6 c8jd4= dn 8u8v[38h4vpda[7nog4y’ # 7A’D .omulj f5 g9Qk2hk7eIP;wfh\fq mk’ cdhw0[aoskg,nvj glokvk,kf c]t mtsko 0v’8qo[+pv,xt8y[fa 7ela’j 9b’j wfhdoy ’h;og[nvj 8kpD 9kdoAo glokvk,kfcsj’ot7vo-P’mv’wfh9af8A’0t[;owxg-Nvg-uogvqkg9Qk2hk’5j,,k0Bo 7v']kf mujot7vo-P’mv’.oxu 7Dl !#&#D .o3vdkfoU ritvq’wfhlt4kxtokvkok9ad ]hko-hk’ 3fpdeoqfgvqkot7vo-P’mv’gxao]k-tmkou Xot7vos^;’? csj’vkok9adD. g9Qk2hk'j5,wfhIa[dkog-Nvg-uo.sh0Bo7v']kf mjuot7vo-P'mv' 44.

(49) ສດິ. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. rkps^’a 0Bo7v’]kfF ritg9Qk2hk’5,j wfh9fa ]t[P[dko[hkog,nv’ 3fpwfhc8j’8A’[5d7qoz6h muj,uzqo’ko.o0t[;odkomhvo3I,czjofyo]k;Ij;,da[gryjog0QkIa[8ec|j’mujle7ao.odko [=]ysko[hkog,nv’D .oxu8+,kritg9Qk2hk’5,j wfhln[8+oerkde]a’0v’gryoj fegouodkomhvo3I, czjofyoS mevyfritvq’wfhpdq ma[0Bowxmk’rkd8kg;ao8qdlP’g|nv 3fpwfhmedkomhvo3I,gvqk s^kpMg,nv’g-aoj G g,nv’xkdc[’F g,nv’xkdmkF g,nv’-P’0v’F g,nv’-P’ikpS 9kdoAod=[d5 8u g,nv’-P’clo g-y’j gxaol6odk’0v’]hkookS .omulj 5fdtlaf]hkookd=wfh0=vvj oohv,pv,lq’j lj;p .shcdj]kh o-hk’D s^’a 9kdoAo rtvq’wfhg7nvj oma[]q’rkd.8hmvh o3I,gvqkg,nv’fjko-hkpF g,nv’;P’9ao c]t g,nv’;P’7eD .odkomhvo3I,gvqkg,nv’;P’9ao c]t ;P’7e g-y'j gxaog,nv’muxj qd7v’3fpr+ Xxqd7v’ ;P’9ao? c]t ]6d Xxqd7v’;P’7e? de]a’0v’ritg9Qk2hk’5,j wfh4dn 8v[38h1kj ’cI’ 3fpltgrkt g,nv’;P’7e mujvhv,Iv[fh;pdecr’wzj|k, c]t de]a’0v’rtpkgrqkmujxqd7v’g,nv’ d=g0A,c0’D 8k,8eoko[vdw;h;kj g9Qk2hk’5,j wfh.-hdoq ]tp5f la’j .shp’y ]6d|hkmuj gIaf9P’fh;pg’yo c]t 7eg0Qk.ljdw= zj grnvj s^vd]=.h sh-k;g,nv’]ad]v[4kd4k’d=wzj grnvj gvqk]6d|hkoAoS c]h;.omulj f5 g,nvj d=wzjwfh4nd8af4k’gxao[Ao gxao95f 9b'j gxao3vdkf.shdv’mtsko0v’g9Qk2hk’5,j wfh.-hw296f c]h;d=[d5 8ug0Qkg,nv’wfhD g,nvj leg]afdkomhvo3I,gvqkg,nv’;P’7ec]h;ritvq’wfhln[8+g7nvj oma[]q’mk’/a’j 0;k c,joE0v’ g-y’j xkdqfok,.og;]koAo,u g,nv’IhvpgvafF g,nv’rtlkf c]t g,nv’vnoj MD g,nvj pbfwfh [aofksq;g,nv’faj’djk;c]h;ritg9Qk2hk’5j,d=wfhlqj’lkowxskrtpkv6jmv’z6hgxaog9Qkxqd7v’ vkok9advtp5fmtpk g-y’j ,ugoNv.o.97;k,;jkG “9tl6hIq[ s^n 9tgIafco;.fL” c]t .omulj 5fd=wfh 8qd]q’-kpcfo]ts;jk’lv’vkok9ad 3fpwfhdeoqfgvqkg0ffq’lk,glQk Xfq’rtpkw2? g,nvgmQk r6rtpkr+ c]t cfog,nv’ot7vowm gxaog0fcfo]ts;jk’vkok9ad]hko-hk’{vkok9advtp5f mtpkD rkpsâ’leg]afdkomhvo3I,g,nv’]k;mk’/aj’0;kc,joE0v’c]h;ritg9Qk2hk’5j, wfhmedkolts^v’w-7A’.spj1g6j ,nv’;P’9aoD .o3vdkfcsj’dkolts^v’w-oUg9Qk2hk’5j,wfhdjk;7e3v;kfmujgxaoco;mk’csj’dko xqd7v’ c]t dkofe]q’-u;yf.ola’7q,mq;j wx0v’xt-k-qo]k;]hko-hk’ g-y'j [k’8vo,ugoNv. 45.

(50) ສດິ ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ czomjudkog7njvoma[mhvo3I,[aofkg,nv']k;[6Ikog0Qkgxaovkok9ad]k;]hko-hk' 46.

(51) 47. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ.

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(53) degouf-kf]k;mu,j u7;k,gxaogvdt]kfF gvdtrk[ mugj xaoxbdczjoc|ho|k7A’mevyf0v’-qo -kf]k;D dkod+8A’vkok9ad]hko-hk’gvdtrk[oUwfhgxaorNo4ko.shcdjdkod+lhk’glf4tdyfF la’7q,{;afmtotme.ow]pt8+,k c]t 0tspkp8q;I5’j gInv’.olt8t;afmu XVIID 7e4k,. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. !D ritg9Qk2hk’5,j ,uxts;afsp=hco;.fL @D ritg9Qk2hk’5,j wfhdtdP,9af8A’de]a’co;.fgrnvj rk]tdyfmhvo3I,czjofyo]k;L #D ritg9Qk2hk’5,j wfhoerkxt-k-qo]k;mhvo3I,czjofyo]k;[6Ikog0Qkgxaovkok9ad ]hko-hk’co;.fL $D dkolt4kxtokvkok9ad]hko-hk’gvdtrk[,u7;k,\kple7aoco;.fcfjL. 49.

(54) [q f mu ( vkok9a d ]h k o-h k ’ltw\-P’mv’ xu 7Dl !#&#{!&*W ! D dko9af8A’ c]t xa[x5’veokfladfyok];,l6o. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. rkps^’a mumj vh o3I,[aofksq;g,nv’]k;[6Iko g0Qkgxaovkok9ad]hko-hk’mu,j 7u ;k,gvdtrk[ c]h;F ritg9Qk2hk’5j,wfhIu[Ihvo9af8A’veokfdkoxqd7v’c[[ladfyok];,l6o grnjv8hkoda[ mjkvjP’c[j’cpd{c0’0=h0v’[aofkladfyokmhv’4yoj D [aofkg9Qkg,nv’c,jo ,ulyfxqd7v’g,nv’ 0v’8qo1jk’,ugvdt]kfF c8jveokf];,l6o0Boda[g9Qk-u;yfrP’c8jz6hfP;D g9Qk-u;yfgxaoz6h,u veokfl6’l5fF ritg9Qk2hk’5,j gxaoma’g9Qk-u;yf c]t gxaoma’9v,ma[csj’vkok9ad]hko-hk’D grnvj gIaf.shc8j]tmhv’4yoj 0Bo8+lo6 dk’ c]t gIaf.shc8j]tg,nv’xt8y[fa raomt.odkoxqdxad Iadlkg0foEcfofyo0v’vkok9ad]hko-hk’gxao1jk’fuooA gryoj wfhdeoqf4kot[qf[kf0v’g,nv’ vvdgxaolk,0Aog-aoj G 0Aog0nvj og,nv’F 0Aoc0’g,nv’ c]t 0Ao0v[g,nv’D { 0Aog0nvj og,nv’G c,jog,nv’.spjF g,nv’p5fmtlkfF ,u7;k,g0A,c0’S z6hmuwj fhIa[dko c8j’8A’.shxqd7v’g,nv’xtgrfoUlj;os^kpc,jookpmtsko0Aoc,jma[D 0Aog0njvo g,nv’xtdv[,u ;P’9aoF ;P’7eF ;P’rtoEI5j’-P’lkF ;P’xkdsh;ps^;’F ;P’dt[v’DDD { 0Aoc0’g,nv’G c,jog,nv’le7ao.o]tfa[Iv’]q’,k9kd0Aog0nvj og,nv’D { 0Ao0v[g,nv’ Xg,nv’0v[fjko?G c,jog,nv’mu1j 6-j kpcfoS z6hmuwj fhIa[dkoc8j’8A’.sh xqd7v’g,nv’xtgrfoUl;j os^kpc,jookpmtsko0Aoc,jm[a z6gh da’j dhk c]t 9q’Iadradfu 8+g9Qk-u;yfD g,nv’0v[fjkomuxj kdqf-n]j ;,,uG g,nv’cdjomhk;F g,nv’-hkpF g,nv’0;kF g,nv’lk,\noj DDD ovd9kdoU ritg9Qk2hk’5,j pa’wfhgvqk.9.ljxa[x5’la’7q,;afmtotme]k;fh;pdkooegvqk r5fmtlklt|koydkpsyotpko9kdvkok9adva’d= X0tc,? g0Qk,kgzupczj.ola’7q,]k; g-y’j gxaodkog]u,j xjPocx’co;7yfcsj’7;k,g-nvj 4nc[[’q,’;kp xklt9kdgsfzqo,kgxao7;k,g-nvj .omyfltfusda^ 7elvocsj’r5fmtlklt|k g-y’j wfhdkpgxaorNo4komk’;afmtotme0v’-k;]k; .ow]pt8+,kD g;Qk];,c]h; rkpsâ’mhvo3I,czjofyogxaovkok9ad]hko-hk’mu,j u7;k,gxaogvdtrk[ c]h;F vkok9ad]hko-hk’d=wfhIa[dkoxa[x5’.os^kpMfhko grnjv.sh,uveokf]af];,l6o c]t oa[,No[a ,u7;k,g0A,c0’0BoD la’7q,{;afmtotmed=wfhI[a dkoxa[x5’rafmtok9qodkpgxaorNo4ko 0v’la’7q,]k;.op5d8+,kD 50.

(55) @ D ltrk[dko0v’vkok9ad]hko-hk’rkpsâ’]k-tdkoritg9Qk2hk’5 j,. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. rkps^’a ]k-tdkoritg9Qk2hk’5,j ritg9Qkv5oj gInvoz6gh xao]k-t[5f wfhl[n mvf]k-t[ao]a’ .oxu 7Dl !#(#D gonvj ’9kdritvq’wfh,udko9afc9’les^;frqoglyd0v’vkok9ad c]t I6h;kj ,urqoglyd mujgxaogzqjkwm]k;xt,kolk,clo7qoltoAogryjo 9bj’wfhIa[lkpkok,;jkG rtpk lk,clowmD ritvq’wfh0Bo7v’]k-tlq,[af.oxu 7Dl !#(# c]t wfhxqd7v’9qog4y’xu 7Dl !$!*D .oltw\ oUwfh,udkorafmtoklhk’lkvkok9admk’fhkoglf4tdyfF la’7q,{;afmtotme c]t ,u7;k,lts’q[9qog4y’]k-tdkortpk]hko7ecf’ Xxu 7Dl !$!*{!$@)? .ooAowfh,du kod+lkh ’ ;af;kvkIk, g-aoj G ;af,t3o]q,16oj t7vo-P’mv’gxao8QoD X;afoUwfh4ndme]kp.olt.\lq'7k, x5oh ltfq,0v'r;ds=h .olt8t;afmu XIX pa’7q’gs^vn c8jrtr5fmtI6[vq’.spj mu1j 6.j oltrk[-5f3-, 8+,kwfh,udkoxt8yla'0voritr5fmtI6[ c]t d+lhk';af.\j.sh,u7;k,lq,[6oc[[D. ;af,t3oiq, .oxaf95[ao 51.

(56) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. rkpsâ’murj tpk]hko7ecf’wfhlYort-qoltrk[dko[hkog,nv’wfh8qdg0Qkl67j ;k,la[lqo ;5oj ;kpvaogonvj ’,k9kd7;k,,ad.spjw/jl6’ c]t dko0afcpj'c0j’0ao 0v’[aofk05ook’.o ]k-tleoad ot7vo-P’mv’S 3fpltgrktc,jook’,tskgm;u z6hg-yj’gxaoz6hvk;53l c]t ,uvfy myroq l6’16.j o]k-tleoad c]t c,jm[a .spj Xclos^;’-P’]=? -n;j kj ;P’zkD gsfdko;5oj ;kp 7A’oUcdjpk; gxaog;]kly[d;jkxu g-y’j gIaf.shdtlaf]hko-hk’ ( vq’ wfh8qdgxaogspnvj 4ndxv’Ihkp 9kdd5,j dt[qf czjofyoD .omulj f5 phvogsaowfh7;k,3sfIhkplk,ko0v’d5,j dt[qfczjofyofa’j djk; -k;ot7vo-P’mv’ 9bj’wfhrhv,dao]5dIn0Bo[5dg0Qk]k-tleoad9a[gvqkok’,tskgm;u c]t clos^;’-P’]= rhv,fh;pradr;dwx]q’3mfD 8+,kglokvk,kfot7vo-P’mv’wfh8dq ]q’daowx g-uogvqkg9Qk]nw-z6hgxaos^ko0v’rtpklk,clowmwx0Bo7v’[ao]a’mujot7vo-P’mv’ c]t ritvq’wfhxPj o ritok,gxaoritg9Qkw-pt9addtrafczjoczh;D. ;afla’7t3]d Xg,nv’s^;’rt[k’?. rkpsa^’]k-tdkoritg9Qkw-pt9addtrafczjoczh; d=,us^kpdtlafln[mvfdao8+,kg-aoj G g9Qkcmjo7ez6gh xao]k-t[5f0v’ritg9Qkw-pt9addtrafczjoczh; 0Bo7v’]kf c]t xqd7v’c8jxu 7Dl !$)W g4y’ xu 7Dl !$)*S rts^hkclow8 z6hgxaoohv’0v’g9Qkcmjo7e xqd7v’c8jxu 7Dl !$)* g4y’ xu 7Dl !$_*S g9Qk-q,r6z6hgxao]k-t[5f0v’g9Qkcmjo7e xqd7v’c8jxu 7Dl !$_* g4y’ xu 7Dl !&W!D 52.

(57) ສດິ. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. .oxu 7Dl !&W! ritg9Qk;y-o5 ]tikfz6gh xao]k-t[5f0v’ritw-pt9addtrafczjoczh;wfh0oB 7v’]k-tlq,[af c]t wfhrfa mtokxa[x5’vkok9ad]hko-hk’.sh,7u ;k,g0A,c0’mk’fhkoglf4tdyf d=7nfhko;afmtotme{la’7q,D 3fpltgrktfhko;afmtotmec,jowfhIa[dkogvqk.9.lj4to5[e]5’ g-y’j ltcf’vvd.ozqo’komuxj kdqf0Bo.ow]ptoUg-aoj G rtw8xufqdF 7eru8kj ’Mmugj xaorklk[k]u d=wfhIa[dkocxgxaorklk]k;S r5fmtlklt|kd=wfhIa[dko4to5[e]5’g-aoj dao ;afmuwj fhIa[dko d+lhk’0Bo.o]af-tdkooUc,jo ;af;y-5o]tikfD g,nvj ritg9Qk;y-5o]tikf lYort-qoF g9Qk3rmylkitikf z6hgxao]k-t[5fd=wfh0Bo7v’]k -tlq,[afcmoD ritvq’d=gxaodtlafz6| h ’jb mu,j 7u ;k,lk,kf.odkoxqd7v’ c]t gxaozhm6 gju s^vN ,.l.o r5fmtlklt|kS .ooAogryoj wfhvvdrt]k-tvq’dko.sh]q[]hk’dkog-nvj 4nzulk’3fpdko la’j .sh ,hk’s=[-6 kzu2kh zuc4oxt9eg,nv’muoj t7vo-P’mv’ c]t lhk’;afcsj’r5fmtlklt|k0Bocmo -n;j kj ;aflts;ao7t3]d Xxaf95[ao16[j hkola’7t3]d g,nv’s^;’rit[k’? g-y’j gxaodkogxuf3vdkf .shr5fmtlklt|kwfhIa[dkolq’j glu, c]t gzupczjd;hk’0;k’d;jkgdqkj D ovd9kdoUritvq’ pa’wfhlhk’leraomk’cdj;fv’da[]k-tmyfk0v’dtlafcsj’vkok9ad]hkook g-y’j gxaodko z6dc|ho7;k,leraoda[-k;]hkookpy’j 0BoD. ;af;y-5o]tikf Xg,nv’s^;’rt[k’? 53.

(58) ສດິ ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. g9fuxtm5,rvo Xritmkf\kd3,? .o;af;y-5o]tikf Xg,nv’s^;’rit[k’?. # D dkorq;raoda[vkok9advhv,0hk’ rkps^’a dkolt4kxtokvkok9ad]hko-hk’gxao8Qo,k xt-k-qo]k;]hko-hk’wfh,du korq;rao c[[[hko.dhgInvo7P’mufj 8u d+ oa da[vkok9advhv,0hk’D g4y’1jk’.fd=8k, 8ts^vfw]ptmuvj kok9ad ]hko-hk’,ul6odk’16jot7vo-P’mv’ vkok9ad]hko-hk’wfh4ndI5dIko9kdladfyok.dh7P’7nG ladfyokfkps;Pf c]t ladfyokltspk,D 7;k,lerao]ts;jk’vkok9ad]hko-hk’da[vkok9adfkps;Pfwfhg]u,j -5f3-,]q’8A’c8j ltw\dkoxqd7v’0v’rtpk]hko7ecf’D 8qd,kIvf]k-tdkoritg9Qkw-pt9addtrafczjoczh;D dtlaf]hko-hk’wfhxt8yglfdko.sh7;k,-j;pgs^nvcdjfkps;Pf grnvj gIaflq’7k,[5d1bf9k,xk .oxu 7Dl !$(!D gsfdkofa’j djk;oAowfhgIaf.sh g]cma’8q’dtlafcsj’fkps;Pf,u7;k,7Pfc7ho 54.

(59) ສດິ. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. c]t -vdsk3vdkfcdhc7ho]hko-hk’D .oxu 7Dl !$(_ dv’ma[fkps;Pf wfh[d5 8ug0Qk vkok9ad ]hko-hk’c[[lkp2hkc,[S .ooAodv’ma[.spjd;jk\jw6 fh[d5 8ug0Qkmk’g,nv’r;o c]t g7nvj oma[ ,5j’|hkl6jot7vo-P’mv’D dko8+l6h0v’dv’ma[]hko-hk’xhv’daoot7vo-P’mv’ fegouo wx1jk’f5gfnvf .ooAo [AoIq[mufj g5 fnvfd;jk\6cj ,jo[AoIq[mq’j okg0Qk9hk; g-y’j gxaolt|k,Iq[xt-yf g,nv’-P’mv’D .o[AoIq[oUgv’mu[j aofkc,jma[7qole7ao c]t [aofkrqomtsko0v’vkok9ad ]hko-hk’s^kp7qowfh8+l6h1jk’ry]tvkfsko c]t glplts^t-u;yf1jk’s^;’s^kpc8jd=[+lk,kf 8hkomkodv’mtsko0v’fkps;PfwfhD rkpsâ’ mujl6oglplt|k,Iq[oU dv’mtskolaf86 d=g0Qkpbfot7vo-P’mv’wfhD dtlaf]hko-hk’F 05ook’ c]t de]a’mtskowfh4vpvvd9kd ot7vo-P’mv’]q’wxmk’g,nv’-hkp-P’7ko grnvj lq,mq[da[ de]a’0v’g9Qkcmjo7e X]k-t 3v]qf0v’rtw-pt9addtrafczjoczh;?D .o0totmujdv’mtskofkps;Pfr;,w]j8yf8k, ]q’wxoAo dv’ma[]hko-hk’oerk3fpg9Qkcmjo7e wfh8u8v[38hdv’mtskofkps;Pf1jk’ vkfsko gIaf.shr;dg0qk9e8hv’4vpvvdwx9kdot7vo-P’mv’ c]t 4vpvvdwx9kd fyocfo]k;]hko-hk’1jk’lYog-u’D 7;k,lerao]ts;jk’vkok9ad]hko-hk’ c]t vtp5fmtpkwfh-5f3-,]q’ .oltw\ dkoxqd7v’0v’g9Qk3rmylk]tikfD gsfzqo8Qo8=0v’7;k,0afcpj’7A’oU c,jophvo;jk]hko-hk’ wfh.sh7;k,-j;pgs^nvcdjg9Qkme,t]k-k.odko,k0=]Uwrdkog,nv’muoj t7vo;P’9ao rkpsâ’ mujwfhrjkpcrh9kddko8+lh6pkf-u’[ao]a’da[g9Qkvtmyf8tpt;q’ z6hg-yj’gxaovk;0v’gryjogv’ muvj tp5fmtpkD g,nvj g9Qkvtmyf8tpt;q’ wfh0Bo7v’]kfgxaodtlaf7qo.\j0v’vtp5fmtpk c]h; d=wfhm;’0=gvqkg9Qkw-pt]k-k 9kd]hko-hk’grnvj wx]q’3mfD c8jg,nvj 4ndxt8yglf9kddtlaf]hko-hk’ g9Qkvtmyf8tpt;q’ 9bj’wfhl;p3vdkfoedv’ma[vtp5fmtpk[5d8ug0Qkfyocfo]k;]hko-hk’ grnvj gxaodkocdhc7hoD dv’ma[vtp5fmtpkwfh[d5 8u9oq xt-yfot7vo;P’9ao.oxu 7Dl !&## c8jd4= dn dv’ma[]hko-hk’8u8v[38h0[a w]jvvd9kdfyocfo]k;]hko-hk’1jk’w;;kD. 55.

(60) ສດິ. rit[k’. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ritcdh;,=]tdqf. 8qd,k.oltw\dkoxqd7v’0v’g9Qkw-ptg-f4kmyikf z6hg-y’j gxaodtlaflv’czjofyo7nG ]hko-hk’ c]t ]hkookrtvq'wfhpqdphkpot7vos^;’9kdot7vo-P’mv’]q’,k8A’16oj t7vo ;P’9ao.oxu 7Dl !&*WD oa[c8jg;]koAogxao8Qo,kdtlafF 05ook’z6.h spjm.ju dh-fy d=wfhpdq phkp]q’,kS rhv,fP;da[ritr5fmtI6[ladlyf8jk’Mg-ajoG ritcdh;,=]tdqf d=wfh4ndvaog-uo]q’,kxtma[ 16;j P’9ao g-y’j gxaog,nv’s^;’csj’.\jD pa’7q’gs^vn w;hc8jrt[k’mugj xaoly’j ,y’j [hko,y’j g,nv’0v’-k; ot7vo-P’mv’ c]t 9kdoAo gxao8Qo,kot7vo-P’mv’ 9b’j wfhIa[ok,;jkg,nv’s^;’rt[k’D 7e4k, !D rkps^’a mulj t4kxtokgxaovkok9admu,j 7u ;k,gxaogvdtrk[c]h; vkok9ad]hko-hk’ wfhIa[dko9af8A’ c]t xa[x5’7nco;.fL @D ltrk[0v’vkok9ad]hko-hk’rkps^’a ]k-tdko0v’ritg9Qk2hk’5,j gxaoco;.fL #D dkorq;raoda[vkok9advhv,0hk’0v’vkok9ad]hko-hk’.o]k-tdkoritw-pt9ad dtrafczjoczh; gxaoco;.fL $D dkorq;raoda[vkok9advhv,0hk’0v’vkok9ad]hko-hk’.o]k-tdkorit3rmylk itikf gxaoco;.fL 56.

(61) [q f mu ) dko8+ l 6 h 0 v’xt-k-q o ]k;8h k ola d fy o krt,h k ! D vkok9ad]hko-hk’djvodkog0QkI5dIko0v’ladfyokrt,hk. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. .odk’lt8t;afmu XVI g9Qkw-ptg-f4kmyikf wfhIa[dkog-Nvg-uo9kd-k;]hkook.sh0Bo 7v’]kfmuoj t7vo-P’.\j X]hkook?D c8jg,nvj g9Qk3rmylk]tikf z6hgxao[yfkwfhlYort-qoc]h; g9Qkw-ptg-f4kmyikfwfhda[7no]hko-hk’ c]t 0Bo7v’]kfmuoj t7vo-P’mv’.oxu 7Dl !&&WD. I6[xAoritg9Qkw-ptglf4kmyikf ritmkfs^;';P'9ao. g,nvj g9Qkw-ptg-f4kmyikf0Bo7v’]kf16mj uoj t7vo-P’mv’[+maofqor=gmqkj .f dj5,dt[qf 16]j kh ookwfhd7+ ;k,;5oj ;kp0Bovud c]t g9Qkw-ptg-f4kd=wfhl’jq de]a’0Bo wxxk[d5,j dt[qffa’j djk; gIaf.shot7vo-P’.\jda[7nol6j7;k,lts’q[w]pt|bj’D c8jd=[+maofqookorP’c8jlv’lk,xu 8+,kd5,j dt[qffa’j djk;d=g]u,j d+7;k,;5oj ;kp c]t medkopbfveokfmuoj t7vo-P’.\jvdu 7A’|b’j D ltoAo g9Qkw-ptg-f4kmyikf wfhdtdP,de]a’ c]t pqdma[0Bowxcdhw0fh;p8qogv’ c8j.o0totmuj de]a’0v’g9Qkw-ptg-f4k r;,g7njvoma[g0Qkl6j]hkookoAod5j,dt[qffaj’djk; wfhs^q[|u0Bowx 0=7;k,-j;pgs^nv9kd[6gia’ov’dtlafcsj’vkok9adrt,hk grnvj 8hkoda[]hko-hk’D l;p3vdkf 57.

(62) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. fa’j djk; dv’ma[rt,hkwfh]’q ,kpbfgvqk]hkook c]t medkogdktzyfda[]hko-hk’D ltoAo [aosk dt[qf;5oj ;kp16]j kh ook wfhdkp,kgxao8Qogsf0v’7;k,0afcpj’ c]t dhk;wxl6dj kogduflq’7k, ]ts;jk’rt,hkda[]hko-hk’.ow]pt8+,kD grnvj dtdP,.shcdjdko8+8hkodkoI5dIko 0v’ladfyokrt,hkg9Qkw-ptg-f4kmyikf wfh medkodtdP,s^kpM1jk’.ooAo wfh,udkodtdP,de]a’rqoglyd 3fp,udko/bdcv[ly]txtp5f 8jk’MS rhv,fP;daooAod=wfhgvqk.9.ljg8Qk3I, 7;k,lk,ad7um;jq x;’-qo 3fpwfh,du ko4to5[e]5’ lklt|k g-yj’4n;jkgxaoxafw9sâd.odkog8Qk3I,7;k,lk,ad7u.omqj;x;’-qo-k;]k;.ooAo wfh,du koxt8yl’a 0vo c]t lhk’;af;kvkIk,0Bo.\jvdu s^kpcsj’ g-yj’gfaoj d;jk\jc6 ,jo;af-P’mv' Xg]uj,lhk’.oxu 7Dl !&&_ c]t leg]af.oxu 7Dl !&*W xaf95[ao4n;jkgxao;afmujgxao8q;c[[ 0v’ly]txt]hko-hk’musj ;^ ’rit[k’?D medkopqdphkpot7vos^;’9kdot7vo-P’mv’]q’,k 8A’16j;P’9ao grnjv.shot7vos^;’8A’16j.9dk’0v’vkok9ad g-yj’9tgIaf.sh,u7;k,ltf;d. ;af-P’mv’ Xg,nv’s^;’rit[k’? 58.

(63) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. .odkoxhv’dao7;k,lts’q[F 9kdoAo d=wfhfegouodkod+lhk’ c]t xa[x5’ot7vos^;’csj’.\j muoj t7vo;P’9aog-aoj G d+lkh ’decr’g,nv’ c]t lhk’xhv,xkdko8jk’MD rhv,fP;daod=wfh,du ko lhk’lkrt]k-t;a’csj’.\j c]t d=,udkolhk’;af;kvkIk,0Bo.\jvuds^kpcsj’ s=ritcdh;F ritmkfs^;’;P’9aoF ;afvq’8NF ;afvyocx’F ;aflug,nv’F ;aflula';vogxao8QoD ovdoUpa’,udko s^+ritmulj e7aos^kpvq’g-aoj G ritvq’8NF ritl5dF rit.l c]t ritglu,gxao8QoD dkod+lkh 'ot7vo s^;'csj'.\jp'a c8j[+moa leg]afd=4nd39,8u9kdrt,hkdjvoD ovdoU g9Qkw-ptg-f4kmyikfwfhlkh ’lkpleraoda[dtlafvtp5mtpk g-y’j r;,4ndwr0q,j 06j 9kdrt,hkg-aoj daoD .ooAogrnvj .sh,lu ’jy ;af45mgju xaos^da 4ko0v’dkoz6draow,8udoa oUm’a lv’vkok9ad wfh,du ko8qd]q’lhk’rtmkfIj;,dao16-j kpcfo]ts;jk’lv’vkok9ad.og0fg,nv’fjko-hkp .oxu 7Dl !&*W c]t lhk’leg]af.oxu 7Dl !&*# gvuUo;jkG ritmkflulv’IadD. ritmkflulv’Iad mugj ,nv’fjko-hkp c0;’g]up Xxtgmfwm.oxaf95[ao? 59.

(64) ;afvq'8N X;P’9ao? 60. ສດິ ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. s=ritcdh; X;P’9ao?.

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