cl’g’yo w;pkdvo

Texte intégral

(1)c[[IPo. r6,lkf -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu !. IP[IP’3fp. G. ok’ cl’g’yo w;pkdvo. d;fcdh3fp. G. mjko Il fi 7e,tou l5]ygff. [aookmydko3fp. G. ok’ r;’7e lq,ltoyf. g0Qk|hk3fp. G. ok’ f;’,k]k okd[5o8k. dt-;’lbdlkmydko lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk ;ymtpklkf dkolbdlk @W!W.

(2) d.

(3) 7eoe xB,c[[IPor6,lkf0Ao ,D! wfhIP[IP’0Bo8k,sâdl6flt[a[xt8yI6[.\j.oxu @WW_ grnvj 8v[lt|v’7;k,IPdIhv’8hv’dkovaoiu[fj;o0v’la’7q,.oxaf95[ao c]t cmfg\ktda[ czop5fmtlkf0v’dkorafmtokdkolbdlkmujdt-;’lbdlk;k’vvdD xB,c[[IPor6,lkf gsÂ,oU oadIPo9twfhIPoI6hdPj ;da[|j;p3]dF czomuFj dkog7nvj og|a’0v’|j;p3]dF [aopkdkfF r6,vkdkfF c,joE]eg-F mtg]F ,tsklt\5fF xt-kdvo0v’3]dF ,to5f16gj 0fIhvoF g0fvq[v5oj c]t g0f0Q;3]dF goNv.omujltcf’vvd.oxB,sq;oU gxaorP’0=h,6orNo4ko grnjv.shoadIPo c]t 76wfhoe.-h g0Qk.odkoIPo{dkolvogmqjkoAoD 76lk,kf-vdsk0=h,6ogruj,g8u,9kds^kpcs^j’gvdtlko grnvj .shcmfg\ktda[ltrk[dkosaoxjPo0v’3]d.oxaf95[oa D ltoAo 9b’j 0=IPdIhv’,kpa’76}vk9ko c]t mjkoz6hvkj o9q’j -j;p8u]k7kF 4vf4vo[qfIPo .odkooe.-hxB,sq;oU c]h;lqj’7e7yf7egsao0v’mjkowxpa’ lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkf dkolbdlk grnjv9twfhgvqkgxao0=h,6o.odkoxa[x5’cdhw0 gIaf.shdkory,xB,.ogmnjv|hk,ugoNv.o lq,[6o0Bo8n,j D dt-;’lbdlkmydko lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfdkolbdlkD.

(4) lk]t[ko. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. gxufsq;g]nvj ’ ..................................................................................................... 1 rkdmu I G |j;p3]d c]t czomuj ................................................................ 3 [qfmu ! G |j;p3]d ....................................................................................... 3 [qfmu @ G |j;p3]d9e]v’ c]t czomuj .......................................................... 8 rkdmu II G dko\6oxyjo0v’|j;p3]d .......................................................... 14 [qfmu # G dko\6oxyoj vhv,8q;,aogv’0v’|j;p3]d ......................................... 14 [qfmu $ G dko\6oxyoj 0v’|j;p3]dvhv,f;’8kg;ao ....................................... 19 rkdmu IIIG [aopkdkf c]t r6,vkdkf ..................................................... 23 [qfmu & G -Ao[aopkdkf ............................................................................... 23 [qfmu * G 2hkvkdkf c]t r6,vkdkf .......................................................... 28 [qfmu ( G ]q, c]t xtgrf0v’]q, ................................................................ 33 rkdmu IVG c,joE]eg- mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f ...................................... 39 [qfmu ) G c,joE]eg- ................................................................................. 39 [qfmu _ G mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f.o3]d ..................................................... 44 rkdmu VG [k’xtdqfdkome,t-kf c]t zqoltmhvo0v’,aomuj,u8+3]d .. 49 [qfmu !W G xtdqfdkorqoj ,ad,k r6w2 c]t czjofyows; ................................... 49 rkdmu VI G xt-kdvo c]t czomujdkog,nv’0v’3]d ............................... 55 [qfmu !! G xt-kdvo3]d ............................................................................. 55 rkdmu VII GG,to5 ,to5f16jg0fIhvo ......................................................................... 62 [qfmu !@ G ,to5f16gj 0fr6,vkdkfIhvo ........................................................... 62 [qfmu !# G ,to5f16gj 0fr6,vkdkfcsh’c]h’ Xmtg]-kp? .................................. 68 [qfmu !$ G ,to5f16gj 0fmq’j sphk-k;ko ........................................................... 73 rkdmuVIII G ,to5f16jg0fvq[v5jo ...................................................................... 78 [qfmu !& G ,to5f16gj 0fr6,vkdkfvq[v5oj ......................................................... 78 rkdmu IX G ,to5f16jg0f0Q;3]d .................................................................... 82 [qfmu !* G ,to5f16gj 0f0Q;3]d ........................................................................ 82 [qfvjkogru,j G .................................................................................................. 90 vtmy[kp7ela[ G ............................................................................................. 95. ສດິ. |hk.

(5) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. r6 , lkf7Q o 7;h k spa ’ cfj L r6,lkfc,jodkolbdlklkprq;rao g-yj’dao c]t da o ]ts;j k ’7q o da [ me,t-kf c]t c,j o dkolbdlkdjP;da[dko9af8A’rNomuj c]t dkofegouo dkog7njvows;0v’,to5f[qorNomujfaj’djk;D ;y m tpklkfr6 , lkfme,t-kf7Q o 7;h k ltgrktxtdqfdko0v’me,t-kf1j6gmy’|hk3]dg-aoj G mqj’rP’F r6rP’F r6zkxjkfq’F c,joE]eg-F sh;pIjv’ |v’[b’ c]t ,tsklt\5 f F dk’g;a o F dk’7n o F ]tf6 8 j k 'M cffF /qoF rbdlk-kf c]t laflk;k lyj’8jk’M grnjvvtmy[kpxtdqfdko8jk’Mwfh1jk’-afg9oF gryjooe.-hczomujF czo;kfF 8k8t]k’ c]t I6[rk[8jk’MD dkolbdlk7qQo7;hk;y-kr6,lkfme,t-kf-j;p.shr;dgIqkI6h9adme,t-kf1jk’9tc9h’F phvo;jk .o0totmujvtmy[kpxtdqfdko8jk’MoAoF ;ymtpklkf;jkfh;pr6,lkf wfh-U.shgsao c9h’g4y’zqoltmhvog-yj’dao c]t dao]ts;jk’xtdqfdkogs^qjkoAoD lq,,5f g,njvcffs^kpd=gIaf.shoE]tgsupvkp dkpgxaog,dc]h;gdufgxao/qo8qd]q’,k rk.shrbdlk-kf’vd’k,F c8jg,njv,u/qos^kpvkfgIaf.shg0f.fg0f|bj’gdufoE4h;, gIaf.sh 8k/aj’g9njvo s^n g-ktfyooegvqk/5jo]q’,kl6jmqj’rP’F g0ffyo8O c]t [jvovnjoMD g,nvj I69h da lkgsfF I6zh oq ltmhvog-y’j dao c]t daorhv,ma’zqoIhkpF zqofu8+dkozt]yfF 8+-;u fy dkogxao16jc]h; r;dgIqkd=pyj’g-njv;jk ,to5f,u7;k,lk,kffafcx’me,t-kf9edafzqoIhkp c]t 0tspkplyj’mujfu’k,0v’c8j]txtdqfdkowfhD pk,.f;ymtpklkfr6,lkfd=8yfraoda[me,t-kfF 8yfraoda[r6,]egoqk c]t -u;yf dkogxao16j0v’xt-kdvoD faj’oaAo dko7Qo7;hkIOIPor6,lkf9tgIaf.shr;dgIqk,umjkmu 1.

(6) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. vao4nd8hv’8+me,t-kf c]t la’7q,F I6hlts’;oIad c]t xqdxadIadlkme,t-kfvaol;p’k, Iad[hkogdufg,nv’ovoF I6h75o7jkdkovvdcI’’koF fafcx’me,t-kfF gru,j r6ozt]yfzqo0v’,to5fF -j;p.shr;dgIqklk,kfla’gdf c]t vtmy[kpwfh[k’xtdqfdkor6,lkfmuj’jkpfkp g-yj’ gduf0Bo.oltrk[c;f]hv,vhv,0hk’8qogv’D T gxaospa’9bj’8hv’IPor6,lkfL dkoIPo;y-kr6,lkf,u7;k,le7aos^kp1jk’g-ajoG { -j;p.shr;dgIqkI6gh ]nvj ’]k; c]t lt4komu8j kj ’M0v’3]dD { -j;p.shgxaorqo]tg,nv’fu0v’-kfF Iadme,t-kfF Iad-kfF Iad[hkogdufg,nvb 'ovoD { -j;p.ofhkom5]tdyfdko7hkD { -j;p.odkogfuomk’D { -j;p.odkorafmtokglf4tdyf c]t la’7q,D { -j;p.odkolbdlk;y-kvnjoM.sh,u7;k,g0Qk.9s^kp0BoD { -j;p.shgduf7;k,g0Qk.9 c]t 7;k,Ij;,,nvaofu]ts;jk’[aofkxtgmf8jk’MD 7e4k, !D ;y-kr6,lkf7Qo7;hkspa’cfjL @D me,t-kf,uzqoltmhvo8+-u;yfdkogxao16j0v’,to5fco;.fL #D dkoIPor6,lkf-j;pspa’cfjL. 2.

(7) rkdmu. I. |j;p3]d c]t czomuj. I.. |j;p3]d.o]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;ko. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. [q f mu ! |j ; p3]d. 3]dgIqkgxaofk;g7ktf;’|j’b g-j’y 1j.6 odj,5 fP;daoda[fk;g7ktvnoj Mmjxu ojy vhv,f;’vkmyf X8kg;ao? dj5,fk;g7ktgs^kqj oU c]t f;'8kg;aogvhuo;jkG ]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;koD !D f;’8kg;a o f;’8kg;aogxaofk;]bd mujgxaol6odk’0v’]t[q[l5]yptD fk;g7kt c]t fk;sk’ ]h;oc8j379voIv[f;’8kg;aoma’\qfD f;’8kg;aogxaofk;]bdmu.j sh7;k,le7aomulj f5 8+3]dg-aoj G .shcl'cffF cl'lts;jk'.sh7;k,vq[v5oj cdjlafF ,to5f c]t .shrt]a’’kocdjrnf ovdoAo pa'gIaf.sh3]d,ur,6 vkdkfs^kpxtgrfma’gvNvveo;p8+dkofe]q’-u;fy 0v’,to5fD f;’8kg;aoxtdv[fh;pIu3fic-o ($:F gI]P, @&: c]t mkfvnjoM.oxt]y,kog]adohvpD f;’8kg;aomjur;dgIqkgsaom5d;aooUgxaofk;mju,u0t|kf.spjs^kp 4hkmP[.ljda[fk;vnjoMD ]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;koG dj5,0v’f;’8kg;ao c]t fk;g7kt8jk’M mjuxyjovhv,f;’8kg;aoD fk;]bdG c,jofk;mjulk,kfcrj]aflt\uvvdwxIv[8q;gv’D fk;g7ktG c,jofk;mju[+lk,kfcrjcl'Iv[8qogv'D fk;sk'G gxao;af45gmy'2hkmju,ucl' c]t 379vovhv,f;'8kg;aoD 3.

(8) II.. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. c8j4hkmP[.lj|;j p3]d glAozjkdk’0v’f;’8kg;aopk;d;jk glAozjkdk’0v’|j;p3]d !W_ gmjvn c]t [=],y kf.spjd;jk[=],y kf0v’|j;p3]d8A’ ! #WW WWW gmnvj F c8jr;dgIqkg[y’j fh;p8kgxqkj gsao;jk f;’8kg;aoohvpphvo;jk ,ao1jw6 d|j;p3]d8A’|j’b Ihvpshkly[]hko d, X!&W WWW WWW d,? f;’8kg;aoczj7;k,Ihvo c]t cl’lts;jk’vvdwxmqj;m5dmyfD 4hk|j;p3]d[+wfhIa[cl’ lts;jk’ c]t 7;k,IhvooAo|j;p3]dd=9t,nfF g1aodtfhk’F ,;o,to5fF laf c]t rbdlk-kf 8jk’Md=9t4ndfa[l6oD @D fk;g7kt vu’8k,7eoypk,.\jmuwj fhzkj odv’xt-5,ltstraofk]klkflkdqo7A’;aomu @$ ly’sk xu @WW* fk;g7kt\kpg4y’;af45I6[,qodq,gmy’mhv’2hkmuxj yoj vhv,f;’8kg;aoF D xaf95[ao.o]t[q[ l5]py t9addt;ko,ufk;g7kt ) f;’fj’a oUG !D fk;r5f XMercure/Mercury?F @D fk;rtl5d XVenus?F #D |j;p3]d (Terre/Earth)F $D fk;va’7ko XMars?F &D fk;rtsaf XJupiter), 6. fk;glqk (Saturne/ Saturn)F (D fk;,t]b8tp6 (Uranus)F )D fk;gdf (Neptune?F gryo j wfh8afgvqkfk;pq, XPluton/ Pluto? vvd9kd;q’379vophvo;jk ,ao[+lk,kf7;[75, cI’fb’f6f c]t ;q’379vo0v’ly’ j 8jk’M mu1j I6j v[;q’379vo0v’,aowfh X!?D ltgrkt|j;p3]d,uf;’9aogxao[=]y;ko\6ovhv,D. |j ; p3]d. va'7ko. ]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;ko. X!? dv’xt-5,ltstraofk]klkf7A’;aomu @$ ly’sk @WW* muj g,nv’xikd xtgmflkmk]tot]af g-adwfhgsaofu;jk fk;pq,[+c,jofk;g7kt xaf95[aopa’gs^nvfk;g7kt ) f;’D 4.

(9) ສດິ. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. !D I6[Ijk’ c]t 0t|kf0v’|j;p3]d |j;p3]dgxaoI6[,qodq,F g-y’j xaf95[aolk,kfryl6fwfh9kddko4jkpI6[3]d.o]adltotI6[ -q’dq,9kdovd3]dwfhD 7yfw]jltg]jpglAozjkdk’0v’|j;p3]d pk;xt,ko !@ (&* d,S ];’Iv[ 0v’|j;p3]d $W W(* d,S goNvmj0u v’|j;p3]d &!W WWW WWW d,@ D @D glAo0t|ko c]t glAoc;’ @D! glA o 0t|koc,j o glA o ;q ’ ,q o 8j k ’M mj u l q , ,5 f vh v ,|j ; p3]d8k,mk’0;k’D glAo0t|kogs^jqkoAo,uglAo]aflt\upk;[+gmjqkdaoF glAo0t|komju,uglAo]aflt\upk;d;jk\j6oAo c,joglAol6ol6f g-j’y gxaoglAomjcu [j’|j;p3]dvvdgxaolv’rkdlj;ogmjkq dao7nG g2Nv’3]dg|nv c]t g2Nv’3]d.8hD py’j ,+0Q;3]dgmqkj .fF ;q’glAo0t|kogs^qjkoAo9tohvpg0Qkgxao]efa[F l5fmhkpglAo mj1u 06j ;Q 3]dgs^vn c8j9f5 fP;gmqkj oAo gryoj IPd;jk 0Q;3]dD w]ptsjk’]ts;jk’lv’0q;h 3]dc,jo !)W = Xvq’lk?D dkoc[j’w]ptsjk’4hkw]jc8jglAol6ol6fIvf0Q;3]dg|nv s^n 0h;q 3]d.8hc,jo,u _W F= 4hkgIqk 0ufglAo0t|ko.sh,wu ]ptsjk’dao ! F= 9kdglAol6ol6f9qoIvf0Q;3]d.8h s^n g|nv9twfhglAo0t|ko )_ glAoF c8j;jk1j60hq;3]dc,jo95ffP;gmqjkoAo c]t wfhsadglAol6ol6fvvdc]h;D glAo0t|ko 8jk’Mmj1u ]j6 ts;jk’dk’glAol6ol6f c]t 0Q;3]dg|nvgvhou ;jkG glAo0t|kog|nvF lj;oglAo0t|ko 8jk’Mmju16j]ts;jk’glAol6ol6f c]t 0Q;3]d.8hgvUo;jkG glAo0t|ko.8hD glAo0t|kog|nvmu @# = @( j gvUo;jkG glAovkpaog|nvF glAo0t|ko.8hmu @# =@( j gvUo;jkG glAovkpao.8hD glAovkpaoc,jo glAomjucl’8kg;aoljv’,k8A’lkd s^n 16j-njsq;r;dgIqk.og;]kmjP’0v’;aomu @@ ,u45ok 1j6g2Nv’3]dg|nv c]t 0v’;aomu @@ mao;k 1j6g2Nv’3]d.8hD @D@ glAoc;’ glAoc;’c,joglAolq,,5fmjugoaj’c8j0Q;3]dg|nvsk0Q;3]d.8hF 4hkgIqk0ufglAosjk’dao! = Xvq'lk? gIqk9twfhglAoc;’vhv,3]dma’\qf #*W glAoF .ooAo ,uglAoc;’8kg;aovvd !)W glAoF glAoc;’ 8kg;ao8qd !)W glAoF glAogs^kqj oAogmjqkdao c]t ,k95dao1j6lv’0Q;3]dD gryoj wfhdeoqfgvqkglAoc;’mjuzkj olt4koufk]klkf7iyo;yf (Greenwich) X1j6]vofvo ot7vos^;’0v’xtgmfva’dyf? gxaoglAoc;’g7Qk XglAoc;’ W = <l6ovq’lk<?F c8j]tglAoc;’ wfh\kp9eo;ovq’lk grjnv[vdw]ptsjk’]ts;jk’,aoda[glAoc;’g7QkD 9eo;ovq’lkmju\kp 1j6glAoc;’gvUo;jkG vq’lkc;’F 9eo;ovq’lkmjuwfh[vdc9h’w]ptsjk’0v’glAoc;’8jk’M 1j6mk’g[Nv’8kg;ao8qd 0v’glAoc;’g7QkgvUo;jkG vq’lkc;’8kg;ao8qdF 9eo;ovq’lkc;’ 5.

(10) mjuwfh[vdc9h’w]ptsjk’0v’glAoc;’8jk’M1j6myf8kg;aovvd0v’glAoc;’g7Qk gvUo;jk vq’lk c;’8kg;aovvdD 0Q;3]dg|nv _W = g|nv *W =. glAov kpao g|nv glAol 6ol6f glAov kpao. 8h. $W = @W = W =. ]t[q [ glA o 0t|ko 0Q;3]dg|nv. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 0Q;3]d.8h. ສດິ. @W =. g,nv'diyo;yf. glAoc;'g7Qk W = 0Q;3]dg|nv. 0Q;3]d.8h. ]t[q [ glA o c;' 6.

(11) ສດິ. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. #D 0Q ; 3]d lv’lQo0v’cdo3]d s^n grqk3]dgvUo;jkG 0Q;3]dD |j;p3]d,ulv’0Q;3]d7nG 0Q;3]dg|nv c]t 0Q;3]d.8hD g,nvj |j;p3]dxjoy vhv,8qo,aogv’F lv’95f0Q;3]dpa’1j76 ’q mjFu lj;o95f8jk’M1j| 6 kh 3]dd=g7jnvophkp8k,;q’,qo.ow]pt;ao|b’j wfhIv[|b’j D $D dkodeoq f 95 f ry d a f fh k or6 , lkf grnvj 1kdIh86 ec|j’mj8u ’A 0v’lt4komj8u kj ’Mgmy’|hk3]doAogryoj wfhdeoqf.shgmy’rNozy;3]d ,uglAolq,,5f @ ]t[q[7nG ]t[q[vq’lk0t|ko c]t ]t[q[vq’lkc;’D glAolq,,5fma’lv’ ]t[q[9t8afdao c]t c8j]t95fmj8u fa daoc,jo95frydfa fhkor6,lkf g-j’y .-hdeoqf8ec|j’lt4komju 8jk’Mgmy’rNozy;3]dD 7e4k, !D |j;p3]dc,jospa’L 9q’j vtmy[kp|j;p3]d.o]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;koL @D glAoc;’F glAo0t|ko8jk’da[vq’lkc;’ c]t vq’lk0t|koco;.fL #D glAoc;’g7Qk c]t glAol6ol6fc,joglAoco;.fL $D 9qj’-vdsk95frydafr6,lkf0v’,qfltd6;jkG 1j6vq’lkc;’ c]t vq’lk0t|ko mugmjqk.fL X3fpvkwl|j;p3]d9e]v'? { xtgmf]k;ovo1j6]ts;jk’vq’lkc;’ c]t vq’lk0t|komugmjqk.fL. 7.

(12) [q f mu @ |j ; p3]d9e]v’ c]t czom czomju I.. |j ; p3]d9e]v’ !D |j ; p3]d9e]v’ 95f8af 95fl6odk' glAol6o6 l6f. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. |j;p3]d9e]v’. ສດິ. c,jo8q;cmomj.u dh7P’mjlu f5 0v’|j;p3]dmju cmh9y’D c8j[+lk,kfltcf’vvdwfh \qfm5d ]adltot0v’|j;p3]dF ,uc8jltcf’.shgsaoI6[ ]adltot];,mk’ovd0v’|j;p3]dgmjqkoAo g-joa G mtg]F ,tsklt\5fF mt;u[8jk’M c]t vjon M D g4y’1jk’.fd=8k,F |j;p3]d9e]v’ lk,kfgIaf.shoadIPog0Qk.9g4y’I6[-q’ c]t dko\6oxyoj 0v’|j;p3]dwfhfDu. myf8kg;ao8qd. myfg|nv myf8kg;aovvd. myf.8h dkodeoqfmyffh;pf;'8kg;ao 8.

(13) @D myf c]t dko-vdmyf gIqkIhc6 ]h;;jk8kg;ao0Bomk’myf8kg;aovvd c]t 8qdmk’myf8kg;ao8qdF .o8vog-Qk4hkgIqk ;kc0ovvdgvqkc0o0;k-Uwx.lj8kg;aoF c0o-hkp0v’gIqkc,jomyf8kg;ao8qdF g[Nv’|hkc,jo myfg|nv c]t g[Nv’sâ’c,jomyf.8hD ;ymumju-afg9ocmh c]t w; c,jo;ymu-vdmyffh;pg0a,myfD g]d|hkxaf0v’g0a,myfpa’.-h cmd,5, myf9kd3ooF 9v,r6|b’j s^n [hko|jb’sk[jvomju8qor;,1j6vudD |hkxafg0a,myfgxao;q’,qo g-jy’c[j’vvdgxao #*W = Xvq'lk? myfma’luwj fh\kp[vdfh;pvadlvosp=h7nG S. -uh[vdmyfg|nv -U[vdmyf.8h. -hu[vdmyf8kg;aovvd -U[vdmyf8kg;ao8qd. E W. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. lv’lqoh 0v’g0a,myf,ulv’luF lQolucf’pk,.fd=-[U vdmk’myfg|nv lQolufepk,.fd=-U[vd myf.8hD 1kd-vdmyfg|nvwfh1kj ’7adcojgIqk;k’g0a,myf.lj|hkrP’mju0t|koda[|hkfyogsao;jkG g0a,-Umyf9t8u’’avdc’adlv’lk,gmnjvc]h;15f1j6 lQolucf’-Uwxmyfg|nvgIqk7jvpMsao|hkxaf g0a,myf.shd'q da[38 N g-jy’da[xkpg0a,-humyflucf’ g,nvj oAo38|a’ln X N. S. E.W ? 9t-Umyf Xg|nvF .8hF 8kg;aovvdF 8kg;ao8qdF 1jk’4nd8hv’?D. ສດິ. N. g0a,myf 9.

(14) IID. czomju. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. !D 7;k,\kp0v’czomju czomjcu ,joI6[ltcf’[=]gy ;o.f|b’j F vkokg0fxtgmf.f|b’j F znoczjofyod;hk’ s^n c7[.f |b’j gmy’|hk3]d 3fpdkosp=gh 0Qk.ljczjog9hpfh;p,kf8klj;omucj ojovoD czomjwu fhlkh ’0Bo[qorNo4ko;ymtpklkfvao7adcoj ;afcmd]tvPfF 7yfw]j44uj ;h oF c8h, c]t ry,9q[fuF ,udko]t[kplu8kj ’MD czomjcu ,jog7jvn ’.-hvoa 9egxao.odkoIPoF 7Qo7;hk c]t lyflvo ;y-kr6,lkfD @D ,kf8klj ; o0v’czomj u grjvn 1kdc8h,czomurj ,6 lkfvao.f|j’b F wfh,du kosp=gh 0Qk.lj|kh g9hp 3fp.-h,kf8klj;o g-y’j gxaog]dlj;omjlu tcf’.shgsao;jkG wfhsp=Ih [6 c]t glAo8jk'Mgmy’czomj]u 'q 9adgmnvj mP[.ljd[a 8q;9y'gmy'|hkfyo s^n gmy'|hk3]dD 8q;1jk’G ,kf8klj;o0v’czomjur6,lkf !G !WWWWWWS \kp7;k,;jkG ! -, 1j6.oczomju gmqkj da[ !WWWWWW -a’8ugg,af s^n !W dy3]c,af 0v’|hkfyoD #D g7njv’\kp -njr6,lkf8jk’Mgmy'czomju 1jg6 my'czomumj d5 czjo 8hv’.-hg7jvn ’\kp c]t -j8n kj ’Mgmy'czomujF czomju mjgu ryoj ,ad.-h,su ^kp -toyf g-joa G czomjdu kog,nv’0v’3]d s^n mt;u[F r6,ru kdF czomumj e,t-kfF czomjgu lf4tdyf0v’ r6,urkd 0v’xtgmf8jk’M s^n 0v’mhv’4yoj 8jk’MD 8q;1jk’G czomjume,t-kf0v’xtgmf]k; gmy’czomjugrjyo0Po-nxj tgmfD { g[Nv’gmy’0v'czomjcu ,jomyfg|nvD { g[Nv’]j,5 0v'czomjuc,jomyf.8hD { fhko0;k,nc,jomyf8kg;aovvdD { fhko-hkp,nc,jomyf8kg;ao8qdD { 1j.6 oczomju,ug]d\kpglAoc;’ c]t glAo0t|ko8jk’MD ,kf8klj;o0v’czomju !G !@&WWWW \kp7;k,;jk ! -a’8uc,af Xcm? .oczomju gmqkj da[ !@&WWWW -a’8uc,af s^n !@F& dy3]c,af0v’|hkfyoD. 10.

(15) $D ]tfa[7;k,l6’lezafF ]tfa[7;k,l6’le[6oF dkoltcf’]tfa[l6’gmy’czomju ]tfa[l6’7yfgxaoc,afF 4ngvqk]tfa[|hkoEmtg] gxao95f8A’8QoD 8q;1jk’G r6g[hp Xc0;’-P’0;k’? l6’ @)@W c,af c,jogryoj mP[9v,r6g[hpda[]tfa[ ltg]jp0v’|hkoEmtg]D. 9v,r6. ]tfa[l6'lezaf. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ]tfa[l6'le[6o. ສດິ. 8uor6. oEmtg]. dkomP[]tfa[l6'. {. {. ]tfa[7;k,l6’le[6o Xgfaf4ko? XAbsolute? c,jo]tfa[l6’mj7u fy w]j9kd]tfa[|hkoE mtg]wxsk95f.f|b’j D 8q;1jk’ 9v,r6gvg;ucil (Everest) l6' ))$) c,af 1jg6 0fxtgmf goxkogxao9v,r6mlju '6 .o3]dD ]tfa[7;k,l6’lezaf XmP[4ko? c,jo]tfa[l6’mj7u fy w]j9kd95f|j’b mP[.ljvdu 95f|j’b D. 11.

(16) {. X8q;1jk’G 9kd8uor6sk9v,r6?F grnvj 8yf8k,]tfa[oE0Bo c]t ]q’gryoj wfhxda s^da cmd ]tfa[oE1j68k,mjkgInvF 1j68k,glqk0q; c]t 1j6xkdoED dkoltcf’]tfa[l6’gmy’czomjGu. &_W , &WW , $WW , #WW , @WW , !WW ,. ]adltot0v’r6. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. W,. 1j6.oI6[c8h,|hkmu !@D [vdg4y’]adltot0v’r6 c]t I6[c8h,|hkmu !# [vdg4y’ glAo]tfa[l6’gmy’czomjuD le]a[r61j6I6[gmy'oU c]t I6[1j6|hkmu !# c,jodkovtmy[kpg4y' ;ymdu koc8h,glAo]tfa[l6'0v'r6gmy'czomjFu 3fpg]u,j 9kd]tfa[|hkoEmtg] c]h;\kp gxao95fw;h !WW c,afF @WW g,af c]t 8+Mwx9qol5f9v,r6D l5fmhkpgIqk9twfhglAo]tfa[l6’le[6omjgu xaoglAog-nvj ,8+0v’m5dM95f.o]tfa[fP;dao !WW c,afF @WW c,afF #WW c,afDDD. 12.

(17) $&W , $WW , #WW , @WW , !WW , W, W, !WW , @WW , #WW , $WW , $%&W ,. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. glAo]tfa[7;k,l6’ltg\u 7e4k, !D |j;p3]d9e]v’c,jospa’L @D grnvj -vdskmyfgryoj .-h;ymu.fcfjL 9q’j pqd8q;1jk’,kxtdv[L #D g,jnv.-hg0a,myf8hv’gvqk.9.ljsâddko.fcfjL fh;pgsf.fL $D czomjuc,jospa’L &D gxaospa’gIqk9b’j 8hv’Ihd6 Pj ;da[,kf8klj;o0v’czomj.u odkoc8h,czomjLu *D 9q’j vtmy[kpdjP;da[]tfa[l6’leraf c]t ]tfa[l6’le[6o,u7nco;.fL (D ;ymultcf’]tfa[l6’gmy’czomjugryoj gIaf7nco;.fL X9q’j vtmy[kp?D. 13.

(18) rkdmu. II. dko\6oxyjo0v’|j;p3]d. [q f mu # dko\6 o xy j o vh v ,8q ; ,a o gv’0v’|j ; p3]d I.. xtdqfdkomjurk.sh,udk’g;ao c]t dk’7no. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 0Q;3]dg|nv. dk'g;ao. dk'7no glAol6ol 6f. dkod5f8k. 0Q;3]d.8h dk'g;ao c]t dk'7nogmy'|j;p3]d. 14. cl'8kg;ao. 0Q;3]dg|nv. ສດິ. !D |j;p3]dxyjovhv,8q;,aogv’rkp.o @$ -jq;3,’ |j;p3]d\6oxyoj vhv,8q;,aogv’ 3fp\6ovhv,grqk3]d XglAozjkl6odk’9kd0Q;3]dg|nv g4y’0Q;3]d.8h? xjyo9kdmyf8kg;ao8qdskmyf8kg;aovvd s^n \6o9kd-hkpwxsk0;k g-y’j dq’dao 0hk,da[dko\6oxjoy 0v’g0a,3,’D .o0totmj| u ;j p3]d\6o grqk0v’|j;p3]d9ts’jP’g]adohvpD |j;p3]d\6ovhv,8q;,aogv’.-hg;]kxt,ko @$ -q;j 3,’8+Iv[|j’b D phvodko\6oxyoj vhv,8q;,ao gv’0v’|j;p3]d 9b’j gIaf.sh,udk’g;ao c]t dk’7no1j6m5d95fgmy'|hk3]dD.

(19) @D c8j]t95f0v’3]d9tzafxjPogxaodk’g;ao c]t dk’7no g,jvn lj;o.f0v’3]dxyoj g0Qkskf;’8kg;ao lj;ooAod=wfhI[a cl’lts;jk’ c]t 7;k,Ihvo 9kdf;’8kg;ao c]t .og;]koAod=9tgxaodk’g;aoF lj;omj1u d6j ’q dao0hk,[+wfhI[a cl’lts;jk’ c]t 7;k,Ihvo9kdf;’8kg;aod=9tgxaodk’7noD 4hk|j;p3]dskd1j76 ’q mju [+,udkog|a’8u’cojovog7jy’|j’b 0v’|j;p3]dg;]k.fd=9tgxao dk’g;aoF vudg7y’j |j’b 9tgxaog;]kdk’7no8ts^vfwxD fh;pdko\6ovhv,8q;,aogv’0v’3]d 16cj 8j]t95f0v’3]dg;]kd=9txjPowx8k,]efa[7nG g-QkF l;pF mjP’F [jkpF c]t 7jO9qo]a[cl’lts;jk’ c]t 7;k,Ihvo9kdf;’vkmyf g0Qkl67j ;k,,nfgxaog;]kdk’7no8+wx9qod;jk9twfhIa[cl’lts;jk’9kdf;’vkmyfvud 9b’j gxao g;]kdk’g;aoD gonjv’9kd|j;p3]d\6ovhv,8q;,aogv’[+15f9adgmnjvdk’g;ao c]t dk’7no 9b’j lts^[a daowx8ts^vfdkoD. 3,’ Xg;]k?. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. !D 3,’mhv’4yjo .o,N|'bj Xma'dk'g;ao c]t dk'7no? d;, @$ -q;j 3,'F 4hkgIqkc[j'|j;p3]dgxao @$ g0f 8k,];'0v'glAoc;'F c8j]tg0fd=9t,ug;]kmjgu xaogvdtrk[ c8j0;Q 3]dg|nvsk0Q;3]d.8h c]t ,ug;]kmju8kj 'da[g0fvnoj g-y'j IPd;jkg;]kmhv'4yoj D g;]kmhv'4yoj c,jo3,’mjultcf’.shgsaog4y’mju8’A 0v’f;’8kg;ao1jg6 my’mhv’2hkD 8q;1jk’G 4hkr;dgIqkgvqklv’8q;g,nv’7n ;P’9aoF xaddjy’,klq,mP[.ljdoa gIqk9tgsao;jkG .og;]kfP;1j6lv’[jvooAo 9tgsaomju8A’0v’f;’8kg;ao8jk’daoD xaddjy’9tgsaof;’8kg;ao1j6 g-y’j sq;djvo;P’9ao ! -q;j 3,’D. ສດິ. IID. 15.

(20) 16. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ czomulj tcf'mju8ລA'0v'xaddy'j c]t ;P'9ao ຂິ ະ ສດິ.

(21) ]vofvo. ສດິ -udk3d oy;1vd fkdk. xkiu. Iu1kf. 3,ltd6. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. dkodkIu ]vfcvog9u]yf. dkIkdkf. -k;gxqk3] c7[mk;. vyogfp. 9uo. ly’dt3x. -u8k. de9afdk. 38dP;. -yfou. oy;-uc]o. 17. vk]kltdk. Ik;kp. -u]u. czomu[j ;q 3,’. glAoc[j’;aolkdqo.

(22) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. fa’j oAoF 4hkgvqkf;’8kg;aogxao,kf8t4kogrjnvdeoqfg;]kF 3,’1j6lv’[jvooU9t[+dq’daoF phvolv’[jvooAo8A’1j6gmy’glAoc;’8jk’dao ,uc8j95f8jk’M mju16jgmy’glAoc;’fP;dao 9b’j ,u3,’ g;]kfP;daoD vu’8k,mju8A’0v’f;’8kg;ao1j6c8j]tmhv’4yoj F g4y’9tgxaog0fohvpxko.fd=,u3,’cmhlt grktmjuoAoD 8k,dko7yfltg]jp0v’lv’95f1j6skj ’dao !& = Xvq’lk? .f9ts^5f]noj dao ! -q;j 3,’ vu’8k,mju8A’0v’f;’8kg;ao1j6csj’fa’j djk;c8j]t ! =Xvq’lk? 9ts^5f]noj dao $ okmuD @D glaAoc[j’;ao XDate line? lq,,5f;jkgIqklk,kf[yoIv[3]dwfhfh;ppqomuj,u7;k,w;l6’rkp.o @$ -qj;3,’ s^n .-h 7;k,w;gmqkj da[dko\6o0v’3]d7n zjko !& = c;’ .og;]k ! -q;j 3,’D fa’j oAoF 4hkgIqkvvd9kd ;P’9ao g;]kmjP’grnvj gfuomk’wxvkg,iydk wxmk'myf8kg;aovvd s^n wx8k,myffP;daoda[ dkoxyoj 0v'|j;p3]dgIqk9tI6lh db ;jk f;’8kg;ao16gj 7y’j sq;8ts^vfg;]kD g,nvj da[,k g4y’;P’9ao s^’a 9kdgfuomk’wfh @$ -q;j 3,' s^n ! Iv[ xkdqf;jk ;P’9aooAogxaovud;ao|b’j c]h;D gIqkvkfI6lh db ’q’ grktgIqkwfhgsaodk’g;ao c]t dk’7nozjkowxc]h; ! ;aoD ltoAo 9egxao8hv’,udkoxjPo;aomuD 1jg6 lAoc;'.f|b'j gmy'3]d g,nvj xu !))$ wfh,udko8qd]q’dao ]ts;jk’-kf4ngvqkglAoc;’mu!)W = gxao0uf\kp0v'dkoxjPogxao;ao.\jD #D [q ; 3,’ [q;3,’c,jodko c[j’|j;p3]d8k,glAoc;’vvdgxao @$ g0f c8j]j t[q;3,’ d;hk’ !& = Xvq'lk?.oc8j]tg0fgryoj 4ngvqk3,’0v’glAoc;’zjkodk’0v’[q;3,’oAo gxao3,’xt9eg0fD gryoj wfhdeoqf 4ngvqkg0fmj,u gu lAoc;’g7Qk XW = vq'lk? zjkogxao[q;3,’g7Qk7nG glAoc;'mjzu kj o diyo;ylF g0fg,nv']vofvoF xtgmfva'dyfD 8q;1jk’G ;P’9ao1j.6 o[q;3,’mu ( myf8kg;aovvd\kp7;k,;jk 4hkg;]k1jo6 t7vo]vofvo c,jo W 3,’ .og;]koAo1j6;P’9aoc,jo ( 3,’g-QkD $D 3,’mk’dko c,jo3,’mjxu tgmf|j’b g-y'j d;, @{# [q;3,'wfhv’u 8k,[q;3,’0v’lkdqo grnvj deoqf3,'mju gxaogvdtrk[dao\qf.omj;q xtgmfD 7e4k, !D |j;p3]dxjyovhv,8q;,aogv’c8jmyf.fskmyf.fL @D 9q’j vtmy[kplkgsfmjurk.sh,udk’g;ao c]t dk’7noL #D 3,’mhv’4jyoc,jospa’L $D 3,’mk’dkoc,jo3,’co;.fL 18.

(23) [q f mu $ dko\6 o xj y o 0v’|j ; p3]dvh v ,f;’8kg;a o ID. ;q’379vo0v’|j;p3]dvhv,f;’8kg;ao ]tf6.[w,hx’qj @! gfnvo # ]tf6|k;. ]tf6Ihvo 8kg;ao. @@ gfnvo *. @@ gfnvo !@ @# gfnvo _. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ;q’379vo0v’|j;p3]dvhv,f;’8kg;ao. ສດິ. ]tf6.[w,hso^qj. !D |j ; p3]dxj y o vh v ,f;’8kg;a o |j;p3]dxjoy vhv,f;’8kg;ao8k,glAo;q’,qogxaoI6[w0j g-y’j IPd;jk glAo379voD |j;p3]d \6oxjoy 8k,glAo379voIv[|j’b dyog;]k #*& ;aoda[ * -j;q 3,’ w]ptoAogvUo;jk|b’j xuD grnvj ltf;d .odkogIafxt8ymyogryoj 7yfw]j.shxu|’bj ,u #*& ;ao4h;oD fja’oAo c8j]txu9b’j glf * -jq;3,’ 7q[Iv[ $ xu.f g;]k9tglf @$ -q;j 3,’ \kp7;k,;jk ,N|b’j D ltoAo .o $ xu.f gryoj 9b’j 8n,j .ljxu4h;o $ oAo ! ;aoF xuoAo,u #** ;aoF \kp7;k,;jk .ogfnvod5,rk0v’xuoAo,u @_ ;ao X! ? 4hkr;dgIqkc[j’glAo379vo0v’|j;p3]dvvdgxao !@ lj;ogmqkj daoF w]ptmju|;j p3]dg7nvj owfh !}!@ 0v’glAo379vooAoIPd;jk ! gfnvo D ltoAo 8k,xt8ymyoc]h; xu|b'j ,u !@ fnvoF c8j]tgfnvo,u #W s^n #! ;aoF ,uc8jgfnvod5,rk ,u @) ;aoF m5d $ xu.f gfnvod5,rk ,u @_ ;aoD. X!? 8k,me,tfkxu.fsko0kf.sh $ glf XW? l6o gfnvod5,rkxuoAo9t,u @_ ;aoF gryoj gvUo;jkxuvtmydt,kfD 19.

(24) @D 7;k,s^5f]njo]ts;jk’dk’g;ao c]t dk’7no. 0Q;3]dg|nv. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. |j ; p3]d. ສດິ. 0Q;3]d.8h. grqk0v’|j;p3]d[+8A’lkdda[|hkrP’0v’glAo379voF ,aos’jP’mP[.lj|hkrP’ 0v’glAo379vogxao,6,xt,ko ** = #W Dj fa’j oAoF ,uc8j;aomu @! gfnvo ,uok c]t ;aomu @# gfnvo daopk 0v’m5dMxu cl’8kg;ao 9b’j ljv’8A’lkdda[glAol6ol6fD ltoAo grjyo9b’j gvUo;aomu @! gfnvo ,uok c]t ;aomu @# gfnvo daopk gxao;ao;yl5;af X!? s^n ;ao XEquinoxe? cx;jk.olv’,No1U m6j d5 95fgmy’|hk3]d,udk’g;ao c]t dk’7no !@ -q;j 3,’gmjkq daoD g;]k0v'|j;p3]dxyoj vhv,f;'8kg;aoF grqk0v'3]dpa's'jP'wxmk'gdqkj [+,xu Pj ocx'F fa'j oAoF g2Nv'3]dg|nv c]t g2Nv'3]d.8h9'jb zafxjPodaosaowxl68j kg;aos^kpD g,nvj Ivf;aomu @@ gfnvo ,y45ok 0v’xu cl'8kg;ao8A'lkdda[glAovkpaog|nvD ,NoAo 1j6g0f0Q;3]dg|nvdk’g;aopk;mjul5fD .o;aooUm5dM[jvooa[c8jglAo0t|ko.8hmu ** =#W j.8hsk 0Q;3]d.8hovo16.j o7;k,,nf X7nopk; @$ -q;j 3,’? [+,du k’g;aoD ;aooUc,jo;ao g\qkpao XSolstice? X@? 0v’g2Nv’3]dg|nvF X!? ;ao;yl5;afG c,jo;aomu.j oxu|b’j dk’g;ao c]t dk’7nogmqkj dao1j6m5d[jvo gmy’ |hk3]dD X@? ;aog\qkpaoG c,jo;aomjucl’8kg;ao8A’lkdda[glAovkpaog|nv s^n .8h c]tgxao;ao0v’dk’7no }dk’g;aopk; 1j60Q;3]dg|nv s^n 1j60Q;3]d.8hD 20.

(25) g4y’;aomu @@ gfnvo mao;k cl'8kg;ao8A'lkdda[glAovkpao.8hD .o;aooUmd5 M[jvooa[c8jglAo 0t|kog|nv mu ** = #W sj k0Q;3]dg|nvc,jo ovo1j6.o7;k,,nf X7nopk; @$ -q;j 3,'? [+,u dk'g;ao ;aooUc,jo;ao g\qkpao0v'g2Nv'3]d.8hD. 0Q;3]dg|nv. ;aog|qkpao0v'g2Nv'3]dg|nv c]t g2Nv'3]d.8h. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 0Q;3]d.8h. 0Q;3]d.8h. #D ]tf6 d ko8j k ’M ]tf6c,joltrk[0v’vkdkfmjuc8d8jk’daoF gsaowfh1jk’-afg9o s^n Ih6lbdwfhrkp.o w]pt|j’b 0v’xuD [qoglAomk'379vovhv,f;'8kg;aoF g2Nv'3]dg|nv c]t g2Nv'3]d.8hzfa xjPodao Ia[cl'cff|hvps^kp8jk'dao 9b'j rk.sh1m6j d5 95fgmy’|hk3]d,u]tf6dkoc8d8jk’daoD 1j]6 ts;jk'glAo0t|ko $W {= &W = g|nv c]t $W {= &W = .8h 0v’3]d,u $ ]tf61kj ’9tc9h’7nG ]tf6|k;F ]tf6.[w,hxq’j F ]tf6Ihvo c]t ]tf6.[w,hs^qoj D phvovu’.lj9f5 ryglfmk’fhkomj8u ’Aa 0v’c8j]txtgmf 9b’j gIaf.sh,]u tf6dkoc8d8jk’daog-aoj xtgmfmju8A'1j6]ts;jk'glAo0t|ko8Og|nvsk8O.8h Xs^n .dhglAovkpaog|nv c]t .8h?F ,urP’ @ ]tf67nG ]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoD ryglfg0f glAol6ol6f9t,uc8j]tf6fP;gmqkj oAo 7n]tf6Ihvoma’,u /qo8qd8ts^vfxuD g[yj’I6[;q’379vo0v’|j;p3]dvhv,f;’8kg;aor;dgIqkla’gdfmju8A’0v’ |j;p3]d .o]ts;jk’;aomu @@ gfnvo ,y4o5 k sk ;aomu @# gfnvo daopk .ow]ptoAog2Nv’3]dg|nv s’jP’wxskf;’8kg;ao c]t ,aowfhIa[7;k,Ihvos^kpmjul5fD .ow]ptoAog2Nv’3]dg|nv c,jo]tf6Ivh oF dq'dao0hk,16gj 2Nv’3]d.8hc,jo]tf6|k;D mj8u ’A 0v’g2Nv’3]d g|nv.o]ts;jk’;aomu 21. ສດິ. 0Q;3]dg|nv.

(26) #D -A o 8j k ’M0v’[a o pkdkf. g,3-3x. c8d3,ltc2. ]tfa[7;k,l6'. g,3-ltc2 lt8ik383x lt8ik38ltc2 [k]6ovkdkf g7njv'[yovkprqo. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 38i3xltc2 v5ostr6, -Ao[aopkdkf. oad;ymtpklkfwfhc[j’37’lhk’0v’[aopkdkfvvdgxao-AoM 3fp.-hgdoc8d8jk’daog-aoj c[j’8k,laflj;o0v’dHkfF c[j’8k,75olq,[afmk’w22hkF c8j.odkolbdlkfhkov58o5 py ,q ;ymtpk c]h; gryoj c[j’[aopkdkf8k,dkoxjPocx’0v’v5ostr6,D -Ao[aopkdkf0v’3]dxtdv[fh;p & -Aoc8j8Oskl6'7nG 38i3xltc2 (Troposphere)F lt8ik38ltc2 (Stratosphere)F g,3-ltc2 (Mesosphere)F c8d3,ltc2 (Thermosphere) c]t -Ao3v3-o (Ozone)D. 24.

(27) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 4hk[+,u-oA [aopkdkfc]h;|j;p3]dd=s;jk’gxqkj [+,ul'yj mju,u-u;yfF [+,uc,joEF [+,u],q F [+,u/oq F [+,u2hkgs^Nv,F 2hkIhv’DDD -Ao[aopkdkfIa[xtdao.sh|;j p3]d,uv5ostr6,.o]tfa[cojovoF ,ao daoj 8v']aaflt\u8kj ’M0v’f;’8kg;aoF -j;pdt9kp7;k,Ihvo.shcdj3]dF f6fgvqk7;k,Ihvo c]t ltmhvocl'0v’8kg;aoF gxaomju,k0v’vkpoE.olj;o8jk’M0v’c8j]tmt;u[ c]t ,u[qf[kfle7ao8+l'yj mu,j u-u;yf8jk’MD cs^j’degouf0v’vkdkfglpc,jo,k9kdm+vkpglp0v’]qfpqoF 3I’’kov5flkstdeF dkogzqkw\h X96f0UgspNvF 96fxjkDDD?F 3I’’kow22hk7;k,IhvoF [jvo-5,o5,-qo[hkogInvo c]t vnoj MD dkoxqdxadIadlk-Ao[aopkdkfgxao|hkmj0u v’\qfm5d7qo16.j o3]dmj9u t8hv’wfhgvqk.9.ljg4y’ [aoskoU1kj ’g0A,’;f D ltoAoF ;ymudkocdhw0d=7nG { s^5fzjvodko.-h;af45g-Nvw2mju9tlhk’dHkf Xgaz? ryf F /5oj ]tvv’F lkoryfvnoj MD { .-hg8ad3o3]1ug\ktlq,cmog8ad3o3]1u mjugIaf.shgdufdHkf Xgaz? ryfg-aoj G s^5fzjvo dko.-h ltgx^ grnvj xhv’dao-Ao3v3-oD { de9af0v’glpmjgu xaoryf0v'g7nvj 'pqom5d-toyf c]t 3I''kov5flkstde djvoxjvp vvdlj[6 oa pkdkfD { gzupczj7;k,Ih.6 shmd5 7qowfhI96h da c]t xhv’dao8+zoq Ihkp0v’vkdkfgxaoryfD { vvddqf\kp7;[75,1jk’g0A,’;f D. ສດິ. $D 75oxt3spf0v’-Ao[aopkdkf c]t ;ymuxqdxadIadlk. 7e4k, !D @D #D $D. -Ao[aopkdkfc,jospa’L grjyoc[j’-Ao[aopkdkfvvdgxao9ad-AoL c8j]t-Ao-n;j kj co;.fL -Ao3v3-o,u75oxt3spf c]t 3mfco;.f8+l’yj mu,j u-u;yfL 9q’j g;Qkg4y’75oxt3spf0v’-Ao[aopkdkf c]t ;ymuxqdxadIadlkL. 25.

(28) [qfvjkogruj, 1.. --Ao[a o[aopkdkf1j68yfda[|hkfyo s^n -Ao38i3xltc2 X Troposphere?. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. -AooU,u7;k,|k !&{!( d,F c8j7;k,|k[+lt|jeltg\uF 3fpltgrkt1j6glAo0Q;3]dc,jo |k xt,ko *{_ d, gmqkj oAoD [aopkdkf-AooU gxao-Aomju,u7;k,|kc|hod;jk-Aovnoj Md;,gvqk xt,ko #}$ 0v’vkdkfma’\qfD -AooU,7u ;k,gxygxNvos^kp c]t ,udkoxjPocx’1jg6 ]NvpF ,udko xaoj x;o0v’vkdkf 1jg6 xaoxt9eg-aoj G xtdqfdko2hkIhv’F /qo8qdF ]q,rkp5F 7;k,-5,j F 7;k,IhvoDDD @D -Aolt8ik38ltc2 XStratosphere? -AooU16jl6’9kd|hkfyoc8j !({ *W d,F gxao-Aomju,uvkdkfxaoj xj;os^kpF ,udtclvkdkf g7nvj omj8u k,];’0;k’ c]t ,u],q rafcI’r=l,q 7;oD [aopkdkf.o-aoA oU ,u7;k,lts’q[s^kpd;jk -Ao38i3xltc2 g7nvj ’[yovkprqoj 9b’j oyp,q [yo16.j o-Ao]5,j 0v’[aopkdkfoU grnvj s^du ltrk[vkdkf muIj o5 cI’.o-Aoa 38i3xltc2D #D -Aog,3-ltc2 (Mesosphere? gxao-AAo[aopkdkf16jg|nv-Aolt8ik38ltc20Bowx v5ostr6,s^5f8O]q’ 9qog4y’ {_W =c muwj ]ptl6’ )W d,F gonvj ’9kdsjk’9kdcs^’j 7;k,Ihvo.o-Ao3v3-ovvdwx,;ovkdkf.o-AooU ,u[+g4y’ WD!: 0v’,;ovkdkfma’\qfD $D -Aoc8d3,ltc2 XThermosphere? dD -Aovu3v3oltc2 XIonosphere? gxao-Aol6’l5f0v’[aopkdkf X)W{$WW d,?F -AooUgxao-Aomjuvkdkfg[qk[k’mjul5fF gxao-Ao mju[+7’q mjuxko.f 9b’j gIaf.shvkdkf[+xdq dt8yD gxao-Aomjulk,kf ltmhvo7No8jk’M0v’;ymtp5 c]t 3m]trk[9kd|hkfyowxl60j q’g0f8jk’M vhv,3]d wfh3fpzjkofk;mP, D 0D -Aogvad3-ltc2 XExosphere) c,jo-aAo[aopkdkfovdl5f0v’3]dg-yj’16j4af9kd -Aovu3v3oltc2 XIonosphere? F ,u]tpt7;k,l6’8A’c8j &WW{!WWWW d,D. 26.

(29) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. &D -Ao3v3-o -aoA 3v3-o XOzone layer? gxaolj;o|b’j 0v’-Ao[aopkdkf0v’3]dg-y’j xtdv[fh;p3v3-o .oxt]y,kos^kpD -Ao3v3-o-j;pf6f-a[]a’luv5o8ikw;3vg]f (Ultra Violet) 9kdf;’vkmyf xt,ko _({__ % 0v’]a’luma’\qfmujczj,kpa’3]dD -Ao3v3-o9t-j;pxhv’dao[+.sh]a’lu v5o8ikw;3vg]f 9kdf;’8kg;aoljv’,kg4y’3]d0v’gIqkma’gIaf|hkmugj xao gdkt75,h daoxqdxhv’rnf c]t laf9kd]a’lumujgxaovao8t]kp0v’f;’8kg;aoD fa’j oAo g,nvj .f4hkskd-Ao3v3-o[k’]q’ r;dgIqkd=9twfhI[a dkoxqdxhv’|hvp]q’fh;pD. c8d3,ltc2 g,3-gxqk. 27.

(30) [qfmu * 2hkvkdkf c]t r6,vkdkf ID. 2hkvkdkf c]t r6,vkdkf !D 2h k vkdkf. c,jovkdkoma’\qf0v’vkdkf Xv5ostr6,F 7;k,faoF 7;k,-j5,DD? .ow]ptlAo0v’ g;]k.fg;]k|bj'1j6csj’.fcsj’|jb’D 2hkvkdkf,udkoxjPocx’1j6g]NvpMg-ajoG .opk,g-Qk r;dgIqkgsaomhv’2hkxvf3xj’lqf.l,ucl’cffF ,ug/Nv[k’gxaodhvog]njvo]vp1j6gmy’2hk gIqkgvUo;jkmhv’2hkc9j,.lF c8j4hk,u/qo8qd ,u]q,raf,ks^kp9tg;Qk;jk2hk]q,DDD @D r6,vkdkf r6,vkdkfc,jodkoxjPocx’0v’2hkvkdkf g-yj’\6o;Powx8k,w]ptg;]k.f|bj'mju pk;okor=l,q 7;o.o0q'g0f.f|b'j 0v'3]dD IID. ,6olj;o8jk’M0v’vkdkf. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. r6,vkdkfxtdv[fh;ps^kp,6olj;o c8j8oQ 8=d;jk\jc6 ,jov5ostr6,F 7;k,faoF 7;k,-j,5 D !D v5ostr6,0v’vkdkf c,jog;Qkg4y’7;k,Ihvo c]t 7;k,g1ao0v’vkdkf.og0f.f |b’j .og;]k.f|j’b D grnvj ;afcmd7;k,IhvoF 7;k,g1ao0v’vkdkfgryoj .-h[ks^vf Xc8d3, c,af Thermometre? g-j’ y c,jov5xtdvomj.u -hle]a[;afcmdv5ostr6,D ;ymucmd.o,N|b’j grjyocmd $ 7A’ 8q;1jk’G g;]k ! 3,’ " @& c= g;]k ( 3,’ " @) c= g;]k !# 3,’ " #( c= g;]k !_ 3,’ " #W c= { 4hk1kdwfhv5ostr6,ltg]jp,N gIqkgvqkzqo[;d0v’ $ 7A’mjucmdw;h,ksko.sh $D 8q;1jk'G @& T @) T #( T #W " !@W}$ " #W =c { 4hk1kdwfhvo5 str6,ltg]jpgfnvogIqkgvqkzqoltg]jp 0v’c8j]t,N[;ddaoc]h;,ksko .sh9eo;o,N.o gfnvo c]t 4hk1kdIhv6 o5 str6,ltg]jpxu gIqkd=gvqkzqoltg]jp0v’c8j]t gfnvo[;ddaoc]h;,ksko.sh 9eo;ogfnvoma’\qfD 4hk;jkv5ostr6,0v’vkdkf 8jed;jk W = c Xvq’lk? 8hv’8n,j g7nvj ’\kp]q[ X{? .ljmk’|hk8q;g]d 8q;1jk'G X{!W =c?D 28.

(31) c8d3,c,af. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. vkdkfg[qkmjulf5 9t,uoE|ad7n ! c,afdhvo Xm3? 9t,u oE|ad!F# d^k, Xg? phvo-Ao vkdkf |ks^kpF faj’oAo oE|ad 0v’,ao9bj’rk.shgduf,u de]a’cI’1j6gmy’|hkfyoF 7;k,fao fa’j djk;gvUo;jk 7;k,fao0v’vkdkfD sq;|j;p;afcmd7;k,fao0v’vkdkfc,jo,u]u[kD 7;k,faovkdkf xqddt8yltg]jp c,jo !W!& ,u][y kD 7;k,faovkdkfzaocxwx8k,c8j]tg0f c]t c8j]tf6dkoD 7;k,faovkdkfl6’c,jo-Aovkdkf|kc|homjuxqd75, [=]yg;ovaod;hk’ g-jy’gIqkIPd;jk “va’8u-u3dô” lj;o7;k,fao vkdkf8O c,jo-Aovkdkfmjuxdq 75,1jg6 0f.fg0f|j’b oAo[+|kc|hoF g[qk c]t ,u]da ltot xy;0Bo g-j’y IPd;jk“gfcr^f-uv’q ” (Depression)D xtdqfdko gduf,uvkdkffao8O c]t l6’oUgxaolkgsf0v’dkogduf,u],q rkp5 phvodkog7nvj ophkp0v’vkdkf s^n ]q,9kd[jvomu,j u7;k,faovkdkfl6'wxl6[j vj omu,j u7;k,faovkdkffao8jeD #D 7;k,-j 5 , 0v’vkdkf. \kpg4y’xt]y,kovkpoEmju[ao951j6.ovkdkfs^kp s^n |hvpD vkpoEoAoc,jo,k9kd dko]tgsupgxaovkp0v’oE.o,tsklt\5fF c,joE]eg-F sh;pIjv’F |v’[b’DDD 8q;1jk’G v5ostr6, W =c vkdkf[ao95vkpoEl6’l5f & dik,} ,3 v5ostr6, @W =c vkdkf[ao95vkpoEl6’l5f !( dik,/ ,3 v5ostr6, #W =c vkdkf[ao95vkpoEl6’l5f #W dik,} ,3 IIID. ສດິ. @D 7;k,fao0v’vkdkf. [aofkxtdqfdko0v’oE.ovkdkf. g/NvG Xg,d? py’j 0Bol6’gmqkj .fv5ostr6,py’j s^5f]q’F phvoco;oAovkpoE[ao9516j.ovkdkf mju4ndp6h0Bol6’g,nvj rq[7;k,g1ao 9b’j mhvo3I,daog0QkgxaovkpoE.ovkdkfg-jy’r;dgIqk gvUo;jk g/Nv Xg,d?D \vdG gduf,k9kd[aofkg,afoEohvpM mjug]nvj o]vp1j68k,vkdkf.dhda[|hkfyogvUo;jk 29.

(32) \vdD oE\vdlj;os^kpxtdqf,u.opk,g-Qk c]t pk,c]’F \vd,usk^ p.o]tf6|k; 3fpltgrkt c,jo1j6g0fvq[vj5o c]t g0fr6fvpD \vd0ho5 G c,jo[aofkg,afoE\vdmjcu 0ho8q;.opk,dk’7nog;]k.dh9tc9h’0v’]tf6|k; .og’nvj ow0v5ostr6,s^5f]q’8je g-aoj G g,afoEmju8qd7hk’1j68k,|hkfyoF ’jkw,h c]t sâ’7kgInvoD oE7hk’G d=c,joI6[]adltot0v’\vdxtgrf|j’b g-j’y ,ao,ug,afoE.spjd;jk\vdme,tfkF g,jnv,ao8qd]q’,k.opk,dk’7no9tgIaf.shg,afoE8qd7hk’1j68k,.[w,hF .[sphkD phvo;jk.[ 0v’rnf7kpvkpoEvvdgIaf.shvkdkf[=]yg;ooAo,u7;k,-5,j l6’D 1kfoE2hkXPrecipitation? gxao-nj];,0v’1qfoE c]t oEc0’mujgduf9kddko7;[ c|ho0v’vkpoEc]h;8qd]q’,kl6rj Nofyodkpgxao/qoF /qo\kdgsa[ c]t sy,tgxao8QoD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. /qoG vkpoE.ovkdkf.og,nvj 4ndg8Qk3I,gxaog,afohvp Xg/Nv? 16.j o]tfa[l6’ @ dD, g4y’!W dD, 9tdkpgxaog/BvD [aofkg,afoEohvpMfa’j djk; g,nvj rq[vkdkfg1ao,ao9t7jvpg8Qk3I, gxaog,af .spj0Bo g-y’j ,uglAozjkl6odk’c8j WF& ,D, 0Bowx c]h;dkpgxaog,af8qd]q’fyo 9b’j gvUo;jk/qoD /qo\kdgsa[G c,joxtgrf/qomju,ug,af/qo8qd]q’,kgxaodhvo7nda[oEdhk,F /qo\kdgsa[ gduf0Bo9kdvkpoEmju3I,daog0Qkgxaog,af/qoc8jpa’[+mao8qd]q’,kg4y’rNod=4nd]q,rkp5rafwx. I6[ oE7hk’ 30.

(33) xtmtda[vkdkf g-yj’,u7;k,g1aos^kp.og[Nv’l6’F 1qfoE/qogs^qjkoU9t3I,daog0Qkdkpgxao dhvooEc0’8qd]q’,kl6fj yoF dhvooEc0’gs^kjq oU gIqkgvUo;jkG /qo\kdgsa[D. IVD. g0fr6,vkdkf. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. gryjoc[j’g0fr6,vkdkfmjuxqd75,mjq;.o3]dvvdgxao # g0f.spjmju0t|kowx 8k,glAo 0t|ko0v’3]d7nG g0fr6,vkdkf0Q;3]dF g0fr6,vkdkfvq[vjo5 c]t g0fr6,vkdkfIhvoD. ສດິ. sy,tG gduf,k9kdoE.og’njvow0v5ostr6,8je W =Xl6ovq’lk?D ,ao];,8q;gxaog,af 8yfg0Qkdao7hkp7npv’/hkpc]h;xy;]q’,kl6| j kh fyoD. glAo;q'0Q;3]dg|nv glAovkpaog|nv glAol6ol6f. 0Q;3]dg|nv. ** =#Wj @# =#Wj. ** = #Wj. W= @# =#Wj ** =#Wj. @# =#Wj. glAovkpao.8h glAo;q'0Q;3]d.8h. 0Q;3]d.8h. W= @# =#Wj ** =#Wj. 0Q;3]dg|nv. g0f|k;. g0fvq[v5jo. g0fIhvo g0fvq[v5jo. 0Q;3]d.8h. grqk0v'3]ds'jP' @# =#Wj XmP[.ljco;8A'? 31. g0f|k;.

(34) 7e4k, !D @D #D $D. 2hkvkdkf c]t r6,vkdkfc8d8jk’daoco;.fL [aofk,6olj;o0v’r6,vkdkfxtdv[fh;pspa’cfjL [aofkxtdqfdko0v’oE.ovkdkf,uspa’cfjL 9q’j \kpg0fr6,vkdkf8jk’M.ljIkj ’czomj3u ]dL. 32. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. { g0fr6,vkdkf0Q;3]d c,jog0f0v’7;k,|k;9af1jg6 0f]ts;jkj 'glAo0t|ko ** = #W gj |nvsk0Q;3]dg|nv c]t g0f]ts;jk'glAo0t|ko ** = #W = .8h sk0Q;3]d.8hD { g0fr6,vkdkfvq[vjo5 c,jog0fmju16j]ts;jk’ glAo0t|ko ** = #W j g|nv skglAovkpaog|nv X@# =#W ?j c]t glAo0t|ko ** = #W j .8hskglAovkpao.8hF ,u $ ]tf6 1jk’9tc9h’7nG ]tf6|k;F ]tf6.[w,hxq’j Xs^n ]tf6[ko.\j?F ]tf6Ihvo c]t ]tf6.[w,hs^qoj D { g0fr6,vkdkfIhvo c,jog0fmj1u ]6j ts;jk’dk’glAovkpaog|nv c]t glAovkpao.8hD cl’cff1jg6 0foU ljv’]q’,k gdnv[8A’lkdda[|hkfyogIaf.shvo5 str6,1jg6 0foU1.6j o]tfa[l6’gdnv[8ts^vfxuD .og0foU,lu v’ ]tf67Gn ]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qo s^n ]tf6csj’]q,,=]tl5,D pyj’spa[vvd9kdglAol6ol6f g-yj’gxaog0f Ihvogmqkj .fw]pt0v’]tf6c]h’d=py’j cdjpk; Xdkp * gfnvo? [k’[jvod=,umtg]-kpmjuwfhIa[/qo |hvpmjlu f5 D.

(35) [q f mu ( ]q , c]t xtgrf0v’]q , ! D dko-U[vdmyf0v’]q, c]t de]a’cI’0v’]q,. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. dkog7jnvomju0v’vkdkf9kd[jvo|b’j wxpa’vud[jvo|j’b gIqkgvUo;jk]q,D ]q,raf,k9kdmyf .fgIqkgvUomyfoAogxao-n0j v’]q,D 8q;1jk’G ]q,raf,k9kdmyf.8hF gvUo;jk]q,myf.8hD gryoj .-h\kdxyoj ]q,grnvj -U[vdmyf0v’]q, c]t de]a’cI’0v’]q,D xkpcs^,0v’]6dlvo-Umyf0v’]q,raf,kD lj;o8jk’M mjuxtdv[1j6 xkpsâdc,jog7nvj ’\kp-U[vdmyf0v’]q,D gryoj .-h]tfa[0v’3[2vf XBeaufort Scale? mjulhk’ gxao8k8t]k’0Bo 3fpvu’.lj]tfa[7;k,w;0v’]q, g-y'j 9afgxao !@ ]tfa[D. \kdxyoj -U[vdmyfraf0v']q, 33.

(36) ]tfa[ !. ]tfa[ (. ]tfa[ @. ]tfa[ ). ]tfa[ #. ]tfa[ _. ]tfa[ $. ]tfa[ !W. ]tfa[ &. ]tfa[ !!. ]tfa[ !@ ]tfa[7;k,w;0v']q,8k,myfltfu 0v'3[2vf 34. ສດິ. ]tfa[ *. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ]tfa[ W.

(37) @D xtgrf0v’]q, ]q,mtg]. ]q,|hkfyo. ]q,. ]q, mtg] mtg]. @D! ]q,mtg] c]t ]q,|hkfyoG ]q,mtg]G c,jog;]kdk’g;ao]q,raf,kc8jmtg]g0QkskczjofyoD ]q,|hkfyoG c,jog;]kdk’7no ]q,rafc8jczjofyovvdl6gj 0fmtg] D. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. { {. @D@ ]q,vk]ug- XALIZES? vkdkf0v’g0fIh v omj u , u 7 ;k, dqffaol6' Xg0fglAovkpao1j6xt,koglAo 0t|ko #W =vq'lk? 9tg7njvophkpwx [jvovkdkf mju,u7;k,dqffao8je0v’ glAol6ol6f1jk’[+1f5 1A’F ]q,fa’j djk;oU IPd;jkG <]q,vk]ug-<D 1j6g2Nv’3]dg|nv ]q,vk]ugra f c8j m k’my f 8kg;a o vvdlP’g|n v wxskmyf8kg;ao8qdlP’.8h c]t 1jg6 2Nv’3]d .8h]q,vk]ug-rafc8jmk’myf8kg;aovvd lP’.8hwxskmyf8kg;ao8qdlP’g|nvD. ]q,vk]ug35.

(38) @D# ]q,xt9e]tf6 Xmonsoon}mousson? ]q,xt9e]tf6,u]q,,=]tl5,.o]tf6Ihvo c]t ]q,,=]tl5,.o]tf6|k;D .o]tf6Ihvo v5ostr6, 1j6czjofyoIhvod;jkmtg] g,njvvkdkf1j6czjofyodkpgxaovkdkffao8jeF g;]k oAo c,jo]q,raf9kdmtg]g0Qkljc6 zjofyoD ]tf6|k;fyog1aod;jkmtg]F g,njvvkdkf1j6czjofyodkpgxaovkdkffaol6’F g;]koAo ]q,9traf9kdczjofyovvdwxl6mj tg]D ]q,murj fa 8k,]tf61kj 'lt\Oltg\ugvUo;jkG ]q,xt9e]tf6D xtgmf]k;1j6.og0f]q,xt9e]tf6 7n ]q,,=]tl5,D. glAovkpaog|nv. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. glAo l6ol6f glAglAovkpa ovkpaoo.8h.8h gfnvod=]tdqf. gfnvo,a'dvo. ]q,,=]tl5,.o]tf6|k;. ]q,,=]tl5,.o]tf6Ihvo. @D$ ]q,rkp5 c,joxtgrf]q,mjugduf0Bo.og0f,tsklt\5f.o]tf6IhvoD g,njv1j6csj’.f csj’|jb’0v’ ,tsklt\5f 7;k,fao8je]q’1jk’dtmaosao9tgIaf.sh7;k,faol6’ma’ $ myf3I,g0Qk[jvomju,u 7;k,fao8jegIaf.shgdufgxaodtcl]q,;Pomju,u7;k,cI’ c]t 7;k,w;l6’ gryoj gvUo;jk]q,rkp5F ]q,rkp5,ulv’1jk’7nG ]q,rkp5/qo2hk7tov’ c]t ]q,rkp5\6o D ]q,rkp5\o6 pa’,us^kpxtgrf7nG ]q,rkp5-u37ô XCyclone? rkp5.8h/oj5 X Typhon? gduf1jm6 tg]g0fvk-uF rkp58vdok3f X Tornado) gduf1jc6 zjofyog0fvkg,iydkD 36.

(39) #D! 75 o xt3spf. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ]q,rkp5 w-37ô okdyf XCyclone Nargis). ສດິ. # D 75oxt3spf c]t zqoIhkp0v’]q,. ]q,-j;p4jkpgmvkdkfF -j;p7qogIqk.odkogfuogInvD gryjo\6o.-h]q,g0Qk.odkozt]yf v5flkstdeF dtlydeg-aoj G c]jo9adw22hkfh;p]q,F dq’raf]q,grnvj xaoj oEg0Qkmq’j ok s^n lug0QkF 3,hcxh’DDD #D@ zqoIhkp0v’]q,. ]q,3fpltgrktc,jo]q,rkp5oezqoglpskp,k.sh7oq gIqkg-aoj G me]kply'j mju,u-u;yfF gInvo -koF zqozt]yfF dtlydeF glAomk’7q,,tok7q, DDD ovd9kdoAo g,nvj gduf]q,rkp57A’.f,ad9t,u /qo8qd|ad8k,,kvaogxaogsf.shgduf,uwroE4h;,D 7e4k, !D ]q,c,jospa’L c]t ,uxtgrf.fcfjL 2. 9q’ j [vd7;k,\kp0v’]q,c8j]t-toyfL 3. 75oxt3spf c]t zqoIhkp0v’]q,,u7nco;.fL. 37.

(40) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. rtp5w8h/5oj 8k]yo c]t ok[u X@WW&?. 8q;1jk’ I6[ oE4h;,mugj ,nv’,5,[kp xtgmfvyogfp dko];,8q;0v'vkpoE dko]tgsupvkp xjkw,hxvj pvkpoE0Bowx dko]tgsupvkp. ,tsklt\5f. |v' c,joE. 38.

(41) rkdmu. IV. c,joE]eg-F mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f. [q f mu ) c,j o E]eg! D Iv[;Po0v’oE. ສດິ. Iv[;Po0v’oEc,joglAomk’dko\6o;Po0v’oE1j| 6 kh 3]dD vkpoEmj,u k9kddko]tgsupvkp 0v’oE1j6mtg] c]t 1j68k,|hkfyod+.shgdufgxaog,dD lj;o|jb’0v’oE/qo c]t sy,tmju8qd]q’ ,klj6|hkfyooAo9tda[7nowxlj6vkdkfmaomu3fpdko]tgsupvkpF lj;o|jb’0v’oE/qo-b,]q’.ofyo lt|v’oE.shcdjrnf c]t -AooE[kfko Xg-jy’gxao8Qodegouf0v’pvfoE ?F lj;o|jb’0v’oE 9tdkpgxaosy,t c]t lkpoEdhvo c]t lj;ol5fmhkp0v’oEc,jows^wx8k,|hkfyoD gxao7v’oE ohvpM 8+,kd=3I,daog0QkgxaolkpoE.spjc]h;ws^wxlj| 6 v’F mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5fD [=],y kf0v’ oEmjwu x8k,Iv[;PooUc8d8jk’daowx.oc8j]t[jvo grkt,ao0Bo 3fpdq’da[7;k,|hvps^kp0v’ oE/qoD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. @D oE1j6.o3]d. dko]tgsupvkp xjkw,hxvj pvkpoE. dko]tgsupvkp. ,tsklt\5f ,tsklt\5f. Iv[;Po0v'oE. 39.

(42) @D oE16j.o3]d oE1j.6 o3]d,uxt]y,kos^kpmjlu f5 F oElj;os^kpc,jooEg7a,mj,u 1u .6j omtg] c]t ,tsklt\5fF lj;ooE9nfoAo,urP’ @ : 1j86 k,rNofyo.o3]d,uoE.8hfoy Xg-joa oE[kfkoF oE]vfrNo?F ,uoEsQ’ 1j68k,|v’F [b’8jk’M c]t ,uoEws^gxaolkpoE]eg-D @D! oE.8h f y o c,jo-AooE1j6rNofyoF -AooEoAo9t1j68No s^n g]ydd=0Boda[dkoxtdv[lhk’0v’fyo c]t suoF oE/qo9t7jvpM -b,zjko-AofyoF suo1jg6 my’|hkfyo9qog4y’-Aofyo|P; c]t suofkomj[u +-,b -a[oEwfh oEd=9tsQ’1j6mujoAo g-y’j gIqkgvUo;jk oE[kfkoD [k’d=]tou oE[kfko9t-b,vvd,k8k,|hkfyo g-y’j r;dgIqkgvUo;jkoEvvd[+F oEvvd[+ooA gxao8Qodegouf0v'c,joE]eg-1jg6 my’|hkfyoD. ສດິ ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. oExjk oE38o8kf. /qo r6rP'. oEvvd[+ [hko |v'oE. mq'j rP'. 767oa ok. mq'j ok. -qo]. txt. mko. mtg]. oEgmy’|hkfyo. @D@ oEsQ ’ 1j6[k’csj’|hkfyos^5[]q’ c]t ,u-Aofyo[+-b,-a[oE1j6,+|hkfyogIaf.shoEsQ’dkpgxao [b’ s^n gxao|v’D 40.

(43) # D c,j o E]eg-. $D 75oxt3spf c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkc,joE]eg-. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. c,joEmjupk;d;jk\ j6.o3]d -ncj ,joE 7;k,pk;XdD, ? c,joEoyoXvk2iydk? **&W c,joEvk,k3-oXvkg,iydk.8h? *$WW c,joE1a’-udP’X9uo? *#WW c,joEvugvoyfw-Xiafg-p? &&$W c,joEI;k’3IXgs^vn ’?X9uo? &$*$ c,joE3v[uXiafg-p? &$!W c,joEdq’3dXvk2iydk? $(WW c,joEvk,;dXiafg-p? $**( c,joE0v’X]k;? $&WW c,joEg]okXiafg-p? $$WW c,joEoug-Xvk2iydk? $@WW. ສດິ. lj;o|b’j 0v’oE/qog;]k8qd]q’,k9tws^wx8k,|hkfyoc]h;3I,g0QkdaogxaolkpoEohvp c]t .spjmujr;dgIqkgvUo;jksh;pF Ijv’F c,joE]eg-DDD. c,joE8jk’M ,u7;k,le7aomjul5f8+dko7q,,tok7q,F v5flkstdeF dkodtlyde c]t 8+dkofe]q'-u;yf0v',to5f c]t ly'j mju,u-u;yf8jk'M.o3]dD $D! c,joEda[;Pd’kodtlyde g4y’c,jo;jklkpoE8jk’M9t,u7;k,vao8t]kp8+,to5fd=8k, gxao8QoG oE4h;,d+7;k, glpskp1jk’s^;’s^kpmk’fhko-a[lyo c]t -u;yfF c8j,oa d=,u7o5 xt3spfvao.spjs^;’ mk’fhko glf4tdyfD oE/qomjuws^186j k,9hkpr6mulj ’6 -ao ,u[fq [kf.odkog-ktshPo1jk’I5ocI’F rafgvqkfyo c]t suodhvoohvp .spj]q’wxl6rj NooE D suomju4ndrafwxwdgmqkj .fd=py’j 4ndI5d469qodkpgxaodhvodq,dhP’F gxaosuocIjF suo-kp c]t fyo|P;S suoF cIjl;j os^kp9t7hk’ 1jg6 0f8vodk’0v’c,joEF lj;og,af 41.

(44) mj,u ,u ;olkoohvp]tvPf7nG -kp c]t fyo|P; Xfyofkd? g-y’j gvUo;jkfyolaofvooAod=9t4ndrafwx 8k,dtcloEF 7jvp8qd8tdvo]q’ma[4q,g0fmqj’rP’ c7,c,joE c]t 7jvpMlhk’mqj’rP’ xkdc,joED mq’j rP’gs^kjq oUgxaog0fmjvu f5 ,q lq,[6o cmfg\ktcdjdkodtlydeD vudfhko|j’b g0fc7, c,joEd=gxaog0fmjultf;d.odkolt|v’oE.shcdjdkozt]yfdtlydeD $D@ c,joEda[dko7q,,tok7q,0qolqj’ c]t rt]a’w22hkoE8qd. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. c8jfoq oko,kc]h;,to5fwfhoe.-hc,joE8jk’MgxaoglAomk’wx,ksklj76 kh 0kpdao 3fp.-hgInvF crF gInv9admjumaoltw\DDD c,joE]eg-gxaoglAomk’7q,,tok7q,mjultf;dF dko0qolq’j mk’oE lk,kfIa[gvqkoE|adwfhs^kpD g4y’;jkdko0qolq’j mk’oE9tIa[oE|adwfhs^kpd=8k, c8jdko mP;mk’oE.og0fr6fvpd=sp5h5’pkdlq,7;o grkt;jk oEws^cI’F ,ucdh’ ,u8kfD ovd9kdoAo c,joE]eg-8jk’M pa’,umkj cI’vaoryglf .odkolt|v'rt]a’’kow22hkoE8qdvudD fa’j oAo 9b’j lk,kfg;Qkwfh;kj G oEgxao-a[rtpkdvome,t-kfmjule7aoF gxaomjkcI’.shcdj dko0tspkpglf4tdyf c]t Ia[.-h-u;yfxt9e;ao0v’,to5fD. $D# 7;k,9egxao.odkoxqdxadIadlkcs^j’oE c]t lkpoE cs^’j lt|v’oE.shcdjc,joE]eg-8jk’M 8Qo8=c,jo,k9kdoE2hk c]t oE.8hfyo .ooAo xjkw,h c]t fyo,ulj;ole7aomjul5f.odkoIadlkoEw;h c]t lt|v’oE.shcdjc,joE]eg-D 7;k,9egxaomju9t8hv’wfhxqdxadIadlkc,joE]eg-.sh,u7;k,ltvkflqf.l[+gsnvfcsh’DDD c,jodko9edafdko8afw,hme]kpxjkF grkt;jkdko8afw,hme]kpxjkoAo gxaodkome]kp7;k, v5fq,lq,[6o0v’me,t-kf gIaf.shgduf,uxtdqfdkooE4h;,F fyog9nvj o1jk’IhkpcI’DDD 42.

(45) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. wrcsh’c]h’muxj tgmfvyogfp g,nv’d69kIkf X Gujarat ! ,a’dvo @WW#?. 7e4k,G !D @D #D $D &D. Iv[;Po0v’oEc,jospa’ L oEmju16.j oIv[;Po|b’j 1j6.oI6[]adltot.fcfjL oE9nfmju,u16j8k,mt;u[8jk’M ,uxtgrfoE.fcfjL c,joE]eg-,u75oxt3spfspa’cfjL gxaospa’9b’j 8hv’xqdxadIadlkcs^’j oE c]t lkpoEL .shoadIPo[vd-ncj ,joE]eg-mu,j u1.6j omhv’4yoj 0v’8qo,kxt,ko #{$ -nDj. 43.

(46) [q f mu _ mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5 f .o3]d ! D mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f. &!W ]hko d,@ !$_ ]hko d,@ #*! ]hko d,@ !(_ ]hko d,@ _! ]hko d,@ (* ]hko d,@ !& ]hko d,@. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. goNvmjmu ’a \qf0v’3]d fyomjuroQ |hkoEmtg] goNvmuj mjuoExqdsh5,ma’\qf ,tsklt\5fxk-u2yd ,tsklt\5fvaf]a’8yd ,tsklt\5fvyogfp ,tsklt\5fvkd8yd. ສດິ. goNvmjou Eg7a,0v’-Aov5mdq dtrkd X!? d;,gvqkxt,ko (! : goNvmju0v’3]dD goNvmjuf’ja djk; c,jo,tsklt\5f g-y’j ,u16j $ csj’7nG ,tsklt\5fxk-u2yd X.spjd;jk\j6.o3]d?F ,tsklt\5f vaf]a’8ydF ,tsklt\5fvyogfp c]t ,tsklt\5fvkd8yd 1j60Q;3]dg|nv g-jy’,urNooE8yf8+ da[,tsklt\5fvaf]a’8yd c]t xk-u2ydF lj;o.spj,uoEdhvo c]t sy,txqdsh5,8ts^vfxuD. mtg]gxaocs^’j oEg7a,0t|kf.spjmugj -nvj ,8+]ts;jk’,tsklt\5fda[czjofyo 0v’mt;u[ 8jk’M oAogryjogvUo;jkmtg]g-ajoG mtg]9uoF mtg]1jux5joF mtg]vaofk,aoF mtg]feF mtg] g,fuc8ikgoDDD ovdoAo pa’,u-vj ’mtg]g-jy’gxao[jvog-nvj ,8+]ts;jk’,tsklt\5fF mtg]8jk’M g-aoj G -jv’c7[1u[iko8kF ,k]addkDDDD g0fmju,uoEmtg] cpjg0Qk.oczjofyogryoj gvUo;jkvjk;g-aoj G vjk;wmF vjk;[a’dkoF vjk;8q’cd’DDD. @ D dkog7njvows;0v’oE.o,tsklt\5f c]t mtg] @D! 2v’mtg] oEmtg][+,ug;]k.fmju15foY’F ,u2v’ c]t 7Nog-jy’gduf9kd]q,rafc]jowx,k1j6gxaoxt9eD 7No c]t 2v’fa’j djk;c,jodkog7nvj og|a’16dj [a mj0u v’-AooE8k,|hkoEmtg]F lj;o1jg6 ]yddkp #W c,af]q’wxoEmtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f9tlts’q[D X!? v5mqddtrkd " rkdlj;omjugxaooE 44.

(47) 2v’mtg]. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. @D@ oEmtg]0B o {]q ’ .o,N|bj’oEmtg]9tpbj’0Bo4h;,skf-kpmju1j6]P[c7,/ja’ c]h;oEmtg]d=s^5f]q’ c]t 4vpvvdwxwdrk.shgsaoskf-kpvaod;hk’wdl5flkp8kF oAoc,jo oEmtg]0Bo{]q’D dko7Qo7;hk mk’;ymtpklkfwfh1A’1no;jkoEmtg] 0Bo{]q’ c,jogonvj ’,k9kdcI’fb’f6f0v’f;’9ao c]t f;’8kg;ao8+-AooE16| j hk3]dD dkos^5f]noj ]ts;jk’ dko0Bo{]q’0v’oEmtg]c8d8jk’daowx.o c8j]t[jvoF [k’[jvod=xt,ko #{$ c,afF [k’[jvod=s^5f]noj daog4y’ @W c,afd=,uD. # D dtcloE.o,tsklt\5f c]t mtg] #D! dtcloEIhvoF dtcloEg1ao 1j6mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5fd=,udtcloEg-jaofP;daoda[16.j oczjofyoF dtcloEoU gvUo;jk dtcloEIhvo c]t g1aoD dtcloEoU9t,ulu c]t v5ostr6,c8d8jk’da[oEmu1j vj6 vh ,0hk’0v’,aoD dtcloEIhvoG c,jodtcloEmjwu s^9kdg0fglAol6ol6fwxljg6 0f0Q;3]dg-aoj G dtcld63i-u3; X1j6,tsklt\5fxk-u2yd?F dtcloEda[lt8iy, X1j6,tsklt\5fvaf]a’8yd?D dtcloEg1aoG c,jodtcloEmjuws^9kd0Q;3]dwxl6jg0fglAol6ol6fg-jaoG dtcloE3v1k -u3; X1j6,tsklt\5fxk-u2yd?F dtcloE]k[tikf= X1j6,tsklt\5fvaf]a’8yd?D dtcloEIhvo c]t dtcloEg1aolq’j zqoltmhvovaole7ao8+r,6 vkdkf0v’g0f ]P[8k, mt;u[mju,aows^zkj o c]t gxaog0fmju,uxks^kpmjul5fD 45.

(48) 46. xk-u2dy .8h. .8hl6ol6f. g|nvl6ol6f l6ol6f. dk]u2=gop. xk-u2ydg|nv. vk]afltdk dkokiu. c[od6]k. .8hl6ol6f. l6ol6f. dtclvaf]a’8yd. vyogfp.8h. vqflt8ik]u8kg;ao8qd. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ dtcloEg1ao oj ຫdtcloEv5 ງວ czomjນdu ລtcloEg7nvj o0v'3]d ຂິ ະ ສດິ. dtcl0Q;3]d.8h. vaf]a’8yd.8h. dtcll6ol6f. da[lt8iy,. vaf]a’8ydg|nv. ]k[ikf=. g|nvl6ol6f. vqflt8ik]u8kg;aovvd. d63]-u3;. xk-u2ydg|nv. 3v1k-u3v.

(49) dtcloE,uvyfmyrqo8+lyj’8jk’Mg-ajoG { dkows^;qo;Po0v’dtcloE-j;pgIaf.shoE.o,tsklt\5fgxaooE.\j c]t ltvkf 16lj tg\uD { dtcloE,uvyfmyrqo8+v5ostr6,0v’vkdkf7n[=]yg;omuj,udtcloEIhvows^zjko9t,u vkdkf vq[v5oj d;jk[=]gy ;omu,j du tcloEg1aows^zkj og4y’;jk9t8A’16gj lAo0t|kofP;daoD { dtcloEIhvo,uvkpoEs^kpd;jkdtcloEg1aoD { .o[=]gy ;omu,j du tcloEIhvo c]t dtcloEg1ao,kxtmtdao9t,u\vd]q’9afg-aoj 16gj dkt oy;2aoc]oD { dtcloEv5oj -j;p.shmkj gInv[+gxaooEc0’gIaf.shgInvlk,kfgfuowfhltf;dma’xuD { -j;p.odkogfuogInvmjuwx8k,myfmk’dkows^0v’dtcloEgfuomk’wfhw;0BoD { vkskole7ao0v’xk c]t lafoEvnoj M,u1s6j ^kp.odtcloEg1aoD { -j;p.shlafoEmujvkwl16j.ooEg]yd,u-u;yf16jwfh3fpdkorkgvqkvqd-uc-o9kdrNozy; oE]q’wx.o]tfa[oEg]ydD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. $ D 75oxt3spf c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkoEmtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f. ສດິ. #D@ vy f my r q o 0v’dtcloE. $D! 75 o xt3spf0v’mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5 f { mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f wfhlt|v’oEvao,tsklko.shcdj|;j p3]dF c,joE]egc]t ,u7;k,le7ao.odkogIaf.shly’j mju,u-u;yf1nopq’7q’8q;D { mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5fgxaomju1j6vkwl0v’laflk;klyj’ c]t rnfraookM-toyf ma’gxaocs^’j vkskomjule7ao0v’,to5fD { rNomtg]F ,tsklt\5fgxao[jvomj,u cu Ij3]stmkfF oE,aoF gdnvDDD -a[rtpkdvogs^kjq oU ,u75o7jk8+v5flkstde c]t dkofe]q’-u;yf0v’,to5fD { mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5fpa’gxaoglAomk’7q,,tok7q,0qolq’j mjlu e7ao.odko8yf8+r;q rao g-y’j dao c]t dao0v’,to5f1j6mt;u[8jk’M.o3]dD ovd9kdoU mtg]d=pa’.sh3mfcdj,to5fvud g-aoj gsfdkomugj duf0Bo.omtg]vaofk,ao 7aA’ ;aomu @* mao;k xu @WW$ wfhgdufczjofyows;0t|kf _D@ iydg8u rk.shgduf7No-6ok,yl6’g0Qk4ts^,qj -kp/a’j mk’rkd.8h0v’xtgmfwmF rkdg|nvxtgmfvyo3fgog-p g-y’j lhk’7;k,glpskp.shgcdj -a[lyo c]t -u;yf0v’xt-kdvogxao9eo;os^;’s^kpD 47.

(50) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. $D@ dkoxqdxadIadlk-a[rtpkdvo.omtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f g4y’c,jo;jk-a[rtpkdvo.omtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f 9t,usk^ pd=8k,F c8j7j ;k,IPdIhv’ 8hv’dko0v’7qo8+-a[rtpkdvofa’j djk;oa[,Noa[l6’D fa’j oAo g4y’g;]kc]h;mjur;dgIqk9t8hv’ wfh8A’[aoskdjP;da[dkooe.-h-a[rtpkdvofaj’djk;1jk’4nd8hv’F lq,gsflq,zqoF pk;oko grnvj dkooe.-h.shpon pq’D [aoskoEmtg] c]t ,tsklt\5fgxygxNvod=wfhdkpgxao[aosk.spjs^;’0v’3]dxaf95[oa D lkgsf0v’7;k,gxygxNvophvoG dko4jkpgmlyj’glfgs^nv9kd3I’9ad3I’’ko c]t 9kd dkog7nvj ows; 0v’,to5f]q’ljc6 ,joE]eg-F ljm6 tg] c]t ,tsklt\5fD vudfhko|j’b d=pvh odko05f7Qo oE,aog-Nvw2 c]t dko0qolq'j .og0fmtg]wfhgduf,udkoIjq;ws^0v’oE,aoF 7;k,gxygxNvo c]t lkoryfgs^qjkoAo9t7q’1j6.ooE gxaog;]kpk;okovaowfhgIaf.shrnf c]t lafwfhIa[vao8t]kp 9kddkof6f-b,ly’j gs^kjq oAoF py’j wxd;jkoAo.og;]k,to5fgIqkwfh[=]y3rdrnf c]t laf gs^kqj oAod=9t wfhI[a vao8t]kpwx8k,MdaoD phvoco;oAo dkooe.-h-[a rtpkdvo.omtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f 1jk’lq,gsflq,zqo 9b’j d;,gvqkma’dkoxhv’dao[+.shmtg] c]t ,tsklt\5fgxygxNvoD rk]t|hkmjfu ’ja djk; IPdIhv’.sh,du koxtdv[lj;oF dkoIj;,,n0v’s^kprkdlj;oF oa[ma’ [5d7qoF vq’dko9af8A’F oad;ymtpklkf.omq;j 3]dD 7e4k, !D .o3]d,u,tsklt\5f9adcsj’F ,u,tsklt\5f.fcfjL ,tsklt\5f.fmj.u spjd;jk\j.6 o3]dL @D mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f8jk’dao7nco;.fL #D oEmtg]0Bo{]q’ phvolkgsfvao.fL $D dtcloEmtg]c,jospa’L dtcloEmtg]Ihvo c]t dtcloEmtg]g1aoc,jospa’L &D 75oxt3spf0v’mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f,u7nco;.fL *D gxaospa’r;dgIqk9jb’8hv’xqdxadIadlk-a[rtpkdvomtg] c]t ,tsklt\5fL (D 9q’j [vddjP;da[dkoxqdxadIadlkc,joE]eg-16.j o[hko s^n -5,-qomuoj da IPovkwl16Dj [qfvkogruj, oEmtg],ulj;oxtlq,0v’gdnvs^kpmujl5fD 3fpmqj;MwxoEmtg]|ad !WWW dik, 9t,u gdnv8jk’Mxtlq,16j #& dik, gxaogdnvmtg] @){@_ dik,D oEmtg],u7;k,g7a,[+gmqkj dao 9b’j ,u 7;k,|kc|ho c]t lu8kj ’daoD oEmtg].og0fIhvo,u7;k,g7a,d;jk.og0fvq[v5oj c]t g0f|k; grkt,udko]tgsups^kpd;jkD mtg]mu,j uc,joEws^]q’l6| j hvplkp9t,u7;k,g7a,s^kpd;jkmtg] muj,uc,joEws^]q’l6js^kplkpD 3fpmqj;wx oEmtg],ulu2hkcdjc8jvkfxjPocx’wxwfhgrkt0Boda[ xt]y,kolkomu]j t]kpg9nvxqo16Dj 48.

(51) rkdmu. V. [k’xtdqfdkome,t-kf c]t zqoltmhvo0v’,ao mju,u8+3]d. [qfmu !W xtdqfdkorqjo,ad,kF r6w2 c]t czjofyows; ! D xtdq f dkorq j o ,a d ,k vu’8k,dko05fg9kt]q’rNo3]dwfh,du kola’gdfgsao;jk py’j ]q’g]ydwx.ofyogmqkj .fv5ostr6, d=py’j gru,j 0BoD 7yfltg]jpc]h;v5ostr6,9tgrju,0Bo ! =c Xvq’lkc-o-5f? m5dM #W c,af D fa’j oAo gIqk9b’j lts^[5 wfh;kj Ivflj;og]yd.f|j’b .orNo3]dc]h;v5ostr6,9tl6’xt,ko !WWW{@WWW vq’lk s^n l6’d;jkoAo g-y’j 9tgIaf.shxtgrfsuocIjmkf8jk’Mgxnvj pgxaomkfcs^;wfhD mkfcs^;fa’djk; gvUo;jkG ,ad,k ,ad,kmj1u l6j ;j og]yd0v’rNofyolk,kfrQo0Bo,k c]t ws^vvd8k,Ivpc8dcs’ 0v’fyooAoc,joxtdqfdkorqoj ,ad,kD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. @D! oypk, r6w2c,jor6muj,um+g-jnv,8+]ts;jk’|hkfyoda[,ad,kmju16jl;j og]yd0v’rNo3]dD ,u[k’w]pt r6w2fa’j djk;pa’g7nvj ows; X,udkorqoj ,ad,kvvd? c]t ,u[k’w]ptr6w2fa’j djk;d=lts’q[D xt95[oa ,ur6w2mjupa’g7nvj ows; \kp7;k,;jk pa’rqoj ,ad,k1j6gxao[k’w]pt c]t ,ur6w2mju,vfc]h;g-y’j [+,du kog7nvj ows;vudD 8q;1jk’G r6w2g,1vo XMayon? g-y’j ,u7;k,l6’ @$*$ c,af wfh]tg[uf7aA’ ;aomu @# daopk xu !_)$ muxj tgmf2y]y[xyo c]t c,jor6w2mupj a’g7nvj ows;16j g7upgduf]tg[uf,kc]h; @W 7A’.oIv[ @WW xu muzj kj o,kD. ສດິ. @ D r6 w 2. dko]tg[uf0v’r6w2 g,1vo. r6w2g,1vo.oxaf95[ao 49.

(52) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. r6w29tgduf0Boltgrkt.og0fsuo.\jmpuj a’[+\Ao7q’c0’cI’D r6w29b’j xtdqf0Bo16j $ g0f7nG !D g0f,tsklt\5fxk-u2ydg-ajoG \6jgdktd6iyoF de9afdkF \6jgdktpujx5jo Xr6w2269y?F \6gj dkt2y][y xyoF gdktoy;dyoDu DD @D g0f,tsklt\5fvaf]a’8ydg-aoj gdktwvc]o F gdktdkokiugxao8QoD #D g0f8kg;aovvd{8kg;ao8qd0v’r6l6’vk2iydkg-aoj G r6w2dyiy,ao9k3i gxaor6w2mufj a[ ,vfc]h;D $D g0fmtg]xyfg-aoj G r6w2gvfok (Etna) .ogdkt-u-]u Fu r6w2g;-6;Pf (Vesuvius) gxao8QoD. D g0fr6w2 c]t czjofyows;. czomjug0fczjofyows; c]t r6w2. 50.

(53) ]k;k X8q,Ihvo? mucj s^;ws^vvdgxaolkp. ]k;kc0ho ,udko]tg[uf1jk’I5ocI’ c]t ,udkorqjomkfc0’ c]t 0Ug4qjk. ]k;kc0hos^kp rk.shgduf,u3’josuomuvj af8aoxkdr6w2 ,uvkp c]t 7;aod5h,. ]k;k[+cs^;s^kp,udko]tg[ufrqoj mkfc0’F xkdr6w2g[Nv’|bj’c8d. r6 , la o 4ko8Q o 8= m u j g du f 9kdr6 w 2. ສດິ. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ dkows^0v'8q,w2. xkdr6w2. m+r6w2. ^gxao. lk. xkdIjv'mu @0v'r6w2. ws. p. 51. suor6w2. ;k. @D# [q f [kf0v’,a d ,k c]t r6 w 28+ d ko xtdv[lh k ’r6 , la o 4ko dkog7n j v ows;0v’r6 w 2oU g v’mj u 1 A ’ 1n o ;j k G ,u , a d ,k 1j 6 l j ; og]y d 0v’rN o 3]dF dkog7n j v ows;. 0Ug4qjk. ]k. @D@ mkfmjur6w2rqjovvd,k { dkHf (gaz) dHkf8Qo8=mujr6w2rqoj vvd,kc,jovkpoE X_W:?F ovdoAo,udkHfdkd3[oydF Iu3fic-oF vk-qfDDD { mkfcs^;G ,u]k;kg-y’j gxaomkfcs^;mjuIhvo X*WW{ !@WW vq’lk?D ]k;klk,kfws^wxxqd75,[= ] y g ;o d;hk’s^kply[dy3]c,afwfhD { mkfc0’mju2Q’vvdG T suor6w2 c,josuomjugxao3’jo s^n gxaodhvo Xmju,uglAozjkdk’.spjd;jk #@ ,u]uc,af?D T suo26 (ponce) suoohvp Xmj,u gu lAozjkdk’ohvp d;jk #@ ,u]uc,af?D T 0Ug4jkq Xmj,u gu lAozjkdk’ohvpdj;k WF@ ,u]cu ,af?D. m+r6w2. cs^j',ad,k I6[|hk8af0v'r6w2.

(54) 0v’r6w2 c]t dkoc-d-b,0v’,ad,kwfhgIaf.shI[6 Ijk’0v’r6,lao4ko.og0foAo 4ndxjPocx’ g-jaoG gIaf.shr6,lao4ko8afcpdF 4ndpqd0Bol6’gxaor6l6’0Bo c]t vnoj M D ovd9kdoAo r6w2pa’wfhlhk’zqoglpskp.shcdjme,t-kf c]t ,to5fgxao8Qogduf,uw2 ]k,xjkF 8q,Ihvows^4h;,[hkogInvoF 8q;g,nv’F 0Ug4qkj xqd75,[aopkdkf X,u/qo0Ug4qkj F /qosuo?D. #D czjofyows;. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. #D! oypk, czjofyows;c,jozqo0v’dkoc8dcs’1jk’dtmaosao0v’gxnvd3]d s^n dkog7nvj ophkp mk’0;k’0v’-Aosuo8jk’M.ogxnvd3]d1j]6 tfa[g]ydxt,ko @{# dD, sk s^kp !WW dD,D gsfdko fa’j djk;rk.shgduf,udkolaoj ltgmnvomjudt9kpwx1j| 6 kh 3]dD #D@ g0fczj o fy o ws; gonjv’9kdczjofyows;7nvkdkolajoltgmnvo0v’gxnvd3]dF czjofyows; 9bj’gduf9kd gsfdko8jk'M7nG dD 4E.8hfyora’mt]kp g,nvj grfko0v’4E.8hfyo[k’g0Qk9qo[+lk,kf9t8hkooE|adwfh,oa d=9tp5[ra’mt]kp]q’ gIaf.shroN czjofyo.o[=]gy ;ooAo4t]q,j mt]kp]q’9b’j gdufvkdkolaoj ltgmnvo0Bo7ngdufczjofyows;D 0D dkog7njvomuj0v’suo-aAo]5j, g,nvj suomuxj tdv[gxaogxnvd3]d-Ao]5,j pa’gxaosuomu.j \j ,ao9tsqf8q;g,nvj g1ao8q;]q’gIaf.sh gdufdkog7nvj omu0j v’suo 9b’j gIaf.shgdufczjofyows;D czjofyows;160j h= d c]t 0 ,adgduf0Bog]NvpM c]t ,ad9t,uvkokg0fd;hk’0;k’s^kpc8j[+I5ocI’xko.fD 7D dko]tg[uf0v’r6w2 cI’]tg[uf0v’r6w29tgIaf.shgxnvd3]dlaoj ltgmnvo1jk’I5ocI’F c8jczjofyows;-toyf oU[+,da gduf0Bog]Nvpxko.fD 9kdlkgsfma’lk,1jk’mudj kj ;,k0hk’gmy’ 9tgsaowfh;kj g0fmu,j uczjofyows;da[g0fmu,j u r6w2]tg[ufd=gxaog0ffP;daooAogv’D ma’oU d=grkt;jk r6w29t]tg[uf0Bo,kwfhgxnvd3]d[=]gy ;ooAo 9t8hv’xtdv[0Bofh;psuomupj a’.\j1p6j a’[+\Ao7q’c0’cI’9b’j gdufdkosqf8q;0BoF .og0fsuogdqkj 9t[+,ur6w2]tg[uf c]t [+,uczjofyows;D. 52.

(55) ]tfa[7;k,cI’0v’czjofyows; gryoj wfh7yfw]jgxaoiydg8u XRichter? X! ? g-yj’,u1j6fh;pdao !@ iydg8u { oa[c8j !{ $ iydg8u ]tfa[7;k,cI’ljoa ltgmnvo7jvpmjlu f5 9qoIvf0Aoxkodk’F [k’7qo lk,kfIhl6 db wfh lj;os^kp1j.6 ogInvoF g7nvj ’0v’g-aoj G g8Qkfvdw,hg|a’8u’[k’7qode]a’ ovod+Ig6h ,jvn D { oa[c8j &{* iydg8u,udkoljaoltgmnvocI’ g-jy’7qo1j6ovdgInvoI6hlbdwfhF g7nvj ’musj hvp 16.j ogInvog]U,cdj;’wx,k gIaf.sh7oq 1hkodq;F 8hF6 8j’a F g7jnv’gInvophkpmjugrfkomjugIaf fh;pczjodkd8q’ s^n 3[dx6og]ju,05]q’D { oa[c8j ({) iydg8u,udkolaoj ltgmnvocI’s^kp c]t gduf7;k,glpskpcI’lq,7;o g-aoj g7nvj ’g7nvj ophkpwxwd s^n xjoy 0;EF I6[xAo8k,l;olkmk]tot8q’]q’F m+7;ao1j86 k, 3I’’ko8qd]qoj D. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 3.3. zqoIhkp9kdczjofyows;mjuxkdyflt4ko X!? iydg8uc,josq;|j;p;afcmdrt]a’’komjuczjofyows;dt9kpvvd X,ug7njv’;afcmdczjofyows; [aombdw;h?D ltg|u0Bog,nvj xu!_#& 3fpoad;ymtpkczjofyows;lv’mjko7nG g[3od6gmog[ud XBe no Gutenberg ? c]t -kdg]u/ija'-yliydg8u XCharles Francis Richter? 53.

(56) zqoIhkp9kdczjofyows;mujxtgmfgvyogfp. ສດິ. {. oa[c8j _{!W iydg8u dkoljoa ltgmnvod+7;k,glpskps^kpg-aoj G 76doa oEgxao-u,’a 4ts^,jq F glAomk’]qfw27qf’=F gduf,u3oo8k,sqomk’ c]t Ivppt1jg6 0ffyovjvoF oE.olkpoE sn^b |v’F [b’8jk’M2Q’0BoD oa[c8j !!{!@ iydg8u dkolajoltgmnvod+7;k,glpskpmjuIhkpcI’mjul5fF r6,rk[ xjPocx’ljy’d+lkh ’[+gs^nvspa’ s^n 9qogIaf.shgduf,uoE8qd8kf0BoD 8q;1jk’czjofyows;gduf0Bomuxj tgmf9uo g,nv’-ul;o (Sichuan) xu @WW) c]t 16xj kdyf lt4koD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. {. 7e4k, !D ,ad,kc,jospa’L @D .sh9ecod7;k,c8d8jk’dao]ts;jk’r6w2mju,vfc]h; c]t r6w2mjupa’g7nvj ows;1j6L #D czjofyows;c,jospa’L $D 9q’j vtmy[kp]tfa[7;k,I5ocI’0v’czjofyows;L. 54.

(57) rkdmu. VI. xt-kdvo c]t czomjudkog,nv’0v’3]d. [q f mu !! xt-kdvo3]d. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. !D! dkogru j , 0B o 0v’xt-kdvo3]d .o8Qo7yfladdt]kf X7Dl? 3]d,to5fgIqk,uxt-kdvoxt,ko !&W { @&W ]hko7qoD ,kIvfxu !*&W gru,j 0Bogxao $*& ]hko7qoD ,kIvfxu !)#W ,uxt,ko !WWW ]hko7qo Xs^n ! 8N7oq ? c]t ,kIvfdk’xu !__& xt-kdvo.o3]d,uxt,ko &(W@ ]hkodj;k7qoD xu @WW_ xt-kdvo 3]d,uxt,ko *F( 8N 7qo c]t 7kf7tgo;jk Ivfxu @W@W 9t,uxt-kdvogru,j 0Bog4y’ (F& 8N7qoD !D@ dkogru j , 0B o 0v’xt-kdvo.o8q ; g,n v ’ xaf95[ao9eo;oxt-kdvo16.j oxtgmfmurj afmtokc]h;16.j o3]d9tgru,j 0Bo @ gmqkj 9kd @F# 8N7qo.oxu @WW& g4y’ &F# 8N7qo .oxu @W&WD 8q;1jk' 8q;g,nv'mju,uxt-kdvo|kc|ho ,u38dP; #@F$ ]hko 7qoF g-v6o @WF& ]hko7qoF g,ad-y3d @WF$ ]hko 7qoF oy;1vd !_F( ]hko7qoF ,6,[kp !_F@ ]hko7qoF 9kdk8k !)F_ ]hko 7qo X@WW)?D. ສດິ. ! D xt-kdvo3]d. @ D dkoc9d1kp0v’xt-kdvo. @D! xt-kdvog8Qk3I,|kc|ho1j6c8j[k’g0f 4hkgIqkla’gdfg[y’j czomj9u tgsao;jk dkoc9d1kp0v’xt-kdvo.o3]dmugj 8Qk3I,1j.6 og0f 8jk’M [+lt\jeltg\udaoD [jvomju,uxt-kdvovkwl1j61kj ’|kc|ho,u16sj ^kpg0f8Qo8=7nG { g0f8kg;aovvdwd X9uoF 1jux5oj ?D { g0fvk-uvk7tgo Xvyo3fgog-pF s;Pfok,F wm?D { g0fvk-u.8h XvyogfpF [a’dt]kgmfF xkdyflt4koF lu]a’dk?D { g0fgvuiq[8kg;ao8qd c]t gvuiq[dk’D { g0f8kg;aovvdlP’g|nv0v’vkg,iydkg|nvD { g0fc7,/a’j vjk;dygo Xvk2iydk?D. 55.

(58) 56. czomuj 7;k,|kc|ho 0v’xt-kdvo. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 8q;g,nv' c8j !WW WWW{@WW WWW 7qo ! WWW WWW 7qo & WWW WWW 7qo ! g,afgmqjkda[ !WW WWW 7qo.

(59) { g0f8kg;aovvdlP’.8h0v’xtgmfg[i-yoD lts^5[ c]h;xt,ko (W: 0v’xt-kdvoma’\qf.o3]dvkwl1j6gmy’fyocfoxt,ko !W: 0v’goNvmjfu oy ma’\qf.o3]dD 9kd8k8t]k’la’gdfwfh;kj !W xtgmfmu,j uxt-kdvos^kpmulj 5f.o3]dfa’j oUG. 9uo vyogfp ltst]afvkg,iydk vyo3fgog-p g[i-yo xkdyflt4ko [a’dt]kgmf Iafg-p wo9ugip puxj oj5. xu @WW). xu @W!&. xu @W&W. 1.330.044.605. 1.392.980.000. 1.470.468.924. 1.147.995.898. 1.260.370.000. 1.619.582.271. 303.824.646. 325.723.000. 403.943.147. 237.512.355. 246.813.000. 337.807.011. 191.908.598. 209.401.000. 206.751.477. 167.762.040. 193.419.000. 267.813.495. 153.546.901. 168.153.000. 205.093.861. 140.702.094. 136.696.000. 118.233.243. 138.288.419. 160.931.000. 205.093.861. 127.288.419. 127.993.000. 101.228.670. mt;u[vk-ugxaomt;u[mju,u7qovkwl1j6s^kpmjul5fF 9uogxaoxtgmfmju,uxt-kdvos^kpd;jk\j6D dq’dao0hk,pa’,uvdu s^kpg0fmj[u ,+ 7u oq vkwl1j6 s^n ,u7oq vkwl1j| 6 vh pmjlu f5 F xt,ko @& : 0v’goNvmjfu oy ma’\qf .o3]d,u7oq vkwl1jr6 P’ @ : 0v’9eo;orqoma’\qf.o3]dg-aoj G 1jg6 0fg|nv0v’vkg,iydk g|nvF 1j6-kIkik Xvk2iydk?F g0fg|nv0v’vk-uF vqflt8ik]uF g0f0Q;3]dF g0fvk,k3-o Xvkg,iydk.8h?D @D@ lkgsf0v’dkog8Q k 3I,xt-kdvomju [ + f j 5 o fj P ’ g0fmju,uxt-kdvovkwl1js6 ^kpoAolj;os^kpc,joG { g0fmj,u 7u ;k,ltf;dmk’fhkog’nvj ow0me,t-kfF dko7q,,tok7q,0qolj’q g-aoj G c7, c,joE]eg-F c7,mtg] s^n ,tsklt\5fD { g0fmju,u/qo8qds^kpD g0fmju,u-a[rtpkdvome,t-kfmjuv5fq,lq,[6oD 57. ສດິ. -njxtgmf. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ]efa [ !D @D #D $D &D *D (D )D _D !WD.

(60) { { {. g0fmj,u 7u ;k,ltf;d.odko0tspkpglf4tdyfgxao8Qoc,jodkox6d/a’F ]hP’laf c]t dko7hkD g0fmju,udkodegoufcs^’j vt]yptmegdqkj cdjG g0fgvuiq[ c]t g0fvk-uD g0fmju,udkovq[rtpq[0v’xt-kdvo.omt;u[vkg,iydkD. #D dkogruj,0Bo0v’xt-kdvo. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. #D! dkogruj,0Bo0v’xt-kdvozyffjP’dao ]ts;jk’xtgmfmjurfa mtokc]h; c]t xtgmfmjude]a’rafmtok,u7;k,c8d8jk’daofa’j oUG { 1j6xtgmfmjurafmtokc]h;F dkogru,j 0Bo0v’xt-kdvo[+dkp !: 8+xu 8q;1jk’G /ija’F va’dyfF vu8k]uDDDDDDD dkogru,j 0Bo0v’xt-kdvoc,joxt,ko WF&:D { dq’dao0hk,1js6 k^ pxtgmfmjdu e]a’rafmtokF dkogru,j 0Bo0v’xt-kdvoc,jo]ts;jk’ @: 8+xDu c8j.o[k’xtgmf1jm6 t;u[vk2iydkF dkogru,j 0Bo0v’xt-kdvodkp #: 8+xDu 1j]6 k; @F!: 8+xu X@WW&?D #D@ gsfzqo0v’dkogruj,0Bo { vaf8kdko8kp0v’7qo.oxtgmfmjdu e]a’rafmtoks^f5 ]q’gdnv[gmqkj da[vaf8k dko8kp 0v’xtgmfmjurafmtokc]h;D { dq’dao0hk,vaf8kdkogduf.oxtgmfmjude]a’rafmtokpa’l6’d;jkxtgmfmjurafmtok c]h; X!{!$ 7qo8+rao7qo?D { xt-kdvo.o[k’g0fgru,j 0Bo1jk’dt3ff0AoF fa’j oAo .os^kpxtgmf wfh,udko9edaf 9eo;o]6d.o7v[7q;D 8q;1jk’G 9uo.sh7v[7q;|jb’,u]6d “rP’zh6fP;”D #D# zqoltmhvo 1j6[aofkxtgmfmjurafmtokc]h;7qo|5,j oa[,Noa[,u|hvpF zh6.spj c]t zh6g4Qk,us^kpD gIaf.sh 0kfde]a’cI’’ko|5,j F lj;o1jx6 tgmfde]a’rafmtokoAo7qo|j,5 oa[,N,su k^ pd;jkzh.6 spj c]t zhg6 4QkF rk.sh,[u oa skfhkodkolt|v’dkolbdlklk,aoF dkolbdlk;y-kvk-u[DDD fj’a oAo 1j[6 oa fkxtgmf mjurfa mtokc]h; 9b’j ,udkolq’j glu,.sh,u]d6 8n,j c]t ,udkolq’j glu,.sh,udko;k’czo7v[7q;.sh,u ]6d|hvp.o[aofkxtgmfmjude]a’rafmtokD. 58.

(61) $ D 37’xtdv[0v’xt-kdvo $D! 7;k,\kp 37’xtdv[0v’xt-kdvo \kpg4y’75o]adltotmk’xt-kdvog-y’j wfhcdjgrfF vkp5F g-Nv-kfF lklt|kD lt4kotrk[dkoc8j’’koF glf4tdyfF mu1j vj6 kwl c]t vnoj M0v’xt-kdvo g-y’j ,u7;k,le7ao c]t gxaoxt3spf1jk’py’j 8+dkolbdlkmk’xt-kdvo c]t -j;p.shg0Qk.9 ltrk[djP;da[dkogdufF dko8kpF dkophkp4yoj c]t dkodeoqfot3p[kp 0v’xt-kdvo mugj \ktlq,D dko;yg7kt37’lhk’0v’xt-kdvo 3fpmq;j wx9t9ecod9eo;oxt-kdvo8k,vkp5 c]t 8k,grfc]h;lhk’gxao8k8t]k’ c]t c8h,gxaoglAoltcf’c[[mkfvkp5 3fp-vdgvqkvkp5 .oc8j]tw; c]t vaf8klj;ogrfD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. grfpy' grf-kp. 8Od;jk. 8Od;j k. dD xtgmfde]a'rafmtok. 0D xtgmfmjurafmtokc]h;. mkfvkp50v’xt-kdvo. I6[ dD rNo0v’mkfvkp5 d;hk’vvds^kpltcf’;jkvaf8kdkogdufl6’d;jkvaf8k dko8kpgIaf.shvaf8kdkogru,j c[[me,t-kfl6’F gxaozqo.sh,uxt-kdvogru,j 0Bo1jk’;jv’w; c]t ,uvaf8klj;o0v’7qo|j5,gxao9eo;os^kpD dq’dao0hk,9eo;ozh6.spj c]t zh6g4Qk,u|hvp Xvkp5pon 8je?D I6[ 0D ]adltotoUltcf’;jk ,uvaf8kdkogduf c]t vaf8kdko8kp8je 9b’j gIaf.sh,u 7qo|j5,|hvpF ,uzh6.sjp c]t zh6g4Qks^kp X,uvkp5pnod;,vaf8klj;ol6’?D 59.

(62) 60. vkg,iydao{vyofPo Xg-Nv-kfxtlq,?. oy3divyf Xzy;fe?. gvuiq[3xvyf Xzy;-k;?. ,q'3d3]vyf Xzy;gs^nv'?. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວczomj ນລ gu -Nv-kf ຂິ ະ ສດິ. & D g-N v -kf8j k ’M.o3]d.

(63) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 7e4k, !D xt95[aoxt-kdvo.omq;j 3]d,uxt,kogmqkj .fL @D xt-kdvo.o3]dg8Qk3I,dao16sj ^kp.og0f.fcfjL phvolkgsfvao.fL #D phvogsfzqoco;.f 9b’j gIaf.shdkogru,j 0Bo0v’xt-kdvoc8d8jk’dao.oc8j]tg0fL $D ,to5fgIqkc[j’vvdgxao9adg-Nv-kfL 7ng-Nv-kf.fcfjL. ສດິ. ,to5fgIqkfe]q’-u;yf1j6.o3]d ,u7;k,c8d8jk’daomk’fhkoI6[-q’rkpovdg-ajoG luzy; |a’F lu0v’zq,F lu0v’cdjo8kDDD vu’.lj]adltotryglfoAo gryoj wfhc[j’,to5fvvdgxao # g-Nv-kf .spj7nzy;0k;F zy;feF zy;gs^nv’g-ajoG 7qomt;u[gvuiq[c,jo,ug-Nv-kfzy;0k;F 7qomt;u[vk-u lj;os^kpc,jo,ug-Nv-kfzy;gs^nv’ c]t 7qomt;u[vk2iydk c]t lj;o|b’j 0v’mt;u[vk-u c]t mt;u[vkg,iydkc,jo,ug-Nv-kfzy;feD 1j.6 o3]dxt95[oa phvodko7q,,tok7q,0tspkp8q; c]t 9tg]uo.om5d,5,3]d 9b’j ,uz76h oq vq[rtpq[ wx { ,k 1j[6 0+ kfD g-Nv-kf8jk’Mwfhxtlq,dao c]t vkfg;Qk wfh;kj [+,gu -Nv-kf.fgxaog-Nv -kffah’gfu,g]up1j6.om5dmt;u[F .om5dxtgmf,uma’7qozy;0k;F zy;fe c]t zy;gs^nv’ 1j6I;j ,daoF c8jmd5 7qod=,lu fy ltg\urk[gmqkj mP,daoD. 61.

(64) rkdmu. VII. ,to5f1j6g0fIhvo. [q f mu !@ ,to5 f 1j 6 g 0fr6 , vkdkfIh v o I.. g’njvow0fhkome,t-kf0v’g0fIhvo-5j,glAol6ol6f c]t Ihvocsh' glAovkpao. @# = @( j glAovkpaog|nv g0fIhvocsh' @W =. g0fIhvo-5j, W = glAol6ol6f. g0fIhvocsh' @W = @# = @( j glAovkpao.8h. $W =. *W =. $W =. @W = @W = W =W = @W = @W = $W = $W = *W = *W =. $W =. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. $W =. *W = $W =. ສດິ. !D mju8A’ mj8u ’A 0v’g0fr6,vkdkfIhvo-j,5 0v’3]d dt9kp1j.6 og0fc8jglAol6ol6fskglAovkpaog|nv c]t .8hD g0fIhvo-j5,,uvkokg0fd;hk’0;k’g-aoj [=]yg;orkdg|nv0v’vkg,iydk.8hF [=]yg;o vkg,iydkdk’F rkddk’0v’mt;u[vk2iydkF [=]yg;o\jg6 dkt0v’g0fvk-u8kg;aovvdlP’.8h c]t [k’lj;o0v’g0fvk-u.8hD. @W = W =. @W =. $W = *W =. czomjultcf’g0fr6,vkdkfIhvo. @D r6,lao4ko r6,lao4kog0f]hv’c,joE c]t \j6gdkt0v’g0fIhvo-j5,lj;o.spj9tgxaog0fmjuIk[rP’ g-aoj G g0fc,joEvk,k3-o.ovkg,iydk.8hF c,joEdq’3d.omt;u[vk2iydk c]tg0fvk-u8kg;ao vvdlP’.8hF lj;o.spj0v’cs^,vyof69ou X];,,uxtgmf]k;? c]t [aofk\jg6 dktg-aoj G vyo3fgog-pF ,kg]g-pF 2u][y xyoD 62.

(65) ສດິ. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. #D r6 , vkdkf g0fglAol6ol6f c]t g0fvq’lk0t|ko8O wfhI[a cl’cffs^kpw]ptg;]kdk’g;ao c]t dk’7nogmqkj dao8ts^vfxuD gfnvo ,a’dvo .o]tf6|k;,uv5ostr6,[+c8d8jk’dao s^kpxko.f da[gfnvod=]tdqf.o]tf6IhvoD .om5d gfnvov5ostr6,0v’vkdkf9tl6’F v5ostr6, ltg]jpl6’ d;jk!_ =c r6,vkdkfg0fglAol6ol6f gxaor6,vkdkfxtgrfIhvo c]t -j5,1j68ts^vfF 9b'j rk.sh rnfraookM-toyf 0P;’k,8ts^vfxuD $D fyo fyomjlu e7ao.og0fIhvo-j,5 ,u7Gn fyolaofvo c]t fyor6w2 g-y’j gxaofyomjvu f5 ,q lq,[6or=l,q 7;o c8jfyo.og0foU gxaofyomjug-nvj ,75ootrk[w; vaolq’j zqoltmhvo8+dkozt]yfdtlyde c]t rk.sh lt,af4trk[dkozt]yf8OD lkgsfmjurk.sh7;k,v5fq,lq,[6o0v’fyos^5f]q’oAo,u7nG { phvo,udko4k’xjks^kpgduowx gIaf.shgoNvmju0v’xjkw,hs^5f]q’ c]t gIaf.shcs^’j 8Qo oEcsh’D { v5ostr6,l6’ c]t /qo8qds^kprk.shgduf,udkog-kt]hk’mk’g7,u c]t gIaf.sh,lu ko vyo-u;fa 45.ofyo|hvpD { /qo8qds^kpgIaf.shoE4h;,0a’16j.ofyo8ts^vfg;]k c]t oEd=]t]kpcIjmkf .ofyowx\qfD &D rnf c]t lafg0fIhvo-j5, { xjkg0fIhvo-j5,lj;omjupa’gxaoxjkgfu,oAo9tgxaoxjkfq’8b[|kF 0P;’k,8ts^vfxu ,u 8Qow,h.spjF ohvps^kpxtgrfxq’j .[ltsâ[-a[-hvodkpgxaos^kp-Aos^kps^n[F vkdkf Ihvo-j5, 9eo;oc,’[Q’czj0tspkp’jkpD { xjkg0fIhvo-j5,,uw,hmu,j u75o7jkl6’s^kpxtgrfg-aoj G w,hfF6j w,hladDDD ovdoAoxjkg0fIhvo pa’,urnfv5flkstdemju,u]k7kcr’s^kpxtgrfg-ajoG 1k’1nfF cd’duokF s;kpF \kdc|j’DDD { xjkg0fIhvo-j5,pa’,ulaf.spjF ohvps^kpxtgrfg-aoj G -hk’F cIfF g,upF dtmy’F glnvF ly’F ]u’F 7jk’F oqdF \6F ’6F c0hDDD. 63.

cl&rsquo;g&rsquo;yo w;pkdvo

cl’g’yo w;pkdvo