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Texte intégral

(1)c[[IPo. g8ad3o3]-u0h=,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko (ICT) -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu ! IP[IP’3fpG mjko 9aomt]k ry]q,]klad. XlD;Dl?. d;fcdh3fpG IDl ok’ dq’.9 lul5ikf mjko l5dlts;ao rvogm;k. X,tsk;ymtw] csj’-kf? XlD;Dl?. g0Qk|hk3fpG mjko 9aomt]k ry]q,]klad. XlD;Dl?. dt-;’lbdlkmydko lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk ;ymtpklkf dkolbdlk @W!W.

(2) 7eoe xN,c[[IPo;y-kg8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlkogsÂ,oUwfhIa[dkoIP[IP’ 0BogrnjvdkoIPodkolvo8k,czoxt8yI6[sâdl6flk,aolbdlk xu @WW_ 0v’;y-kg8ad3o3]-u 0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk8vo8QoD .oxN,c[[IPog8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o 0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlkxumu ! oUF cdo0v’sâdl6fxtdv[fh;pgoNv.o .spj7nG { 7;k,I6hrNo4kodjP;da[g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlkoD { 0=h,6o c]t 0=h,6o0jk;lkoD { rafmtokdko0v’7v,ry;g8uD { xtgrfF 7;k,lk,kf c]t I6[c[[dkoxt,;ozqo0v’7v,ry;g8uD { [5d7t]kdvo c]t 9t]yptmemk’fhko7v,ry;g8uD xN,c[[IPogsÂ,oUwfhIa[dkoIP[IP’0Bo grnjv.shoadIPo.-hgxao76j,ndkoIPo;y-kg8ad 3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko ma’gxaodko-j;p.sh76lvo8k,sâddkoIPodkolvoc[[gvqkoadIPo gxao.9dk’ 3fp.shoadIPolbdlk7Qo7;hkF xt8y[af8q;9y’F lhk’ c]t 7Qorq[7;k,I6h fh;p8qogv’gxaolj;o.spj rkp.8hdko.sh7exbdlk c]t cotoe0v’76D fja’oAoF [qfIPo c8j]t[qf0v’xN,gsÂ,oU 9bj’xtdv[wxfh;p.97;k,[qfIPoF dyf9tde c]t 7e4k,7Qo7;hkD dkola[-hvo[qf c]t goNv.o[qfIPo c,jovu’.ljltrk[95fryglf0v’oadIPo c]t 7;k, gxao9y’0v’dkoIPodkolvo;y-kg8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko.oxtgmfgIqkD gonjv’9kdxN,c[[IPog8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlkole]a[-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu ! wfhIa[dkoIP[IP’0Bogxao7A’mevyf 9bj’[+xklt9kd0=h0kf8qd[qdzjv’wfhD ltoAoF 9bj’0=7;k,Ij;,,noemjkoz6h.-hxN,gsÂ,oU 9qj’-j;pla’gdf95f[qdrjv’ s^n 95fzyfrkfmuj,u16j.o xN,gsÂ,oU c]h;ljq’7;k,7yfgsao0v’mjkowxpa’lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfdkolbdlk grnjv xa[x5’.shfud;jkgdqjk.odkory,7A’8+wxD. lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfdkolbdlk.

(3) lk]t[ko [qfmu ! 7;k,I6hrNo4kodjP;da[g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko ................. 1 1. 2. 3. 4.. 7;k,\kpdjP;da[g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko .................................. 2 [qf[kfle7ao0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko ................................... 7 ]adltotle7ao0v’g8ad3o3]-u0h=,6o0jk;lko .................................................... 10 zqodtmq[0v’g8ad3o3]-u0h=,6o0jk;lko .......................................................... 14. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.. 0=h,6o (Data) ........................................................................................ 21 0=h,6o0jk;lko (Information) ...................................................................... 22 ]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lko (Information System) ...................................................... 23 lj;oxtdv[0v’]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lko ............................................................. 26 xtgrf0v’0=h,6o.................................................................................... 28 dkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6o ............................................................................... 29 ;ymudkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6o ............................................................................ 30 dko9afdko0=h,6o0jk;lko ........................................................................ 32 dkocmo0=h,6o ...................................................................................... 33 c2h,0=h,6o ........................................................................................... 36. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 1.. [qfmu # dko0tspkp8q;0v’7v,ry;g8u ..........................................................39 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.. ສດິ. [qfmu @ 0=h,6o c]t 0=h,6o0jk;lko....................................................................20. g7njv’7eo;o.op5dxts;aflkf ................................................................... 39 7v,ry;g8u.op5dl6opkdkf X7Dl !_$W{!_&#? ................................................... 46 7v,ry;g8u.op5dmiko-ufltg8u X7Dl !_&#{!_*#? ............................................... 51 7v,ry;g8u.op5d;q’9vo];, X7Dl !_*#{!_(@? ................................................. 52 7v,ry;g8u.op5d ;ucv;gvlwv (VLSI= Very Large Scale Intergrated Circuit)................54 7v,ry;g8u.op5dg7nv0jkp .......................................................................... 56 g8ad3o3]-ulnjxtlq, (Multimedia) ................................................................. 57. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. i.

(4) [qfmu $ xtgrfF 7;k,lk,kf c]t I6[c[[dkoxt,;ozqo0v’7v,ry;g8u..............59 1. 2. 3.. xtgrf0v’7v,ry;g8u ............................................................................. 59 7;k,lk,kf0v’7v,ry;g8u ..................................................................... 67 I6[c[[dkoxt,;ozqo0v’7v,ry;g8u ........................................................... 69. [qfmu & [5d7t]kdvo c]t 9t]yptmemk’fhko7v,ry;g8u....................................74 1. 2. 3.. [5d7t]kdvo.o;q’dko7v,ry;g8u ............................................................... 74 vk-u[mujdjP;0hv’da[7v,ry;g8u .................................................................... 76 9t]yptmemk’fhko7v,ry;g8u (Computer Ethnics) ............................................ 89. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. g;a[w-G ......................................................................................................97 gvdtlkoG ..............................................................................................97. ສດິ. xt,;o7ela[ ............................................................................................ 94 lk]t[koI6[ ............................................................................................ 95 cs^j’vhk'vu' ............................................................................................. 97. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. ii.

(5) [qfmu ! 7;k,I6hrNo4kodjP;da[g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko zjkodkoIPo[qfoU oadIPolk,kfG • • • • • •. g0Qk.97;k,\kp0AorNo4kodjP;da[g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko [vd]adltotle7ao0v’7v,ryy;g8u.oc8j]tp5d I6h7;k,\kpdjP;da[g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko g0Qk.9[qf[kfle7ao0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko vtmy[kp]adltotle7ao0v’g8ad3o3]-u0h=,6o0jk;lko I6hzqodtmq[0v’g8ad3o3]-u0h=,6o0jk;lko8+-u;yf c]t dkorafmtok. 7e4k,7Qo7;hkG. d=]toulbdlkG. ສດິ. •. g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko ,u7;k,\kpco;.fL g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko ,u7;k,le7aoco;.f8+rafmtokdko.o ;Pd’kofhko8jk’M c]t dkofe]q’-u;yf0v’,to5fL. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. •. oadIPo]v’7yfg[yj’;jk 7qogIqkm5d,NoU ,ulj;orq;raoda[g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlkoco;.fL c]t 4hk0kfr;d,aowxF dkorafmtok.ofhko8jk’M g-ajofP;da[ dkofe]q’-u;yf0v’,to5f.oxaf95[ao d=7n.ovtok7qf0hk’|hk9tgxaoco;.fL. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 1.

(6) 1.. 7;k,\kpdjP;da[g8ad3o3]-u10=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko. 7e;jk “g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko” gxao7ela[mujxtdv[,k9kd g8ad3o3]-u XTechnology?F 0=h,6o0jk;lko XInformation? muj,ugoNv.o lk]txt3spf c]t dkolnjlko XCommunication?D grnjv.sh,u7;k,g0Qk.9 3fpxaflt9kd7;k,la[lqoF r;dgIqk ,kg]uj,8Qolbdlk7;k,\kp0v’ c8j]t7ela[8k,]efa[faj’oUG. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 7;k,\kp0v’g8ad3o3]-u g,njvdjk;g4y’ g8ad3o3]-u 7qolj;os^kp,ad9t7yfg4y’lyj’mujdjP;0hv’da[g7njv’,n s^n v5xt dvo.\jM mujmaoltw\ ,u]k7kcr’ ,u]t[q[dkogIaf;Pdmujsp5h’pkdla[-hvo g-yj’ g,njvoe,k.-hc]h; lk,kf-j;p.shdkogIaf;PdoAoM ,uxtlyfmyrk[fu0Bo c]t xtlyf myzqol6’0Bo oa[ma’xtspafg;]k c]t cI’’kovudfh;pD co;.fd=8k, “g8ad3o3]-u” gxao7emuj,k9kd rklk]k8uo c]t rklkdiud 7nG rklk]k8uo 7n Texere Xg8adc-i? \kpg4y’dkolko (to weave) dkolhk’ (to construct) c]t rklkdiud 7n Technologia Xg8ad3o3]g-p? c,jodkogIaf1jk’,u]t[q[ (Systematic Treatment)D. ສດິ. dD. g8ad3o3]-u [+wfh,u7;k,\kpltgrktdko.-hg7njv’dqo9adrP’1jk’fP; c8jpa’];, wxg4y’dkoxt8y[af s^n fegouodko.fM muj.-h7;k,I6h ;ymudko s^n g8adoydmk’fhko;ymtpklkf grnjv-j;p.shdkofegouodko8jk’M [ao]5zqoD. g8ad3o3]-u \kpg4y’dkoxtp5dgvqk7;k,I6hfhko;ymtpklkf,k.-h.shgdufxt3spf.o dkolbdlkrafmtok7;k,I6h8jk’M grnjv.shg0Qk.9me,t-kfdqfgdo0v’lyj’8jk’M c]t sk mk’oe,kxtp5d.shgdufxt3spf g8ad3o3]-u 9bj’gxao7emuj,u7;k,\kpd;hk’D. vjko8k,lP’rklk/iaj’ c]t vu’.ljdko8A’-nj0v’ vq’dko;ymtpklkf c]t lyj’c;f]hv, mujwfhoe.-h7eoU gxaomk’ dko,kdjvoc]h;. 1. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 2.

(7) I6[ !D! dkoles^;fvk;tdkf c,jo g8ad3o3]-u mujgxao|hklqo.9.oxaf95[ao. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 3fpvu’8k,7;k,\kpzjko,k9kds^kpM mjko r=lts^5[wfh;jkG g8ad3o3]-u gxaodkooegvqkco;7yfF sâddkoF g8adoydF 7;k,I6hF ]t[P[;ymu c]t 0t[;odko 9qog4y’zqozt]yfmk’;ymtpklkf ma’.ofhkolyj’xtfyf c]t ;ymuxt8y[af,k xtp5d.-h.o]t[q[dko’ko grnjv-j;p.shgdufdkoxjPocx’.odkogIaf;Pd’ko.shfu0Bo c]t grnjvgruj,xtlyfmyrk[ c]t xtlyfmyzqo0v’;Pd’ko.shs^kp0BoD. I6[ !D@ dq’]=h{g8ad3o3]-umuj,udkorafmtok8A’c8jltw\[6Iko. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 3.

(8) 7;k,\kp0v’0=h,6o0jk;lko 0h=,6o0jk;lko\kpg4y’ 0=h,6omujzjkodkoxt,;ozqo c]t gxaoxt3spf8+dkooe.-h grnjvdkofe]q’-u;yf0v’,to5fD ,to5fc8j]t7qo8A’c8jgduf,k wfhIPoI6hlyj’8jk’M gxao9eo;o s^;’s^kp g-ajoG IPoI6hltrk[la’7q,7;k,gxao16jF dqfgdo c]t ;y-kdkogxao8QoD 4hk9yo8t okdkog[yj’;jk rkp.olt\v’0v’gIqkgda[0=h,6ovao.fwfhcfj r;dgIqk[+lk,kf8v[wfh c8jlk,kfgvUogvqk0=h,6o,k.-hwfhD 0=h,6omujgda[w;h.olt\v’gxaolyj’mujltlq,,kgxaog;]kfqo okoF 7;k,I6h0v’c8j]t7qo9bj’0Bo16jda[dkogvUo.-h0=h,6ooAoD faj’oAoF 9tgsaowfh-afg9o;jk 7;k,I6hgduf9kd0=h,6o0jk;lko8jk’M c]t .om5d,NoU r;d,ao]h;oc]h;c8j16jvhv,8q;0v’ r;dgIqk1jk’s^;’s^kpD 0=h,6ogs^jqkoU,k9kdlnj8jk’M g-ajoG ;ymtp5F 3m]trk[F |a’lnry,F vyog8ugoaf (Internet) s^n oa[ma’dkolnjlko]ts;jk’[5d7qo 9bj’,uz6hdjk;;jk ltw\oUgxaoltw\ 0v’0=h,6o0jk;lkoD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 0D. I6[ !D# 8q;1jk’0v’0=h,6o0jk;lko xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 4.

(9) 7D. 7;k,\kp0v’dkolnjlko dkolnjlko \kpg4y’0t[;odkole]a[dkoc]dxjPo0=h,6o0jk;lkoD I6[c[[’jkp 7n dkolqj’9kdz6hlqj’0=h,6o0jk;lko s^n v5xtdvog0Qk]tsaf wxl6jz6hIa[0=h,6o0jk;lko s^n v5xtdvo 4vf]tsafD 0=h,6o0jk;lko vkf9t16j.oI6[c[[0v’mjkmk’laopt]ad s^n [k’1jk’d=16j.o I6[c[[0v’rklkD dkolbdlkdjP;da[dkolnjlkovkf9ecodwfhs^kpI6[c[[ g-yj’wfhcdjG dkolnjlko0v’lafF dkolnjlko]ts;jk’[5d7qoF dkolnjlkorkp.o[5d7qoF dkolnjlkofh;p 7eg;QkF dkolnjlko0hk,;afmtotme c]t 3m]t7q,,tok7q, gxao8QoD lts^5[ g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko \kpg4y’ dkooegvqk;ymtpklkfmujdhk; |hkmk’fhko7v,ry;g8u c]t dkolnjlko ,klhk’,6o7jkgruj,.shda[0=h,6o0jk;lko gIaf.sh 0=h,6o0jk;lko,uxt3spf c]t .-hg0Qk.o;Pd’kowfhd;hk’0;k’s^kp0BoD g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o 0jk;lko ];,gvqkma’dko.-hg8ad3o3]-u8jk’M .odkoI;[I;,9afgda[ .-h;Pd lqj’8+ s^n lnjlko]ts;jk’daoc]tdaoD g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlkodjP;0hv’3fpdq’da[ @ lyj’ 7nG 1. 2.. 2. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 'D. g7njv’,n g7njv’.-h.odko9afdko0=h,6o0jk;lko g-ajoG g7njv’7v,ry;g8u (Computer) v5xtdvovhv,0hk’2 c]t v5xtdvolnjlko c]t 3m]t7q,,tok7q,D 0Ao8vo;ymudkofegouodko g-yj’djP;0hv’da[ Software X-v[c;? [5d7t]kdvo c]t de,t;ymudkofegouo’ko grnjv.sh0=h,6ooAogdufxt3spfs^kpmujl5f Xoa[ma’dko [=]ydkoF dko.-h’ko c]t dkof6c]Iadlk0=h,6o?D. v5xtdvovhv,0hk’ \kpg4y’ g7njv’ry, (Printer)F ltcdogou (Scanner)F DDD xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 5.

(10) ສດິ. dyf9tde 1. 2. 3. 4.. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. I6[ !D$ v5xtdvovhv,0hk’0v’g7njv’7v,ry;g8u. .shoadIPopqd8q;1jk’ g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko 1jk’|hvp # 8q;1jk’ .shoadIPovtmy[kpg4y’rafmtdkomk’fhkodkolnjlko0v’,to5f .shoadIPo[vd-njg7njv’ v5xtdvovhv,0hk’0v’g7njv’7v,ry;g8u .shoadIPovtmy[kp7;k,\kp0v’ g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 6.

(11) 2.. [qf[kfle7ao0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko. 7;k,dhk;|hkmk’fhko;ymtpklkf c]t g8ad3o3]-u gIaf.sh,udkorafmtok7Qosk lyj’veo;p7;k,ltf;dlt[kp8+dkofe]q’-u;yf1jk’s^;’s^kpF gIaf.shg8ad3o3]-uwfhg0Qk,k glu,lhk’xafw9rNo4ko.odkofe]q’-u;yfwfhgxao1jk’fuF gIaf.shdkod+lhk’muj16jvkwl,u75oot rk[ c]t wfh,kf8t4koF lk,kfzt]yflyo7hk c]t .shdko[=]ydko8jk’M grnjv8v[ lt|v’7;k,8hv’dko0v’,to5fwfhs^kp0BoD g8ad3o3]-u gIaf.sh]t[q[dkozt]yflk,kfzt]yflyo7hkwfhgxao9eo;os^kpF ,u]k7k 4nd]q’ c]t lyo7hk,u75ootrk[D ovd9kdoAoF ,aopa’gIaf.shdko8yf8+lnjlkoF dkowx,k skl6jdaowfhltf;d c]t gIaf.shxt-kdvomqj;3]d8yf8+Ia[2a’0jk;lko0v’daoc]tdao wfh8ts^vfg;]kD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. ;y;afmtokdko0v’g8ad3o3]-u gIaf.sh-u;yfdkogxao16jxjPocx’wxD .ovtfuf3]dwfh degouf,kxt,ko $D*WW ]hkoxu c]t g-njv4ndao;jk ;y;afmtokdko8k,me,t-kfwfhgIaf .shlyj’muj,u-u;yf4nddegoufgmy’3]dxt,ko &WW ]hkoxuc]h;D p5dwf3oglqk,uvkp5.o-j;’ @WW ]hkoxuF lyj’muj,u-u;yfmujgxaogzqjkrao,to5f7jvpMrafmtok c]t 7kf7tgo;jk g,njvshkcloxu djvo ,to5flk,kflqj’laopkomjkmk’lnjlko]ts;jk’daoc]tdao c]t rafmtokgxaorklkD 9qog,njvxt,ko &DWWW xuzjkowx ,to5flk,kflhk’8q;|a’ln c]t 9k]bdw;h8k,/k4ED g;qhkwfh;jk ,to5f8hv’.-hg;]kfqookor=lq,7;o.odkorafmtok8q;|a’lnmuj.-hcmo rklkg;qhk c]t 9kdsâd4komk’xts;aflkfrq[;jk ,to5flk,kfry,8q;|a’lnwfhxt,ko &WW g4y’ )WW xuzjko,koUD g,njvg8ad3o3]-ug0qhk,k-j;p.odkory, gIaf.shdkolnjlko0=h7;k, c]t rklkgruj,0Bos^kpD g8ad3o3]-u,udkorafmtok1jk’8+gonjv’ 9qolk,kflnjlkodaowfh 3fpdko lqj’0=h7;k,gxaolP’mk’lkp3m]tla[wfhxt,ko !WW d;jkxuzjko,k c]t g,njvxt,koxu 7Dl !_$* d+wfh,udkolqj’rk[mk’3m]trk[ c]t 7v,ry;g8u g-yj’gIaf.sh,udko.-h0=h,6o0jk;lko .oI6[c[[0jk;lkos^kp0BoD. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 7.

(12) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. .oxaf95[ao lt4kou;ymtp5F 3m]trk[F |a’lnry, c]t lnj8jk’M muj.-h.odkodt9kp 0jk;lkoF ,udkogzupczjrk[mk’3m]trk[ c]t zjkofk;mP, grnjv]kp’kogsfdko lqfF gsaowfh;jk g8ad3o3]-uwfhg0qhk,k,u[qf[kf1jk’s^;’s^kpD dkorafmtokg8ad3o3]-u;jv’ w;pyj’0Bo g,njv,udkorafmtokv5xtdvomk’fhko7v,ry;g8u c]t lj;oxtdv[ 3fpltgrkt .ow]ptxt,ko !W xuzjko,koU ,uzt]yf8trao.\jgduf0Bo1jk’s^;’s]kpD r;dgIqk]v’,k9yo8tokdkog[yj’;jk r;dgIqkwfh,udkodjP;0hv’da[g8ad3o3]-uco; .fcfj 9kd8q;1jk’8+wxoUF g,njv8njoovogIqkvkfwfhpyolP’9kd;ymtp5 g-yj’,udkodt9kplP’ 0jk;lko s^n lk]t[aogmu’D r;dgIqk.-h3m]tla[lnjlkoda[\6jgrnjvoF g[yj’]kpdko3m]trk[F le]a[z6hmujvkwl.o8q;g,nv’ ]ts;jk’mk’muj,k3I’IPo r;dgIqkgfuomk’zjko4t|qosqo mk’muj,u]t[q[w2laopkomuj7;[75,fh;p7v,ry;g8uD 16jl6odko7hkr;dgIqk0Bo]u2F 0Bo0ahowf g]njvomuj,udko7;[75,fh;p7v,ry;g8uD 16jgInvo.og0f8q;g,nv’.spj vkf9t,ug7njv’xa[vkdkf muj,udko7;[75,v5ostr6,3fpvaf8t3o,afF ,udkox5’c8j’vkskofh;pg8qkvq[ c]t -adg7njv’ fh;pg7njv’9ad g-yj’7;[75,fh;p]t[q[7v,ry;g8uD vu’8k,lyj’mujdjk;,koAo 9tgsao;jk.oxaf95 [aooU -u;yf0v’7qo.o8q;g,nv’.spj 3fpltgrkt.oxtgmfmujrafmtok 9tdjP;0hv’da[g8ad 3o3]-u1jk’s^;’s^kpD v5xtdvolj;o.spj.-h]t[q[7v,ry;g8ugxaolj;oxtdv[.odkogIaf;PdD. ສດິ. I6[ !D& dkolnjlko3fpdkooe.-hg8ad3o3]-u. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 8.

(13) ສດິ. I6[ !D* g7njv’veo;p7;k,ltf;drkp.ogInvo. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. .ovtfuf ,to5fpa’[+,u4yjo4kocojovoF ,uvk-u[dtlydeF ]jklafD 8+,k,udko];,8q; daogxaola’7q, c]t gduf.sh,udkozt]yf.oc[[v5flkstde grnjv8v[lt|v’lyo7hk c]t [=]ydko1jk’s^;’s^kp la’7q,9bj’gxaola’7q,muj,uv5flkstdeg0qhk,kdjP;0hv’D c8jsâ’9kdxu 7Dl !_)& ]t[q[lnjlko3m]t7q, c]t 7v,ry;g8udhk;|hks^kp gIaf.shgdufdkoxjPocx’g0qhk l6jla’7q,0h=,6o0jk;lkoF faj’oAoF -u;yfdkogxao16j9tdjP;0hv’da[0=h,6o0jk;lko9eo;os^kpD dkoczjdt9kpdkolnjlko3m]t7q,,tok7q,mqj;g4y’ gIaf.sh0jk;lkodt9kpwx1jk’;jv’w;D la’7q,r;dgIqkxaf95[aogxaola’7q,[+,urq,cfo grkt0jk;lko9kdxtgmf|bj’9tczjdt9kp vvdwxskxtgmf8jk’M wfh1jk’;jv’w;D. dyf9tde 1. 2.. .shoadIPovtmy[kpg4y’;y;afmtokdko0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko 8+da[dkoxjPocx’0v’-u;yfdkogxao1j6D .shoadIPo[vd-njg7njv’veo;p7;k,ltf;drkp.ogInvo c]t .oshv’dkomujgIaf;Pd 3fpvaf8t3o,af xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 9.

(14) 3.. ]adltotle7ao0v’g8ad3o3]-u0h=,6o0jk;lko. g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko ,uxt3spf8+da[dkorafmtokxtgmf-kf.sh9tg]uodhk;|hkD g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko gIaf.sh;y4u-u;yf7;k,gxao16j0v’la’7q,xjPowx1jk’s^;’s^kpD ,ao gIaf.shgduf,udkoxjPocx’da[3]d7A’.spj vkf9tg;Qkwfh;jk g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko,uzqo dtmq[8+m5dlyj’m5d1jk’ oa[ma’dkofe]q’-u;yfF glf4tdyfF la’7q,F dkog,nv’F dkolbdlk c]t vnjoMD ,aogxaodkoxtp5dg8ad3o3]-u7v,ry;g8u (Computer Technology) c]t g8ad3o 3]-udkolnjlko (Communication Technology) .oc[[8jk’M grnjv.sh[ao]5;af45xtlq’D ]adltotgfajomujle7ao0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko,ufaj’oUG g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko-j;p.shdkogIaf;Pd’ko;jv’w;0Bo 4nd8hv’ c]t -afg9o .o]t[q[dko9afdko0v’vq’dvom5d[jvo lj;os^kp8hv’.-h0=h,6o grnjvdkofegouodko c]t 8aflyo.9D ]t[q[m5]tdyf9bj’.-hg8ad3o3]-u7v,ry;g8u c]t g8ad3o3]-udkolnjlkogxao g7njv’,n-j;p.odkofegouodko grnjv.shdkogIaf;Pd’ko,u7;k,;jv’w;4nd8hv’ c]t -af g9o g-ajoG ]t[q[/kd{4vog’yo c]t ]t[q[9jv’xUpqoD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 3.1. I6[ !D( dko4vog’yozjko86h ATM (Automatic Teller Machine). xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 10.

(15) g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko-j;p.shdko[=]ydkod;hk’0;k’0Bo g,njv,udkorafmtok]t[q[gda[ c]t .-h0=h,6o gIaf.shdko[=]ydko8jk’M 16j.oI6[c[[ dko[=]ydkoc[[dt9kpD z6h-q,.-hlk,kflaj’-Nlyo7hk9kdgInvoF lk,kflv[4k,0=h,6ozjko mk’3m]tla[D oadIPo oadlbdlk.olt4komujlbdlk[k’[jvolk,kf.-h7v,ry;g8u-vd0=h,6o grnjvlt|v’.shcdjdkoIPo c]t lk,kflv[4k,zqodkolv[gla’9kdgInvo0v’8qogv’wfh X3fpltgrktc,joxtgmfde]a’rafmtok c]t rafmtokc]h;?D. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 3.2. I6[ !D) g,njvdjvo8hv’0kplyo7hk3fpdq’.oIhko7hk c8jxaf95[ao]6d7hklk,kflaj’-N lyo7hkzjkog7nv0jkpvyog8ucoafwfh gIaf.sh,u7;k,ltf;d c]t ;jv’w;0Bo xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 11.

(16) g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko-j;pfegouodko.o|j;p’ko8jk’M xaf95[aom5d|j;p’ko8jk’rkdaorafmtok]t[q[9afgda[0=h,6o c]t I;[I;,0=h,6o grnjv .-h.ovq’dvoD xtgmfmuj16jvhv,0hk’r;dgIqks^kpxtgmf wfh,u]t[q[mt[Porqo]tg,nv’ muj9af dkofh;p]t[q[7v,ry;g8uF ]t[q[gda[de7qog9a[.o3I’\=F ]t[q[9afgda[0=h,6orklu g-yj’.o xaf95[ao vq’dvom5d]tfa[.oxtgmfgIqk gsao7;k,le7aomuj9toegvqkg8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk; lko,k.-hD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 3.3. I6[ !D_ g;a[w-dt-;’lbdlkmydko c]t l6olt4y8y8jk’M g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko-j;p;Pd’ko.o-u;yfxt9e;ao rafmtokdkofhkog8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko gIaf.sh-u;yfdkogxao16j0v’7qodjP;0hv’ da[g8ad3o3]-us^kp0Bo faj’mujr;dgIqkgsaowfh9kddko.-hv5xtdvolnjlko3m]t7q,,tok7q, c[[8jk’MF dkory,gvdtlko8jk’M fh;p7v,ry;g8u c]t dko4jkpI6[fh;pdhv’fu9y8vo gxao8QoD. 3.4. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 12.

(17) ສດິ ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ I6[ !D!W 0=h,6o0jk;lkodjP;0hv’da[7qom5d]tfa[. dyf9tde 1. 2. 3.. .shoadIPovtmy[kpg4y’dko-j;pgs^nv0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko 8+dkogIaf;Pd’ko .ovq’dvo8jk’MD .shoadIPovtmy[kpg4y’dko-j;pgs^nv0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko 8+dko[=]ydko8jk’MD .shoadIPovtmy[kpg4y’dko-j;pgs^nv0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko 8+dkogIaf;Pd’ko .o-u;yfxt9e;aoD xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 13.

(18) 4.. zqodtmq[0v’g8ad3o3]-u0h=,6o0jk;lko. zqodtmq[0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko 8+-u;yf7;k,gxao16j c]t la’7q,,us^kpD 7qo.o la’7q,,udkoIPoI6h c]t .-h0=h,6o0jk;lkodao1jk’d;hk’0;k’ 9bj’lqj’zqodtmq[vvd,k wfhfaj’oUG dkolhk’glu,75ootrk[-u;yf ltrk[7;k,gxao16j0v’la’7q,.og,nv’ ,udkorafmtokdko.-h]t[q[lnjlko3m]t7q, ,tok7q, grnjv8yf8+lnjlko.shltf;d;jv’w;F ,udkoxtp5d,k.-hda[g7njv’veo;p7;k,lt f;drkp.o[hko g-ajoG .-h7;[75,g7njv’xa[vkdkfF .-h7;[75,dkogIaf;Pd0v’9ad-adg7njv’ o5j’sqj, c]t .-h7;[75,]t[q[w22hk.ogInvoD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 4.1. I6[ !D!! 8q;1jk’dko.-hiu3,f (Remote) grnjv7;k,ltf;d.odko7;[75,3m]tmaf dkoglu,lhk’7;k,ltg\urk[.ola’7q, c]t dko0tspkp3vdkf g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko -j;p.shdkodt9kp0jk;lkowxwfhmqj;m5dcsj’ [+;jk9t16j.o 4yjosjk’wdlvdsûd ,aod=gIaf.sh,udko0tspkp3vdkfdkoIPoI6hD s^kpxtgmf,udko.-h]t [q[dkoIPo{dkolvomk’wd grnjvdko0tspkpdkoIPoI6hwxsk[jvosjk’wdlvdsûdD ovd 9kdoU s^kpxtgmfmuj9tg]uoc]h; pa’,u7;k,rtpkpk,muj9t.-h]t[q[dkoIadlkrtpk[ko zjkog7nv0jkplnjlkoD 4.2. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 14.

(19) dkoIPodkolvo.olt4komujlbdlk .olt4komujlbdlk gryjowfh,udkooegvqk7v,ry;g8u c]t g7njv’,nxtdv[-j;p.odko IPoI6h g-ajoG ;yfu3vF g7njv’lkprk[F 3xicdi,7v,ry;g8u-j;plvoF 7v,ry;g8u-j;p9af dkolbdlkF 9af8k8t]k’lvoF 7eo;o9af]efa[7tcooF 9af-AoIPoF gIaf[qf]kp’ko grnjv.shz6h[=]yskowfhIa[-k[g4y’[aosk c]t cdhw0[aosk.o3I’IPoD xaf95[ao,udkolvo mk’fhkog8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko.olt4komujlbdlks^kp0BoD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 4.3. I6[ !D!@ g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lkoda[dkoIPo{dkolvo. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 15.

(20) dkoIadlklyj’c;f]hv, dko9aaf-a[rtpkdvome,t-kfs^kp1jk’ 9egxao8hv’.-h g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko g-ajoG dkof6c]Iadlkxjkw,h 9egxao8hv’.-h0=h,6o g-yj’,udko.-h rk[4jkpmk’fk;mP,F dko8yf8k,0=h,6oltrk[fyo2hkvkdkfF dkortpkdvovkdkfF dko9e]v’I6[c[[ ltrk;tlyj’c;f]hv,grnjvxa[x5’cdhw0F dkogda[I;[I;,0=h,6o75ootrk[0v’oE.oc,joE 8jk’MF dko;afcmd,qo]trk;t 8ts^vf9qodko.-h]t[q[dkod;fcmdw]ptmujgvUo;jk 3mi ,k8i gxao8QoD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 4.4. I6[ !D!# rk[4jkp9kddkolnjlkozjkofk;mP, c]t mk’|hkfyoltcf’ltrk[rNofyo c]t ;afcmd,qo]trk;t xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 16.

(21) dkoxhv’daoxtgmf dyf9tdkomk’fhkodkomtsko,udko.-hg8ad3o3]-u vk;5fp5f3mxtdvoltw\.\j ]h;oc]h;c8jdjP;0hv’da[7v,ry;g8u g-ajoG ]t[q[7;[75,F ]t[q[xhv’daowr c]t ]t[q[ la’gdfdkoD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 4.5. I6[ !D!$ vk;5flq’7k,mujmaoltw\. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 17.

(22) dkozt]yf.ov5fltstde c]t dko7hk dkoc0j’0aomk’fhkodkozt]yflyo7hkv5flkstde 9egxao8hv’sk;ymudko.odkozt ]yf grnjv.shlk,kfzt]yflyo7hkwfh9eo;os^kp c]t ,u]k7k4nd]q’D ltoAoF g8ad3o3]-u 7v,ry;g8ug0Qk,k,u[qf[kfs^kp grnjv[ao]5gxQk\kpfaj’djk;D ovd9kdoU pa’,udko.-h0=h,6o 0jk;lko grnjvdko[=]ysko c]t 9afdkoF dkofegouodko c]t pa’];,wxg4y’dko.sh [=]ydkoda[]6d7hk grnjv.sh-Nlyo7hkwfhltf;d0BoD 4.6. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. I6[ !D!& 8q;1jk’dkozt]yflyo7hk.o3I’’kov5fltstde 7;k,7yf c]t dkolhk’lao g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko,aodtmq[3fpdq’ c]t djP;0hv’da[m5dg]njv’.o-u;yfxt9e;ao c]t ,umjkvjP’muj9t,u[qf[kfs^kppyj’0BoD fh;pgsfoUgv’ gpqk;t-qom5d7qo9bj’8hv’wfhIPoI6h c]t g0Qk.9djP;da[g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko grnjv.shlk,kfoegvqkg8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk; lkowxrafmtoklyj’8jk’M mujgxaoxt3spf8+xtgmf-kf3fp[+8hv’gryj’rkvkwlg8ad3o3]-u s^n -v[c;9kd8jk’xtgmfF gIaf.sh7jk.-h9jkps^5f]q’D .od=]touoU s^kplt4k[ao c]t l6olbdlk 8jk’M mujdjP;0hv’ de]a’,udkorafmtok c]t lqj’glu,[5d7t]kdvo.sh,u7;k,I6h7;k,lk ,kf c]t gxuf3vdkf.shgpqk;t-qo]k;wfh,u7;k,7yflhk’lao c]t rafmtoklyj’mujgxao xt3spf8+mhv’4yjo0v’8qoD 4.7. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 18.

(23) dyf9tde. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.. ສດິ. 2.. .shoadIPovtmy[kpg4y’ zqodtmq[0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko 8+dkolhk’glu,75oot rk[-u;yfD .shoadIPovtmy[kpg4y’ zqodtmq[0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko 8+dkoglu,lhk’7;k, ltg\urk[.ola’7q, c]t dko0tspkp3vdkfD .shoadIPovtmy[kpg4y’ zqodtmq[0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko 8+dkoIPo{dkolvo .olt4komujlbdlkD .shoadIPovtmy[kpg4y’ zqodtmq[0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko 8+dkoIadlklyj’c;f ]hv,D .shoadIPovtmy[kpg4y’ zqodtmq[0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko 8+dkoxhv’daoxtgmfD .shoadIPovtmy[kpg4y’ zqodtmq[0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko 8+dkozt]yf.ov5flt stde c]t dko7hkD .shoadIPovtmy[kpg4y’ zqodtmq[0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko 8+7;k,7yf c]t dko lhk’laoD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 1.. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 19.

(24) [qfmu @ 0=h,6o c]t 0=h,6o0jk;lko zjkodkoIPo[qfoU oadIPolk,kfG • • • • •. g0Qk.97;k,\kp0v’0=h,6o (Data)F 0=h,6o0jk;lko (Information)F ]t[q[0=h,6o 0jk;lko (Information System) I6hlj;oxtdv[mujle7ao0v’]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t xtgrf0v’0=h,6o I6hdjP;da[dkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6o3fp];, c]t vtmy[kp;ymudko0v’,ao I6hdjP;da[dko9afdko0=h,6o0jk;lko3fpmqj;wxF g0Qk.9djP;da[dkocmo0=h,6o c]t dkolhk’c2h,0=h,6o0AorNo4ko. • • • •. 0=h,6o c]t 0=h,6o0jk;lko ,u7;k,\kp c]t ,udkorq;raodao7nco;.f L lyj’mujgxaolj;oxtdv[vaole7ao.shcdj]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lko ,uspa’cfjL ;ymudkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6o.shgxao0=h,6o0jk;lkogxaowx7nco;.fL dkooe.-h0=h,6o0jk;lko.shxvfwr 7;o9afdkoco;.fL gryjo.-h;ymudkocmo0=h,6oco;.f grnjv.shg7njv’7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pdwfh c]t ,u;ymydko lhk’c2h,0=h,6o0AorNo4ko7nco;.fL. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. •. d=]toulbdlkG oadIPovkfwfhpyo c]t ]N’g7upda[7e;jk 0=h,6o ,kfqoc]h; g-yj’.o3I’IPod=,u0=h,6o 16jgxao9eo;os^;’s^kp g-ajoG 0=h,6odjP;da[380v’oadIPogv’F 0=h,6odjP;da[;y-kIPoF 0=h,6odjP;da[76lvoF 0=h,6odjP;da[3I’IPo gxao8QoD ltoAoF .odkofegouodko8jk’M [+;jk9t16j.o3I’IPo s^n .odkofe]q’-u;yf c]t vnjoM grnjvs^5fzjvo7;k,ljP’ c]t Ia[xtdao7;k,xvfwr 3fp.sh,uzqoleg]afmujcojovo 9egxao8hv’.-h0=h,6o,kxtdv[.odko ry9k]tokD. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. ສດິ. 7e4k,7Qo7;hkG. 20.

(25) 1.. 0=h,6o (Data). ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 0=h,6o c,jo 0=hgmaf9y’3 s^n ]kp]tvPf 0v’lyj’mujgIqklqo.9 [+;jk9tgxao7qoF lafF lyj’ 0v’ s^n gsfdko8jk’M g-yj’0=hgmaf9y’gs^qjkoU vkf16j.oI6[c[[8jk’M g-ajoG 8qo8q;F 0=h7;k,F rk[F lP’ c]t ]qf-kfD faj’oAoF dkogda[0=h,6o 9bj’gxaodkogda[I;[I;,djP; da[0=hgmaf9y’ mujgIqklqo.9oAogv’ c]t 0=h,6o9bj’,u7;k,\kp;jk gxao8q;cmo0v’0=hgmaf9y’ s^n 7;k,gxaowx 0v’lyj’mujgIqklqo.9D 3I’IPogxaolt4komujcsj’|bj’muj,udkogda[I;[I;,0=h,6ow;h g-ajoG oadIPo.\j g0Qk IPo.o3I’IPo d=9t,udko[aombdxts;afoadIPow;hD 0=h,6o0v’oadIPomuj,u.o3I’IPo lj;o s^kp9t,u]kp]tvPfdjP;da[ -njF ;aogfnvoxugdufF muj16jF -njz6hxqd7v’ c]t vjnoMD ovd9kdoU pa’,udko[aombddko0kf3I’IPoF zqodkoIPo g-yj’0=h,6ogs^qjkoU gxao0=hgmaf9y’mujgduf0Bo mujvkfoe,k.-hxt3spfwfhrkpsâ’D c8j1jk’.fd=8k, 0=hgmaf9y’muj[aombdw;hoU [+vkfgIaf.sh I6h9ad c]t g0Qk.9oadIPoc8j]t7qowfh1jk’cmh9y’ grktpa’,u0=h,6ovnjoMvud0v’oadIPomuj[+wfh [aombdw;h g-ajoG luzq,F lu8kF 8eoy8jk’MF 7;k,l6’F oE|adF vkskomuj,adF ;y-kmuj,adIPoF 7;k,4t|af c]t ’kovtfyg]fD. I6[ @D! 8q;1jk’0=h,6omugda[w;h .oI6[c[[8jk’M. 0=hgmaf9y’ \kpg4y’ g]njv’mujgxao,k s^n gxao16jxaf95[aoF g]njv’9y’ “rqf9toko5dq,]k;F lt[a[rklkg7Qkgfu, 3fp l5[yorit3dw-p% rDl @$$)”.. 3. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 21.

(26) .odkofegouodkomk’m5]tdyf.fd=8k, ,ao9egxao8hv’,udkogda[0=h,6o grnjvw;h.-hgIaf ;Pd’ko g-ajoG g9Qk0v’Ihko7hkcsj’|bj’gda[0=h,6odko0kplyo7hk8ts^vfxu g0qklk,kfoe gvqk0=h,6ogs^qjkoU ,klbdlk c]t ;yg7ktskxt]y,kodko0kp8+gfnvoF xtgrf c]t -toyf 0v’lyo7hk;jk lyo7hk-toyf.f0kpfu -toyf.f0kp[+vvdF mjkvjP’dko0kp.ovtok7qf 9tgxaoco;.f lyo7hk.f,upvfdko0kpfu0Boda[xafw9 s^n gmfltdko.f9kdrkpovdg0Qk,k djP;0hv’D. 0=h,6o0jk;lko (Information). ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 0=h,6o0jk;lko \kpg4y’0=h,6omujlk,kfoewx.-hxt3spfwfh grkt,aowfhzjkodkoxt ,;ozqo fh;p;ymudkomujg\ktlq, c]t 4nd8hv’ grnjv.shzqoIa[dq’da[7;k,8hv’dko0v’z6h.-h 16j.oI6[c[[muj.-h’kowfh c]t 9t8hv’16j.ow]ptg;]kmuj8hv’dko g-ajoG g,njv8hv’dko0=h,6o 0jk;lkowx.-h.odko;k’czodko0kp 0=h,6o0jk;lkomuj8hv’dkod=7;o9tgxao]kp’ko lts^5[pvfdko0kpc8j]tgfnvo.oxuzjko,kmujrP’r=8+dko8aflyo.9S 4hk8hv’dko0=h,6o0jk; lko.odkoltcf’zqodkoIPo0v’oadIPoxt9egfnvo 0=h,6o0jk;lkomuj8hv’dko d=9t8hv’ c,jo7tcooltg]jp0v’oadIPoc8j]t7qo.ogfnvo|bj’D. ສດິ. 2.. 0=h,6o. xt,;ozqo. czor6,ltcf'7tcooltg]jp0v'oadIPo 15 10 5 0. oD r5fmyfk. oD daosk. mD lk]u. mD 9yitlad. lts^5[gxaoczor6,mjvogrnjvdko8aflyo.9. I6[ @D@ 8q;1jk’dkolhk’0=h,6o0jk;lko grnjv7afg]nvdoadIPofuxt9egfnvo xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 22.

(27) 3.. ]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lko (Information System). ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. ]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lko \kpg4y’ dkofegouo’koda[0=h,6o8k,0Ao8vodkoxt8y[af’ko 3fp[5d7t]kdvovkf9t.-h Hardware XIkfc;?F Software X-v[c;? c]t g7nv0jkp gxaog7njv’,n muj.sh,kgxao0=h,6o0jk;lkoD ]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lkooAo 9txtdv[fh;p0=h,6oF 0=h,6o 0jk;lko c]t dko9afdko (Management)D dko9afdko \kpg4y’dko[=]ysko1jk’gxao ]t[q[ gxaodkodeoqfgxQk\kp c]t myfmk’dko9afdkovq’dvo g-yj’8hv’,udko;k’czo deoqfdko c]t 9afdko-a[rtpkdvorkp.ovq’dvo grnjv.sh[ao]595fxtlq’0v’vq’dvo oAoD dkolhk’0=h,6o0jk;lko gIaf.shgduf7;k,Iv[I6hmuj9t-j;p.odko8aflyo.9 s^n ;k’czo .odkofegouo’ko1jk’,uxtlyfmyrk[ 3fp,udko[aombd0=h,6o]q’c[[2v, c]t gda[,aogxao c2h, g-yj’vkfgda[.oc8j]tgfnvoF rkd s^n xu c]t ,udkolhk’[qflts^5[fh;p0=h,6o0jk;lko .oI6[c[[[qf]kp’koD 8q;1jk’ 3I’IPocsj’|bj’8hv’dko7afg]nvdoadIPogdaj’ djP;da[g]njv’g8ad3o3]-u 0=h,6o0jk;lko gryjo9bj’8yf8k,zqodkoIPo0v’oadIPo9kd0=h,6o muj3I’IPowfh9afgda[w;h 7nG ]tfa[7tcoo;y-kg8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko gxao]kprkdIPo c]t 9kd8k8t]k’gda[ dezqodkoIPooAo 7tcoomujl6’d;jk\6j\qf.o @ xu g-yj’,u $ rkdIPo c,jo7tcoo0v’mhk; 9y]tlad grktz6hdjP;wfhwfh7tcoo !W ma’ $ rkdIPoD 7tcoomujl6’]tfa[mu @ c,jo 7tcoo0v’ok’ r5fmyfk c]t 8+MwxD ovd9kddkogda[zqodkoIPo.o8k8t]k’c]h; pa’lk,kfltcf’zqodkoIPofh;pczo;kfglqk (column chart) vud faj’I6[]5j,oUG 8k8t]k’ltcf’zqodkoIPo0v’oadIPo xumu !. 0=h,6o. -nj c]t ok,ltd5o. xumu @ ]efa[ mu. rkdIPomu !. rkdIPomu @. rkdIPomu !. rkdIPomu @. oD r5fmyfk. 9. 9. 10. 10. 2. oD daosk. 9. 9. 8. 8. 3. mD lk]u. 8. 8. 7. 7. 4. mD 9y]tlad. 10. 10. 10. 10. 1. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 23.

(28) 10 8 6. 0=h,6o0jk;lko. oD r5fmyfk. 4 2. oD daosk. 0. mD lk]u rkdIPomu !rkdIPomu @ rkdIPomu ! xumu !. mD 9yitlad rkdIPomu @. xumu @. mhk; 9y]tlad ,uzqodkoIPo ;y-k g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko ma’ @ xu fud;jk\6j 9bj’wfhgxaooadIPogdaj’fhko;y-koU. 7;k,Ia[I6h. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. I6[ @D# 8q;1jk’ltcf’ 0=h,6o 0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t 7;k,Ia[I6h 0=h,6o0jk;lkolk,kfc[j'xtgrf8k,rk;t7;k,8hv’dkomujlhk’0Bowfh faj’oUG 1) 0=h,6o0jk;lkomujgIafxt9eG gxao0=h,6o0jk;lkomujlhk’0Bo,kgxaoxt9e c]t ,udko fegouodko3fplt\Oltg\u g-ajoG dkolhk’[qf]kp’kolts^5[9eo;ooadIPomuj,k3I’IPo .oc8j]t,NF ]kp’kodjP;da[]kpIa[]kp9jkpxt9e;ao0v’3I’IPo c]t vnjoMD 2) 0=h,6o0jk;lkomuj8hv’dkolhk’0Bo8k,dqf\kpG 8k,0=hde|qf0v’c8j]t xtgmf 9t,udko.shgIaf[qf]kp’kolqj’ grnjvm5]tdko8jk’M g-ajoG ’q[xt,ko0v’[=]ylaf8hv’lhk’ 0Bogrnjv]kp’ko.sh]af c]t .-h.odkoglprkluD 3) 0=h,6o0jk;lkomujwfhIa[,v[\kp.shlhk’0Bo3fpltgrktG .odkofegouo’ko 8jk’M [k’7A’9egxao8hv’lhk’[qf]kp’ko0=h,6o,k-j;p.odko8aflyo.9 g-ajoG ]af4t[ko8hv’dko ]q’mbolhk’g0njvocsj’|bj’ c]t 9egxao8hv’wfh0=h,6ogrnjvlt|a[lt|6o;jk9tlhk’s^n[+L ,ao9bj’ 8hv’,udkogda[I;[I;,0=h,6ogrnjvlts^5[]kp’ko0Bo3fpltgrkt c]h;oegvqk0=h,6o0jk;lko oAo,kry9k]tokg4y’zqofu c]t zqoIhkp grnjv-j;plt|a[lt|6o.odko8aflyo.9D dkofegouo ’kogrnjv.shwfh0=h,6o0jk;lkogs^qjkoU 9bj’gxao;Pd’koltgrktmujlhk’0Bogxao7A’7k;grnjv37’ dko.f|bj’gmqjkoAoD xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 24.

(29) dyf9tde 1.. 2. 3.. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. I6[ @D$ 8q;1jk’dkooe.-h0=h,6o0jk;lko grnjvdko8aflyo.9.odkogfuomk’. ສດິ. mhv’2hkc9j,.lfu r;dgIqklk,kfgfuomk’wfh. .shoadIPoc[j’d5j, d5j,]t ${& 7qo c]t vtmy[kpg4y’co;mk’dkosk7jkltg]jp0v’ oadIPogrfpy’ c]t grf-kp rkp.oshv’D .shoadIPovtmy[kpg4y’ 7;k,\kp0v’0=h,6o c]t 0=h,6o0jk;lko .shoadIPovtmy[kp7;k,c8d8jk’ c]t 7;k,lerao]ts;jk’ 0=h,6oda[0=h,6o0jk;lkoD. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 25.

(30) lj;oxtdv[0v’]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lko. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lkogxao;Pd’ko muj8hv’.-hlj;oxtdv[s^kp1jk’ grnjv.shwfh0=h,6o,k.-h .shgdufxt3spfD lj;oxtdv[mujle7ao0v’]t[q[0=h,6o 0jk;lko ,u & rkdlj;o 7nG [5d7t ]kdvoF 0Ao8vodkoxt8y[af’koF Ikfc;F -v[c; c]t 0=h,6oma’ & lj;oxtdv[,u7;k, djP;0hv’daogxao]t[q[D 4hkoadIPo8hv’dkoxt,;ozqodkoIPo0v’8qogv’wfh1jk’4nd8hv’ c]t ;jv’w; c]t ]t[q[dko9afdko0=h,6o0jk;lkooAodjP;0hv’da[spa’cfjL d=]toumevyf 7nG [5d7t]kdvo g-ajoG 76xt9e-Aomujgxaoz6hIa[zyf-v[ s^n 76lvoc8j]t;y-kD d=]toumu lv’7nG 4hkskd,udko [aombd0=h,6od=8hv’,u0Ao8vodkoxt8y[af’ko0v’76 gxao0Ao8vomujdeoqfw;h;jk 9t8hv’gIaf spa’cfjF g,njv.f c]t co;.fD d=]toumu lk,7nG Ikfc; g-ajoG g7njv’7v,ry;g8u g-yj’gxao g7njv’,n-j;p.shdkogIaf;Pd’kowfhzqo;jv’w; c]t 7eo;owfh1jk’4nd8hv’-afg9oD d=]tou muluj 7nG -v[c;muj.-h.og7njv’7v,ry;g8u g-yj’,ao-j;p.sh7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pd8k,7;k,8hv’ dkowfhD d=]toul5fmhkp7nG 0h=,6omujxP[g\nvo;af45fy[ muj9twfhIa[dkoxjPocx’.shgxao0=h,6o 0jk;lko8k,muj8hv’dkoD [5d7t]kdvo gxaolj;oxtdv[mujle7aomujl5f grkt;jk [5d7t]kdvomuj,u7;k,I6h7;k,lk,kf c]t g0Qk.9;ymudkolhk’0=h,6o0jk;lkooAo 9tgxaoz6hfegouodko.odkogIaf;Pd’koma’\qfD [5d 7t]kdvo 9bj’8hv’,u7;k,I6h7;k,g0Qk.9.odko.-hg8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lkoD [5d7t]kdvo rkp.ovq’dvogxaolj;oxtdv[ muj9tgIaf.shgduf]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lkofh;pdaom5d7qo g-ajoG Ihko7hkcsj’|bj’F [5d7t]kdvomujfegouodko.oIhkom5d7qo 8A’c8jz6h9afdkog4y’rtoad’ko 0kp gxaolj;oxtdv[muj9tgIaf.shgduf0=h,6o0jk;lkoD 4.1. 0Ao8vodkoxt8y[af’ko gxao]t[P[;ymudkoxt8y[af’ko .odko9afgda[Iadlk0=h,6o .sh16j.oI6[c[[ muj9tgIaf.sh gdufgxao0=h,6o0jk;lkowfh g-ajoG deoqf.sh,udkoxhvo0=h,6om5d,NF xhvo.shmaoda[g;]kD ,udko cdhw00=h,6o.sh4nd8hv’16jltg\uD deoqfg;]k.odkoxt,;ozqo c]t lhk’[qf]kp’kogxao8QoD 4.2. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. ສດິ. 4.. 26.

(31) Ikfc; Ikfc; g-ajoG g7njv’7v,ry;g8u g-yj’gxaog7njv’,n-j;p.odko9afdko s^n xt,;ozqo 0=h,6o.shgxao0=h,6o0jk;lko8k,7;k,8hv’dkoD g7njv’7v,ry;g8ugxaov5xtdvogvg]ad38ioyd mujlk,kf7eo;owfh4nd8hv’F -afg9oF ;jv’w; c]t lk,kfgIaf;Pd’kowfh8+gonjv’D ltoAoF g7njv’7v,ry;g8u 9bj’gxaovq’xtdv[|bj’mujle7ao0v’]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lkoD. 4.3. -v[c; -v[c;7n ]efa[0Ao8vo7elaj’ mujlaj’.shg7njv’7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pd8k,;af45xtlq’muj;k’ w;hD -v[c; 9bj’\kpg4y’-5f7elaj’muj9af;k’gxao]efa[0Ao8vo grnjvlaj’.shg7njv’7v,ry;g8u gIaf;Pd c]t xt,;ozqo grnjv.shwfh0=h,6o0jk;lko8k,7;k,8hv’dkoD 4.4. 0=h,6o 0=h,6ogxao;af45fy[mujgIaf.shgduf0=h,6o0jk;lkoD 0=h,6omujgxao;af459t8hv’8jk’dao0Boda[0=h ,6o0jk;lkomuj8hv’dko g-ajoG .olt4k[aodkolbdlk,ad9t8hv’dko0=h,6o0jk;lko mujdjP; 0hv’da[0=h,6ooadIPoF 0=h,6ozqodkoIPoF 0=h,6o76{vk9koF 0=h,6odko.-h9jkp8jk’MD 0=h,6ogxao lyj’le7aovao|bj’mujgIaf.shgduf0=h,6o0jk;lkoD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 4.5. I6[ @D& lj;oxtdv[mujdjP;0hv’daogxao]t[q[ xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 27.

(32) lj;oxtdv[ma’\qfoU ]h;oc8j,ulj;ogIaf.sh0=h,6o0jk;lkowfh4ndlhk’0Bo 4hkskd0kf lj;oxtdv[.f|bj’ s^n lj;oxtdv[.f[+lq,[6o d=vkf9tgIaf.sh]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lko[+lq,[6o g-ajoG .-hg7njv’7v,ry;g8u[+g\ktlq,da[|hk;Pd d=9t.sh;Pd’kooAo-ad-hk [+maoda[7;k, 8hv’dkoD dkofegouodko]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lko 9bj’8hv’.sh7;k,le7aoda[lj;oxtdv[ma’ & oUD dko9afdko0=h,6o0jk;lkomuj,u9eo;o|hvp vkf9t9afdkofh;p,n 3fp[+8hv’.-hg7njv’ 7v,ry;g8ud=wfhD. dyf9tde. 5.. xtgrf0v’0=h,6o. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 8k,mujdjk;,kc]h;;jk 0=h,6o7n0=hgmaf9y’mujdjP;0hv’da[lyj’8jk’M g-yj’lk,kfc[j’vvd gxaolv’xtgrf 7nG 0=h,6oxt4q,r6, c]t 0=h,6om58yptr6,. ສດິ. 9qj’deoqflj;oxtdv[0v’]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t vtmy[kp7;k,\kp0v’lj;oxt dv[c8j]t1jk’D. • 0=h,6oxt4q,r6, \kpg4y’0=h,6omujwfh9kddkogda[I;[I;, s^n [aombd9kdcs^j’0=h,6o 3fpdq’ g-yj’vkf9twfh9kddkolv[4k,F dkolerkfD dkoles^;fD dko9qf[aombd 9qoIvfdko9afsk,kfh;pg7njv’9advaf8t3o,af8jk’M mujfegouodko9afgda[0=h,6owfh g-ajoG g7njv’vjko]tsafF g7njv’vjkoc4[c,jgsâdF DDD 0=h,6oxt4q,r6,9bj’gxao0=h,6orNo4komujwfh,k9kd 95fdegouf0v’,aoD • 0=h,6om58yptr6, \kpg4y’0=h,6omujz6hvnjoMI;[I;,w;hc]h; [k’gmnjvvkf9t,udko xt,;ozqogrnjvgxao0=h,6o0jk;lkoF z6h.-h[+9egxao8hv’wfhwxles^;fgv’D 8q;1jk’ 0=h,6olt4y8y 8jk’M muj|j;p’ko0v’]afgIafw;hc]h; g-ajoG lt4y8y9eo;oxt-kdvo.oc8j]tc0;’F lt4y8y dkolqj’lyo7hkg0Qk{vvdD 0=h,6ogs^qjkoU ,udkory,gzupczjgrnjv.sh.-h;Pdwfh s^n oegvqkxt,;o zqo8+D. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 28.

(33) dyf9tde 9qj’ry9k]tok0=h7;k,mujdeoqf.sh8+wxoU;jk gxao0=h,6o s^n 0=h,6o0jk;lkoG ]efa[ ! @ # $ &. 0=h,6o. 0=h,6o0jk;lko. dkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6o. ສດິ. 6.. 0=h7;k, 8k8t]k’dkogfuomk’ .[lts^5[]kp’ko v5ostr6,0v’m5drkdrkp.oxtgmf zqodkoIPo0v’oadIPo 0jk;.o|a’lnry,xt9e;ao lt4y8yxt-kdvo.oc0;’. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. .odkooe0=h,6owx.-h.shgdufxt3spf s^n dkogIaf.sh0=h,6ogxao0=h,6o0jk;lko grnjv9toe wx.-h.shgxaoxt3spfwfh 9egxao8hv’,udkoxt,;ozqodjvoD dkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6ogxao0t[;odko muj,u0t[;odkopjvps^kpvaoxtdv[g0Qkdao g]uj, 8A’c8jdkoI;[I;,0=h,6oF dkow9hcpdF dkod;flv[7;k,4nd8hv’F dko7eo;oF dko9af ]efa[F dko]kp’kozqo9qog4y’dkolqj’ s^n c9d1kp0=h,6ooAoD dkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6o9bj’gxaodyf9tdemuj,u7;k,le7ao grkt0=h,6omuj,u16jvhv,Iv[8q;gIqk ,u9eo;os^;’s^kp c]t dkooe.-h9bj’8hv’,udkoxt,;ozqo grnjv.shgxao0=h,6o0jk;lkoD dyf 9tdesâdgrnjv.shwfh,kgxao0=h,6o0jk;lko 9bj’xtdv[fh;pdyf9tdedkoI;[I;,0=h,6o g-yj’ 8hv’,udkod;flv[7;k,4nd8hv’oevudD dyf9tdext,;ozqovkfgxaodkoc[j’cpd0=h,6oF dko9af;k’0=h,6oF dko7eo;o c]t dyf9tdegda[Iadlk0=h,6o g-yj’vkf8hv’,udkogIaf legoqk s^n lhk’gxao[qf]kp’kogrnjvc9d1kpD. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 29.

(34) 7.. ;ymudkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6o. dkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6ovkf9t,us^kp;ymu g-yj’.ooU 9tdjk;g4y’rP’c8jdkoxt,;ozqo 0=h,6o fh;p g7njv’7v,ry;g8u c]t lk,kfc[j’wfh8k,ltrk[dkooegvqk0=h,6o,kxt,;ozqo wfhcdjG dkoxt,;ozqo3fpdq’ (online processing) dkoxt,;ozqo3fpdq’ \kpg4y’dkogIaf;Pd’ko.o8vomuj0=h,6ogfuomk’wx8k,lkp laopkog-njv,8+9kdg7njv’xkpmk’ (terminal) wxsk4ko0=h,6o0v’g7njv’sâdmuj.-h.odko xt,;ozqoD dkoxt,;ozqoc[[oU 9bj’gxaodkoxt,;ozqo3fpmaomumao.f g-ajoG dko9v’ xUpqoF dko-Nlyo7hk.oIhkola[rtlyo7hk c]t dko/kd4vog’yozjko86hgvmugv, (Automatic Teller Machine: ATM) mujgxao;ymudkomujoypq,.-hdaoD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 7.1. I6[ @D* 8q;1jk’ dkoxt,;ozqo3fpdq’. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 30.

(35) dkoxt,;ozqoc[[dj5, (batch processing) dkoxt,;ozqoc[[dj5, \kpg4y’dkoxt,;ozqo.og]njv’mujlqo.9gxaoc8j]tgmnjv g-ajoG g,njv8hv’dkoI6hzqoles^;f7;k,oypq,0v’xt-k-qo 8+dkog]nvd8A’lt,k-ydltrkz6hcmo xt-k-qo s^n rklkva’dyf gvUo;jk 3r] (poll). .os^kpxtgmf wfh,udkoles^;f0=h,6o 3fpgda[I;[I;,0=h,6o c]t g,njvgda[wfhc]h; d=oe,kxhvog0Qkg7njv’7v,ry;g8u c]h;oegvqk 0=h,6ooAo,kxt,;ozqo8k,3xicdi,mujwfhdeoqfw;h grnjv]kp’kozqo s^n lts^5[zqosk7e 8v[D d=]touxt,;ozqoc[[oU 9bj’gIaf.o]adltotgxao7A’M grnjv.shwfhzqoIa[3fp9t8hv’,u dkoI;[I;,0=h,6ow;hdjvoD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 7.2. I6[ @D( 8q;1jk’ dkoxt,;ozqoc[[d5j, .odkoxt,;ozqoma’lv’c[[oU gxao;ymudkomuj.-hg7njv’7v,ry;g8u-j;pfegouodkoda[ 0=h,6o9eo;o,tsklko grnjvw9hcpdF 7eo;o s^n fegouodko8k,mujdeoqfw;h.o3xicdi,D dkogIaf;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8u.odkoxt,;ozqo 9bj’8hv’,u-v[c; s^n 3xicdi, ]=4hklaj’dko grnjv.shwfhzqoIa[8k,I6[c[[muj8hv’dkoD xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 31.

(36) 8.. dko9afdko0=h,6o0jk;lko. 0=h,6o0jk;lkogxaolyj’muj,uxt3spf c]t 9egxaole]a[.-hg0Qk.o;Pd’kofhko8jk’MD oadIPovkfI;[I;,]kp-nj0v’\6j c]t gda[0=h,6o8jk’M djP;da[g0qkg9Qk c]h;oe,k lts^5[8k,muj8hv’dkoD dko9afdko0=h,6o0jk;lko 9bj’I;,g4y’0Ao8vodkofegouodko 8A’c8j0Aog]uj,8Qo 9qowfh0=h,6o0jk;lko,kD dkofegouodko grnjv.shgxao0=h,6o0jk;lko,us^kp 0Ao8vo 7nG dkogda[I;[I;,0=h,6oG lq,,5foadIPo8hv’dkogda[I;[I;,0=h,6orNo4kog]njv’ vk-u[0v’7qo.o\6j[hkoD oadIPovkf9tg]uj,8Qofh;pdkovvdc[[lv[4k,le]a[dkowx les^;f0=h,6o grnjv.sh7v[7q;8jk’M.o\6j[hko8nj,0=h,6o.ljD ;Pd’kofaj’djk;gduf0Bowfh 3fpdko lqj’c[[lv[4k,oAowxskz6hmuj9t8v[c[[lv[4k, grnjvdko8nj,0=h,6o.lj.sh]tvPf c]t ,udkogda[I;[I;,0=h,6oD dkogda[0=h,6o,ug8adoyd c]t ;ymudkos^kp1jk’ g-ajoG dko.-h g7njv’9ad-j;pgda[I;[I;,0=h,6o 3fpdkod;f9kd]tsaf s^n vjko0=h,6omuj.-hl=fe]t[kp .o8ec|j’0v’0=h,6oD • dkod;flv[0=h,6oG g,njvgda[I;[I;,0=h,6owfhc]h; 9egxao8hv’d;flv[7;k,4nd 8hv’0v’0=h,6o c]t ,udkocdhw00=h,6ooAo.sh4nd8hv’D 0=h,6omuj9afgda[8hv’4nd8hv’ c]t g-njv4n wfh 4hkskd0=h,6o0kf7;k,g-njv4nc]h; 0=h,6o0jk;lkomujwfh,koAo d=.-hdko[+wfhD • dkoI;[I;,gxaoc2h,0=h,6oG dkogda[I;[I;,0=h,6ow;hgxaoc2h,oAo gxao0Ao8vo mujle7ao0Ao8vo|bj’D dkowxles^;f0=h,6o [+;jk9t.og]njv’.f lj;os^kp9tI;[I;,gvqk0=h,6o ,ks^kpg]njv’D ,ao9egxao8hv’c[j’cpd0=h,6ogs^qjkoAovvdgxaod5j, gxaog]njv’ w;hgxaoc2h,0=h,6o grnjv.shdkofegouodko.o0Ao8vo8+wxltf;d c]t ;jv’w;0BoD • dko9af;k’0=h,6oG 0=h,6omujgda[w;hgxaoc2h,7;o9af;k’.shgxao]efa[ grnjvltf;d .odko7Qosk s^n vhk’vu’.orkpsâ’D dko9af;k’0=h,6ogxao;ymudkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6o.shgxao 0=h,6o0jk;lko;ymu|bj’D • dko7eo;oG 0=h,6omuj9afgda[ ,uma’0=h,6omujgxao8q;vadlvoD 0=h7;k, c]t 8q;g]d faj’oAoF ,aovkf,u7;k,9egxao.odko7eo;o9eo;omujwfh,k9kd0=h,6o g-ajoG dko-vdsk7jk ltg]jpF zqoI;,F DDD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. •. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 32.

(37) dkolhk’[qf]kp’koG gIqklk,kfgIaf [qf]kp’ko.oI6[c[[8jk’M8k,7;k, 8hv’dkowfh 3fpoe.-h0=h,6o0jk;lkomujzjkodkoxt,;ozqoc]h; wfh1jk’;jv’w; c]t ,uxtlyf myrk[D • dkoIadlk0=h,6o0jk;lkoG 0=h,6omujwfhI;[I;,,k c]t wfhIa[dkoxt,;ozqo.sh gxao0=h,6o0jk;lkomujlk,kf.-hdkowfh c]t ,u7;k,9egxao8hv’wfhIadlkw;h grnjv.-h.opk, 8hv’dkoD .oltw\.\joU gryjooypq,Iadlk0=h,6o0jk;lkow;hgxao2kpgvg]ad38ioyd g-ajoG czjo[aombdgvdtlko s^n czjo-ufu (Compact Disk: CD)F DDD • dkogIaflegoqkG skd8hv’dko.-h0=h,6o d=lk,kfdjkp s^n gIaflegoqk0Bo.\jwfhD dkogIaflegoqk0=h,6ofh;p]t[q[7v,ry;g8u gIafwfh3fp’jkp c]t ;jv’w;D • dkoc9d1kp c]t dkolnjlko0=h,6oG g,njvgIqk8hv’dkoc9d1kp s^n lqj’0=h,6o .shz6hvnjo.-hoe gIqklk,kfgIafwfhfh;p;ymu8+lkp9kd7v,ry;g8u|j;p|bj’wxg-njv,3p’.ljda[ 7v,ry;g8uvuds^kpM|j;pmuj8A’16jlt4komujfP;daoD dkogvqk0=h,6o0jk;lkowxIadlkw;h.o]t [q[g7njv0jkp7v,ry;g8u]tfa[mhv’4yjo (Intranet vjko;jk “vyo8ikcoaf”) s^n ]t[q[g7njv0jkp 7v,ry;g8u]tfa[lkdqo (Internet vjko;jk “vyog8ucoaf”) vyog8ucoaf gIqkd=lk,kfc9d1kp s^n lqj’0=h,6o.shz6hvnjo.-h.o0v[g0fd;hk’0;k’wfh1jk’ltf;d c]t ;jv’w;D 9.. dkocmo0=h,6o. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. •. zjko,kwfhdjk;w;h;jk 0=h,6o0jk;lko7n0=h,6omujwfhzjkodkoxt,;ozqo c]t dkoxt ,;ozqo0=h,6olj;os^kp9t.-hg7njv’7v,ry;g8u-j;p grnjv7;k,;jv’w; c]t -afg9oD faj’oAoF 0=h,6omujgda[I;[I;,,kgrnjv.sh7v,ry;g8uxt,;ozqowfh 9t8hv’16j.oc[[muj,aog0Qk.9D gryjo9bj’ 9egxao8hv’lhk’;ymudkocmo0=h,6omujgxao8q;vad0ts^tD • g7njv’7v,ry;g8u gIaf;Pdfh;pdko.-hlaopkogvg]ad38ioyd g-yj’,ulv’lt4kot7nG xyf c]t gxufD gryjodeoqf.sh.-h38g]d W c]t ! cmolt4kotma’lv’ c]t ,udkodeoqf ]tsafcmo.shvad0ts^t fh;pd5j,38g]dmujxtdv[fh;pg]d W c]t ! g-yj’gxao38g]d.o]t[q[ g]d4kolv’ (binary digit)D c8j]tsâd0v’9eo;o.o]t[q[g]d4kolv’ gryjogvUo;jk [yf (bit)D .o ! [yf 9tcmo 0=h,6owfh @ c[[7nG W c]t ! c]t 4hk.-h38g]d4kolv’ $ [yf 9tcmovad0ts^twfhma’\qf @$ s^n !* c[[ faj’oUG. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 33.

(38) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. W!WW WWW! .-hcmo8q; A W!WW W!W! .-hcmo8q; B c]t 8+Mwx ]tsafvad0ts^trklkva’dyfma’\qf,u9eo;oI;,dao[+gduo !@) 38 c8jvad0ts^trklk ]k;,u9eo;os^kpd;jk gryjo9bj’deoqf]tsafgruj,g8u, grnjv.-h.o;Pd0=h,6o0jk;lkomujgxaork lk]k;wfh g-ajoG ]tsaf !W!W WWW! .-hcmo 38 dD ]tsafmuj.-hcmovad0ts^t gxao,kf8t4koc[[|bj’ 7nG ASCII vjko;jk “]tsafcvfltdu” c]t sp=h,k9kd American Standard Code for Information InterchangeD ]tsafcmovad0ts^t.o,kf8t4kooU ltcf’.o8k8t]k’ faj’I6[ @D)D. ສດິ. WWWW WWW! WW!W WW!! W!WW W!W! W!!W W!!! !WWW !WW! !W!W !W!! !!WW !!W! !!!W !!!! sq;|j;p;afcmd7;k,vkflk,kf.odko[ao950=h,6o.o|j;p7;k,9e 9t4nd;afcmd fh;p w[ (byte) 3fpmuj ! w[ gmqjkda[ ) [yfD 4hk.-hsq;|j;p;afcmdoU 9tlk,kfcmo]tsaf 8jk’Mwfhg4y’ @) s^n @&* c[[ g-ajoG. 9kddkomujg]d4kolv’ ! w[ .-hcmo]tsafwfh ! 38vad0ts^t 4hk,u0=h7;k,mujxtdv[ fh;p38vad0ts^ts^kp38 d=.-h]tsafg]d4kolv’s^kpw[IP’8+dao g-ajoG dtfko .-h !W!W WWW! !!W! WWWW !W!! W!WW !!!W W!W! !!WW !WW! g-yj’wfh,k 9kd]tsafG !W!W WWW! cmo.sh d !!W! WWWW cmo.sh Vt !W!! W!WW cmo.sh f !!!W W!W! cmo.sh Vk !!WW !WW! cmo.sh o. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 34.

(39) b7. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. b6. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1. 1. b5. 0. 0. 1. 1. 0. 0. 1. 1. 0. 0. 1. 1. 0. 0. 1. 1. b4. 0. 1. 0. 1. 0. 1. 0. 1. 0. 1. 0. 1. 0. 1. 0. 1. 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. A. B. C. D. E. F. 0. @. P. `. p. { 4 t. g. Q. !. 1. A. Q. a. q. d R ,. ". 2. B. R. b. r. - <. #. 3. C. S. c. s. \ I i e . $. $. 4. D. T. d. t. 8 f. A. B. W. %. 5. E. U. e. u. | 9 ]. u. 1 *. &. 6. F. V. f. v. S. N. Q. (. 7. G. W. g. w. ‘ m ; 7. N. ). (. 8. H. X. h. x. 0 T L. 6. J. _. ). 9. I. Y. i. y. C o. K. ^. *. :. J. Z. j. z. =. [ l. B. +. ;. K. [. k. ?. : x s 3 1. ,. <. L. \. l. :. G. -. =. M. ]. .. >. N. /. ?. O. b1. b0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 0. 0. 1. 0. 2. 0. 0. 1. 1. 3. 0. 1. 0. 0. 4. 0. 1. 0. 1. 5. 0. 1. 1. 0. 6. 0. 1. 1. 1. 7. 1. 0. 0. 0. 8. 1. 0. 0. 1. 9. 1. 0. 1. 0. A. 1. 0. 1. 1. B. 1. 1. 0. 0. C. 1. 1. 0. 1. D. 1. 1. 1. 0. E. 1. 1. 1. 1. F. 5. h. p k. ?. c @ F. # %. +. h. z >. Y. m. P / v. J. ^. n. E r V. N. _. o. E. a. q. 1. O &. I6[ @D) 8k8t]k’ltcf’]tsafcvfltdu mujgxaovad0ts^trklkva’dyf c]t rklk]k; XLAOFONT?. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. ສດິ. b2. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. b3. 35.

(40) 10.. c2h,0=h,6o. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. lq,,5f;jk 8hv’dkogda[0=h,6o0v’oadIPo g-yj’xtdv[fh;p-nj c]t 7tcoolv[gla’ 0v’oadIPo.o-AoIPo|bj’D .olj;o7tcoolv[gla’xtdv[fh;p7tcoolv[gla’xt9egfnvo 9eo;o @ gfnvo c]t lv[gla’mhkprkdIPo 9eo;o ! rkdIPoD ]adltot0v’0=h,6o muj9afgda[lk,kflhk’gxaoc2h, (file) wfh 3fp.oc2h,9t,u]kpdko0v’oadIPoc8j]t7qo g-yj’ gvUo;jk mt[Po s^n ]kpdko (record)D rkp.omt[Po9t,ud5j,0=h,6opjvp gvUo;jk lj;o0=h,6o (field)D. I6[ @D_ ltcf’c2h,0=h,6oxts;afdkoIPo;y-kg8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 36.

(41) 3fpxqddt8y c2h,0=h,6ovkf9t0Powfh.o8k8t]k’faj’]5j,oUG 8k8t]k’ mu ! ltcf’zqodkoIPo0v’oadIPo.o;y-kg8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko g]dxt9e8q; #W$W! #W$!! #W$!& D D. -nj c]t ok,ltd5o mD 9y]tlad oD l5f.9 oD r5fmyfk. 7tcoolv[gla’ gfnvomu ! (@ *& (W. gfnvomu @ )W (W (!. rkdIPo )& (@ )W. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. lj;os^kpc]h; c2h,0=h,6o9t4nd9afgda[.oI6[c[[8k8t]k’ g-yj’c8j]t[aomaf0v’ 0=h,6oltcf’g4y’]kpdko g-ajoG [=]yg;omujmkfh;plu c,jo ! ]kpdkoD .o]kpdkofaj’djk; c[j’vvdgxao & lj;o 7nG g]dxt9e8q;F -nj c]t ok,ltd5oF 7tcooxt9egfnvomu !F mu @ c]t rkdIPoD. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 37.

(42) dyf9tde. 0=h7;k, dko9v’xU]qf 2) dko[aombdxts;afoadIPomujg0QkIPo 3) 0=h,6omujzjkodkoxt,;ozqo 4) lj;oxtdv[|bj’0v’]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lko mujlaj’.sh7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pd 8k,7;k,8hv’ dko 0v’,to5f 5) 0Ao8vomujdeoqfw;h.o]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lko 6) xt]y,kodkolqj’lyo7hkvvd9e|jkp8jk’xt gmfc8j]txumujwx0=vaflegoqk9kddt-;’ dko7hk 7) ];’l6’0v’\6jmujwx4k,oec8j]t7qo 8) dkosk7jkltg]jp0v’7tcoo;y-kg8ad3o 3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko 9) dkogda[0=h,6oc]h;9afw;hgxaoc2h, 10) dkocmo38g]d4kolv’.sh8q;vad0ts^t 1). xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 7ela[ dD 0=h,6oxt4q,r6, 0D 0=h,6om58yptr6, 7D 0Ao8vodkoxt8y[af ’D dkogda[I;[I;,0=h,6o. ສດິ. 2.. .shoadIPoc[j’d5j, g-yj’c8j]td5j,xtdv[fh;p $ s^n & 7qoD 9kdoAoF .shlqomtokdao djP;da[;ymudko-vdskgxug-ao0v’grfpy’ c]t grf-kp0v’9eo;ooadIPo.oshv’ IPo Xvkf9tc8h,czo;kfc[[0t|q,w0j (Pie) xtdv[?D .sh9a[76j0=h7;k,mk’fhko-hkpc8j0=h ! sk 0=h !W da[7ela[mk’fhko0;k c8j0=h d sk 0=h 8 .sh4nd8hv’D. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 1.. 9D dkoxt,;ozqo3fpdq’ lD 0=h,6o0jk;lko. -D c2h,0=h,6o pD -v[c; fD ]tsaf0=h,6o 8D dko7eo;o. 38.

(43) [qfmu # dko0tspkp8q;0v’7v,ry;g8u zjkodkoIPo[qfoU oadIPolk,kfG • • •. vtmy[kpdko0tskp8q;0v’7v,ry;g8u.oc8j]tp5d [vd]adltotle7ao0v’7v,ry;g8u.oc8j]tp5d vtmy[kp7;k,\kp0v’ g8ad3o3]-ulnjxtlq,. 7e4k,7Qo7;hkG. •. d=]toulbdlkG. ສດິ. •. 7v,ry;g8uwfh,udko0tskp8q;,kco;.fL vao.fgxao]adltotle7ao0v’7v,ry;g8u.oc8j]tp5dL g8ad3o3]-ulnjxtlq,c,jospa’L. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. •. oadIPog7up7yf[=;jk ,to5f.oltw\[6Iko g0qkg9Qk7eo;og]dmuj,u9eo;os^;’s^kpwfh co;.f 3fp.ow]ptg;]koAo pa’[+mao,ug7njv’,nmujmaoltw\ s^n g7njv’7v,ry;g8ug\nvodaoda[ .oltw\oUL c]t g7njv’,nmujr;dg0qkg9Qk.-h.oc8j]tp5d9t,uI6[Ijk’ c]t ;ymudkogIaf ;Pd7nco;.fL ]adltot0v’g7njv’7v,ry;g8u.oxaf95[aogxaoco;.fL 1.. g7njv’7eo;o.op5dxts;aflkf. 9kdp5dsuo9qog4y’g7njv’7eo;omuj’jkpfkpF ,to5fwfh,udkorafmtok,ks^kpfhkogrnjv dkogvqk8q;]vf.odkofe]q’-u;yf g-ajoG .oltw\[6IkoF ,to5fwfhvkwl,n s^n lyj’0v’8jk’ 8q;1jk’ dhvosuoF mjvow,hF dtf6dlafF DDD grnjvgxaoljy’xP[mP[9eo;o s^n gxaog7njv’,n-j;p.odkooa[9eo;oD [k’r;dd=.-h3’josuo s^n /k4E gxao[jvo0uf0Pogxaomjvo-nj grnjv-j;p.odkooa[9eo;oD. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 39.

(44) ສດິ ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ I6[ #D! dkooe.-hg7njv’,n7eo;o.oltw\[6Iko. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 40.

(45) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. g7njv’7eo;omujI6h9addaofu c]t .-hdao,k8A’c8jltw\djvo X.oxts;aflkf? 7nG ]6d7yf (Abacus)D 9kdsâd4komk’xts;aflkfrq[;jk ]6d7yfgxaog7njv’7eo;omujoypq,.-hdao.od5j, 7qo-k;9uo,ks^kpd;jk (DWWW xu c]t .-hdao.oxtgmfvu1y[3[Iko,ks^kpd;jk @D&WW xuD ]6d7yf0v’9uoxtdv[fh;p]6dxafIhvp.ljda[Ik; gxaoc4;8k,];’8A’ 3fpc8j]tc4;gxao lv’lj;oD lj;ogmy’,u]6dxaf @ ]6dF lj;o]5j,,u]6dxaf & ]6dD c8j]tc4;cmo.shsâd0v’ 8q;g]dD. I6[ #D@ ]6d7yf-toyf8jk’M xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 41.

(46) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. mjko 9vo cogxp (John Napier) gxaooad7toyflkf 7qoxtgmfltdvfc]oF wfhrafmtokg7njv’7eo;omujlk,kf76o9eo;o8q;g]d9eo;os^kpwfh g-yj’gvUo;jk dtf6dgo gxp (Napier’s Rods or Napier’s Bones)D dko.lj-nj0v’g7njv’7eo;ofaj’djk;djP;0hv’ da[dtf6d phvo;jk ,aowfhzt]yf,k9kddtf6d0v’lafoAogv’D. I6[ #D# dtf6dgogxp c]t mjko 9vo cogxp. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 42.

(47) ສດິ. g7njv’7eo;omuj.-hdqowd c]t 9af16j.og7njv’7eo;o8q;9y’ muj.-h.odko7eo;o9eo;o 7nG g7njv’7eo;o0v’ xkldkoD g7njv’7eo;ooU lk,kf[;d c]t ]q[9eo;o 3fpdko.-h ]t[q[dqowd0v’\kdg2nv’ muj0afdao16j grnjv.sh,udkog7njvows;8=jgonjv’daoD mjko [tc]g-u xkldko (Blaise Pascal), oad7toyflkf 7qoxtgmf/iaj’glfF wfhlhk’g7njv’7eo;ooU0Bo,k .oxu 7Dl !*$@ c]t gxaog7njv’7eo;omujI6h9addaos^kp .op5doAoD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. I6[ #D$ mjko [tc]g-u xkldko c]t g7njv’7eo;oxkldko. .oxu 7Dl !*_$ mjko dvf2iuf ;vo w]oy- (Gottfried von Leibnitz) gxaooad7toyflkf 7qoxtgmf g1p]t,aoF wfhxtfyfg7njv’7eo;o w]oy- muj,u7;k,lk,kf .odko[;dF ]q[F 76o c]t sko9eo;owfhD. I6[ #D& mjko dvf2iuf 2vo w]oy- c]t g7njv’7eo;o0v’mjko xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 43.

(48) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 9kd7;k,I6h.og]njv’g7njv’7eo;odqowdmuj mjko xkldko c]t w]oy- mujwfh;k’w;h gIaf.sh,uz6hrafmtokg7njv’7eo;o8+gonjv’dao,k c]t ,u7;k,dhk;|hk,kgxao]efa[D .ow]pt xu 7Dl !*_( g4y’ !)WW v5fltstde8Oczjowfh9tg]uodhk;|hk gIaf.sh,u7;k,rtpkpk, .odkozt]yfg7njv’8Ozhkvaf8t3o,af fh;pdko.-h[afg9ktI6 grnjvgIaf.shg7njv’9adgIaf;Pd 8k,3xicdi,muj;k’w;hD. I6[ #D* g7njv’8Ozhkvaf8t3o,af fh;pdko.-h[afg9ktI6 [5d7qovudz6h|bj’muj,u[qf[kfle7aos^kp8+dkozt]yfg7njv’7eo;o 7nG mjko -kdg]u [a[ c[d (Charles Babbage) 7qoxtgmfva’dyfD .oxu 7Dl !)WW -kdg]u wfhxtlq[zqoleg]af .odkolhk’g7njv’7eo;omujgvUo;jkG fy[g2ugio gvo9yo (Difference Engine). 8+,k.oxu 7Dl !)!! ]k;wfhrafmtokg7njv’7eo;oc[[.\j gvUo;jk cvokw]8yd7vo cvo9yo (Analytical xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 44.

(49) muj,u]adltot7hkp7ng7njv’8v,ry;g8u.oxaf95[ao g-yj’,u|j;p7;k,9eF |j;p7eo;o c]t ;ymudkomuj9tgIaf.shg7njv’gIaf;Pd8k,7elaj’ 9qowfhzqoIa[vvd,kD gonjv’9kdg7njv’ 7eo;o-toyfmulv’ gxaog7njv’muj8hv’.-hdqowd9eo;os^kp c]t lj;oxtdv[muj,u7;k,]t vPfl6’ g-yj’g8ad3o3]-u.oltw\oAo [+lk,kfIv’Ia[dkozt]yflj;oxtdv[gs^qjkoAowfh gIaf .shg7njv’7eo;ofaj’djk;muj]k;zt]yf0Bo,koAo [+lk,kf.-h;PdwfhD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. Engine). I6[ #D( g7njv’7eo;o fy[g2ugio gvo9yo c]t cvokw]8yd7vo cvo9yo xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 45.

(50) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 8+,k.oxu 7Dl !)_* mjko gIu,ao Ivog]u]yf (Herm man Hollerith)) wfhd+8A’[=]ylaf grnjvzt]y z f c]t 9ee|jkpg7njv’9ad-j d ;p.odko7eeo;o 3fp.lj--nnj[=]ylaf;jk 7vv,ry;8y’ gm[[[6 ]k8y’ gi7vffy’ (Computing Tabulating Recording R = C CTR). sâ’9kd doAoF .oxu 7Dll !_@$$ wfhxjPo-nj,kggxao[=]ylaf wv[u[ugva, (IBM = Internaionaal Business Machine) M c]t [=]ylafoU ,u[qf[kfle le7ao.odkoztt]yfg7njv’7v,ry;g8u g7njv’meevyf0v’3]dD .oxu 7Dl !_$$ [=]ylaf wv[ugva, wfh w lhk’g7njv’7eeo;omujlk,kff7eo;o9eo;oo muj,u7k8j j k’M wfh 3ffpsq;|hk37’ddkoc,jo mjko lkfltfk9ko 3I;kif wvvcdo (Howarrd Aikeen) 9kd,tsk;ymtpkw] Ik; ;kf c]t .lj-n-ngj 7njv’7eo;ooUoU;jk ,kd|bj’ (Mark I)D. I6[ #D) g7njv’7eo;o,kd|bj’ 2.. 7v,ry;g8u..op5dl6opkdkf X7Dl !_$$W{!_&#?. s^vfl6opkdkkfgxaolj;oxtdv[gvg]ad38iioydmuj,u0t|kf.spj c]t 8hv’dko.-h v dtcll w22hks^ k kp grnjvgzqzqkw\hwlhs^vf (Vacuum tuube) .shgduf[aao95w22hkgvg]ad8iq’c]jozjko 8k| |jk’ (grid)D dkogIaf;PPd0v’s^vfl6opkdkfgxao;ymmuudko7;[75,dkog7n d jvomuj0v’’ gvg]aad8iq’mujc]jozjzkoczjo8k|jk’D k xB,c[[IPo c ICT ,D!. 46.

(51) I6[ #D_ s^vfl6 v opkdkf. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. .oxu 7Dl !_$* ;ylt;tdvolv’mjko 7nG mjko 9voo ,v-]u (Johhn Mouchly) c]t mjko g9 griiltgxu gvadg77uif (J. Prresper Eckert) wfhrafmtookg7njv’7v,ryry;g8u mulk,kfoe.-h j gIaf;Pd’kowfhfh g7njv’mevyf0v’3]d f g-yj’’,u-nj;jk vyoycvd c (ENIAC C = Electronic Num merical Interrgrator And Calculator) C D vyoycvd gxaog7n7njv’7v,ry;g8u8umuj.-h s^vfl6opkdkf c]t .-hgIaf;Pd’ko16 ; j.o,tsk;ymtpkw]] gro-yog;ugop (Universityy of Pennsylvania)D .ow]ptg;;]kmuj.dh7P’daaooU d=,udkolhlhk’g7njv’7v,ry;g8u c]t g7njv’7eo;oomuj.-h s^vfl6opkdkf0B0Bovuds^kpI5jo g-ajoG IBM 603, IBM 604 c]t IBM I SSECD c8j g7n7njv’7v,ry;g8uu muj[=]ylafwv[u[ugva,lhk’0Bo.oop5dmevyfoU goAoltgrkt.oog]njv’dko7eo;o gmqmqjkoAoD .oxu 7Dl !_&@ mjko 9vo 9 ;vo ovvpc,o (Johnn von Neumaann) wfhlqo.9g7njv’ vyoyocvd c]t wfhltg|u7;k,7yf.odkolhk’g7n k jv’7v,ry;g8u muj,u|j;p7;k,9egrn p jv-j;p .oodkogda[0=h,6o c]t 3xiccdi,gIaf;Pd s^n -5f7ela’j’0v’g7njv’F g7n g jv’7v,ry;g88uoAo 9tt8hv’gIaf;Pd 3fpgvUo-5f7ela 7 j’mujgda[w;h.o|j . ;p7;k,99e,k.-h;PdD sâddkooUgxaos^ o ad dkomuj.-h,kdao,,k9qog4y’xaf95[aoD. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 47.

(52) ສດິ ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ I6[ #D!W g7njv’vyoycvd. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 48.

(53) ສດິ ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ I6[ #D!! g7njv’7v,ry;g8u ]5ho IBM 603 c]t IBM 604. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 49.

(54) ສດິ ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ I6[ #D!@ IBM SSEC c]t za’0v’,ao g7njv’7v,ry;g8u.op5ds^vfl6opkdkfwfhdhk;|hk,kgxao]efa[F ,udkorafmtok|j;p 7;k,9e4k;vomujgda[0=h,6owfhgxao9eo;os^kpD w]ptmevyf .-h;ymudkogda[0=h,6o.o[afg9kt I6 c8jdkogIaf;Pdgxaowx1jk’-ad-hk 9qo.omujl5fd=,u;ymudko.-h|j;p7;k,9egda[0=h,6o.o9ko c,jgsâd c]t ;q’cs;oc,jgsâdD dkogda[0=h,6o.o;q’cs;oc,jgsâdoU wfhoe.-h,k9qog4y’xu 7Dl !_(WD ovd9kdoU pa’wfh,u;ymudkorafmtok;ymudkogda[0=h,6o.o[A’c,jgsâd c]t gma[ c,jgsâdD. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 50.

(55) I6[ #D!# [A’c,jgs^ g adle]a[gda[0=h,6oD. 3.. 7v,ry;gg8u.op5dmikoo-ufltg8u X77Dl !_&#{!_**#?. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. oad;ymtpkklkf0v’shv’xt8y ’ [afdko;y;yw9 g[; (BBell laboratorry) 0v’ltsst]af vkkg,]ydk wfhlleg]afdkoxtfyfyfmiko-uflttg8u (Transistor) g-yj’,aogxa g ozqogIaf.shgdudf,u dkoxjPocx’7A’’le7ao.odkoolhk’g7njv’7v,,ry;g8uD gonjv’’9kd mikoo-ufltg8u,u0t| |kf ohvpF .-hdtcllw22hk|hvpF ,u7;k,mqomkko c]t g-njv4nl6’D lyj’lee7aovudfhko|bj’d= ’ 7n ,aolk,kfzt]yffwfh.o]k7kmu4nj4ndd;jks^vfl6opkdkfD o faj’’oAoF g7njv’7vv,ry;g8u.op5d8+8,k 9b’15 j foe.-hs^vffl6opkdkf c]]t oe.-hmikoo-yfltg8ugxaollj;oxtdv[0v’,aoD. I6[ #D!$ miiko-yfltg8u0v’7v,ry v ;g8u. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 51.

(56) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. g7njv’7v,ry;g8umuj.-hmiko-yfltg8ug7njv’mevyf0v’[=]ylaf wv[ugva, c,jo IBM 1401D ,aogxaog7njv’muj,u0t|kfohvp]q’F ,u7;k,lk,kf.odkogIaf;Pdwfhfu0BoD dkog]uj,8Qo.-h g7njv’7v,ry;g8uxtgrfoU gIaf.sh,udkozt]yf c]t wfhoe.-hg0Qk.o;Pd’ko1jk’czjs^kp d;jkg7njv’muj.-hs^vfl6opkdkfD vq’dvo c]t |j;p’ko8jk’M ma’.orkdlj;o]af c]t gvdt-qo X.oxtgmfrafmtokc]h; c]t xtgmfde]a’rafmtok? wfhoegvqkg7njv’7v,ry;g8u ,k.-h;Pd c]t .oxu 7Dl !_*$ [=]ylaf wv[ugva, wfhrafmtokg7njv’7v,ry;g8umuj.-hg8ad3o3]-u miko-yfltg8u0t|kf.spj gvUo;jk g,og2i, (mainframe) c]t 4nwfh;jk gxaorNo4ko .shcdjdkorafmtokg7njv’7v,ry;g8u.op5d8+,k 9qog4y’xaf95[aoD. ສດິ. I6[ #D!& IBM 1401. 4.. 7v,ry;g8u.op5d;q’9vo];, X7Dl !_*#{!_(@?. .oxu 7Dl !_*$ wfh,udkorafmtok;ymudkolhk’miko-yfltg8u9eo;os^kp ]q’.lj czjo-y]y7vo0t|kfohvp c]t lhk’gxao;q’9vo];,gmy’czjofaj’djk; g-yj’gryjogvUo;jk wv-u (IC = Intergrated Circuit)D. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 52.

(57) I6[ #D!* ;q’9vo];, s^n wv-u (IC = Intergrated Circuit). ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. [=]ylaf wv[ugva, g]uj,.-h wv-u da[g7njv’7v,ry;g8uI5jo ]t[q[ #(W c[[ !$& (system 370 model 145)D rafmtokdko0v’wv-u gIaf.shg7njv’7v,ry;g8u,u7;k,la[-hvol6’0BoF ,u;q’9vodkoxt8y[af’ko mujgIafdko7eo;o9eo;og8a,wfhgxaos^kp]hkogmnjv8+;yokmuD ovd 9kdoAoF pa’,udkorafmtok|j;p7;k,9e muj.-hwv-ugIaf.sh,aolk,kf[ao95wfhs^kp0BoD .o dkorafmtokg[Nv’8Qo gryjolk,kfzt]yfwv-umju,u|j;p7;k,9ewfhs^kpdy3][yf8+-y[ (kilobit/chip) c]t gruj,0Bo8k,]efa[D 0totfP;dao d=wfh,udkorafmtokmk’fhkov5xtdvo gda[0=h,6o,kgxao Ikffyf (hard disk) 3fpoegvqkczjo[aombds^kpMczjo,k;k’-hvoF ,usq;vjkos^kpsq; c]t gxaolj;oxtdv[mujle7ao0v’g7njv’7v,ry;g8u. I6[ #D!( Ikffyf (hard disk) xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 53.

(58) fh;pdko.-hwv-ugxaolj;oxtdv[ gIaf.shg7njv’7v,ry;g8u,u0t|kfohvp]q’ ]k7k4nd ]q’ 9bj’,udkozt]yfg7njv’7v,ry;g8us^kp0Bo [=]ylafz6hzt]yfd=gduf0Bos^kp c]t 0kpwfhfu .op5doAoD g7njv’7v,ry;g8umuj,u0t|kfohvpoU gvUo;jk ,you7v,ry;g8u (mini computer) le]a[.oxtgmf]k;gIqk dkooe.-h7v,ry;g8u1jk’czjs^kp c,jog]uj,9kdxt,ko xu !__W 3fpltgrkt.ovq’dvo muj,u37’dko0v’8jk’xtgmf,k-j;pgs^nvD 5.. 7v,ry;g8u.op5d ;ucv;gvlwv. (VLSI= Very Large Scale Intergrated. Circuit). ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. g8ad3o3]-umk’fhkodkozt]yf;q’9vogvg]ad38ioyd ,u7;k,dhk;|hk1jk’8+gonjv’,u dkolhk’gxao;q’9vo];,muj,u0t|kf.spj ,kIj;,]q’.lj czjo-y]y7vo0t|kfohvp gvUo;jk ;q’9vo;ucv;gvlwvD ,aogxao;q’9vomujlk,kfoegvqk miko-yfltg8u9eo;os^kp]hkovao ,kIj;,dao16j.oczjo-y]y7vo0t|kfohvp c]t lhk’.shgxao|j;pxt,;ozqo0v’ g7njv’7v, ry;g8umujla[-hvo gvUo;jk w,37i3xig-afg-u (microprocessor)D. I6[ #D!) ;q’9vo;ucv;gvlwvD dko.-h;q’9vo;ucv;gvlwv gxao;q’9vorkp.og7njv’7v,ry;g8u gIaf.shg7njv’,u0t |kfohvpd;jkg7njv’7v,ry;g8umuj.-hg8ad3o3]-umiko-yfltg8u c8j,uxtlyfmyrk[l6’0BoD gryjo gvUo,ao;jk w,37i7v,ry;g8u (micro computer) c]t gxaog7njv’mujczjs^kp c]t ,u.-h daomqj;3]d gxao9eo;os^kpD xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 54.

(59) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. d=]toumujg7njv’7v,ry;g8u,u7;k,lk,kfl6’ phvo;jk ;q’9vo;ucv;gvlwv s^n mujgvUo;jk -y[ rP’vaofP; ,aod=lk,kflhk’gxao|j;pxt,;ozqo0v’g7njv’ma’]t[q[ s^n gxao|j;p 7;k,9emuj,u7;k,[ao95l6’ s^n gxaov5xtdvo7;[75,dkogIaf;Pd8jk’MD 0totfP;dao rafmtokdko0v’Ikffyf d=gIaf.shIkffyf,u0t|kfohvp]q’ ,u7;k,[ao95gruj,0Bo c8j,u ]k7k4nd]q’D g7njv’w,37i7v,ry;g8u9bj’,u0t|kf8A’c8jgmqjk/k,n mujgvUo;jk xk,mav[ (palmtop)F g7njv’7v,ry;g8u0t|kf4nwx,kwfh mujgvUo;jk c][mav[ (laptop) s^n 3of[5d (notebook) c]t g7njv’7v,ry;g8u0t|kf8A’38t (desktop).. I6[ #D!_ g7njv’w,37i7v,ry;g8uG xk,mav[ (palmtop)F c][mav[ (laptop) s^n 3of[5d (notebook) c]t g7njv’7v,ry;g8u0t|kf8A’38t (desktop). w,37i7v,ry;g8ugxaog7njv’mujlk,kf.-h;Pdwfh’jkp c]t ,u-v[c;leg]afI6[.odko gIaf;Pd’ko9eo;os^kp g-ajoG -v[c;xt,;o7e (word processing)F -v[c;8k8t ]k’7eo;o (spread sheet) c]t -v[c;dik2yd (graphic softwares) gxao8QoD xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 55.

(60) 7v,ry;g8u.op5dg7nv0jkp. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ;q’9vo;ucv;gvlwv wfhIa[dkorafmtok.sh,u7;k,|kc|ho0v’9eo;omiko-yflt g8us^kp0Bog]NvpM 9qo.oxaf95[ao gryjolk,kfzt]yfczjo-u]y7vo0t|kfohvpmujlk,kf[ao95 miko-yfltg8ugxao9eo;os^kp gruj,0Bogxaolv’gmqjk.om5dM !) gfnvo c]t gIaf.sh;q’9vo |j;pxt,;ozqodk’,u7;k,lk,kfs^kp0BoD g,njvw,37i7v,ry;g8u ,u7;k,lk,kfl6’0BoF dkogIaf;Pd’kod=;jv’w;0BoF dko ltcf’zqo c]t dko9afdko0=h,6od=gIafwfhs^kp0Bo lk,kfxt,;ozqo c]t ltcf’zqowfh gmnjv]ts^kp1jk’D ,ao9bj’gIaf.sh7v,ry;g8u gIaf;Pdwfhs^kp1jk’rhv,daoD faj’9tgsaowfh9kd 3xicdi,9afdko (operation softwares) xtgrf ;yo3f (Windows) .oxaf95[ao mujgIaf.sh 7v,ry;g8u g7njv’|bj’gIaf;Pds^kpvaorhv,daowfhF 0totfP;daod=,udkog-njv,8+daogxaog7nv 0jkp7v,ry;g8u.ovq’dvomujgIaf;Pdgxaod5j, (workgroup) 3fp.-hg7nv0jkpmhv’4yjo mujgvUo;jk c]o (LAN sp=h,k9kd Local Area Network)D g,njvg-njv,dkogIaf;Pds^kpMd5j, 0v’vq’dvog0Qkskdao gdufgxaog7nv0jkp7v,ry;g8u0v’vq’dvo gvUo;jk vyomikcoaf (Intranet) c]t skdoeg7nv0jkp0v’vq’dvog0qhkl6jg7nv0jkplkdqomujg-njv,8+daomqj;3]d d=gvUo;jkG vyog8ucoaf (Internet).. ສດິ. 6.. I6[ #D@W c]o (LAN)F vyomikcoaf (intranet) c]t vyog8ucoaf (internet). xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 56.

(61) 7.. g8ad3o3]-ulnjxtlq, (Multimedia). ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 7v,ry;g8u.op5dxaf95[ao gxao7v,ry;g8umujg-njv,8+.ljdaoF gIaf;Pd’koIj;,daoF lqj’ gvdtlko0=h7;k,]ts;jk’daoF lk,kfxt,;ozqo0=h,6oF I6[rk[F lP’ c]t ;yfu3vD w,37i 7v,ry;g8u.op5doU 9bj’gIaf;Pd’koda[lnjs^kp-toyf mujgvUo;jk lnjxtlq, (multimedia)D g8ad3o3]-ulnjxtlq,gxaog8ad3o3]-u muj.-h7v,ry;g8ultcf’zqo.o]adltotxtlq,lnjs^kp -toyfg0Qkdao ma’8q;vadlvoF I6[rk[F lP’F rk[g7njvows; c]t ;yfu3v 3fpgoAodko 38h8v[ c]t ,uxt8ylerao4da[z6h.-hD vq’xtdv[0v’g8ad3o3]-ulnjxtlq,xtdv[fh;pG 1) 7v,ry;g8ugxaog7njv’,nmujgIaf.shr;dgIqkwfhpyo wfhgsao lk,kf38h8v[c[[xt8yle raowfhD 2) dkog-njv,8+lnjlko gIaf.sh0=h,6o8jk’M g-njv,8+g4y’dao c]t oeltg|uwfhD 3) -v[c; lk,kf-j;p.shr;dgIqk.-h0=h,6o9kdlnjs^kp-toyfIj;,daowfhD 4) dkogIaf;Pdc[[lnjxtlq, 3fp.-h0=h,6o0jklko.oI6[c[[lnjxtlq,mujz6h.-hlhk’0BoD. I6[ #D@! g8ad3o3]-ulnjxtlq, oko5dq,]k;F lt[a[rklkg7Qkgfu, 3fp l5[yorit. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 57.

(62) dyf9tde. •. w,37i7v,ry;g8ugxaog7njv’mujzt]yf.op5d……………………. •. p5d…………………7v,ry;g8u,u0t|kfohvp]q’ gvUo;jk w,37i 7v,ry;g8uD. •. 7v,ry;g8u.op5d……………lk,kfgIaf;Pdrhv,daos^kp7qo c]t lk,kf8yf 8+skdaowfh ]ts;jk’7v,ry;g8u0v’z6h.-h muj16jlt4komuj8jk’daoD. •. vyoycvadg-yj’gxaog7njv’7eo;o.op5d…………9bj’gxao7v,ry;g8u muj.-h.o;Pd’ko mqj;wx7A’mevyf0v’3]dD. •. ]6d7yf4n;jkgxaog7njv’7eo;o.op5d…………………… ,udkorafmtokdkolhk’7v,ry;g8u3fpgIaffh;pmiko-ylg8u.sh,u0t|kfohvp]q’ 9qo lk,kf[ao95,ao]q’.ljgmy’czjo-u]y7vo0t|kfohvpwfhgxao9eo;os^kp c,jo16j.op5d. •. •. ສດິ. 2.. .shoadIPolts^5[;y;afmtokdko0v’7v,ry;g8u.oc8j]tp5dD 9qj’8nj,0=h7;k,.oc8j]txt3spd.shlq,[6o 3fp.-h7emujdeoqf.shfaj’oUG p5dxts;aflkfF p5d s^vfl6opkdkfF p5dmiko-ufltg8uF p5d;q’9vo];,F p5d;ycv]gvlwv c]t p5dg7nv0jkpD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 1.. …………………… .op5d…………………,uz6hrtpkpk,lhk’g7njv’7eo;o.oI6[c[[w,h[aomafD. •. 7v,ry;g8u.op5d………………4nwfh;jk gxaoIkd4ko0v’dkorafmtokg7njv’ 7v,ry;g8u9aog4y’xaf95[aoD. •. dkogIaf;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8u.op5d………………….-h;ymudko 7;[75,dkows^ 0v’dtclgvg]ad8iq’mujc]jozjko8k|jk’D. •. g7njv’7eo;o0v’xkldko g-yj’gxaog7njv’7eo;o.op5d……………… c]t gxaog7njv’muj[;d c]t ]q[fh;pdqowd0v’\kdg2nv’muj0afdaoD. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 58.

(63) [qfmu $ xtgrfF 7;k,lk,kf c]t I6[c[[dkoxt,;ozqo0v’7v,ry;g8u zjkodkoIPo[qfoU oadIPolk,kfG • • •. I6hdko9afxtgrf0v’7v,ry;g8u I6h7;k,lk,kfrNo4ko0v’7v,ry;g8u I6hI6[c[[dkoxt,;ozqo0v’7v,ry;g8u. 7e4k,7Qo7;hkG. •. d=]toulbdlkG. ສດິ. •. dko9afxtgrf0v’7v,ry;g8ugxaowx7nco;.fL lyj’.fmujltcf’g4y’7;k,lk,kfrNo4ko0v’7v,ry;g8uL dkoxt,;ozqo0v’7v,ry;g8u,u9adI6[c[[ c]t c8j]tI6[c[[gxao7nco;.fL. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. •. g,njvzjko,kF oadIPoskdI6h9adrafmtokdko0v’7v,ry;g8u c]t ]adltotmqj;wx 0v’g7njv’7v,ry;g8u.oc8j]tp5dc]h;F ,kIvfxaf95[ao gryjo9afc[j’xtgrf0v’7v,ry;g8u co;.fL gIqk]v’7yfg[yj’;jk gxaospa’g7njv’7v,ry;g8u 9bj’4ndoypq,.-hdao1jk’czjs^kp c]t phvoxaafw9vao.fcfj0v’,ao 9bj’gIaf.sh,to5fgIqkxt]t7;k,w;h;k’.9w;hda[,aowfh .og,njv 8hv’dko.sh,ao-j;pcdhw0;Pd’ko8jk’M [+;jk9tgxao;Pd’kolj;o8q; s^n lj;o];,.ovq’ dvoL 1.. xtgrf0v’7v,ry;g8u. faj’mujwfhdjk;zjko,k 7v,ry;g8uwfhIa[dkorafmtok,ks^kpw]pt skdoe,k9ecod xtgrf8k,0t|kfF ]k7k c]t xtlyfmyrk[.odkoxt,;ozqoc]h; 9t,uma’\qf $ -toyf7n -6[gxu7v,ry;g8u (Supercomputer)F g,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8u (Mainframe Computer)F ,uou7v,ry;g8u (Minicomputer) c]t w,37i7v,ry;g8u (Microcomputer/Personal Computer)D. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 59.

(64) -6[gxu7v,ry;g8u (Supercomputer) gxao7v,ry;g8umuj,u0t|kf.spjmujl5fF ,u7;k,w;.odkoxt,;ozqol6’mujl5f c]t lk ,kfxt,;ozqo7elaj’wfhs^kpd;jk !WW ]hko7elaj’8+;yokmuD fh;p7;k,w;l6’l5f.o|hkmuj xt,;ozqoF -6[gxu7v,ry;g8u9bj’,u]k7kcr’s^kp .-h.o|j;p’kole7aoMF g\ktlq,da[ ;Pd’komuj8hv’dko7;k,]tvPf c]t 7;k,4nd8hv’c,jo1e.odko7eo;ol6’.o;Pd ’komuj8hv’,udko;yg7ktmujla[-hvo c]t ;Pd’komuj7v,ry;g8u-toyfvnjo[+lk,kfIa[Iv’wfh g-ajoG ;Pd’kodjP;da[dkortpkdvovkdkfF ;Pd’ko;yw9mk’fhko;ymtpklkfF dko;yw9 rt]a’’koou;7tg]pF ;Pd’ko;yw9mk’fhko2u-yd c]t g7,u gxao8QoD -6[gxu7v,ry;g8u mujgxaomujI6h9ad.oxaf95[ao g-ajoG CRAY Supercomputer 9kdz6hzt]yf Cray Research.. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 1.1. I6[ $D! -6[gxu7v,ry;g8u. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 60.

(65) g,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8u (Mainframe Computer) gxaog7njv’7v,ry;g8umuj,u0t|kf.spjIv’]q’,k9kd-6[gxu7v,ry;g8u ,u7;k,w;.o dkoxt,;ozqol6’s^kp c8j|hvpd;jk-6[gxu7v,ry;g8uD g,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8ulk,kfxt ,;ozqo7elaj’wfh !W ]hko7elaj’8+;yokmu fh;p7;k,w;l6’l5fIv’9kd-6[gxu7v,ry;g8u .o |hkmujxt,;ozqo c]t ,u]k7kcr’Iv’]q’,kD 7v,ry;g8uxtgrfoU 9bj’g\ktlq,da[[k’ |j;p’koF g\ktda[;Pd’komuj,u0=h,6omuj9t8hv’xt,;ozqorhv,dao9eo;os^kp c]t g\kt lq,da[z6hmuj8hv’dko.-hs^kprao7qorhv,dao.o]t[q[ g-ajoG ;Pd’ko.omtok7koF ;Pd’ko gda[dele,t3o7q;{xt-kdvo0v’xtgmfF ;Pd’kodko[yoF c]t ;Pd’kodkolbdlk gxao8QoD ovd9kdoU g,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8u pa’g\ktlq,da[;Pd’kofhko;ylt;tdelkfF dko7;[75j,]t[q[g7nv0jkpF ;Pd’korafmtok]t[q[ c]t ;Pd’kom5]tdyfD. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 1.2. I6[ $D@ g,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8u. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 61.

(66) g7njv’g,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8uda[-6[gxu7v,ry;g8u ,u7;k,w;.odkoxt,;ozqo.dh7P’ dao 3fpxP[mP[daowfhrP’[k’,5,,v’gmqjkoAoD g-ajo.ofhko0v’dkoxt,;ozqo3xicdi, rP’[+gmqjk.f3xicdi,muj8hv’dko7;k,w; c]t 7;k,]tvPf.odkoxt,;ozqoF -6gxu 7v,ry;g8ufud;jkg,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8ucojovo c8jskdxP[mP[.ofhkodkoxt,;ozqofh;p s^kp3xicdi,.og;]kfP;daoF g,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8uu9t,u7;k,w;s^kpd;jk-6gxu7v,ry; g8uD phvo7;k,c8d8jk’faj’djk;gduf9kd;af45xtlq’.odkozt]yfg7njv’7v,ry;g8uma’lv’xt grfc8d8jk’daooAogv’D g4y’1jk’.fd=8k, |j;p’ko s^n vq’dvod=7;og]nvdxtgrf0v’ g7njv’7v,ry;g8u.shg\ktlq,da[-toyf0v’’kofh;pD z6hzt]yfg,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8u,u IBM c]t Hewlett Packard. ,uou7v,ry;g8u (Minicomputer) gxaog7njv’7v,ry;g8umuj16j]ts;jk’g,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8uda[-6[gxu7v,ry;g8uF faj’oAoF 9bj’ vkf9tgvUowfh;jkgxao Mid-range Computer s^n Midsize ComputerD ,uou7v,ry;g8u ,u7;k,w;.odkoxt,;ozqo|hvpd;jk c8j,u]k7k4ndd;jkD g4y’1jk’.fd=8k, ,uou7v,ry;g8u pa’g\ktlq,da[;Pd’komuj,u0=h,6o9eo;os^kp Xc8j|hvpd;jk;Pd’komujg\ktlq,da[ g,o2t gia,7v,ry;g8u? Iv’Ia[dko.-h;Pdrhv,dao0v’z6h.-hs^kp7qo g-yj’oa[gxaos^kpIhvp7qoD .olt4kolbdlk8jk’M c]t [k’|j;p’ko0v’]af oypq,.-h7v,ry;g8uxtgrfoUD 8q;1jk’ [=]ylafzt]yf7v,ry;g8uxtgrfoU ,u DEC c]t NEC.. ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. 1.3. I6[ $D# ,uou7v,ry;g8u xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 62.

(67) 1.4. w,37i7v,ry;g8u. s^n. 7v,ry;g8ulj;o[5d7qo. (Microcomputer/Personal. Computer). ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. ສດິ. gxaog7njv’7v,ry;g8umuj,u0t|kfohvp lk,kfg7njvophkpwx,kwfhltf;d c8jdkoxt ,;ozqo9t-hkd;jk,uou7v,ry;g8uD g7njv’7v,ry;g8ulj;o[5d7qowfhIa[7;k,oypq,.odkooe,k .-hdao1jk’czjs^kp gonjv’9kd;jk ,ao,u]k7k4ndF lk,kf.-h;Pd3fpz6h.-h7qofP; (Standalone) s^n g-njv,8+daogxaog7nv0jkpgrnjv8yf8+lnjlkoda[7v,ry;g8ug7njv’vnjowfhD ovd9kdoAoF phvog8ad3o3]-umujdhk;|hks^kp0Bo 9bj’gIaf.shg7njv’7v,ry;g8ulj;o[5d7qolk,kfg-njv,3p’ g0Qkda[]t[q[g7nv0jkpvyog8ucoaf 8yf8+lnjlkoda[7qovnjowfhmqj;3]dD 7v,ry;g8ulj;o[5d7qo pa’g\ktlq,le]a[;Pd’komqj;wx g-ajoG dkoxt,;o7ela[ (Word Processing)F dko.-h 8k8t]k’7eo;o (Spreadsheet)F dko[ao-u (Accounting)F dko9afmelyj’ry, (Deskstop Publishing) c]t ;PddjP;da[4ko0=h,6od=lk,kfIa[Iv’wfh gxao8QoD 7v,ry;g8ulj;o[5d7qo skd9ecod8k,[=]ylafz6hzt]yfwfhcdj IBMF IBM Compatible c]t Macintosh. c8jskd9ecod8k,0t|kf c]t ]adltot0v’ g7l XCase? g-yj’sp=h ,k9kd ChassisD Case \kpg4y’ 37’3]stle]a[xtdv[gxao-Uolj;o0v’7v,ry;g8u g-ajoG g,o[vf (Mainboard) 7kfltcf’ c]t vnjoM X]kpvPf9twfhdjk;g4y’.oxB,c[[IPo ICT 0Ao ,D@ c]t ,D#? lk,kfc[j’wfhfaj’oUG. - 7v,ry;g8uc[[8A’38t (Desktop) gxaog7njv’c[[rNo4ko g\ktlq,da[dko8A’ gmy’38tgIaf;Pdmqj;wx c]t wfhIa[7;k,oypq,s^kp.odkooe,k.-h;Pd16j.ogInvoF leoad’koF [=]ylaf s^n rkp.ovq’dvo8jk’MD 7v,ry;g8uc[[8A’38tc[j’vvdgxao @ I6[c[[7nG c[[ gfalmav[ XDesktop Model? c]t c[[ 3mg;u XTower Model? XI6[ $D$?. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 63.

(68) ສ. ວ ສະ .ສ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະ. 9kdI6[8q;1jk’9tgsao;jk Desktop Model 9t;k’|j;p|hk9= (Monitor) w;hgmy’ Case c]t ]adltotdko;k’ 9t;k’8k,mk’ovo g-yj’9txt1afgoNvmujD lj;o Tower Model 9t;k’ Case mk’8A’ c]t 9tlYogxnv’goNvmuj.odko;k’ s^kpd;jkD g4y’1jk’.fd=8k, ]adltot0v’dko;k’faj’djk; gxaorP’rNo4ko .ovtfufD xaf95[aowfh,udkofafcx’ Case ma’lv’]adltot .shlk,kf;k’wfhma’ lv’I6[c[[ grnjv7;k,1nf15o.odko;k’g7njv’D. ສດິ. I6[ $D$ c[[ gfalmav[ XDesktop Model? c]t c[[ 3mg;u XTower Model?. I6[ $D& Desktop Model c]t Tower Model muj,udkofafcx’ Case. xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!. 64.

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