xts;aflkf -Ao,afmtpq, xumu @ IP[IP’3fp

Texte intégral

(1)c[[IPo. xts;aflkf -Ao,afmtpq, xumu @ IP[IP’3fp. G. Il ltgsû,lad rk[5ffu Il gf-ko5]kf clof;’gff cr’lu 7e,5’75o. d;fcdh3fp. G. 7egrqk rvocdh; mv’,u f;oladfk ;P’;y9yf l5fmygff ]affk;ao 9yf8t;q’. [aookmydko3fp G. r;’7e lq,ltoyf. g0Qk|hk3fp. f;’,k]k okd[5o8k lu;yw] cdh;,tou;ao. G. dt-;’lbdlkmydko lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk ;ymtpklkf dkolbdlk ;P’9aoF @W!!.

(2) 7eoe xB,c[[IPo;y-kxts;aflkf-Ao,afmtpq,xumu @ oU wfhI[a dko7Qo7;hkIP[IP’0Bo8k,myfmk’ p5fmtlkfdkorafmtokdkolbdlkcsj’-kf d=7,n t8ydPj ;da[dkorafmtok-a[rtpkdvo,to5f murj da c]t ]af4t[ko;k’vvdD lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfdkolbdlk 3fplq,mq[da[rkdlj;o mujdjP;0hv’wfhfegouodkoIP[IP’xB,c[[IPo;y-kxts;aflkf-Ao,afmtpq, xumu @ 7no.\j grnjv.shlvf7jv’da[ltrk[dko0tspkp8q; c]t 7;k,8hv’dko0v’la’7q,vvd,kIa[.-h dkoIPo{dkolvo 3I’IPolkplk,ao.o0v[g0fmq;j xtgmfD xB,c[[IPolt[a[oU wfhI[a dko7Qo7;hk c]t IP[IP’0Bo[qorNo4kos^da l6f.\j -Ao,afmtpq, lbdlk8vo8Qo lt[a[xt8yI[6 XxjPo9kd # xu gxao $ xu IPo? mudj t-;’lbdlkmydkowfhI[a Iv’gvqk c]t xtdkfoe.-h .oxu @WW_D ovdoAo pa’wfhvu’.lj0=h,6o,k9kds^kpcsj^’ma’rkp.o c]t 8jk’xtgmfD goNv.oxB,gsA^,oUxtdv[fh;p III rkd8Qo8=7n xts;aflkf3]dltw\dk’ c]t ltw\.\jF xts;aflkf3]dw]ptxu 7Dl !)(W{!_!)F xts;aflkf]k;w]pt4ndc-dc-’ 9kdr;d]jkg,nv’0Bo /ia’j c]t dko8+8kh o0v’xt-k-qo]k;rhv,fh;pxts;aflkfmhv’4yoj D gonvj ’9kd7;k,IPdIhv’8hv’dkovaoIu[fj;o0v’;Pd’kodkorafmtokdkolbdlk c]t 0v[g0fg;]k.odkoIP[IP’,u]da ltot9edafD fa’j oAoF goNv.omu[j oa 95.oxB,gs^,A oUp’a 7q’,u7;k, 0kf8qd[qdrjv’[k’xtdkoD skd;jk76F vk9ko c]t mjkozh-6 ,q .-hm’a s^kpvjkorq[ c]t ,u07h= fy gsao mu,j ]u da ltotlhk’lao.fM0=7;k,dt]5oklq’j 0jk;wxpa’ lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk ;ymtpklkfdkolbdlk dt-;’lbdlkmydko grnvj 7totIP[IP’9twfhoewxfafcx’cdhw0.sh,7u ;k,4nd8hv’-afg9o c]t lq,[6opy’j 0Bo.odko9afry,7A’8+wxD lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk ;ymtpklkfdkolbdlk ;P’9aoF @W!!.

(3) lk]t[ko |hk G G G. [qfmu # [qfmu $ [qfmu & rkdmu II [qfmu *. G G G G G. [qfmu ( G [qfmu ) G [qfmu _ G rkdmu III : [qfmu !W [qfmu !!. G G. [qfmu !@. G. [qfmu !#. G. [qfmu !$ cx7ela[. G G. xts;aflkf3]dltw\dk’ c]t ltw\.\j ........................ 1 ]t[v[ladfyok c]t dkodegouf]afmymob oyp,q ........................... 1 dkoxt8y;fa okpmbova’dyf c]t lq’7k,pkfgvqkgvdt]kf1j6 vkg,iydkg|nv lt8t;afmu XVII-XVIII ................................... 3 dkoxt8y;fa okpmbo1j/6 ia’j 7Dl !()_ ...................................... !W ]afmymob oyp,q lt8t;afmu XVIII-XIX ....................................... 20 0t[;ode,tdvo c]t dkodegouf]afmy,kd ......................... 25 xts;a f lkf3]d.ow]ptxu 7Dl !)(W{!_!) ..................... 31 0t[;ode,tdvo1jg6 vui[q c]t vkg,iydk.omhkplt8t;afmu XIX sk 8Qolt8t;afmu XX .................................................. 31 mt;u[vk-u.o8vomhkplt8t;afmu XIX sk8Qolt8t;afmu XX ... 41 lq’7k,3]d7A’mu I .oxu 7Dl !_!${!_!) ................................. 48 ,tskxt8y;fa la’7q,oyp,q gfnvo85]kiafg-p.oxu 7Dl !_!( ......... 53 xts;aflkf]k;w]pt4ndc-dc-’9kdr;d]jkg,nv’0Bo /iaj’ c]t dko8+8hko0v’xt-k-qo]k; ........................... 59 r;d]jkg,nv’0Bo/ia’j c-dc-’ c]t I5dIko]k; ................... 59 ot3p[k[0v’r;d]jkg,nv’0Bo/ia’j .oxtgmf]k; xu !)_#{!_$& ....................................................................... 65 0t[;odko8+l06h v’xt-k-qo]k;8hkor;d]jkg,nv’0Bo/ia’j 1jr6 kddk’ c]t rkd.8h ........................................................ 76 0t[;odko8+l06h v’xt-k-qo]k;8hkor;d]jkg,nv’0Bo/ia’j 1j6 rkdg|nv ............................................................................. 82 xts;af7;k,gxao,k0v’mhv’4joy ........................................... 87. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. rkdmu I [qfmu ! [qfmu @. ........................................................................................... 99.

(4) rkdmu [qfmu !. I. xts;aflkf3]dltw\dk’ c]t ltw\.\j ]t[v[ladfyok c]t dkodegouf]afmymbooypq,. ! D dkodegouf c]t 0tspkp8q;0v’]t[v[ladfyok. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. ]t[v[ladfyokgxao]t[v[mulk,.oxts;aflkfdko0tspkp8q;0v'la'7q,,to5f mjugduf0Bo.o]t[v[la'7q,g9QkmkfD ]t[v[oUgduf0Bomevyf1j6.og0fmt;u[vk-u3fpltgrkt 9uo c]t vyogfp .olt8t;afmu III djvo 7DlD lj;o1j6mt;u[gvuiq[c,jogduf0Bo.olt8t;afmu V sâ' 9kd]t[v[0hkmkf.ovkok9ad3i,ao8kg;ao8qd4ndra'mt]kp]q'.oxu 7Dl $(* 3fpltgrkt1j6 xtgmf/ia'j F va'dyfF vu8k]u c]t vnoj MD ]t[v[ladfyokgxao]t[v[mjupbf4ngoNvmjufyogxaog7njv';afcmd4kot7qo.ola'7q,D fja'oAo gryoj 9b'j gvUo]t[v[oU;kj G <]t[v[ladfyok<D ]t[v[oU,ulv'-qo-Ao8Qo8=7n mk'rkd8kg;aovvd gvUo;jkG < g9Qkmjufyo c]t -k;ok<F lj;omk'rkd8kg;ao8qdgvUo;jkG <-qo-Aog9Qk4yoj ladfyok c]t -qo-Ao[jk;ok<D ma'lv'g9Qkmjfu oy 0v'g0f8kg;aovvd c]t 8kg;ao8qdmjdu kj ;,koU];h oc8joe.-h dkodqf0ujcI''ko-k;dtlydvofh;p;ymugda[7jkg-qjkmjufyog\nvodaoD ltgrkt1j6gvuiq[oad[;f ,uveokfg|nvd;jkr;dg9Qkczjofyo .om5dfhkoD rNo4koglf4tdyf0v']t[v[ladfyok c,jodkozt]yf0Boda[me,t-kfF dkofe]q'-u;yf 8Qo8= c,jovu'.ljdkox6d/a' c]t ]hP'lafD 8+,kdkozt]yfwfh7vj pM 0tspkp8q;3fpltgrkt 0tc|'dkosaf4tdemju1.6j o8q;g,nv'wfh,udkoc[j'vvdgxaos^kplk0kvk-u[F gduf,u9f5 l6odk' mk'fhkodkoc]dxjPo7hk0kpgduf0Bo1jk's^;'s^kp g-y'j 8+,kwfhgxao95f0v'dkodegoufg,nv'D .o]t[v[ladfyokF -qo-Aoladfyokgxaozh6xqd7v’3fpc,jog9Qk-u;yf s^n g9Qkczjofyo gxaozho6 e|hk.odko dqf0j0u f6 Iuf c]t xk[xk,-k;okzhm6 d5 pkdD phvo-qo-Aoladfyok06fIuf-k;ok 1jk’|ad|j;’ oAogv'F xt-k-qo1j6xtgmf9uoF va’dyfF /ia’j c]t 1j6g1p]t,aowfhrkdao]5d0Bo 8+l1h6 kj ’vq’vkfdhkskodjvocsj'vnoj MD c8j.omjlu f5 d=[l+ k,kfxqfxjvp8qogv’rQo9kdcvdxqd7v’ 0v’r;dladfyokwfhD g4y’1jk’oAod=8k,F 0t[;odko8+lh6wfhgIaf.sh-qo-Aoladfyok4ndlaoj ltgmnvo wxmq;j 3]dD. @ D dko-5f3-,0v’]t[v[ladfyok c]t dkodegouf0v’]afmymbooypq, Ivflt8t;afmu XV wfhgduf,urNo4kodkozt]yf.\jmuj0tspkp8q;1jk’c0’cI’1j6gvuiq[ 8kg;ao8qdF 3fpltgrktc,jo0tc|’saf4tdewfh,du koc[j’’kodao1jk’]tvPfF dkovvdcI’’ko ,ult,af4trk[l6’d;jkgdqkj fh;p;ym9u edafdkovvdcI''koc[[gxao8jv'3lhF dkozt]yf8Qo8=c,jo 0tc|’xajo0qolaf.shgxaoglAogrnjv8OzhkF 0tc|'zt]yfcdh;F xnoF dkory,F zt]yfgInv.[F 1.

(5) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. grnjv0qolqj’g7njv’0v’8jk’MD dkozt]yffaj’djk;gvUo;jkG dkozt]yfc[[mbooypq, g-yj’degouf 0Bo.odt38]t[v[ladfyokD glf4tdyfmbooyp,q oa[,No[a 0tspkp8q;vaogxaog’nvj ow0gIaf.sh-oq -Ao.\j degouf0Bo1jk'9tc9h'.o8vomhkp0v’]t[v[ladfyok7nG -qo-Aookpmbo c]t -qo-Aode,tdvoD Ivflt8t;afmu XVIF ]t[v[ladfyok7jvpM-5f3-,]q’m5dfhko3fpltgrkt.omt;u[vk-uF ]t[v[ladfyok wfh8qd1j6.oltrk[;ydyfdko1jk’]Po8yfF dkozt]yf15flt’adF xt-k-qovbfsu;D 0t[;odko]5d0Bo 8+lh6da[]t[v[ladfyokoa[,Noa[0Bolj6]tfa[l6’ c]t czj]k,wxmqj;m5dcsj’ g-y’j gxaog’nvj ow0gIaf.shr;d]jkg,nv’0Bo8kg;ao8qddhk;g0Qkljg6 lAomk’]afmymob oyp,q 1jk’c0’cI’ grnvj dP,I5dIko xtgmf8jk’MD 1j6mt;u[gvuiq[F -qo-Aookpmbogxaozh6oerk0t[;odko8+lh68hko r;dladfyokF dko8+lh6wfhxtdqf0Bofh;ps^kpI6[c[[g-ajoG dko8+lh6mk’fhkolklt|k c]t 0t[;odko2No26;afmtokmeD ovd9kdoUpa’,u0t[;odko8+lh60v’-k;ok8hkor;dladfyokF g9Qkmjufyo1j6s^kpcsj’ gfajod;jk\j6c,jo0t[;odko8+lh60v’-k;okg1p]t,aoF .omjul5f0t[;o fa’j djk;d=[+wfhI[a zqoleg]afD dk’lt8t;afmu XVIF dkoxt8y;fa 3Io]a’wfh]tg[uf0Bo g-y’j gxao]t7a’xjk;g8nvo.sh-k;3]dIh;6 kj ]t[v[ladfyokde]a’-5f3-,vjvogrp]q’D .oxu 7Dl !&(@ xtgmf3Io]a'g-y'j g7upgxaog,nv'lj;p 0v'ladfyokcvfltxkpd=lkh '8A'gxaolkmk]tot]af3Io]a’ 1jr6 kdg|nvdjvo c]t wfhl[n 8+oerk 0t[;odko8+lh68+wx9qoIvfxu 7Dl !*W_ cvafltxkp9e8hv’Ia[Iv’gvqk7;k,gxaogvdt]kf csj’-kf0v’3Io]a’1jk’gxaomk’dkoD dkoxt8y;af3Io]a’.olt8t;afmu XVI c,jodkoxt8y;afxqfxjvp-kf g-y’j ,u7;k,\kp mk’fhkoxts;aflkfma’gxaolaopt]adcsj’w--totg[Nv’8Qo0v’]afmymob oyp,q D 7e4k, !D ]t[v[ladfyok1j6g0f8kg;aovvd c]t 8kg;ao8qddegouf0Bog,nvj .fL @D rNo4koglf4tdyf0v’]t[v[ladfyokgxaoco;.fL #D .o]t[v[ladfyok,u9ad-qo-Ao 7n-qo-Ao.fcfjL $D phvospa’-qo-Ao-k;ok9b’j ]5d0Bo8+l86h kh o-qo-AoladfyokL &D phvospa’]t[v[ladfyok9b’j -5f3-,]q’ *D ]afmymbooypq,wfhdegouf0Bo7nco;.fL (D dkoxt8y;af3Io]a’wfhfegouowx7nco;.fL. 2.

(6) [qfmu @ dkoxt8y ; a f okpmb o va ’ dy f c]t lq ’ 7k,pkfgvq k gvdt]kf 1j6vkg,iydkg|nv.olt8t;afmu XVII-XVIII I.. dkoxt8y;afokpmbova’dyflt8t;afmu. XVII. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. !D dko0tspkp8q;0v’]afmymbooypq,1j6va’dyf .oltrk[];,0v’dko0tspkp8q;1jg6 vui[q F dkorq;raoc[[mbooyp,q 1jv6 ’a dyfwfhg8u[.spj g0A,c0’F djvovnoj c,jo1jm6 k’rkd8kg;aovvdlP’.8h g-y'j ,u3I’’kosaf4tdes^kpd;jk1jr6 kdvnoj G 3I's^v,gsa^dF dkozt]yfdqo9adF g7nvj ’xAofyogzqkF 8OczjocrDDD degouf0Bo grnvj Ia[.-h16rj kp.o xtgmf c]t lq’j vvd0kp.shxtgmf 3Io]a’F /ia’j F g1p]t,aoF vu8k]uDDD l6odk’.spjmk’fhkov5flkstdeF dko7hkF dkog’yo c]t vnoj Mwfhlhk’8A’0Bogfaoj d;jk\j6 c,jo1j6]vofvoF wfh,udko7Qorq[.\jmk’fhkog8adoydF ,uI6[dko9af8A’dkovvdcI’’ko mjulvf7jv' c]t g\ktlq,da[ltrk[ gIaf.shzqozt]yfgru,j 0Bow;D c8jxu 7Dl !&&! g4y’xu 7Dl !*&!F xt]y,ko4jkosuomu0j 5f7Qo wfhgru,j 0Boltg]jp !$ 38o}xuD 8Qolt8t;afmu XVIIF 1j6va’dyf,u 3I’’kos^v,gsa^d )WW csj'F c8j]tvkmyf zt]yfwfh #{$ 38oD 3I’’ko8Ozhkc]o[k’csj’ ,ude,tdvog4y’raoM7qoD ,u[=]ylafdko7hks^kpcsj’1j6s^kpxtgmfwfhg7njvows;1jk’c0’cI’F ,u-ljn P’d;jk\jc6 ,jo[=]ly fa vyogfp8kg;aovvdD lj;os^kpg9Qkmjufyoc,jo05ook’]tfa[xkodk’ c]t 0t|kfohvpwfhsoa xjPom5]tdyf8k, myf0v’mbooyp,q saomq’j okgxaomq’j sphk9hk’7qo]hP’cdt grnvj lt|v’0qocdt.sh8ts^kfD g0qkg9Qk wfhdkpgxao-Ao05ook’.\jF ,uveokfl6’mk’fhkoglf4tdyfD -k;okdkpgxao-Ao7qomjum5dpkdF [+,u;PdgIaf’kome 9b’j wfhrkdaopqdphkpwxlj68q;g,nv’ s^n pqdphkpwxme,kskdyo1j68kj ’xtgmfD dkoxjPocx’mk’fhkoglf4tdyf 7;k,0afcpj’1jk’I5ocI’]ts;jk’okpmbo05ook’.\j da[]t[v[]k-kmyxtw8veokfgfaf0kf X7P’7j6da[7;k,0afcpj’gdqkj ]ts;jk’-k;okda[g9Qk mjfu oy F 05ook’? g-y'j rk.shgduf,udkoxt8y;fa 37jo]Q,]t[v[ladfyokF lhk’8A’dkorq;raodkozt]yf c[[mbooyp,q D @D dkoza o cx0v’dkoxt8y ; a f. @D!D w]ptmu I X7Dl !*$@{!*$)? .oltrkmjwu fhI[a dkolhk'8A'0Bo c8jlt8t;afmu XIII Ivfxu 7Dl !*$WF 9eo;o7qolj;os^kp c,jo05ook’.\jD [aofkzh6cmowfhdjk;xtok,ot3p[kpdkoxqd7v’0v’g9Qk-u;yf-kdg]u ID ltrkwfhIPdIhv’.sh]q[]hk'lyfmy;k’]t[P[rklu0v'g9Qk-u;yfF [+,ulyf9a[d5,F ]q[]hk'lyfmy 3.

(7) mtg]g|nv. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. ,ts. klt. \5f. vaf]. a'8yd. 9a[d5,75,0a’z6h.f8k,]era’.93fp[+wfhIa[dkoln[l;o9kdlkoD 7eltg|uoUwfhIa[dkolt|a[ lt|6o9kdxt-k-qo c]t rhv,daowfhdkj ;xtok,g9Qk-u;yfD 8+gsfdkofa’j djk;-kdg]u I [+r=.9 9b’j xq[|uwxg8Qk3I,de]a’16j mk’rkdg|nv 0v’]vofvogrnvj 8hkoltrk c]t xt-k-qoD ,kIvfgfnvoly’skxu 7Dl !*$@F lq’7k,rkp.owfh]tg[uf0BoD mtsko0v’/jkpltrk 3fpc,jo 3v]ug;u3di,c;o (Oliver Cromwel) gxaozho6 erkF lk,kf8ugvqk-totda[mtsko0v’g9Qk-u;fy D w]ptmu I 0t[;odko8+lh6wfhlYol5f]q’.oxu 7Dl !*$)D. vkpc]o ]vofvo. mtg],a'g-u g0flt|a[lt|6og9Qk-u;yf. /iaj'. g0flt|a[lt|6oltrk. czomju0t[;odko8+l6h16vj a'dyf 4.

(8) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. @D@D w]pt @ X7Dl !*$_{!*))? 8+dko[u[saf0v’mtsko c]t xt-k-qoF 3v]ug;u3di,c;o 9a[d5,gvqkg9Qk-u;yf-kdg]u I ,kxtsko-u;fy 1j86 | + kh ,tsk-qo .o;aomu #W gfnvo ! xu 7Dl !*$_F xtgmfva’dyf dkpgxaoxtgmf lkmk]tot]afD veokfdkoxqd7v’m5d1jk’0Boda[05ook’.\j c]t okpmboD lj;o-k;ok c]t mtsko[+wfhIa[lyfzqoxt3spfspa’D ltoAo g0qkg9Qkwfhln[8+]5d0Bo8+lh6D 3v]ug;u3di,c;o wfhlkh ’8A’]t[v[ztgfafdkomtskoladfyok0BoD. dkoxtsko-u;yf0v’-kdg]u I 5.

(9) II. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. 7;k,[+r=.90v’,tsk-qooa[,Noa[gruj,mt;u0BoD ltoAoF 05ook’.\j c]t okpmbowfh xa[x5’7no]t[v[]k-kmyxtw8 c8jpa’Iadlk\kdzqo0v’dkoxt8y;afD gfnvo !@ xu 7Dl !*))F ltrkwfhhfegouodko]af4txtsko0Borhv,ma’go]tgmfg9Qk-u;yf;yo]P, II (William II) X0Bo7v’]kf xu 7Dl !*)&? c]t pqd ;yocI,3v]a'(Withem Orange) g-y’j gxao]6dg0up0v’g9Qk -u;yf;yo]P, II 0Bogxaog9Qk-u;yfcmoD ]t[v[]k-kmyxtw8veokfgfaf0kfwfhdegouf0BoD g9Qk -u;yf[+,uveokf.o,nF m5dveokf0v’ xtgmf0Boda[okpmbo c]t 05ook’.\jD #D 7;k,\kp0v’dkoxt8y;afokpmbo1j6va’dyf.olt8t;afmu XVII dkoxt8y;fa okpmbo16vj ’a dyfwfhI[a zqoleg]afF 8Qo8=c,jowfhI[a dkolt|a[lt|6o9kd,tsk -qomjug0QkIj;,dko8+lh6D dkoxt8y;afwfhgxufglAomk’.sh]afmymbooypq,0tspkp8q;g0A,c0’0BoF oegvqkw--tot,k.sh-qo-Aookpmbo c]t 05ook’.\jD c8jlyfzqoxt3spf0v’xt-k-qo-k;zh6 vvdcI’’kopa’[+wfhIa[dko8v[lt|v’D 8+da[7;k,\kpxts;aflkf0v’dkoxt8y;af okpmbova’dyf.olt8t;afmu XVII oUF mjkodkd,kdwfh0Pow;h;kj G w--tot0v’-qo-Aookpmbo \kp;jk c,jow--tot0v’]t[v[la’7q,.\j c]t w--tot0v’]t[v[de,tlyf]afmymob oyp,q 8+d[a ]t[v[ladfyokD. D lq’7k,pkfgvqk7;k,gxaogvdt]kf0v'sq;g,nv’0Bova’dyf16jvkg,iydkg|nv. !D ltrk[dko0v’sq ; g,n v ’0B o c]t lkgsf0v’lq ’ 7k, rkpsa’^ mju 3d{3],{3[ 7Qorq[mt;u[vkg,iydkF s^kpxtgmf.omt;u[gvui[q wfhmtpvpdaopbf c]t c[j’xaofyocfomj7u oQ rq[.\jogU xaosq;g,nv’0BoD g]u,j c8j8oQ lt8t;afmu XVII g4y’8Qolt8t;afmu XVIII, va’dyf,usq;g,nv’0Boma’\qf !# csj’16v j kg,iydkg|nvD. gInv 3d3],3[ (Colombo) 6.

(10) E. p3v. ;Pd. -ugo. ,k-. k96c. -af. jo c,. k 3vI. vd yo ; 1 gop k ; -yo o a gx. fk3d8k. 3[lg8 ou. 2u]kcfog2p. p. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. ,tsklt\5f dk3 i '8ydv o kog 0v’va’dyf 1j6vtg,iyvafd]akg|n czomjusq;g,n]vy o'0B |nv d k3 i]yo ok. 8h !D ivfvkpc]o @D dvogod8ugduf #D ou;g1u-u $D gfu]kc; 2 i= iu f k &D g,iuc]o *D oy;Ie-kp g d k t g , iu 3 d -v. c,oj E,uu-uxu. ]6wvfuvkok. dkokfk. dg-. p. czomjusq;g,nv'0Bo0v’va’dyf1j6vkg,iydkg|nv. fyocfomjugxaosq;g,nv’0Bo0v’va’dyfoAogxaog0ffyomju,u7;k,v5f,q lq,[6oF Ia’j ,uwxfh;p-a[ rtpkdvoF c8jgfu,oAogxaofyocfo0v’7qovyofPoF .o]ts;jk'lt8t;af XVII-XVIII, r;d]jkg,nv’0Bova’dyfwfhxtsko-u;fy s^n pqdphkp7qovyofPowxljf6 oy cforkd8kg;ao8qdmjcu lowd c]t csh'c]h'D r;d]jkg,nv’0Bova’dyf wfh9a[7qozy;fe1j6mt;u[vk2iydkwxgxao0hkmkfgrnvj [5dg[udfyogINvF lhk’xhv, c]t s=3I’8jk’MD glf4tdyf0v’sq;g,nv’0Bogs^qkj oAod=0tspkp8q; 8k,c[[mbooypq,D c8j]af4t[kova’dyf-vdm5d;ymumk’dufdAodko0tspkp8q;mk’fhko v5flkstdeF dko7hk0v’[aofkg,nv’0Bo1jv6 kg,iydkg|nvF 3fp.-h;my gu da[rklu|da F 8+ Indian Xs^n 7.

(11) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. vyogfpcf'? [aofksq;g,nv’0Boma'[+.sh,lu fy 7hk0kpma’rkp.o c]t 8jk’xtgmfD rqo]tg,nv’ mj1u [6j oa fksq;g,nv’0Bo.ovkg,iydkg|nvoAo lj;os^kpc,jo]6ds^ko0v’7qova’dyfmjupqdphkpwx1j6F 7;k,0afcpj’oa[,Noa[I5ocI’F [aofk-Ao7qoxt-k-qomjugxaog,nv’0Bo];,,uokpmbog9Qk0v’ 3I’’koF de,tdvoF 0hkmkf]h;oc8j8+l86h kh odkoxqd7v’0v’]jkg,nv’0Bova’dyfD @D dkozaocx0v’lq’7k, gfnvo !@ xu 7Dl !((#F xt-k-qo1j6mkj gInv 3[lg8uo wfh[5d39,8ugInv[aom5d-k0v’va’dyf c]t 4Y,4a’-k]q’mtg] grnvj 7af7hko8+]t[v[dkogda[rklu0v’]jkg,nv’0Bova’dyf1jv6 kg,iydkg|nvD oa[c8j;aomu & gfnvo _ g4y’;aomu @* gfnvo !W xu 7Dl !(($F zh6cmo9kd[aofkg,nv’0Bowfhgxuf dv’xt-5,1j62u]kcfog2pF IPdIhv’.shg9Qk-u;yfva’dyf ]q[]hk’dqf\kp[a’7a[sq;g,nv’0BoF c8jg9Qk-u;yf[+pv,Ia[dkocdhw0D gfnvo $ xu 7Dl !((&F lq’7k,]ts;jk’va’dyf c]t [aofk sq;g,nv’0Bo1j6vkg,iydkg|nvwfh]tg[uf0BoD 3fp9vf;=-y’8ao gxaozh6oerk X;=-y’8aoc,jo g9QkmkfmuIj ’ja ,uF ,u7;k,gda’j dhklk,kfmk’fhkodkomtsko c]t 9af8A’F wfh4dn 7afg]nvdgxaozh6 [ao-kdkomtsko?D ;aomu $ gfnvo ( xu 7Dl !((*F wfhxtdkfgvdt]kfF deoqflyfmy0v’7qo c]t lyfgvdt]kf0v’[aofksq;g,nv’0BoD dkoxtdkfgvdt]kfwfh1no1ao;jkG m5d7qogduf,k]h;oc8j,ulyfltg\urk[F lyf,u-u;yfF. mjko 9vf ;=-'y g8uo (George Wastington) 8.

(12) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. ,ulfy gl]urk[F c8jl’q 7k,pa’ln[8+D phvo9eo;orqo c]t de]a’xtdv[vk;5fpa’vjvoohvp ltoAo 0t[;odko]5dIn0Bo1j6[k’[jvo4ndxt]kw-D g4y’1jk’.fd=8k,de]a’mtskopa’7q’Iadlkde]a’ c]t 8u-totdko[5d39,8u0v’mtsko]af4t[kova’dyfD ;aomu !( gfnvo !W xu 7Dl !(((F de]a’mtsko/jkpsq;g,nv’0BowfhI[a w--tot1jk’.spjs;^ ’ 1j6-kik38dk c]t 9a[-tg]upglydwfh &FWWW 7qoF gIaf.shmtskova’dyfrq[7;k,sp5h’pkdF [+,ude]a’.9lh6Iq[D de]a’mtskosq;g,nv’0Bowfh[5d39,8umtskova’dyfoa[,Noa[I5ocI’ c]t pkfwfhw--tots^kp[AoIq[F va’dyf9e8hv’g-aolaopkc;d-kp.oxu 7Dl !()#D #D zqowfhIa[ c]t 7;k,\kpxts;aflkf0v’lq’7k, 8k,dkog-aolaopk16mj ucj ;d-kp Xxtgmf/ia’j ? xu 7Dl !()#F va’dyf9e8hv’Ia[Iv’gvqk 7;k,gxaogvdt]kf0v’sq;g,nv’0Boma’\qf !# csj’ c]t xtgmfltst]afvkg,iydkd=wfhI[a dko lhk’8A’0BoF 8k,]af4tme,to6oxuu 7Dl !()(F xtmkokmy[=fu,ulyfveokfmk’fhkodqf\kp $ xu .f,udkog]nvd8A’gmnvj |b’j F z6| h ’jb ,ulyflt\adrP’7A’fP;D .oltrk,ultrkl6’ c]t ltrk8jeD z6h,ulyflt\adg]nvd8A’8hv’gxao7qozy;0k;F ,u-a[lq,[afF glprklu8k,deoqfD lj;oz6hpy’[+,ulyf g]nvd8A’F -k;0hkmkfzy;fe c]t 7qovyofPo[+,ulyfmk’fhkodkog,nv’F c8jpa'4n;kj gxaog9Qk ,=]tfqdmjufyo1j68k,gfu,[k'csj'D lq’7k,pkfgvqkgvdt]kf0v’[aofksq;g,nv’0Bova’dyf1jv6 kg,iydkg|nv wfhxfq xjvpxt-k-qo 1jr6 kdg|nvvkg,iydkrQovvd9kddko7v[7v’0v’]afmy]kj g,nv’0BoF gIaf.shglf4tdyfmbooyp,q vkg,iydk0tspkp8q;D fa’j oAoF lq’7k,pkfgvqkgvdt]kf7A’oAo ma’c,jo0t[;odkoxt8y;af okpmboF pa',uzqoltmhvog4y’0t[;odko8+lh6pkfgvqk7;k,gxaogvdt]kf0v’s^kpxtgmf .omhkplt8t;afmu XVIII sk 8Qolt8t;afmu XIX .omq;j 3]dD 7e4k, !D dko0tspkp8q;0v’]afmymob oyp,q 1jv6 ’a dyf,uspa’cfjL @D dkoxt8y;afokpmbo16vj a’dyfwfhfegouowxco;.fL #D dkoxt8y;afokpmbova’dyf,u 7;k,\kpco;.fL $D ltrk[dko0v’[aofkg,nv’0Bo 1j6vkg,iydkg|nv c]t lkgsf0v’lq’7k,gxao co;.fL &D dkozaocx0v’lq’7k,gxaoco;.fL *D zqowfhIa[ c]t 7;k,\kpxts;aflkf0v’lq’7k,pkfgvqkgvdt]kf,uspa’cfjL 9.

(13) [qfmu # dkoxt8y;afokpmbo16j/iaj’ !()_ ! D ltrk[dko0v’xtgmf/ia j ’ dj v odkoxt8y ; a f. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. fhkoglf4tdyfG dkodtlydeF v5xtdvo c]t ;ymudkozt]yfs^kh s^’a 8Qo8=c,jo.-h9dq F -;hkoF w4 ltoAo zqozt]yf8jeF wIjok4ndxtgINvs^kpF wrcsh’c]h’ c]t wrvbfsy;gduf0Bo]Po8yfD lj;ov5flkstdeF dko7hkwfh,udko0tspkp8q;F g7nvj ’9adwfhoe.-hg0Qk.odkozt]yfD 3I’’ko 8OzhkF 3I’’kos^v,3]stwfhdegouf0BoD [aofkmjkgInv.spj7nG ,kdw-F [avd3fDDD wfhg8Qk3I, gInv7hk0kpg0Qkvvd1jk’2qf2NoF [aom5dg7njv’lqj’vvd Xgs^Qkc;’F czjocrF g7njv’oj5’sqj,F g7nvj ’cdh;DDD? wxlj6xtgmf8jk’M c]t oegvqkg7jnv’9adF oE8koF dkg29kdxtgmfva’dyfF mt;u[ vkg,iydkD c8j]t[v[ladfyokdqf|j;’dko0tspkp8q;mk’fhkov5flkstdeF dko7hkF gda[7jk rklu|ad[k'g0f0v'xtgmf[+,usq;|j;p;afcmdg’yo8kgvdtrk[F dko-Ng7nvj ’0v’xt-k-qo z6hm5dpkd,udko9edafmjul5f lts^5[c]h;ltrk[-u;yfdkogxao1j60v'-k;zh6vvdcI''ko m5dpkdmjlu f5 D fhkodkog,nv’{la’7q,G djvodkoxt8y;fa F /ia’j c,joxtgmf]k-kmyxtw8veokfgfaf0kfD g9Qk-u;yf gxaozh6deveokfma’\qfD la’7q,ladfyok/ia’j c[j’vvdgxao # -Ao;aootg-aoj oad[;fF 05ook’ c]t -Ao;aootmu #D r;d05ook’,ulyfdeveokf c]t ,u|hkmjul6’.odq’9addkoxqd7v’F dkomtskoD oad[;f c]t 05ook’c,jo-Ao;aootmjuwfhIa[lyfzqoxt3spfm5d1jk’mk’fhko glf4tdyfF c8j[+wfhglprklu.shg9Qk-u;yfD -Ao;aootmu # ];,,u s^kp-qo-Ao c]t -Ao7qo7n okpmboF -k;okF lk,ao-qo.o8q;g,nv’D g0qkg9Qk[+,ulyfmk’fhkodkog,nv’D -k;okd;, _W: 0v’ rqo]tg,nv’ Xxt,ko @$ ]hko7qo?F gxao-qo-Aomjum5dpkdmjul5fphvo;jk [+,ufyookF 4nds^kp-Ao7qo dqf0u0j 6fIufD okpmbogxaozh6oe|hk-Ao;aootmu #F ,umkj cI’mk’fhkoglf4tdyfF c8jd=[+,ulyfspa’ mk’fhkodkog,nv’D. 10.

(14) czo;kf-Ao;aoot8jk’M.ola’7q,ladfyok/iaj’ oad[;f. 05ook'. { ,ulyfveokfma'\qf { [+wfhglprklu -k;ok okpmbo xt-k-qo-Ao8jk'M. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. -Ao;aootmulk, 8hv'wfhglprklu. -k;ok/ia’j djvodkoxt8y;fa 11.

(15) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. dko8+lm6h k’fhkoco;7yfG ]t[v[]k-kmyxtw8veokfgfaf0kfd=4dn djk;xtok,F ;y9ko 1jk’f5gfnvfF I5ocI’.o0q’g0f;afmtotmeF co;7yfD rQogfaoj d;jk\j6.o0t[;odkooUc,jooad xaf-tpk0v’-qo-Aookpmbo 7n -kdg]u ,q’c8ldugvu “gl]urk[mk’fhkodkog,nv’0v’xt-k-qo ltcf’vvd1j6[jvo;jkG xt-k-qo[+1hkodq;F dq’dao0hk,pk,.fd=,u7;k,Ih6lbdxvfwrD grnjv.sh ,ugl]urk[mk’fhkodkog,nv’F ]af4t[ko8hv’9af8A’grnvj [+.shz.6h f0q,j 0jz6 v6h ojn ”F 3;oc8 X/ia’-;k ,kiuvki6gv “9q’j ma[,hk’gInvoIa’0v’r;ds^vd];’”F -a’-adi5f3-wfhg;Qk;jkG “m5d7qogduf,k ,ulyfgl]urk[F gl]urk[c,jolyfmy0v’m5d7qo”D. -kdg]u ,q'c8ldugvu (Charles Montesquier) !*)_{!(&&. 3;oc8 (Voltaire) !*_${!((). (Jean Jacques Rousseau) -a'-ad i5f3- !(!@{!((). 12.

(16) @D dkogxaowx0v'dkoxt8y;af. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. @D! ;y d y f dko0v’]t[v[]k-kmy x tw8veokfgfa f 0kf g9Qk-u;yf]5p XVI 0Bo7v’]kfxu 7Dl !(($F ]t[v[ladfyokoa[,Noa[vjvogrpD phvo|Ulyo 0v’]af1n,okpmbooAo[+lk,kf.-hcmowfh XIvfxu 7Dl !()_ |U0oB Ivf & 8N ]y[g;u (Livres) Xltd5og’yo/ia’j .og,njvdjvo?D ltoAo g9Qk-u;yf9e8hv’gda[rklul6’9kd3I’’ko v5flkstdeF dko7hkgIaf.shde,tdvo c]t -jk’saf4tde;jk’’ko8+ltrk[dkofaj’djk; wfh-5dfao.sh xt-k-qo8+l86h kh oladfyok1jk’g0A,c0’D xu 7Dl !())F dko]5dIn0oB 8+lh60v’-k;ok,us^kp0t[;o ]tg[uf0Bomq;j m5d[jvoD ltgrkt.o]tf6[ko.\jxu 7Dl !()_ wfh,us^kp Ihvp0t[;odko8+lh60v’ -k;ok c]t lk,ao-qo.o8q;g,nv’]tg[uf0BoD @D@D w--totg[N v ’8Q o 0v’dkoxt8y ; a f dv’xt-5, # -Ao;aootwfh9fa 0Bo.o;aomu & gfnvo & xu 7Dl !()_ 3fpdkog8Qk3I,0v’g9Qk;u fy 1jm6 ruj t]k-t;a’c;dw-F 3fp,uzc6h mo0v’lk,-Ao;aootg0QkIj;,D dv’xt-5,wfhfegouowx1jk’ g7a’j 8b’phvo;jk zh6cmo0v’05ook’ c]t oad[;flt|a[lt|6og9Qk-u;yfgru,j rkluF lj;ozh6cmo -Ao;aootmulk,vvdcI’7af7hko,t8yf’aj djk;D ;aomu !( gfnvo * [aofkzh6cmo-Ao;aootmulk,wfhgxufxt-5,ltrkxt-k-qoF sa^’9kdoAo d=xtdkf gxaoltrkoy8y[aopafF ,ulyfvvdIjk’]af4tme,to6oF zjko[aofkfe]af8+da[dkog’yoD g9Qk-u;yf c]t 05ook’wfh.-hde]a’mtskoxk[xk,ltrk1jk’I5ocI’D ,;o-qo-k;zhv6 vdcI’’ko c]t okpmboxt8y;fa wfhxtdv[vk;5f]5d0Bo8+l86h kh og9Qk-u;fy D mtsko lj;os^kpd=lt|a[lt|6o c]t Ij;,,n8+lh6oe/jkpxt-k-qoD ;aomu !$ gfnvo ( xu 7Dl !()_ Xwfhdkpgxao;ao-kf0v’/ia’j 9qog4y’m5d;aooU? x;’-qoxtdv[vk;5frkdaos^’ja ws^ [5d39,8u 1jk’f5gfnvfpbfxhv,mju\Ao c]t 7hkp75,0a’[kl8uD sa^’9kdoAo[aofkleoad’ko c]t lt4komju le7ao.o8q;g,nv’xkiuwfh8qd16.j ode,n0v’de]a’xt8y;afD 0t[;odko[5d39,8uxhv,mju\Ao7hkp 75,0a’[kl8u gxao]t7a’xjk;g8nvo.shI;h6 kj dkoxt8y;fa okpmbo16xj tgmf/ia’j wfh]tg[uf0Boma’gxaow-totgxuflkd.shdkoxt8y;fa okpmbo/ia’j mhkplt8t;afmu XVIII.. 13.

(17) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. dko[5d39,8u7d5 [kl8u (Bastille). #D dko0tspkp8q ; 0v’dkoxt8y ; a f #D!D ]t[v[]k-kmyxtw8.8hoy8y[aopaf Xc8j;aomu !$}(}!()_ g4y’;aomu !W})}!(_@? w--tot0v’dkoxt8y;fa 1jx6 kiu wfhczj]k,1jk’;jv’w;wxmq;j m5d[jvoD /jkpoy8y[oa paf0v’ -qo-Aookpmbo0BodeveokfF c8j]5p XVI d=pa’7q’7v’]kfF g4y’c,jo;jk 9t[+,ulyfspa’D mhkpgfnvo ) xu 7Dl !()_F ltrkwfhzkj o4tcs^’dkolyfmy,to5f c]t lyfmyrqo]tg,nv’F wfhpdq 7e0;aomju,u-lnj P’vvd7nG “gl]urk[{ltg\urk[{ rk]kfvork[” D gfnvo daopk xu 7Dl !(_!F wfhzkj o]af4tme,to6oF lhk’8A’]t[v[]k-kmyxtw8rkp.8h ]af4tme,to6oG g9Qk-u;fy [+wfhdeveokfF veokfm5d1jk’0Boda[ltrkD g4y’1jk’oAod=8k,F g9Qk-u;fy wfhI;j ,,nda[r;dxt8ydko0kp-kfgrnvj xk[xk,0t[;odkoxt8y;afD 14.

(18) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. gfnvo $ xu 7Dl !(_@F lv’xtgmf 3v8iyf c]t xiafg-pleraomt,yfIj;,daoF rhv,da[ r;d0kp-kf1j6/iaj’ 8hkodkoxt8y;afD gfnvo ) xu 7Dl !(_@F mtskoxiafg-p )W rao7qo ]5s’jâ g0Qkwxxtgmf/ia’j D 8+ltrk[dkomuj “xtgmf-kf,uwrvao8t]kp”F ;aomu !W gfnvo ) xu 7Dl !(_@F xt-k-qo xkiurvh ,fh;p mtskovklklt\admhv’4yoj ]5d0Bo37jo]Q,/jkpoy8y[oa paf F rhv,daooAo d=][q ]hk’ ]t[v[ladfyokD #D@D lkmk]tot]a f g[N v ’8Q o 1j 6 / ia j ’ Xc8j ; a o mu @!}_}!(_@{@}*}!(_#? rkpsa^’0t[;odko]5dIn0Bo0v’xt-k-qo37jo]Q,/jkpoy8y[aopafF veokf8qd1j6.o,n0v’ okpmbov5flkstde{dko7hk g-y’j gvUo;jk/jkp-ui’q cfa’ ltrk.\jwfh4dn g]nvd8A’0Bo Xzh-6 kpvkp5 c8j @! xu0Bowx ,ulyfg]nvd8A’F [+9edaf]tfa[dkoglprklu?D ;aomu @!}_}!(_@F lkmk]tot]af g[Nv’8Qo1j6/ia’j wfhdegouf0BoD ;aomu @!}!}!(_#F g9Qk-u;yf]5p XVI wfh4nd]q’3mfxtsko-u;yf phvodko0kp-kfD ]tf6[ko.\j xu 7Dl !(_#F mtskova’dyf c]t mtsko[aofkxtgmfladfyokgvuiq[ [5d39,8u dkoxt8y;af1j6xtgmf/ia’j D rkp.oxtgmfr;d0kp-kfwfh]5d0Boxaoj xj;o1j6g0f;a’gf c]t g0f8kg;ao8qdlP’g|nvD ltrk[dko7a[0aoF ]k7klyo7hk.o8ts^kfgru,j 0BoD -u;fy dkogxao1j6 0v’xt-k-qorq[7;k,m5dpkd]e[kdD .og;]koAoF /jkp-uiq’cfa’ [+lqo.9oedko9af8A’ 8+l86h kh oda[laf868kj ’fhk;F r;dxt8ydko c]t xa[x5’-u;yfdkogxao 1j06 v’xt-k-qoc8jxtdko.f ,uc8jgxaosj;’8+dkoxa[x5’lyfveokfgmqkj oAoD. 15.

(19) mtg]g|n v mtg][ko8yd. va'dyf. g1p]t,ao. ,kdw- 86]'q. vu8k]u. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. xkiu. cvafltxkp. mt g] g, fu cc88 iikk go g0f]5dIn0Bo [aofkxtgmf8+l6h8hkoda[/ija' mtsko0v'[aofk xtgmf[5d39,8u/iaj'. czomjultcf'g4y'de]a'/noxt8y;afmju[5d39,8u/ia’j xu !(_# 16.

(20) 8+|hkltrk[dkofaj’djk;F ;aomu @}*}!(_#F xt-k-qoxkiuF rkp.8hdkooerk0v’ 3ic[lxucvF wfh]5dIn0Bo8+lh69qowfhIa[w--totrhv,ma’37jo]Q,/jkp -uiq’cfa’D #D#D ztgfafdkoxt-kmyxtw8xt8y;af-k3dc[a’ Xc8j;aomu @}*{!(_#{@(}(}!(_$? rkpsa^’/jkp-uiq’cfa’4nd37jo]Q,F veokfdkoxt8y;af0Boda[/jkp-k3dc[a’F xtdv[,u 7qoxt-kmyxtw8muj,;o-qolt|a[lt|6oF .oltrk/jkp-k3dc[a’d;,9eo;o7qolj;os^kpF g]nvd8A’7totde,tdkodh6-kfF oe|hk3fp3ic[lxucvD 3ic[lxucvgxaomtokp7;k, zh6|5j,ohvpF gxaozh6cmoltrkF ,u;y-kvk7q,gdja’dhkD .oltrkF mjkowfhvvdcI’xqdxhv’lyfzqo xt3spf0v’xt-k-qoD 3ic[lxucv dkpgxaozh6oemjufug]uf c]t ,u-lnj P’0v’/jkp-k3dc[a’D. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. veokfdkoxt8y;afwfh-j;’gla’s^kp;ymudko8aflyo.9grnjv]q’3mfr;d/noxt8y;af c]t cdhw07;k, IPdIhv’8hv’dko0v’xt-k-qoD 8vofyomjur;d05ook’ladfyokpbf.og,nvj djvooAo veokfdkoxt8y;afwfhgvqk7no,kc[j’xao.sh-k;okF lj;o8vofyo0v’7totlq’ c]t 05ook’mju 38owx8jk’xtgmfoAowfhc[j’vvdgxao8voohvpMc]h;0kp.sh-k;okD 7totde,tdkodh-6 kfpa’ gda[-Ng0Qk[kg]F deoqf]k7k0kplyo7hkmju9egxao.shxt-k-qozh6m5dpkdF rhv,ma’deoqf]tfa[ g’yogfnvol6’l5f.shde,tdvoD ,tsk-qogry’j r=.98+d[a 7totde,tdkodh-6 kfD 9kdoAodv’ma[xt8y;fa wfhI[a dkolhk’8A’0Bo c]t wfhxtdv[vk;5f1jk’fuma’,uoE.98+lh6vaol6’lq’j F leraomt,yf8hko/ia’j 4ndxt]kw- c]t g]u,j ra’mt]kpc8j;oa mu @*}*}!(_$D rkpsa^’8+l86h kh olaf86rkpovd c]t rkp.owfhI[a w--totF rkp.o0v’/jkp -k3dc[a’ raf4ndc[j’cpdD xt-k-qod+[+lt|a[lt|6oveokfdkoxqd7v’ vudgrkt;jkzqoxt3spf0v’xt-k-qo[+wfhIa[xtdao7nda[veokf -k3dc[a’ wfhlaopkgvqkw;hD ;aomu @(}(}!(_$F okpmbomjudt[qf8+dkoxt8y;afwfhfegouo]af4txtskoD 3ic[lxucv rhv,oad8+lh6s^kp7qowfh4nd9a[ c]t xtsko-u;yfD ]t[v[ztgfafdko0v’-k3dc[’wfhlYol5f]q’D. 17.

(21) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ ,ad-u,u]P' gfu 3ic[lxucv. $D 7;k,\kpxts;a f lkf dkoxt8y;afokpmbo/ia’j .omhkplt8t;afmu XVIII wfh37jo]Q,]t[v[ladfyokF gIaf.sh-qo -Aookpmbo0BodeveokfF ]q[]hk’ly’j duf0;k’s^kp1jk’0v’]t[v[ladfyok mju[+1kd.sh]afmy mbooyp,q 0tspkp8q;D x;’-qo c,jode]a’8Qo8=rk.shdkoxt8y;fa dhk;0Bo95fl6’l5f oAoc,jo]t[v[ ztgfafdkoxt-kmyxtw8 -k3dc[a’D 18.

(22) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. g4y’1jk’oAod=8k,F dkoxt8y;afokpmbo/ia’j d=pa’,u0=h9edaf7nG pa’[+mao8v[lt|v’1jk’ 7q[4h;o8+lfy zqoxt3spfvaorNo4ko0v’xt-k-qoF 7n[+wfhcdhw0g4y’4v’8+[oa skmjfu oy .sh-k;okF [+][q ]hk’wfhm’a \qf]t[v[dqf0u0j f6 Iuf0v’ladfyokDDD -u;fy dkogxao160j v’-k;ok/ia’j pa’m5dpkd ]e[kdgrkt-qo-AookpmbodeveokfrP’c8jxjPo]t[v[ c]t I6[dkodqf0uj06fIufgmqjkoAoD g4y'1jk'.fd=fu dkoxt8y;af/ija' c,jodkoxt8y;afokpmbomjug4y'4v'd;jk\j6.oltw\oAo c]t lj'q zqoltmhvo.spjs^;'8+xtgmf8jk'MD 7e4k, !D ltrk[dko0v'/ia’j djvodkoxt8y;fa gxaoco;.fL @D w--totg[Nv’8Qo0v’dkoxt8y;fa okpmbo/ia’j gxaoco;.fL #D ]t[v[]k-kmyxtw8.8h]af4tme,to6oc8jxu 7Dl !()_{!(_@ 1j6/ia’j gxaoco;.fL $D ;ydyfdko0v’]t[v[]k-kmyxtw8veokfgfaf0kfgxaoco;.fL &D lkmk]tot]afg[Nv’8Qo1j6/ia’j c8jxu 7Dl !(_@{!(_# gxaoco;.fL *D ztgfafdkoxt-kmyxtw8 xt8y;af-k3dc[’c8jxu !(_#{!(_$ gxaoco;.fL (D 0t[;odkoxt8y;fa okpmbo/ia’j ,u7;k,\kple7aospa’cfjL. 19.

(23) [qfmu $ ]afmymbooypq,lt8t;afmu. XVIII-XIX. ]afmymbooypq,gxao]t[v[mu $ X4af9kd]t[v[ltst-u[xt4q,[6IkoF 0hkmkfF ladfyok?D dkoxjPozjko8A’c8j]t[v[mu ! wxg4y’]t[v[mu $ ,u]da ltot7jvpgxao7jvpwx g-y’j c8j]t]t[v[ gduf0Bo9kdmhv’0v’]t[v[djvog]NvpM,kg-aoj ]t[v[mbooyp,q degouf,k9kd]t[v[ladfyok .ooAolj;o.spj-k;okwfhdkp,k gxaode,tdvo c]t ladfyokwfhdkp,kgxaookpmboD. ! D dkoxt8y;afv5flkstde c]t dko0tspkp8q;mk’fhkoglf4tdyf. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. dkoxt8y;fa v5flkstde\kpg4y’dkoxjPocx’I6[c[[ c]t g8adoyddkozt]yf9kddko oe.-hg7nvj ’,nmusj ^hksâ’ s^n I6[c[[fA’gfu,mu.j shzqozt]yf8jesaowxlj6dkozt]yffh;pg7nvj ’dqo9ad sn^ g8adoydmumj aoltw\ c]t .shxtlyfmyzqos^kpd;jkD djvo|hklt8t;afmu XVIIIF zqozt]yfmuzj t]yf,k9kdg7nvj ’,nsaf4tdewfh,u[qf[kfle7ao 8+da[glf4tdyf0v’[aofkxtgmfmju,uokp-jk’saf4tdewfhdkpgxaode]a’cI’8Qo8= c]t gxaozh6,u[qf[kf.odkodt85d-5dph6.shglf4tdyf,udko0tspkp8q;,k .o]tfa[|b’j c8jzoq zt]yf muwj fh,kpa’[+lk,kf8v[lt|v’da[7;k,8hv’dko0v’la’7q, Xzh6-q,.-h? s^n 7;k,8hv’dko 0v’8ts^kf1jk’rP’r=8ts^vfg4y’zqozt]yf mujvvd,kd=pa’,u75otrk[muj8je s^n pa’[+wfh ,kf8t4komugj ry’j r=.90v’7qolj;o.spj.ola’7q,D dkoxtfyfg7nvj ’dqo9adgrnvj ,kmqfcmo cI’’ko0v’7qogxao7A’mevyf wfhgduf0Bo muxj tgmfva’dyfdjvo\jg6 ]u,j 8A’c8jxu 7Dl !(*W gxao8Qo,k vaogxaozqo.sh7;k,]E];pcdj -q o -A o okpmb o D .oxu 7Dl !(*$ ;y ] Pj , Ikoiug;u (William Halre Rivers) wfhxtfyf g7njv’9adxajo/hkpF xu 7Dl !()$ g9,l;af (James Watt) wfhxtfyf9advkpoEgrnv j Ia[.-h dkozt]yfv5flkstde c]t 8+,kvud xu 7Dl !()& cvf,vo dkdikp (Edmon Cacrai) wfhxtfyfg7nvj ’9ad8jeczjoD. s^kxaoj /hkp 20.

(24) g7njv’9adxajofh;pvkpoE0v'g9,l;af 21. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. g7nvj ’9adxaoj /hkpg9oou.

(25) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. oadxtfyfg7njv’9adma’s^kpwfhg]aj’.ljdkov5flkstde8jeczjogxaolj;o.spj 9bj’gIaf.sh 0tc|’8jezhkm=w\,udko0tspkp8q;1jk’d;hk’0;k’d;jk0tc|’dkovnoj MD g[Nv’8Qog7nvj ’9ad mujzt]yfvvd,kc]jofh;pvkpoEF [aofk3I’’ko8jk’M 9bj’8A’1j6c7,c,joEgxaolj;o.spjD ,kg4y’8Qolt8t;afmu XIXF g7njv’9advkpoEwfh,u[qf[kfle7ao.om5d0tc|’v5flkstde 9b’j 4ndsao,k.-hg0Qk.o0tc|’7q,,tok7q,0qolq’j F -qo]txtmko c]t 0tc|’s^v,3]stdeD lj;oxtgmf/tia’j gonvj ’9kdgdufdkoxt8y;afokpmbo.oxu 7Dl !()_ 9b’j lq’j zqo.shdko xt8y;fa v5flkstdegduf-hkd;jkxtgmfva’dyfD g,nvj ,kg4y’xu 7Dl !)#W 9b’j g]u,j ,udko0tspkp8q; .o[k’0tc|’dko 3fp ltgrktdkoxtfyfg7nvj ’9advkpoEF dkolhk’mk’]qfw2 c]t vnoj MD le]a[g1p]t,aodkoxt8y;afv5flkstde pyj’0tspkp8q;-hkd;jk/iaj’ gonjv’9kdltrk[ dkog,nv'rkp.oxtgmfg-aoj daoD .oxu 7Dl !)*W{!)(W g7jvn ’dqo9adma’s^kp 9b’j wfh4dn oe.-hg0Qk.o m5dM0tc|’dkov5flkstdeg-aoj G v5flkstde05f7Qo4jkosuoF g7,u c]t vnoj MD dkoxt8y;afv5flkstdewfhxjPo3l,|hk0v’[aofkxtgmfokpmboma’s^kp1jk’-afg9oF g,nvj xP[mP[da[ w]ptdjvodkoxt8y;fa v5flkstdeF gIaf.shl’a 7q,,udkoc[j’cpddao1jk’0kf0Ao ]ts;jk’zh6m5dpkd c]t zh6I’aj F gduf,u7;k,c8d8jk’dao]ts;jk’-qoot[qfda[8q;g,nv’D fa’j oAoF -k;okzh6m5dpkd 9b’j rkdaosâ’j ws^g0Qk.og,nv’ grnvj sk;PdgIaf’kome s^n 0kpcI’’ko.o ]k7k4nd .shda[okpmboD 3fpltgrkt.oxu 7Dl !)(W -k;okva’dyf @}# 0v’rqo]tg,nv’mq;j xtgmfwfhrkdaog0Qk,kfe]q’-u;fy 1j.6 o8q;g,nv’ 9b’j gIaf.sh-oq -Aode,t-u[gru,j 0Bo1jk’dt3ff0Ao c]t gduf,u7;k,0afcpj’]ts;jk’-qo-Aookpmboda[-qo-Aode,t-u[oa[,No[a I5ocI’0BoD @D ]t[q[mbooypq,csj’3]d lt8t;afmu XIXF gxaolt8t;af0v’]t[q[mbooypq,0tspkp8q; gonjv’9kdrkpsâ’dko xt8y;fa v5flkstde 1jx6 tgmfva’dyfleg]afzqowfhgIaf.sh]t[q[glf4tdyf0v’mbooyp,q ,u7;k,9tg]uo 0tspkp8q;1jk’c0’cI’ g-yj’wfhlqj’zqodtmq[.sh[aofkxtgmf8jk’M.ogvuiq[,u7;k,9egxao 8hv’,udkorafmtokglf4tdyf0v’xtgmf8qo grnjvdkpgxao8q;c[[.odkorafmtok]t[q[ mbooyp,q csj’3]dD .oxu 7Dl !()_ dkoxt8y;afokpmbo/ia’j wfhxtlq[zqoleg]af c]t wfhlq’j zqo.shxt-k-qo .oxtgmfc[o-ydF vu8k]uF 3x3]pF cvafltxkpF xvd85pdko c]t xtgmf8jk’M .ovkg,iydk]k8yo ]5d0Bo8+l86h kh or;d05ook’F ladfyok c]t ]t[q[dkoxqd7v’0v’r;d8jk’-kfD lj;oxt-k-kf 22.

(26) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. .o,tsklt\5fvaf]a’8yd d=wfhI[a zqoltmhvo9kddkoxt8y;fa okpmbo/ia’j c]t vkg,iydkg-aoj daoD fa’j oAoF [aofkxtgmfmugj xaog,nv’0Bo0v’cvafltxkp c]t xvd85pdkoma’s^kp 9b’j wfh]d5 0Bo8+l6h grnjvdhk;wxg4y’dko]q[]hk’]t[v[ladfyokD fh;pgsfoAo8Qolt8t;afmu XIX [aofkxtgmf okpmbo.\j9’jb degouf0Bo1jv6 kg,iydk]k8yoD .ow]ptxu 7Dl !)$){!)$_ 0t[;odkoxt8y;afokpmbo1j6mt;u[gvuiq[wfhgduf0Bo1jk’ d;hk’0;k’F gIaf.sh ]t[v[ladfyok4nd37jo]Q,1js6 k^ pxtgmfg-aoj G g1p]t,aoF vu8k]u c]t 3v8iyfF lj;oxtgmf/iaj’mujgxao8Qodegouf0v’dkoxt8y;afoAo ]t[v[okpmbowfhIa[dkoxa[x5’ .sh,u dko0tspkp8q;0Bog]NvpMD c8jxu 7Dl !)*${ !)(! g1p]t,aolk,kfmhvo3I, #) ]afg0Qkgxao xtgmfg1p]t,aogvdtrk[ g-y’j zqoleg]affa’j djk;wfhgxao dko[q’j -U.shgsaodkodegouf ]t[v[. 3I’'kos^v,gsâd0k’1j6va’dyf .olt8t;afmu XIX 23.

(27) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. mbooyp,q g1p]t,aoD g,njvg4y’8vomhkplt8t;afmu XIXF [aofkxtgmfmujxtlq[zqoleg]afmk’fhkoglf4tdyf .o]t[q[mbooypq, wfhdkpgxaoxtgmf,tskveokf g-y’j lk,kf9ecodgxao @ ]tfa[7nG xtgmf ,tskveokfokpmbogdqkj Xxtgmfva’dyf c]t /ia’j ? c]t xtgmf,tskveokfokpmbo.\j Xg1p]t,aoF 3v8iyfF vu8k]uF vkg,iydk c]t puxj 5oj ?D xtgmf,tskveokfokpmbogdqkj ovd9kd gxaoxtgmfmuj,u7;k,g0A,c0’mk’fhkoglf4tdyfc]h;pa’gxaoxtgmfmuj,u]t[q[sq;g,nv’0Bo 1jk’s^;’s^kpmu1j a’j 1kpwxmq;j m5d,6,3]d \kpg4y’dko,ude]a’cI’.odko0tspkpfyocfoF vyfmyrqoF 8ts^kf9e|jkplyo7hkF cs^j’05f7Qo;af45fy[ c]t gda[gdocI’’koD lj;oxtgmf ,tskveokf.\j d=gxaoxtgmfmu,j u7;k,g0A,c0’mk’fhkoglf4tdyfg-aoj daoD c8jxtgmfgs^kqj oU [+,u]t[q[sq;g,nv’0Bos^kpF [+,u8ts^kf grnvj 9e|jkplyo7hk c]t vnoj Mg\nvoda[xtgmf,tsk veokfgdqkj D fa’j oAoF xtgmf,tskveokfma’gdqkj c]t .\j9’jb gduf,u00h= fa cpj’dao1jk’g7a’j 8b’ c]t I5ocI’,k3fp8ts]vfF g-y’j 0=h0afcpj’fa’j djk;[+lk,kfcdhw0daowfh1kj ’lao8yy;ymu 9b’j dhk;wx g4y’dkod+.shgduflq’7k,3]d7A’mu I c]t mu II .ow]pt8+,kD 7e4k, !D .omhkplt8t;afmu XVIII-XIXF dkoxt8y;afv5flkstde0v’]afmymbooypq,wfhfegouo wxco;.fL @D ]t[q[mbooypq,wfh,udko0tspkp8q;7nco;.fL. 24.

(28) [qfmu &. 0t[;ode,tdvo c]t dkodegouf]afmy,kd. ! D 0t[;ode,tdvo.ow]ptxu 7Dl !(*W{!)$). ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. zqoleg]afvao.spjs^;’ c]t le7ao0v’dkofegouodkoxt8y;afv5flkstde16j[aofk xtgmfgvuiq[oAo wfhgIaf.sh]t[q[glf4tdyfmbooypq,,u7;k,g0A,c0’ c]t wfhlhk’7;k,Ia’j ,u .shcdj-qo-Aookpmbo1jk’;jv’w;mujl5fF g-yj’ma’\qfoAowfh,k9kddkodqf0uj06fIufcI’’ko 0v’de,tdvoD fa’j oAoF oa[c8j,dN egouf,udkoxt8y;fa v5flkstdegxao8Qo,k 9b’j gduf,u0t[;odko 8+l06h v’-qo-Aode,k-u[ X-qo-Aode,tdvo? oa[,N,udko0tspkpd;hk’vvdD 0t[;odko8+l6h fa’j djk;gduf0Bogxao7A’mevyf .oxu 7Dl !(*W muxj tgmfva’dyfD 9kdoAo 9b’j ,udkoczj]k,vvdwxlj6 xtgmfvnjoM.ogvuiq[F g-yj’gxaozqo,k9kdde,tdvomuj gIaf;Pd16j.o3I’’ko0v’okpmbo wfh d kpgxa o mkf0v’g7n j v ’9a d F gIa f ;Pd|a d 8A ’ c8j !${!* -q j ; 3,’8+ , N F g’n j v ow00v’ dkovvdcI’’ko[+Ia[xtdaoF g’yogfnvo8je g-y’j gIaf.sh-u;yfdkogxao1j6,u7;k,/nfg7nv’ c]t ltrk[7qo;jk’’kooa[,Ngru,j 0BoD. 0t[;ode,tdvo1j6va’dyf 25.

(29) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. [aoskma’\qfmujwfhdjk;,k0hk’gmy’oAoF .og[Nv'8Qo-k;de,tdvo,u7;k,g0Qk.9;jk g7nvj ’9ad8jk’M gs^qkj oAogxao8QogsfgIaf.shr;dg0qk,udko8qd'ko c]t ;jk’’ko ma',u7;k, m5dpkd]e[kdclolksafD fa’j oAoF -k;de,tdvo1jx6 tgmfva’dyfF /ia’j F g1p]t,aoF vkg,iydkF c[o-yd c]t xtgmfvnoj M 9b’j rkdao96fgzqk c]t me]kp,hk’gr[aofk3I’9ad3I’’ko0v’ r;dokpmboD ovd9kdoAo r;dg0qkpa’rkdaooaf15f’ko grnvj xtmh;’.shokpmbogru,j g’yogfnvoF s^5fzjvog;]k0v’dkogIaf;Pd]q’ c]t vnjoMF ma’\qfoAogrnjvlhk’g’njvow0vaoltf;d.sh cdjdkofe]q’-u;yf0v’8qogv’ c]t pyj’wxd;jkoAogrnjvgIaf.sh0t[;odko8+lh6fegouowx 1jk’,ugxQk\kp c]t wfhI[a w--tot r;dg0qkwfhlk,ad7udoa 9af8A’vq’dkode,t[ko0BoD c8jd4= dn 8+8hko7no9kd]af4t[kova’dyf c]t /iaj'fh;pdkovvddqf\kpshk,dkooaf15f’ko c]t shk,9af8A’vq’dkode,t[koD fh;pgsfoAo0t[;ooaf15f’kod=p’jy ln[8+xtmh;’1jk’f5gfnvf c]t I5ocI’D .omulj f5 ]af4t[kova’dyf9e8hv’pv,Ia[Iv’gvqklyf.odkooaf15f’ko c]t dkolhk’8A’ vq’dkode,t[ko0v’de,tdvo0Bo .oxu 7Dl !)@$D. 0t[;ode,tdvo1j6g1p]t,ao 26.

(30) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. 8+,k.o]ts;jk’-5,xu 7Dl !)#!{!)#$ de,tdvo1j68q;g,nv’]uvq’0v'/iaj’d=wfh]5d0Bo 8+lh6m;’gvqklyf.odkovvdcI’’ko c]t IPdIhv’.shlhk’8A’]t[v[lkmk]tot]af0BoD lj;o0t[;ode,tdvo16xj tgmfg1p]t,aod=wfh]d5 0Bo 8+l8h6 kh oda[g9Qk0v’3I’’ko.oxu 7Dl !)$$ c8jd4= dn r;dokpmbofegouodkoxk[xk,D g4y’;jkr;dokpmbo9tfegouodko8+8kh odkog7nvj ows; 0v’-qo-Aode,k-u[.om5dd=]touD c8jr;dg0qkd=9e8hv’pv,Ia[Ih-6 oq -Aode,k-u[ gxaode]a’|b’j mugj xaogvdt]kf.ola’7q,mbooyp,q D. 0t[;ode,tdvo1j6/iaj’. 27.

(31) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. 0t[;odko8+lh60v’-qo-Aode,t-u[.oxtgmfva’dyfF /ia’j c]t g1p]t,ao.o]ts;jk’xu 7Dl !)#W{!)$W wfhdkpgxao0uf\kpvaole7aomupj ’yj .spjcsj’dko9tg]uog8u[380v’0t[;odko de,tdvo lkdqoF g-y’j 0t[;odkofa’j djk; wfhgIaf.sh-oq -Aozhx6 dq 7v’ s^n -qo-Aookpmbogduf,u7;k, 1hkodq;gxaomulj f5 D @D dkodegouf]afmy,kd{va’cdo dkd,kd (Karl Marx, 1818-1883) gxaooadxaf-tpkF oadglf4tlkfF oadxts;aflkf c]t oadmyfltfudv,,6oyfmuj,u-njlP’3f’fa’.olt8t;afmu XIX degouf.o7v[7q;xaopk-qo mujdhk;|hkmujg,nv’c8ig;u (Trève)D lj;o2iyfiyd va’cdo (Friedrich Engels, 1820-1895) gxaooad0PoF oadxaf-tpk c]t grnvj oIj;,’komufj u0v’,kdF degouf.o7v[7q;mugj xaog9Qk0v’ 3I’’komugj ,nv’[kdc,o (Bakmand)D g,nv'c8ig;u c]t g,nv'[kdc,ogxaolv’8q;g,nv’ mu8j ’A 16mj k’rkd8kg;ao8qd0v’g1p]t,ao ma'gxaog0fv5flkstdemulj e7ao0v’xtgmfD ,kd c]t va’cdo gxao[5d7qomujlts^P;lts^kfF ,u7;k,lk,kfryglf c]t gxaozh6. dkd,kd X!)!){!))#?. va’cdo X!)@W{!)_&? 28.

(32) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. muj,u7;k,glplts^tvaol6’lqj’ grnjvrk]tdyfxqfxjvp-qo-Aode,k-u[ c]t ,;o,to5fmuj4nd dqf0u0j 6fIufD .o8ts^vf-u;yfF ,kd c]t va’cdowfhrhv,dao8+l6hF c[j’m5dc[j’l5d c]t .shdko -j;pgs^nvg-y’j dao c]t daoD .o-j;’w]ptxu 7Dl !)$@{!)$( ,kd c]t va’cdowfhgvqk.9.lj7Qo7;hk c]t xtfyflhk’ myfltfuxt8y;af0v’-qo-Aode,k-u[ c]t g0QkIj;,0t[;odkog7jnvows;8+l6h0v’de,tdvo .ogvui[q 8kg;ao8qdD ,kd c]t va’cdowfhrvh ,daolhk’8A’radgvdt]kf mucj mh9’y 0v’-qo-Aode,k-u[F g-y’j ma’lv’wfhgoAo|ad;jkG 4hk[+,u dkooerk0v’radxt8y;afF 0t[;odko8+l6h0v’-qo-Aode,k -u[d=9t[+wfhIa[w--totD 9kddkog7nvj ows;1jk’8A’|hk c]t 0tspaoshk;saoF dkoglplts^t vao.spjs^;’F 7;k,,u]t[P[;ywoF 7;k,-nlj af c]t 7;k,9q’Iadradfu0v’,kd c]t va’cdo 9bj’,udkolhk’8A’radltstraodv,,6oyf0Bo16jgvuiq[8kg;ao8qdF g-yj’gxaodko9af8A’dkog,nv’ muxj yf]a[0v’-qo-Aode,k-u[lkdqo3fp ,kd c]t va’cdogxaozh6Ia[zyf-v[.odko0Po c]t IP[IP’37’dko0v’ltstraoD gfnvod5,rk xu 7Dl !)$) 37’dkofa’j djk;4ndxtdkf.-hrkp.8h4tcs^’dko0v’raddv, ,6oyfD .o4tcs^’dko,kd c]t va’cdowfh-Uc9’;jkG xts;aflkfc,joxts;afdko0tspkp8q; 0v’dkozt]yf c]t dko8+l6h0v’[aofk-qo-Aomuxj =]txaddao]ts;jk’-qo-Ao06fIuf c]t -qo-Ao 4nd06fIufD ]afmy,kd sn^ ]afmyl’a 7q,;ymtpklkf c,jo]t[q[myfltfuxt8y;fa mulj vj ’cl’g4y’zqoxt3spf 0v’-qo-Aode,k-u[1jk’cmh9y’ c]t 7q[4h;oF ]afmy,kd wfhdkpgxao]t[q[co;7yf c]t vk;5f mk’fhkomyfltfu mucj s^,7q,0v’-qo-Aode,k-u[D #D dkolhk’8A’lkdqomu I X!)*${!)*_? lkdqomu I c,jovq’dvo|b’j muwj fhIa[dkolhk’8A’0Bogxao7A’mevyf.oxu 7Dl !)*$ .o0tot muj7;k,0afcpj’]ts;jk’-qo-Aode,k-u[da[-qo-Aookpmbooa[,N,u7;k,g7aj’8b’F lt8ylk,ad7u lkdqo0v’-qo-Aode,k-u[oa[,Nl6’0Bo c]t ,u7;k,dhk;|hk1jk’[+15f1A’D lkdqomu I 9bj'4nd9af8A’0Bo grnjvg8Qk3I,7;k,lk,ad7u0v’-qo-Aode,k-u[ .omqj;3]d3fp,u;af45xtlq’ grnvj 9af8A’ c]t oerk-qo-Aode,k-u[fegouodko8+8hkoda[-qo-AookpmboD 8+,k.ow]ptdk’skmhkplt8t;afmu XIXF 7;k,g0Qk.9g]yd0v'-k;zh6vvdcI''ko. 29.

(33) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. 8+dko06fIufcI''ko 9b'j lhk'7;k,0afcpj’]ts;jk’-qo-Aookpmboda[-qo-Aode,k-u[de]a’ fegouowxfh;p7;k,g7aj’8b’ c]t gruj,mt;u7;k,I5ocI’0BoD dq’dao0hk,0t[;odkooaf 15f’ko0v’-qo-Aode,k-u[.oc8j]t7A’]h;oc8j4ndxt]kw- 9bj’gIaf.sh-qo-Aode,k-u[,ult8y lk,ad7ulkdqoF ,u7;k,Ia[I6hF ,u7;k,g0Qk.9djP;da[7;k,le7ao0v’lk,ad7ulkdqo c]t ,u7;k,8hv’dkodkooerkmulj ts^kfljv’.l0v’radoa[,Ns^kp0BoD faj’oAoF .o;aomu @) daopk xu 7Dl !)*$F dv’xt-5,.spjde,tdvolkdqowfhw00Bo 1j6]vofvo xtgmfva’dyf 3fp,uzh6cmode,tdvo,k9kds^kpxtgmfg0QkIj;,D .odv’xt-5, wfh]q’xt-k,t8yIa[Iv’gvqkltstraode,tdvolkdqo c]t lhk’8A’lkdqomu I rkp.8h dkooerk0v’dkd,kdD rkpsâ’wfhIa[dkolhk’8A’F lkdqomu I wfhdkpgxaog;mumulj e7ao.odkogzupczj]afmy,kd .shg0Qkg4y’0t[;odko0v’,tsk-qo c]t de,tdvo.o0v[g0fmq;j 3]dD 7e4k, !D 0t[;odkog7nvj ows;0v’de,tdvo.ow]pt !(*W{!)$) wfhfegouowxco;.fL @D ]afmy,kd{va’cdodegouf0Bo7nco;.fL #D lkdqomu I wfhIa[dkolhk’8A’0Boco;.fL. 30.

(34) rkdmu. II. xts;aflkf3]d.ow]ptxu 7Dl !)(W{!_!). [qfmu * 0t[;ode,tdvo1j 6 g vu i q [ c]t vkg,iy d k .omhkplt8t;afmu XIX sk8Qolt8t;afmu XX ! D dkolhk’8A’dv,,6oxkiu xu 7Dl !)(!. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. !D! ltrk[0v’xtgmf/iaj’djvodkolhk’8A’dv,,6oxkiu (Commune de Paris) .o-j;’w]ptmhkplt8t;afmu XIXF 0tc|’v5flkstde0v’/ia’j wfh,du ko0tspkp8q;w; lq,7;ogonjv’9kd-qo-Aookpmbo wfhvvdcI’fegouodkodqf0uj06fIuf-qo-AAode,k-u[1jk’ |ad|j;’g-aoj G de,tdvo9e8hv’gIaf;Pd|ad8A’c8j !@{!$ -q;j 3,’8+,FN g’yogfnvo8je g-y’j d+.shgduf ltrk[7;k,vbfsu;F g’nvj ow00v’dkofe]q’-u;yf c]t dkovvdcI’’ko[+Ia[xtdaoD fa’j oAoF rkpsâ’dkoxt8y;afxu 7Dl !)$) 7;k,0afcpj’]ts;jk’-qo-Aode,k-u[ c]t -qo-Aookpmbo /ia’j py’j gru,j mt;u7;k,I5ocI’0Bo 3fpltgrktwfhgduf,u0t[;odkooaf15f’ko c]t gfuo0t[;o xtmh;’gxaoxt9e grnvj IPdIhv’gvqklyfmy.odkofe]q’-u;yf c]t dkovvdcI’’ko.sh,u7;k, 4nd8hv’ c]t p5f8ymes^kp0Bo.ola’7q,D lq’7k,]ts;jk’/ia’j da[g1p]t,aode]a’fegouowx1jk’f5gfnvfF .ogfnvodaopk xu 7Dl !)(W /iaj’gxao/jkpxt]kw-.shg1p]t,aomujlt|k,Iq[g-ufa’D 8+gsfdkofaj’djk; de,tdvo c]t okpmboohvp wfh]d5 0Bo37jo]Q,g9Qk9addtrafmu IIF IPdIhv’.shlkh ’8A’]t[v[lkmk]tot]af c]t xqdxadIadlkxtgmf-kf8hkodkoI5dIko0v’g1p]t,aoD rkpsâ’dko37jo]Q,g9Qk9addtrafmu IIF -qo-Aookpmbowfh0Bodeveokf c]t wfhlhk’8A’ ]af4t[ko-q;j 7k;0Bo gvUo;jk ]af4t[koxhv’dao-kf c]t g,nvj dtcl7;k,Iad-kfdhk;lj]6 tfa[l6’ ]af4t[ko-q;j 7k;F 9b’j ,u7;k,9egxao8hv’xtdv[vk;5f.sh,tsk-qogrnvj fegouodko8hkomkoda[ dkoxyf]hv,ot7voxkiu0v’dv’ma[g1p]t,aoD rkps^’a wfhI[a dkoxtdv[vk;5f gxaomuIj P[Ihvp c]h;F 0t[;odkofa’j djk;wfhmedko8+lh68hkodkoI5dIko0v’dv’ma[g1p]t,ao1jk’c0’cI’ 9qogIaf.shokpmbogduf,u7;k,1hkodq;D fh;pgsfoAoF r;dokpmbo 9b’j pv,g-aolaopkda[g1p]t,ao c]t ma’fegouodkoxk[xk,0t[;odko8+lh60v’,tsk-qoD ;aomu @) ,a’dvo xu 7Dl !)(! ]af4t[ko-qj;7k;wfh15f8ylq’7k,da[g1p]t,ao c]t s^’a 9kdoAo .o;aomu ) d5,rk /ia’j wfh9fa 8A’]af4tltrk0Bo grnvj Ia[Iv’gvqklqomyloa pk]ts;jk’. 31.

(35) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. /iaj’ c]t g1p]t,aoD .o]af4tltrk lj;o.spj,k9kd-qo-Aookpmbo9bj’wfhg]nvdgvqk 9ucv (Thiers) gxaosq;|hk]af4t[ko-q; j 7k;3fp,uleoad’ko8A’16cj ;dw-D !D@ lkgsfmujrk.sh,udkolhk’8A’dv,,6oxkiu mhkplt8t;afmu XIXF ]afmymbooypq,.ogvuiq[wfhdhk;g0Qklj6w]pt0tspkp8q;l6’l5fF r;dg0qkpy’j grj,u mt;udkodqf0u0j f6 IufcI’’ko0v’-qo-Aode,tdvogrnvj lhk’7;k,Ia’j ,u.shcdj8oq 9qolk,kfdjk;wfh;kj G ]ts;jk’-qo-Aode,k-u[ c]t -qo-Aookpmbo wfhdkpgxao-qo-Aox=]txaddao 1jk’-afg9oD -qo-Aode,k-u[,ult8ylk,ad7ulkdqoF ,u7;k,Iad-kfF ,u7;k,8hv’dko1kd xqfxjvp8qogv’vvd9kdltrk[7;k,m5dpkd]e[kdF 8hv’dkolyfltg\urk[ c]t ];,ma’gduf ,u7;k,g[nvj |jkp8+dkoxqd7v’0v’-qo-AookpmboD dkog7nvj ows;1jk’8A’|hk0v’,kd{va’cdo c]t lkdqomu I wfhgIaf.sh-qo-Aode,t-u[ ma’.oxtgmf/ia’j c]t .o3]d,u7;k,Ih6lbd c]t ,u7;k,g0Qk.9g4y’wrry[af s^n wrvao8t]kp 0v’]afmymob oyp,q mu,j 8u -+ oq -Aode,k-u[F ,u7;k,Ia[Ih6 c]t g0Qk.9g4y’7;k,\kp7;k,le7ao0v’ 7;k,lk,ad7ulkdqoD !D# dkolhk’8A’dv,,6oxkiu dkodtme0v’]af4t[ko.\jF wfhgIaf.shmtsko c]t xt-k-qogduf,u7;k,[+r=.9 gxao1jk’py’j 9b’j gduf,udko8+lh6dao1jk’]Po8yfD .ogfnvod5,rk xu 7Dl !)(! mtskoxhv’dao-kf wfh9fa 8A’7totoerk0v’8qo0BogvUo;jk 7totde,tdkomtskoxhv’dao-kf 3fp,udkoxtdv[ vk;5f7q[-5f c]t xt-k-qod=.shdkolt|a[lt|6ogxao9eo;os^;’s^kpD g,nvj lt4kotdkogxao7n fa’j djk;]af4t[ko9ucv wfhl’ja 9a[7totde,tdkomtskoxhv’dao-kfF xqfvk;5f c]t la’j pqdg]ud mtskoxhv’dao-kfD .o8vog-Qk0v’;aomu !) ,uok !)(! 9ucvwfhl’ja .shmtsko[5d8uxvh ,xno.spj 0v’mtskoxhv’dao-kfmu,j q’,kd Xg0fg|nvot7voxkiu? c8j[+wfhIa[w--totD. 32.

(36) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. dkoxtdkflhk’8A’dv,,6o. .o8vomjP’0v’;aofP;dao7totde,tdkomtskoxhv’dao-kfwfhvvd7ela’j .shmtsko m5dgs^kjq [5d8u g0Qk.9dk’0v’ot7voxkiuF pbfgvqklt|k,9t85]fa c]t leoad’komulj e7ao8jk’M 0v’]af4t[koD lj;o9ucv g,njvgsaomjk[+fu9bj’2hk;s^q[|uwxc;dw-D .oI5j’g-Qk0v’;ao8+,k m5’lucf’wfhxy;lt[af1j6gmy’leoad’ko[=]yskodecr’ot7voD fa’j oAoF dko]5dIn0Bo.o;aomu !) ,uok xu 7Dl !)(! wfhdkpgxao;aoxt8y;fa 0v’-qo-Aode,k-u[wfhI[a w--tot7A’mevyf.o3]d c]t 7totde,tdkomtskoxhv’dao-kfwfhdkpgxao]af4t[kode,k-u[-q;j 7k;D g,njv,kg4y’;aomu @* wfh,udko9af8A’dkoxjvo[afg]nvd8A’gvqklt,k-yddv,,6oF g-yj’ lj;os^kpc,jode,tdvo c]t xaopk-qomujdhk;|hkD ;aomu @) 7totde,tdkowfhxtdkf lhk’8A’dv,,6o1jk’gxaomk’dkoD faj’oAoF 7totde,tdkomtskoxhv’dao-kf 9bj’wfh,v[ veokfdkoxqd7v’.shdv,,6o c]t xtdkf]kp-nj7totdv,,6o.sh,;o-qowfhIa[Ih61jk’gxao mk’dkoD 33.

(37) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. !D$ dv,,6oxkiu]afc[[.\j0v’-qo-Aode,t-u[ rkps^’a pbfveokfdkoxqd7v’,k.ode,nwfhgxaozqoleg]afc]h;dv,,6owfhlkh ’8A’dq’9ad]af .\j0Bocmo7nG vq’dko9af8A’l6’l5f0v’]afc,jodv,,6oF ]af4tltrk0v’-qo-Aode,k-u[ gxaozh6deveokfF ,udkoxtdkf.-hdqf\kp c]t 9af8A’vto5de,tdko[=]yskodqf\kpD zh6oe |hkvto5de,tdkodqf\kpc,jode,tdkodv,,6ogxaozh6Ia[zyf-v[8+xt-k-qo c]t xt-k-qo ,ulfy xqf8ec|j’vto5de,tdkofa’j djk;D veokfdkoxqd7v’.\jI[a xtdaolyfgxaog9Qk0v’xt-k-qo zhv6 vdcI’’koF g-y’j ,u7;k,c8d8jk’wx9kd]t[v[xt-kmyxtw80v’okpmboD ltrkdv,,6opa’fegouodkoxt8yI[6 s^kpfhkog-aoj G ]q[]hk’mtsko c]t 8es^;fgdqkj c]h; 9af8A’de]a’xtdv[vk;5f.\j0oB cmogrnvj xhv’daodkoxt8y;fa F 8af3[fvvd9kddko9af8A’8jk’M 0v’]afF pqdg]ud7elvo 0v’lklt|kF .sh7;k,oa[4nlfy my[d5 7qoF oegvqk3I’9ad3I’’komugj 9Qk 0v’38o|u,v[.shde,tdvogxaozh6 7h,5 7v’F 3I’’ko.fg9Qk0v’gxaozhf6 egouodkogv’]afgxaozh6 d;fdk]t[q[vaf8kg’yogfnvo c]t shk,xyf 3I’’ko3fpgfaf0kfD dv,,6o.shlyfltg\urk[cdjm5d7qog-aoj G dko9afsk;PdgIaf’komeF la’j .shg9Qk0v’Ihko 9eoe8jk’M lq’j ;af45ly’j 0v’7no.shxt-k-qozh6m5dpkdF ;k’]t[q[dkolbdlkc[[[a’7a[IPo [+wfhglp7jkF lhk’3I’IPo]hP’gfad c]t ;k’czorafmtokglf4tdyf{la’7q, c]t vnoj M.sh lvf7jv’da[zqoxt3spf0v’xt-k-qozhv6 vdcI’’koD @D 0t[;ode,tdvo c]t lkdqomu. II. @D! 0t[;ode,tdvogvu i q [ c]t vkg,iy d k .omq f lt;a f mu !)(W{!))W rkpsâ’dv,,6oxkiuxt]kw- c]t lkdqomu I 4ndp5[g]udF 0t[;ode,tdvogvuiq[ c]t vkg,iydk pa’ln[8+.odko8+lh6da[-qo-Aookpmbo1jk’c0’cI’D 0t[;odko8+l6hmujgfajod;jk\6j c,jo0t[;odko8+l6h0v’de,tdvovkg,iydkmumj ;’.shxt8y[afdkogIaf;Pd,N|b’j ) -q;j 3,’ 3fpltgrktc,jode,tdvomugj ,nv’-udk3d wfh,udkooaf15f’ko c]t gfuoxtmh;’0Bo.o;aomu ! rbfltrk xu 7Dl !))*D fh;pgsfoAoF ;aomu ! rbfltrk0v’ m5dMxu 9b’j dkpgxao ;aode,tdvo. 34.

(38) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. lkdqo9qog4y’m5d;aooUD .ow]ptmqflt;af !)(W{!))W ]afmy,kdwfhIa[dkogzupczjg0Qk.o0t[;odkode,tdvo .omq;j 3]d1jk’d;hk’0;k’ c]t c0’cI’D fa’j oAoF ,us^kpvq’dko9af8A’ c]t radde,tdvowfh Ia[dkolhk’8A’0Bog-aoj G radla’7q,xt-kmyxtw8g1p]t,ao X!)(&?F radde,tdvo/ia’j X!)(_?F ltstraoxqfxjvpcI’’koiafg-p X!))#? c]t vnjoMD -qo-Aode,tdvo1j6xtgmf8jk’M wfh,udkorq;raog-y’j dao c]t dao1jk’c|hoc2hogrnvj lhk’de]a’ csj’7;k,lk,ad7u.o0v[g0f. 0t[;odko8+l0h6 v'de,tdvo1j/6 ia’j 35.

(39) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ mq;j 3]d.shgxaogvdtrk[daoD. 0t[;ode,tdvo1j6va’dyf. ;aomu !$ ,uok xu 7Dl !))# dkd,kdF vk9kozhp6 ’jy .spj0v’-qo-Aode,tdvowfhg4y’cdjdeD c8j-nlj P’ c]t rk]tdyf0v’mjkopa’4nd9k]bdw;h c]t pnopq’16.j ork]tdyfxt8y;af0v’-qo-Ao de,tdvolkdqom5dM7qo 9qo8ts^vfdk]tokoD va’cdo zh6mugj xaogrnvj olt|yf mu9j q’Iadradfu 0v’,kd wfhgxaozhl6 [n mvf c]t c[dsk[ rk]tdyfvaopy’j .spj c]t |ad|j;’oU grnvj oerk0t[;o de,tdvomqj;3]dfegouodkoxt8y;af8+wx 3fpltgrkt c,jodkodtdP,.shcdjdkolhk’8A’ 36.

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(46) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. d=7dn kogduflq’7k,1k/yoj da[va’dyf.oxu 7Dl !)$WF zjkolq’7k,7A’oU 9uogxao/jkpxt]kw- 9b’j pv, g-aolaopk 3fpdkovto5pkf.shv’a dyfg0Qk,kmedko7hkgl]u.o9uoD gonvj ’9kdltrk[rkp.oxtgmf,u7;k,sp5’h pkdla[lqoF xt-k-qo4ndladfyokrkp.o c]t okpmbo8jk’fhk;dqf0u0j 6fIuf1jk’\ad|j;’D fa’j oAoF -k;ok9b’j wfh]5d0Bo8+lh61kj ’c0’cI’ c]t ]Po8yfD .ooAo 0t[;odko]5d0Bo8+lh6mugj faoj d;jk\6cj ,jo0t[;o0v’-k;ok1j6c0;’d;k’-u.o xu 7Dl !)&WF g-y’j r;dg0qkg9Qklk,kflhk’8A’gxao]afgvdt]kf|b’j 0Bo1jm6 k’rkd.8h0v’9uo 3fp,u -n;j kj <w8zy’mPodq;<D dkolhk’8A’]afgvdt]kffa’j djk;oAo0Bo,kd=grnvj lhk’7;k,1jf6 du oy fu.shd[a xt-k-qo9uozhm6 d5 pkd]e[kdoAogv’D c8jlf5 mhkpd=4ndr;dokpmbo8kg;ao8qdlq,mq[da[ladfyok fegouodkoxk[xk,1jk’3sfIhkpxjkg4nvj o9qogIaf.sh0t[;odko8+lf6h ’ja djk; 4ndfa[,vf]q’.oxy 7Dl !)*$D mhkplt8t;afmu XIX sk 8Qolt8t;afmu XXF wfhgduf,ud5,j oadIPoIh6F xaopk-qodhk;|hkmuj ,uoE.9Iad-kfvaol6’lq’j s^kp7qog-aoj G 7k’su;;uF g]nvj ’7hkp-P; c]t zh6vnoj M wfhoerk0t[;o xt8yI6[mk’fhkodkomtskoF dkog,nv’F glf4tdyfF ;afmtotmemk’la'7q,D .oxu 7Dl !_WW dko9af8A’0v’-k;okwfhI[a dkod+8’A 0BogvUo;jk vugsUm;ko g-y’j vq’dkooUwfh[d5 39,8ult4kom6f 8jk’M0v’[aofkxtgmfokpmbomuoj t7vos^;’xaddj’y D c8jd=4dn dv’mtsko0v’r;dg0qk Xiafg-pF va’dyfF /ia’j F pjux5joF g1p]t,aoF vu8k]uF 3v8iyf c]t vkg,iydk? mugj 0Qk,kpbf7v’ s^n 8afc[j’ xtgmf9uooAofegouodkoxk[xk,1jk’ov’g]nvfD gonvj ’9kdwfhI[a zqoltmhvo9kddkoxt8y;fa iafg-p xu 7Dl !_W&{!_W( 0t[;oIad-kf0v’ xt-k-qo9uopa’ln[8+.odko8+l86h kh oladfyok c]t 9addtraf8jk’fhk;1jk’[+1f5 1A’D .oxu 7Dl !_W& mjko -5o1afg-ao wfhlkh ’8A’lt,k7q,9uo0Bogrnvj 37jo]Q,]k-t;q’c,o96 c]t 2No26xtgmf9uo7no.\jD .o-5,xu 7Dl !_W*{!_W)F lt,k7q,wfhoerk !W 0t[;odko]5d0Bo8hko]k-t;q’c,o96 c8jd4= dn xt]kw-D ,kg4y’xu 7Dl !_!!F lt,k7q,9uo wfhxd5 ]tfq,0t[;odko8+l0h6 v'xt-k-qo0Bo 1j6v6-k’ c]t lk,kfpkfwfhw--totD 9kdoAo 0t[;owfhczj]k,wxmqj;xtgmf c]t 8+,k ]af4t[ko-qj;7k;d=wfhIa[dkolhk’8A’0Bo1j6okody’ g-yj’mjko-5o1afg-aowfh4nd7afg]nvdgxao xtmkokmy[=fuD c8jzh6oerkdkoxt8y;af lj;os^kpc,jor;dokpmbo 9bj’gduf,u7;k,1hko;jk 0t[;odko8+l6h0v’,tsk-qo9tdhk;0Bol6]j tfa[l6’ 9b’j 2hk;2a’j g9]t9kda[]k-tleoadc,o96D .o0totfP;daor;d9addtrafwfh[a’7a[.sh]af4t[ko-qj;7k; 9e8hv’,udkoxtouxtov,dao ]ts;jk’lk,/jkp X]af4t[ko-q;j 7k;F ]k-t leoadc,o96 c]t r;d9addtraf?D zqol5fmhkp d=pqd.sh1;o-nw0 X/jkp]k-tleoadc,o96? gxaoxtmkokmy[=fuD lj;o-5o1afg-ao9e8hv’ 43.

(47) ]kvvd9kd8ec|j’gxaovao;jk 0t[;odkoxt8y;af-P’wIwfhlYol5f]q’F veokf c]t mkfcmh0v’dkoxt8y;af.ow]ptoAo d=7ndkoxt8y;afmbooypq, g-yj’[+lk,kfcdhw0[aosk0v’ xt-k-qozh6vvdcI’’kowfh c]t .omulj 5fxtgmf9uod=pa’8qdgxao xtgmfg7y’j g,nv’0Bo0v’[aofk xtgmf9addtraf8jk’fhk;g\nvogfu,D. # D xtgmfvy o gfp. ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. vyogfpgxaoxtgmf.spj c]t gxaoxtgmfmu,j uxt-kdvos^kpgxaovaofa[ @ .o3]dD rkp.o xtgmf ,u7;k,v5fq, Ia’j ,uwxfh;p-a[rtpkdvome,t-kf c]t Iuf7v’xtgrou{;afmtotme ,k8A’c8jltw\[6IkoD .odk’lt8t;afmu XIXF vyogfpwfh8qd1j6.8hcvdxqd7v’0v’r;d]jk g,nv’0Bova’dyfF xt-k-qo 9b’j 4nddqf0u0j f6 Iuf1jk’|ad|j;’.om5dfhkoD fh;pgsfoAoF xt-k-qovyogfp 9bj’wfh]5d0Bo8+8hkoda[r;dg0qk8A’c8jg|nvg4y’rkddk’0v’xtgmfD g4y’;jk 0t[;odko8+lh6 0v’xt-k-qovyogfp.ow]ptoU9t4ndxk[xk,1jk’|ad c]t 4ndxt]kw-d=8k, c8j0t[;odko d=p’a 7q’ln[8+ .odko8+l8h6 kh oda[9addtraf1jk’]Po8yfD. 44.

(48) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ czomu0j t[;odko]5dIn0Bo.oxu 7Dl !)&({!)&_ 16vj yogfpD 45.

(49) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. mhkplt8t;afmu XIX sk8Qolt8t;afmu XXF 9addtrafva’dyf wfhgru,j mt;udkodqf0u0j f6 Iuf xt-k-qovyogfp1jk’|ad|j;’ 3fpltgrkt .oxu 7Dl !)_WF xt-k-qovyogfp9e8hv’glp-u;yf 9kd7;k,vbfsy;g4y’ !) ]hko7qoD 8+gsfdkofa’j djk;9b’j wfhgduf,u0t[;odko8+lh60v’xt-k-qo vyogfp rkp.8hdkooerk0v’-qo-AookpmboD xu 7Dl !))& wfhlhk’8A’radlt,af-kcsj’-kf 0BogvUosp=h;kj radcsj’-kf g-y’j gxaorad0v’-qo-Aookpmbovyogfp 3fprkp.oradwfhc[j’gxao @ /jkpmucj 8d8jk’dao7nG /jkpxt8yI6[oypq,,udkoxtouxtov, da[va’dyf c]t /jkp8+8hkoxt8yI6[ oyp,q oerk3fp8u]da muwj fhxd5 ]tfq, c]t oerk0t[;ode,tdvoF -k;ok c]t xt-k-qovyogfp ]5d0Bo8+8kh or;d]jkg,nv’0Bova’dyfD .oxu 7Dl !)__F 0t[;odko8+lmh6 k’fhkodkog,nv’7A’mevyf0v’-qo-Aode,k-u[ wfhgduf0Bo mugj ,nv’ [v,g[D ,kg4y’xu 7Dl !_W*F de,tdvomk’]qfw2.og,nv’fa’j djk;wfhofa 15f’ko7A’.spj c]t saa^’9kdoAo d=czj]k,wxmq;j xtgmf g-y’j 0t[;odko8+l6hwfh,udkoxtmtda[8es^;f c]t mtskova’dyfD 0t[;odkomujrQogfajod;jk\6jc,jo0t[;o]5dIn0Bo1j6gxao9k[ mujlk,kfpbfwfh leoad’ko8jk’Mmulj e7ao0v’]afD c8j;kj w--totfa’j djk;oAo [+lk,kf7q’8q;wfhfqo gonvj ’9kd 4ndr;d]jkg,nv’0Bova’dyffegouodkoxk[xk,1jk’xjkg4nvj omulj 5fD xu 7Dl !_W)F 8u]ad 4nddjk; xtok,3mf c]t 4ndlqj’wx[jvomujm5]tdaofkoD c8jdtcl2v’xt8y;afpa’7q’ln[8+czj]k,wx .omq;j xtgmf c]t oE.9Iad-kf0v’xt-k-qovyogfp d=p’a ]5dw\hgxaocx;1j.6 osq;.90v’7qoIad -kfvyogfpm5d7qoD. $ D xtgmf8j k ’M.ovk-u v k7tgo. vk-uvk7tgogxao0q’g0fmuj,uvt]yptme,k8A’c8jltw\fbdfe[ao];,ma’gxaofyocfo v5fq,Iaj’,umujg8a,wxfh;p-a[.ofyolyo.ooE c]t ,umuj8A’mk’fhkop5fmtlkfmujle7aovudfh;pD fh;pgsfzqofa’j djk;0q’g0foU9’jb dkpgxaomulj oq .90v’r;d]jkvkokoy7,q X]jkg,nv’0Bo? 8kg;ao8qd ma’s^kp c]t r;dg0qkwfhrkdaosâ’j ws^g0Qk,kI5dIko c]t pbf7v’xtgmfgs^qkj oAo .shdkpgxao sq;g,nv’0Bogrnjvs;a’9twfhdv[3dpgvqk-a[lq,[afF c[j’g0fdkoxqd7v’ c]t gxao8ts^kf grnvj 9e|jkplyo7hk0v’r;dg0qkg-aoj G xtgmfvyo3fgog-pgxaoxtgmfmevyf .ovk-uvk7tgomuwj fh 8qdgxaosq;g,nv’0Bo0v’3Io]a' (Hollande)D .omhkplt8t;afmu XIX sk8Qo lt8t;afmu XXF gduf,u0t[;odko8+l6hxqfxjvp-kf0v’ xt-k-qozh6Iad-kf1j6[aofkxtgmf8jk’M .o0q’g0foU1kj ’s^;’s^kpD .oxu 7Dl !_W&F 1jx6 tgmfvyo3fgog-p wfhlkh ’8A’vq’dkode,t[ko c]t wfhoegvqkmyfltfu 46.

(50) ສະ ສ. ຫງວ ວ. ສ ນລຂິ ະສ ດິ. ,kd{g]oyo g0Qk,kgzupczj1kj ’d;hk’0;k’1jr6 kp.oxtgmfD .oxtgmf2u]y[xyo wfhgduf,u0t[;odko8+l6h8hkodkoxqd7v’0v’9addtrafvkg,iydk 1jk’d;hk’0;k’ c]t 0t[;odkooUwfhfegouowx1jk’g0A,c0’ c]t f5gfnvf g-y’j ,uzh6Iad-kf s^kprao7qoglplts^t-u;yf grnvj xtgmf-kf1jk’ry]tvkfskoD [aofkxtgmf.ocs^,vyof69uo wfhgduf,us^kp0t[;odko8+l6h c]t vq’dko9af8A’Iad-kf grnvj 9af8A’ c]t oerk0t[;odko8+l6h8hkor;d9addtraf]jkg,nv’0Boma’gdqkj c]t .\jD xtgmfs;Pfok, wfhlkh ’8A’raddv,,6oyfs;Pfok,F 8+,kxjPogxaoraddv,,6oyfvyof69uo X];,,u s;Pfok,F ]k; c]t dex6g9p? rkp.8hdkooerk0v' xtmko 3Ij9u,yoF xt-k-qo s;Pfok, wfh1bfveokf c]t xtdkflhk'8A' lkmk]tot]af xt-kmyxtw8 s;Pfok,0Bo .o;aomu @}_}!_$&D xtgmf]k; .og[Nv’8Qowfh,udkolhk’8A’raddv,,6oyfIj;,da[s;Pfok, c]t dex6g9pD 8+,kwfhcpdvvdgxaogvdt]kf3fp,u-;jn kj G radxt-k-qo]k; X!_&&? c]t xjPo,kgxaoradxt-k-qo xt8y;fa ]k; X!_(@?D ovdoAo pa’,uv’q dko9af8A’mk’fhkodkog,nv’muIj da -kfvnoj M7nG co;]k; vyflts^t8+,kxjPogxaoco;]k;Iad-kf c]t xaf95[aoc,joco;]k;lhk’-kfD ryglfl5f[aofkxtgmf.ocs^,vyof69uo wfhz6dc|ho7;k,lk,ad7u7P’[jk7P’ws^jdao8+lh6 grnjv7;k,gxaogvdt]kf c]t vyflt]trk[0v’.z]k;9qowfhIa[w--tot1jk’lq,[6o.o-5,xu !_(&D 7e4k, !D dkoxt8yI6[0v’g,9y wfhfegouowx7nco;.fL @D dkoxt8yI6[0v’g,9y ,aowfhlhk’g’nvj ow0.shpxuj 5oj dhk;0Bolj6]afmy9addtraf 7nco;.fL #D 0t[;odko8+lh60v’xt-k-qozh6vvdcI’’kopjux5oj wfhfegouowxco;.fL $D xtgmf9uo rkp.8hcvdxqd7v’0v’]k-t;q’c,o96 wfhxtlq[[aoskspa’cfjL &D 0t[;odko8+lh60v’xt-k-qozh6vvdcI’’ko9uo wfhfegouowxco;.fL *D r;d]jkg,nv’0Bova’dyf wfhfegouoot3p[kpco;.f8+xtgmfvyogfpL (D xt-k-qovyogfp wfhfegouodko8+8hkor;d]jkg,nv’0Bova’dyfco;.fL )D .omhkplt8t;afmu XIX sk8Qolt8t;afmu XXF [aofkxt-k-kf.o0q’g0fvk-uvk7tgo wfhfegouodko8+ld6h [a r;d9addtrafzhI6 d5 Ikoco;.fL. 47.

xts;aflkf -Ao,afmtpq, xumu @ IP[IP&rsquo;3fp

xts;aflkf -Ao,afmtpq, xumu @ IP[IP’3fp