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Texte intégral

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(4) lk]t[ko |hk I. dkogInvo. [qfmu !G [qfmu @G [qfmu #G [qfmu $G [qfmu &G. rkdmu. II. dkospy[f6d c]t spy[d5ho ............................................................................. 1 dkoclj; ....................................................................................................... 10 cd’lQ, c]t gvktdtmyDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 19 g-njv,\kddh;p c]t g-njv,,ao8Qo ............................................................... 23 dkofv’zad c]t \kdw,h ........................................................................... 26. dkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’laf. [qfmu *G [qfmu (G [qfm )G [qfmu _G [qfmu !WG [qfmu !!G [qfmu !@G [qfmu !#G. rkdmu. III. [qfmu !$G [qfmu !&G [qfmu !*G [qfmu !(G [qfmu !)G [qfmu !_G [qfmu @WG [qfmu @!G [qfmu @@G [qfmu @#G. dkodhkcdjo8Qow,hdyo\kd........................................................................... 29 dkox6d8Qow,hdyo\kdfh;pcdjo ................................................................... 34 dkogda[d6h c]t dko9e|jkp\kdw,h .........................................................40 dko]hP’laf.spj............................................................................................ 44 7vd c]t v5xtdvo.odko]hP’laf.spj....................................................... 47 dko]hP’’q; c]t 7;kp .............................................................................. 50 vksko c]t dko.shvksko’q; c]t 7;kp ............................................. 53 rtpkflaf c]t dkoxhv’dao ...................................................................... 56. ສ. ວ. ສ. rkdmu. dko-jk’ dko8afw,h c]t -vpw,h ............................................................................... 59 xtmkpd+....................................................................................................... 65 g7njv’.=-hw22hk ............................................................................................... 71 g7njv’,nlhv,cx’ c]t g7njv’;afcmdw22hk ................................................. 77 dko-j;pgs^nvz6hxtlq[v5xt8ygsf9kdw22hk .................................................. 81 dko;afcmdF dko8af c]t dkog]njvp3]st............................................... 83 7;k,xvfwr.o’ko3]st ........................................................................... 88 g7njv’,nlhv,cx’]qfpqo ................................................................................ 92 dkooe.-hg7njv’,nlhv,cx’]qfpqo ................................................................ 95 dko[q;]t[afIadlk c]t dkogda[,hPog7njv’,n-jk’]qfpqo ........................ 99.

(5)

(6) rkdmu I dkogInvo [qfmu ! dkospy[f6d c]t spy[d5ho dkospy[f6d c,jospy[zhklv’czjo.sh8yfdaofh;p;ymuspy[fQo s^n spy[[kf4vp sâ’D ;ymuspy[f6d c8j]tf6dc8d8jk’daoF dkospy[d5ho c,jodkooezhkvudczjo|b'j muj 8afmk’lts^P’ s^n vkf9t.-hzhkd5homujgIafleg]afI6[c]h;,kspy[.sh8yfda[zhkmuj8af g-ajoG [jvo7=glNvF c0oglNvF 8uoglNvF 4q’glNv c]t vnjoM grnjv[+.shgsaoc7,zhkmuj 8afoAo c]t pa’-j;p.sh’k, c]t mqomkoD. ;yymuspy[f6dme,tfk. ສ. ວ. ສ. !D. 8afzhk0t|kf &V!W -a’8uc,af @ czjo c]t deoqfglAospy[3fp.-hl=0ufzhk0ufglAo-nj9kdc7, zhkxt,ko !{@ -a’8uc,afD. I6[ !. spy[zhk @ czjo.sh8yfdao3fp.-h[kfspy[fQo s^n^ [kfspy[4vps^’a .shspy[8k,glAospy[muj0ufw;h c]t sjk’9kdc7,zhkxt,ko !{@ -a’8uc,afD djvo9tspy[f6d8hv’9a[zhklv’czjo8yfdao3fp.sh .-hzhkmk'fucxtdaoc]h;spy[f6dmk’xUo0v’ zhkD I6[ @. 1.

(7) sa^’9kdspy[c]h; ]uff6d.sh]P[3fp]ufc[f6d vvd Xfaj’I6[ #?D. g8qk]uf. I6[ #. ]uf]Q,f6dc,jo]uff6dra[ma[dao Xfaj’I6[ $?D. g8qk]uf. I6[ $. @D. ;ymuspy[f6dg0Qk4E 8afzhk0t|kf &V!W -a’8uc,af @ czjo c]tde oqfglAospy[ 3fp.-hl0= fu zhk0ufglAo-nj9kdc7,zhk xt,ko ! -a’8uc,afD I6[ !. 2.

(8) spy[zhk @ czjo.sh8yfdao 3fp.-h[kfspy[fQo s^n spy[[kf4vpsâ’ spy[gmnjv ! .shspy[sjk’vvd ,k9kdglAomuj0uf\kpw;hspy[oAoxt,ko WF# -a’8uc,afD dkospy[f6d9t8hv’9a[zhklv’czjo 8yfdao 3fp.shzhkmk’xUoda[mk’xUo16jcxtdao c]h;spy[f6dmk’fu0v’zhkD I6[ @. I6[ #. ສ. ວ. ສ. sâ’9kdspy[c]h;.sh8afc7,zhk[jvof6dvvd4Y, grnjv[+.shf6dspy[.spj c]t |kD. xUoda[,kspy[f6d16jzhkmk’xUospy[gmnjvmu @D. . I6[ $. 3.

(9) #D. ;ymuspy[]Q,f6d s^n spy[f6dlYofh;p,n 8afzhk0t|kf &V!W -a’8uc,af @ czjo c]tde oqfglAospy[ 3fp.-hl0= fu zhk0ufglAo-nj9kdc7,zhk xt,ko ! -a’8uc,afD. I6[ ! spy[zhk @ czjo.sh8fy dao3fp.-h[kfspy[fQo s^^n [kfspy[4vpsâ’F .shspy[8k,glAospy[muj0ufw;h c]t sjk’9kdc7,zhkxt,ko !{@ -a’8uc,afF .shspy[f6dfuda[mk’fu1cj6 xtdaodjvoc]h;9bj’spy[ f6dmk’xUo0v’zhkD I6[ @. cpdzhk @ czjovvd9kddao 8afc7,zhkczjo ! vvd WF( -a’8uc,afD. I6[ # ra[zhkczjomu @ g-njv’c7,zhkw;hmk’.o .shgsn^v f6d WF& -a’8uc,af c]h;spy[[kf4vpsa^’ sn^ lvpf6dw;hspy[gmnjvmu @D. I6[ $ 4.

(10) ;ymuspy[f6d76j 8afzhk0t|kf &V!W -a’8uc,af @ czjo c]tde oqfglAospy[ 3fp.-hl=0ufzhk 0ufglAo-nj9kdc7, zhkxt,ko ! -a’8uc,afD I6[ ! spy[zhk @ czjo.sh8fy dao 3fp.-h[kfspy[fQo s^^n [kfspy[4vpsâ’ .shspy[8k,glAospy[muj0ufw;h c]t sjk’9kdc7,zhkxt,ko ! -a’8uc,afD djvo9tspy[f6d 8hv’9a[zhklv’czjo.sh8fy dao 3fp.shzhkmk’fuda[mk’fu1j6cxtdao c]h;spy[ f6dmk’xUo0v’zhkD. ສ. ວ. ສ. $D. I6[ @. cpdzhk @ czjovvd9kddao 8afc7,zhkczjo mu ! vvd WF( -a’8uc,afD. I6[ #. ra[c7,zhkczjomu @ g-njv’c7,zhkw;hmk’.o .sh f6dgs^nvxt,ko WF& -a’8uc,afF fk,gmy’c7,zhk mk’.ow;hD I6[ $ 5.

(11) spy[gmy’zhkfhkoovd3fp.shspy[g8a’Ivp[jvomuj fk,w;h g,njvxUozhkmk’fhko.ovvd,k 9tgsao gxaof6d76jD. I6[ &. &D. ;ymuspy[d5ho 8afzhklts^P’le]a[spy[dh5o.shd;hk’gmqjkda[ $ gmnjv0v’0t|kfmuj9tspy[dho5 7nG dho5 d;hk’ WF& -a’8uc,afF 9t8hv’8afzhk.shd;hk’xt,ko @ -a’8uc,afD I6[ ! spy[8+zhkdh5o 3fp.shzhkmk’fuda[mk’fucxtdao lQozhklts^P’xUowx7qo]tmk’ Xfaj’I6[ @? g,njv spy[c]h;9t8hv’.shltg\udaoD I6[ @ ]ufc[f6d .shgvqkg8qk]ufg8a’ c]t [+7;o46g8qk ]ufgrkt9tgIaf.shzhk1nf g,njvwfh7;k,pk; .sh 8afc7,zhkdho5 Xfaj’I6[ #?D. I6[ # g8qk]uf. ]ufra[c7,zhkdh5o.sh]P[3fp.-hg9hp;k’ grnjv .shra[c7,zhkwfh’jkpD I6[ $ 6.

(12) spy[zhkdh5o8yfda[zhkvudczjo|bj’ fh;p;ymuspy[ fQo sn^ ;ymuspy[[kf4vpsa^’D I6[ & ra[zhkdh5osh5,f6dspy[c]h;9bj’lvpzhkd5ho.sh8yf daoD I6[ *. I6[ (. ສ. ວ. ສ. spy[zhkd5ho-nj9qol5f7;k,pk;0v’zhkD. spy[zhkdh5o8yfda[zhkvudczjo|bj’ fh;p;ymuspy[ fQo sn^ ;ymuspy[[kf4vpsa^’ Xspy[d5hoc9zhk?D. I6[ ). ra[c9zhkdh5oc]h; g]uj,spy[8+c93fp[+8hv’spy[ g8a’c9zhkmujspy[ra[D I6[ _. 7.

(13) ra[zhkdho5 sh,5 f6dspy[fh;p;ymulvp sn^ spy[ c]t ra[[jvoc9zhkdh5o. I6[ !W. zhkmujspy[dh5oc9IP[Ihvp Xzhkmk’fu?D. I6[ !!. zhkmk’fu. spy[zhkd5ho8yfda[zhkvudczjo|bj’ fh;p;ymuspy[ fQo s^n spy[[kf4vpsâ’ Xspy[d5hozhk37h’? .og; ]kspy[[+8hv’fb’zhkd5hoD. I6[ !@. zhkmk’fu. ra[zhkd5hos5h,f6dspy[ c]h;ra[c9lvpzhkd5ho.sh 8yfda[zhkmk’xUo8k,8hv’dko ]ufglAozhkd5ho .sh]P[D. I6[ !# 8.

(14) 7e4k, !D dkospy[f6dfh;p,nc,jooe.-h[kfspy[fQo c]t [kfspy[4vpsa^’D dD 4nd 0D zyf @D dkospy[f6dg0Qk4Ec,jospy[ @ gmnjv dD 4nd 0D zyf #Ddko8afzhkd5ho8hv’d;hk’gmqjkda[ $ gmnjv0v’0t|kfmuj9tspy[d5ho7ngIqk8hv’dko d5hod;hk’ WF& -a’8uc,af 9t8hv’8afzhkd;hk’xt,ko @ -a’8uc,afD dD 4nd 0D zyf. ສ. ວ. ສ. $D dkospy[f6dlYogryjooe.-h;ymuspy[c[[.fL X.sh\kp 9 .lj dD spy[c[[]Q,f6d 0D spy[c[[f6dme,tfk 7D spy[c[[f6dg0Qk4E 'D spy[c[[f6d76j &D dko8afzhkle]a[spy[d5ho7;o8afzhkmk’.fL X.sh\kp 9 .lj dD 8afzhkmk’-nj 0D 8afzhkmk’0;k’ 7D 8afzhkmk’lts^P’ 'D 8afzhkmk’8A' *D dkospy[f6d8jk’da[dkospy[d5hoco;.fL. 9. rP’ ! 0=h?D. rP’ ! 0=h?D.

(15) [qfmu @ dkoclj; !D. ;afltf5 c]t v5xtdvo.odkoclj; dkoclj; c,joI6[c[[|bj’0v’dkospy[muj.-hfhkpclj;xtdv[fh;plu8jk’M lt cf’];f]kp sn^ I6[rk[s^kp1jk’muj8oq gv’,ad sn^ zhkcrle]a[9tclj;F grnjvco.lj dkoxtfa[xtfkmuj9q[’k,g-ajoG clj;I6[fvdw,hF 38|a’lnF lafF 7qoF I6[me,t-kf c]t vnjoMD dkoclj; gxao;Pdmujzh6gIaf8hv’dko7;k,lt[kp.9 faj’oAogrnjvltf;d.odko gIaf;Pd9bj’7;o9af8P,;afltf5 c]t g7njv’,n8jk’M muj9egxao8hv’.-hw;h.sh7q[4h;o c]t 1j6.oltrk[muj9t9a[,k.-hwfhmaomuD ;afltf5 c]t g7njv’,n.odkoclj;,ufaj’oUG { l=fe c]t l=l8u jk’M le]a[]vd]kpclj; s^n ]v’lu.odkoclj; grnjvg[yj’;jkg;]kclj; c]h;9t’k,fu s^n [+S { ,uf8af.spj.-h8afzhkle]a[clj; c]t ,uf8afohvp.-h8affhkpclj;S { ltfb’,u @ -toyf7nG ltfb’c[[;q’,qo.-h clj;]kpohvp,us^kp0t|kf c]t ltfb’ c[[lujc9lkd .-hle]a[clj;zhkzno.spj c]t clj;]kp.spjS { g0a,\5f-toyf,usq;xkpcs^,[+gxao0U\hP’ .-hle]a[xadzhk[+.shg7njvowx,kS { g0a,,n7;o,us^kp0t|kf grnjvg]nvd.-h8k,]adltot0v’goNvzhk c]tfhkpclj;zhk crle]a[clj;,us^kp-toyfG goNv[k’F gxaoluF gxao8kF gxaoc-d c]t gxao 95fS { g9hpdkd[volu .-hle]a[]vd]kp.ljgmy’zhkcrmuj9tclj;,us^kplug-ajoG lu2hkFlu0P;F lu0k;F lucf’ c]t lugs^nv’ g]nvd.-h8k,7;k,g\ktlq,da[lu0v’zhkclj;F g9hp oE,ao-toyf[k’ s^n |k .-hle]a[]vd]kpc[[clj;S { g9hpc0’czjo.spj.-hle]a[Iv’mk’fhko]5j, g;]kmuj]vd]kp.ljzhkcrle]a[clj;D. 10.

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(19) #D. dkoclj;[kfg7nvF w0j;8uodk c]t [kf3lh. #D!. clj;[kfg7nv cm’g0a,0Bo9kdfhko]j5,0v’zhk clj;95f\kp g]d ! c]h;fb’g0a,0BoD I6[ !. I6[ @. I6[ #. cm’g0a,]q’[jvo\kpg]d @ c]t lvfg0a, cm’0Bo95fg7yj’dk’ ]ts;jk’95f ! c]t 95f @ c]h;fb’g0a,0Bo.sh[kfclj;lts^P'g]adohvp 9t wfh[kfclj;[kfg7nv[kfmu !D. cm’g0a,]q’[jvo\kpg]d # c]t lvfg0a, cm’0Bo95fg7yj’dk’ ]ts;jk’95f @ c]t 95f # c]h;fb’g0a,0Bo .sh[kfclj;lts^P'g]adohvp c]h;9bj’clj;[kf8+Mwx .shxt8y[fa 7ndoa da[[kfmu ! c]t [kfmu @D. dkoclj;[kfg7nvlj;os^kpgryjooe.-hle]a[clj;[jvomujgxaoI6['jkw,h c]t .[w,h. 14.

(20) clj;w0j;8uodk XI6[\kp76o?. cm’g0a,0Bo9kdfhko]j5,0v’zhk clj;95f \kp g]d ! c]h;fb’g0a,0BoD I6[ !. cm’g0a,]q’95f\kpg]d $ c]t lvfg0a,cm’ 0Bo95f\kpg]d # c]h;fb’g0a,0Bo I6[ @. ສ. ວ. ສ. #D@. cm’g0a,]q’95f\kpg]d @ c]t lvfg0a,cm’ 0Bo95f\kpg]d * c]h;fb’g0a,0Bo 9twfh[kf clj;w0;j8uodk ! [kf. I6[ # cm’g0a,]q’95f\kpg]d # c]t lvfg0a,cm’ 0Bo95f\kpg]d & c]h;fb’g0a,0BoF cm’]q’95f \kpg]d $ c]t lvfg0a,0Bo95f\kpg]d ) c]h;9bj’clj;[kf8+Mwx .shxt8y[af7ndaoda[[kf mu ! c]t [kfmu @D I6[ $ 15.

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(30) 7e4k, !D .odkog-njv,dh;p grnjv.shd;h pgxaolucf’gIqk7;o.-hg;]k8Q,9ad-qj;3,’L X.sh\kp 9 .lj rP’ ! 0=h?D dD ! { @ -qj;3,’ 0D # { $ -qj;3,’ 7D & { * -qj;3,’ 'D ( { ) -qj;3,’. ສ. ວ. ສ. @D gxaospa’gryjo9j’b .-hw2xkodk’.odkog-njv,,ao8QoL X.sh\kp 9 .lj dD grnjv.sh,ao8QooAogxaolucf’ c]t vjvoo5,h fugxao1k’.lM 0D grnjv.sh,ao8QooAogxaolucf’F [+vjvo c]t c0’gduowx 7D grnjv.sh,ao8QooAolucf’ c]t c0’ gda[w;hdyofqowfh 'D grnjv.sh,ao8Qogxaolucf’ c]t gxnjvpfu #D grnjv.shdkog-njv,,u]fq -kfc-[gIqk7;og]nvddh;p c]t ,aoc[[.fL X.sh\kp 9 .lj rP’ ! 0=h?D dD dh;pmuj.sjpF ,aosq;.sjp c]t c0’cdjfu 0D dh;pmujld5 gsuj,F ,aosq;.sjplqf 7D dh;pmuj.sjpfy[ c]t ,aod+8vh ’g]nvdgvqksq;.sjp[+,cu ,’ 'D dh;pl5dfu c]t ,aomujcdjfu. 25. rP’ ! 0=h?D.

(31) [qfmu & dkofv’zad c]t \kdw,h dko4t\v,vkskofh;p;ymufv’gxaoxaf.9le7aovao|bj’ muj7qogIqkxt8y[af.odko x5’c8j’3fpltgrktc,jofv’zad c]t \kdw,h-toyf8jk’M grnjvgda[Iadlkw;hdyofqo g-ajoG zaddkfF zadmP,F \kdgzafF \kdc8’F \kdg0nvF \kd8hv’F \kd,j;’F \kd0k, c]t vnjoMD. !D. dkofv’zaddt]jexu dD g7njv’xtdv[ !D zaddt]j=kxu @D oE8ko #D gdnvxqjo $D oEltvkf &D oElQ,lkp-6. !}@ @ @ @ #. dy3]dik, [j;’cd’ [j;’cd’ 4h;pohvp [j;’cd’. 0D dkodtdP, { g]nvdgvqkzaddt]jexusq;mju.sjp c]t c|hofuF lqf c]t [+gxaoc,’S { xvddk[zaddt]je-Aomevyfvvd zjk.shwfhxt,ko *{) xjP’ c]h;oewx]hk’oE.sh ltvkf xtw;h.shltgfafoES { oezaddt]jexuwx];dr=\kf Xl5dcfF [+l5dcf?S { 0;f3s^9tgxao0;fcdh; s^n 0;f1k’d=wfh c8j8hv’]hk’.shltvkfglpdjvoD. 7D ;ymux5’ xtlq,oE8koF gdnvF oElQ, c]t oEltvkfc]h;oewx8Q,.sh2qfF xq’]q’ c]t xt w;h.shg1aoF 8v’fh;pzhk0k; 9kdoAooegvqkzaddt]jexumuj];doAo,k]Po.lj0;f3s^mju dP,w;hooA .shc|ho c]t c9[fuS s^’a 9kdoAogvqkoEfv’muj8P,w;h]’q .lj c]h;xyf/k .shc|ho [+.sh]q,g0Qk xtw;hxt,ko @{# ,N d=lk,kfoe,kIa[xtmkowfhD. 26.

(32) @D. dkofv’sq;zadmP, dD g7njv’xtdv[ !D sq;zadmP,lqf @D gdnv #D oElQ,lkp-6 $D oEltvkf &D oE8ko. !}@ @ # @ @. dy3]dik, [j;’cd’ [j;’cd’ 4h;pohvp [j;’cd’. 0D dkodtdP,. 7D ;ymux5’. ສ. ວ. ສ. { g]nvdgvqksq;zadmP,mujlqf c]t lq,[6ofu lyj’le7ao8hv’gxaosq;zadmP,mujgda[d6h,k.\jS { oesq;zadmP,,kxvddk[cdjvvd c]h;8afsq;F 8af8uo c]h;]hk’oE.shltvkf xt w;h.shhcsh’S { 0;f3s^9tgxao0;fcdh; s^n 0;f1k’d=wfh c8j8hv’,u/kvafF mjule7ao8hv’]hk’oE.sh ltvkfglpdjvoD xtlq,oE8koF gdnvF oElQ, c]t oEltvkfc]h;oewx8Q,.sh2qf xq’]q’ c]t xt w;h.shg1aoF 8v’fh;pzhk0k; 9kdoAooewx.lj0;f3s^muj0hkg-Nvc]h; oegvqksq;zad mP,mujdP,w;hoAo.lj0;fmujxtlq,oEw;hc]h;oAo c]t vaf/k.shc|ho xtw;hxt,ko ! gfnvo d=lk,kfoe,kIa[xtmkowfhD. #D. dkofv’\kd,j;’ dD g7njv’xtdv[ !D \kd,j;’cdh; @D gdnvxqjo X8e? #D oE8ko $D oEx6o.l. 27. ! !WW @WW !. dy3]dik, dik, dik, [j;’cd’.

(33) 0D dkodtdP, { g]nvdgvqk\kd,j;’|j;pmjulqfF .sjp c]t 8n’j fuS { xvdgxnvd\kd,j;’vvd ]hk’oE.shltvkfF zjkgxaoxjP’c]h;oewxc-joEx6o.l xtw;hxt,ko * -qj;3,’ c]h;9bj’]hk’fh;poEltvkfS { 8egdnv.shcs^dS { 0;f3s^9tgxao0;fcdh; s^n 0;f1k’d+wfh c8j8hv’,u/kvaf mjule7ao8hv’]hk’oE.sh ltvkfglpdjvoD. 7D ;ymux5’ gvqkgdnvF oE8kowx8Q,.ljw2.sh2qfc]h;xq’]q’xtw;h.shg1aoF gvqk\kd,j;’,k.lj 0;f3s^ c]h;gvqkoEfv’,k4vd.lj.sh4h;,\kd,j;’F gvqkw,hwzj0af\kd,j;’w;h[+.sh \kd,j;’260BoF vaf/k.shc|hoxtw;hxt,ko ! vkmyf lk,kfIadlkw;hD. 7e4k, !D zaddt]jexumju9toe,kfv’oAo7;og]nvdgvqksq;muj.sjp c]t c|hofuD dD 4nd 0D zyf @D dkofv’sq;zadmP,.shc-[gIqk7;og]nvdsq;zadmP,7nco;.fL X.sh\kp 9 .lj rP’! 0=?h D dD sq;zadmP,mu8kdcsh’ 0D sq;zadmP,musq;ohvp c]t [+lqf 7D sq;zadmP,sq;.sjp c]t skd=gda[d6h 'D sq;zadmP,sq;.spj c]t 8kdcsh’ #D dkogIafoEle]a[fv’sq;zadmP,gIqk7;ogIafco;.fL X.sh\kp 9 .lj rP’! 0=h?D dD gvqkoEF gdnvF oE8ko7qo.shg0Qkdao 0D gvqkoEF gdnvF oE8ko8Q,.sh2qfc]h;xq’xtw;h.shg1ao 7D gvqkoE c]t oE8ko8Q,.shg0Qkdao 'D gvqkoE8ko c]t gdnv3Ip.ljg7njv’mujoe,kfv’ 28.

(34) rkdmu II dkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’laf [qfmu * dkodhkcdjo8Qow,hdyo\kd !D. 7;k,\kp7;k,le7ao0v’8Qow,hdyo\kd. @D. ສ. ວ. ສ. 8Qow,hdyo\kd c,jow,h1no8Qogxaolj;o.spjmuj,uvkp5s^kpxu c]t .sh\kdmuj.-hIa[ xtmkogxaovkskowfhD le]a[8Qow,hdyo\kd,u7;k,le7aofaj’oUG { .shIqj,F .shvkdkfmujlqf.l c]t s^5fzjvodkog-ktg9njvo0v’fyoS { gxao1kS { gxaovkskog-ajoG \kdw,hgxaovksko muj.sh;y8k,yo c]t cIjmkf muj9egxao.shcdj 7qogIqk grnjv.shgIqk,ul50trk[c0’cI’ 7;o[=]y3rd\kdw,hl5dxt,ko !{# 7A’ 8+;aoS { lk,kf-j;p.sh7qo4ngxaovk-u[8Qo8= c]t leIv’wfhD .oxtgmf]k;gIqk c8j]tmhv’4yjo9t,u\kdw,hmujgxaoglf4tdyfs^kp-toyfg-ajoG \kd]t,5fF \kd,UF \kd0k,F \kddhP’ c]t vnjoM g-yj’lk,kfx6dwfh8k,ltrk[ 0v’mhv’4yjoD. 75oxt3spf0v’dkox6d8Qow,hdyo\kdfh;pcdjoraofu 75oxt3spf0v’dkox6d8Qow,hdyo\kdfh;pcdjoraofu,ufaj’oUG { g[hpraornf8A’38wfhw; c]t ,u7;k,c0’cI’S { cdjorao[+gxaocs^j’czjg-Nv3]d s^n laf86rnfwfh’jkpS { mqomkoda[ltrk[c;f]hv,wfhfuS { ,uvkp5pk;.odko.shzqozt]yfD. #D. 8Qow,hdyo\kdmujx6dfh;pcdjo 8Qow,hdyo\kdmujx6dfh;pcdjo,u7nG 8Qo\kd,j;'F 8Qo\kd,UF 8Qo\kdok;F 8Qo\kd]t,5fF 8Qo\kd0k,F 8Qo\kddhP'.spj X\kdr5dF lQ,3v? 8Qo\kddhP'F 8Qo\kd0Us6fF 8Qo\kdlufk c]t 8Qo\kd0P[gxao8QoD. 29.

(35) $D. dko7afg]nvdco;rao. $D!. ]adltot0v’cdjoraomujfu { gxaoraomujfuS { ,u]adltotdq’da[lkpraoS { [=]yl5f c]t xaflt9kdcdjo-toyfraovnjoMS { ltvkf c]t .\jS { ]adltotrkpovdfuF lulqf.lF [+]u[F [+vjvo s^n [+cdjgduowxS { [+,ucdjoc8dD. $D@. dkoIadlkcdjorao cdjo\kdw,h lk,kfgda[Iadlkw;hwfhfqolq,7;og-ajoG cdjo\kd0k,F cdjo\kd ,UF cdjo\kdlufkF cdjo\kd0P[F cdjo\kddtmaoF cdjo\kdok;F cdjo\kd dhP’ g-yj’lk,kfgda[Iadlkw;hfqog4y’ ! xuD 7;ogda[w;hlt4komujIqj,F ,u]q,]j;’xqddt 8yF [+,uc,’w,h c]t rtpkf]q[d;oD. \kd,U. \kd0k,. \kds5j’. \kddhP’. gonjv’9kd,u[k’-toyf[+lk,kgda[Iadlkw;hfoq wfhF ltoAo 8hv’wfhcdtgvqkcdjovvd 9kd\kdg-ajoG \kd,j;’ c]t \kd]t,5fD. \kd,j;’. \kd]t,5f 30.

(36) $D#. sâddko.odkogda[Iadlkcdjorao dkogda[Iadlkcdjorao 7;oxt8y[affaj’oUG { g]nvdgvqk\kdmujl5dfuS { ]hk’ c]t xvd\kdw,hgvqkcdjovvd c]h;g]nvdgvqkcdjomujfuF ltvkf c]t 8nj'D { gvqkcdjowx8kdcff s^n vq[.shcsh’S { [ao95.lj4q’1k’F dtxJv’ c]t 34S { w;h[jvocsh’F ]q,]j;’F xaflt9kdg-Nvrtpkf c]t c,’w,hD. &D. dkodtdP,fyo dD lj;oxtlq, # lj;o ! lj;o @ lj;o. ສ. ວ. ສ. !D fyoz5z5jp @D /5jo7vd #D fyo-kp. 0D ;ymuxtlq,fyo. gvqkfyoz5z5jpF /5jo7vd c]t fyo-kp ,kxtlq,g0Qkdao8k,vaf8klj;o0hk’gmy’ c]h;gvqkwx[ao95.lj4q’1k’dhkF -k,F 75 s^n .lj|ko3fpdq’D. *D. dkodhkcdjo. *D!. dkodhkcdjo.o|ko dkodhkcdjo.o|ko 7;oxt8y[af8k,0Ao8vofaj’oUG dD |ko 0t|kf7;k,d;hk’ c]t 7;k,pk;0v’|koc,jo !F@ c,af x !W c,af 0v[ |ko7;od+f;h pfyo9uj s^n w,hxjv’ grnjvxhv’dao[+.shfyo.o|kog-ktg9njvo g;]ksqfoED 0D dkodP,fyo dkodP,fyolk,kfgIafwfhfh;ps^kp;ymug-ajoG 05fF w4 c]h;7kf s^n m5[fyo.shc8d ]tvPfF Ik[rP’fu c]t .lj/5jo7vdS /5jo7vdmujoe,k.-h7;ozjkodko8kd s^n [qj, djvo grnjvxhv’dao[+.shcdjorao8yfg-Nv3]dD. 31.

(37) 7D dkodhkcdjo dkodhkcdjo,u @ ;ymufaj’oUG !D dhkcdjo3fpdko3Ip.lj|hk|kog-ajoG cdjolufkD rkpsâ’s;jkocdjo .shgvqk/5jo c]t fyoxqd|hk c]h;sqfoE.sh-5j,D @D dhkcdjo3fpdkoxad]q’.lj|kog-ajoG \kd,UF \kd]t,5f c]t \kd0P[S .shgvqk cdjo\kdw,hxad]q’fyomujxtlq,c]h;.o|ko s^n v5xtdvox6dmujdP,w;h sâ’9kdoaho .shgvqkoEsqffyo.sh-5j,D 'D dko[q;]t[afIadlk|kodhk sqfoE.sh-5j,lt\Oltg\u [+7;osqfs^kp9qogduowxF de9af;afltrnf c]t 7;o r;ofyo.lj/5joD 9D dkophkpgvqkg[hp g,njvg;]kg[hp8Qow,h.sjpr=muj9tgvqkwxx6d 7;oxt8y[affaj’oUG { djvo9t9U,.shsqfoE grnjv.shg[hpw,hs^qd’jkpF 8Qo[+0kfS { .sh7jvp9U,gvqkg[hp1jk’]t,af]t;a’F [+.shIkd0kfS { rtpkpk,.shIkd,ufyo8yfwxoeD. *D@. dkodhkcdjo.lj4q’1k’ s^n 34 dkodhkcdjo.lj4q’1k’ s^n 34 7;oxt8y[affaj’oUG { -N4q’1k’ s^n 349kdIhko0kpg7njv’dtglf s^n Ihko7hkmqj;wxS { gvqkfyomujxtlq,c]h; Ijkp.lj.o4q’1k’ s^n 34 Xfyomujoe,k.-h 7;ozjkodko8kd s^n [qj,djvo grnjvxhv’dao[+.shcdjorao8yfg-Nv3]d?S { 3Ipcdjo.lj Xle]a[cdjomujg\ktda[dko3Ip7nG cdjolufk? s^n xadcdjo]q’.o4q’1k’ Xle]a[cdjomujg\ktda[dkoxad7nG cdjo0P[F cdjo]t,5f?S { sqfoE.sh-5j,16jltg\uF 4hk,u;afltrnfgduf0Bo .shs^qdvvdS { sâ’9kdcdjoc8d’vdgxaog[hpr=muj9tgvqkwxx6d .shoewxx6d.o|komujdP,w;hD. 32.

(38) 7e4k,. ສ. ວ. ສ. !D 4q’1k’ s^n 34 muj.-h.odkodhkcdjoc,jo-Ngvqk.oIhko0kpg7njv’dtglfD dD4nd 0D zyf @D -toyf\kdw,hmujgxaoglf4tdyf,uvao.fcfjL X.sh\kp 9 .lj rP’! 0=h?D dD \kd]t,5f 0D \kd0k, 7D \kddhP’ ’D 4nd\qfm5d0=h #D lj;oxtlq,0v’fyo.odkodhkcdjo,uvao.fcfjL X.sh\kp 9 .lj rP’! 0=h?D dD fyoz5z5jp 0D /5jo7vd 7D fyo-kp ’D 4nd\qfm5d0=h. 33.

(39) [qfmu ( dkox6d8Qow,hdyo\kdfh;pcdjo !D. dko7afg]nvdlt4komuj dko7afg]nvdlt4komuj grnjv.sh,u7;k,g\ktlq,da[-toyfrao0v’8Qow,hmuj9tx6d 3fp,uxaf.9faj’]5jooUG. !D!. xaf.9djP;da[fyo fyomujg\ktlq,cdjdkox6d8Qow,hdoy \kd7;o,ucIjmkf c]t vksko.ofyov5fq,lq, [6oF fyo|P;xtlq,fyo-kpF ,u7;k,lk,kff6f-b,oE c]t ]t[kpoEwfhfuF 7;k, gxaodqf { gxaofja’ XpH? 0v’fyomujg\ktlq,D. !D@. xaf.9djP;da[vkdkf xaf.9mujle7ao0v’vkdkf,u7nG v5ostr6,F 7;k,-5j,-njoF ]q, c]t cl’cff g-yj’ xaf.9gsqj^koU,u7;k,le7aos^kp.odkox6d c]tdko9tg]uog8u[380v’8Qow,hdyo\kdD. !D#. xaf.9djP;da[ltrk[0v’oE oEgxaolyj’le7ao8+dko9tg]uog8u[380v’8Qow,hF gxaolyj’mujoegvqkmkfvksko9kd fyog0Qkl6jIkd0v’rnfF ltoAodkog]nvdlt4komujgIafl;ox6d8Qow,hdyo\kd8hv’.sh.dh sh;pF Ijv’F 7v’F [b’ c]t cs^j’oEmuj,uoE0a’8ts^vfxuD. !D$. xaf.9djP;da[glAomk’7q,,tok7q, dkog]nvdlt4komuj gIafl;ox6d8Qow,hdyo\kd 8hv’7eob’g4y’4t|qosqomk’ g-yj’[+7;o16jwd9qogduowx c]t glAomk’7q,,tok7q, 7;o9tfur=lq,7;o grktgIqk 8hv’g0Qkvvd16j8ts^vfg;]k grnjv0qov5xtdvo c]t ;afltf5 .odkogIafl;og-ajoG ,ufF rhkF 9qdF [A’luf1k c]t /5joD. !D&. xaf.9djP;da[8ts^kf 8ts^kf8hv’\Ao7q’F [+wdgduowxF zqozt]yf0v’z6xh d6 8hv’lt\Oltg\u .oxt]y,ko mujrP’r= c]t ,u75ootrk[mujfuD. 34.

(40) @D. 75olq,[af0v’fyo fyo mujg\ktlq,8+dko9tg]uog8u[380v’dkox6d8Qow,hdyo\kd 3fpmqj;wx,ulj;o xtdv[mujle7aofaj’ouhG { ,uvtoyo-u;fa 45g-ajoG suoF cIjF mkf8jk’M mujzjkodkopjvp]t]kpS { ,uvyo-u;af45g-ajoG lj;omujwfh9kddkogoqjkgxnjvpF z5ra’F ]t]kp8q;0v’-kdrnfF -kd laf c]t 95]yo-u9tgIaf.shfyoz5z5jpF ,udko]t[kpoE c]t dko4jkpgmvkdkfwfhfuD { ,uoEmujgxaolj;oxtdv[16j8k,-jv’s;jk']ts;jk'g,affyog-y'j 9t-j;p]t]kpvksko rnfF 4hkoE.ofyo,us^kp fyo9t,uvkdkf|hvpS { vkdkf gxaolj;oxtdv[muj,u7;k,leraodaoda[oEF vkdkf.ofyo9t-j;p.sh95]yo-u .ofyo9tg]uog8u[38D. v5xtdvo c]t 05,x6d. #D!. dkodtdP,v5xtdvo. ສ. ວ. ສ. #D. { 9afskv5xtdvow;h.sh7q[4h;o grnjvltf;d.odkodtdP,|ko c]t x6dg-ajoG -;hkoF lP,F 9qdF ]qf0qolqj’ s^n rkstot.odko0qolqj’g[hpw,hwxx6dS { 9afsksâdw,h7E grnjv7E8Qow,h g;]k]q,rafcI’ c]t -j;p.odko8A’8q;0v’8Qow,h .sh-njS { 9afskg-nvdle]a[z6d8Qow,hda[sâd7ES { .ljfyoxtlq, le]a[xqd05,x6dF /5jo7vdF /5jo\ad le]a[Iv’rNo05,x6dD. #D@. dkodtdP,05,x6d dkox6d8Qow,hdyo\kd 7;o05f05,0t|kfd;hk’ #W x #W x #W -a’8uc,afF ]ad ltot0v’05, 9t05fgxaoI6[lujc9lkd s^n ;q’,qod=wfhF fyomju05f0Bo9kd05, 7;ocpd |hkfyodv’w;hmk’|bj’ c]t fyo-Ao]5j,dv’w;hmk’|bj’D fyomuj05f0Bortpkpk,[qf s^n pjvp.sh]tvPf c]h;8kdw;h.shzz5 5jpfu gmqjkmuj9tgIafwfhF s^’a 9kd05fleg]afc]h; 7;o.lj /5joIv’dQo05,|kxt,ko !W sk @W -a’8uc,afD /5jomuj.-h 7;ogxao/5jo7vdF /5jo\adF glf.[w,h s^n sphk mujg]uj,z5z5jp s^n ]t]kp8q;fuc]h;D. 35.

(41) $D. ;ymux6d gvqk,ufxkf s^n 9ud4q’1k’vvddjvo c8j8hv’]t ;a’1jk.shIkd0v’8Qow,h0kfvvd I6[ ! gvqk8Qow,h]q’.o05,muj05fw;h. I6[ @ xqdxkd05,fh;pfyoxtlq,mujdP,w;hle]a[x6d s^n fyomuj05f0Bo9kd05,F 1jkgvqkfyo|P;mujc|hoxqd xkd05, grkt9tgIaf.shIkd0v’8Qow,h[+9tg]uo g8u[38wfhfu I6[ # gvqk,n0j,q fyo.shc|hor=xt,koF gvqksphk s^ng2nv’ ,kxqd75,[=]yg;ogs’Qk8Qo grnjvIadlk7;k,-5j, -njo c]t xhv’daodkodafg-kt0v’oE.og;]k sqf I6[ $ xadsâdw,h.sh,u7;k,l6’d;jk8Qow,hr=xt,kow;h mk’0hk’D I6[ & 36.

(42) z6dg-nvd8yfda[8Qow,h grnjv-j;p7E8Qow,h c]t xhv’dao]q,wfhD I6[ *. I6[ (. ສ. ວ. ສ. sqfoE.sh-5j,D. &D 95ffu c]t 95fvjvo 0v’dkox6d8Qow,hdyo\kdfh;pcdjo 95ffu. dkox6d8Qow,hdyo\kdmujxd6 fh;pcdjo9t,uvkp5pnoF 8Qoc0’cI’ c]t l6’.spj ,u]t[q[Ikdmujc0’cI’fuF lk,kf.-hco;rao.\j0tspkp8+wx c]t .-hcdjogrnjvdhk gxao8Qo8=D 95fvjvo dkox6d8Qow,hdyo\kdfh;pcdjo lj;os^kp,ad9tdkpraoF 8Qow,hmujgduf.\j[+7nda[8Qo c,jraogdqjkF .sh\kd-hkD. *D dko[q;]t[afIadlk8Qow,hdyo\kd sâ’9kdx6dw,hdyo\kdc]h; z6hx6d7;o7eob’g4y’vao8t]kpmujgduf0Boda[8Qow,h.o w]ptmevyfmuj,u0t|kfohvp pa’8A’38[+maowfh g-ajoG vao8t]kp9kdlaf]hP’F ]qf c]t vnjoMD 4hkx6d9eo;o|hvp7;ogIafIQ;xhv’daoF le]a[8Qow,h[k’-toyfmuj8hv’dko7;k, gvqk.9.ljs^kp c]t 8A’38wfhpkd 7;o9t,udkogIafIqj,[a’cff c]t skw,hgIaf sâdxadw;hD dkox6d8Qow,hdyo\kd .sh9tg]uog8u[38wfhgvqk.9.lj[q;]t[afIadlk.shfu g-ajoG dko.lj/5joF de9af;afltrnf c]t vnjoMD 37.

(43) dD dkosqfoE .odkox6d8Qow,h 3fpmqj;wxc]h; 7;osqfoE8yf8+daom5dM ,nh .o8vo7O1jk’|hvp ,N]t ! 7A’ 9qoIvf ! vkmyfF sâ’9kdoAo.sh[k,Nsqf s^n @ ,N8+7A’D. 0D dkor;ofyo.lj/5jo c]t dkode;afltrnf ;afltrnf c,jo\kpg4y’8Qow,hF glfw,hmuj[+8hv’dko g-yj’gxaolkgsfmujgIaf.sh8Qo w,hdyo\kd0tspkp8q;-hkF ltoAo7;o,udkode9af3fpdko4k’ c]t r;ofyovhv, gs’Qk8Qow,h.o]aflt\u ! c,af xu]t @ 7A’D .og;]kr;ofyo 4hk,u/5jo;ymtpklk.sh3Ip vhv,gs’Qk8Qoxt,ko !{@ [j;’cd’ c]h;sqfoE s^n .lj/5jo7vd c]t .-hoE1krNo g,nv’g]aj’fvd{\kdD. 7D dkoxhv’daoF de9afg-Nv3]d c]t c,’w,h ovd9kddkor;ofyoF .lj/5jo c]t de9af;afltrnfc]h; dkoluf1kxhv’daoF de 9afg-Nv3]d c]t c,’w,h pa’gxao;Pdmuj8hv’gIafgxaoxt9eD 4hkgIqkd;fgsao95f.f ,ug-Nv3]d c]t c,’w,h 7;o.-h1kluf1jk’w;;k grnjvxhv’daodkoczj]k,0v’g-Nv 3]dD. (D. dkozt]yfoE1krNog,nv’g]aj’fvd c]t \kd dD lj;oxtlq, !D vugva, XEM? @D dkdoE8ko #D \kds5j’l5d $D \kdvbl5d &D \kddh;pl5d *D oEltvkf. !W [j;’ !W [j;’ @ dy3]dik, @ dy3]dik, @ dy3]dik, !W ]yf. 38.

(44) 0D ;ymugIaf. ;ymugIafoEI=3,o. { gvqk\kds5j’l5dF \kdvb c]t \kddh;p ,k 8af.sh]tvPffu c]h;9bj’xtlq,vugva, XEM? c]t dkdoE8ko sâ’9kdoAo7qo.shg0QkdaoD { [ao95]q’w;h.o4a’x]kl8yd xyf/k c]t [qj,w;h ( ;aoF r=Ivf;aomu ) .sh8v’gvqkc8joElj;omuj gxaodkdlugs^nv’F lyj’glfgs^nv9kddko\ad.sh gvqkwx.lj8Qow,hD. 7D dkooe.-h. 7e4k,. ສ. ວ. ສ. oeoEI=3,o @ [j;’ xtlq,da[oEltvkf @ ]yf s^n oEI=3,o ! ]yf8+oEltvkf &WW ]yf c]h;luf.ljrnfzad -j;pg]aj’dko9tg]uog8u[38F luf.lj8oQ w,hdyo\kd-j;p g]aj’ dkovvdfvd c]t dko8yf\kdfuD !D lj;oxtlq,.odkogIafoEI=3,ornf,uspa’cfjL X.sh\kp 9 .lj dD dkdoE8ko 0D 0q,dtgfqk 7D zadmP, ’D 4nd\qfm5d0=h @D dko7afg]nvdlt4komuj.odkox6d8Qow,hdyo\kd,uxafw9vao.fcfjL X.sh\kp 9 .lj rP’! 0=h?D dD xafw9djP;da[fyo 0D xafw9djP;da[cl’lts;jk’ 7D xafw98Qombo ’D zyf\qfm5d0=h #D vtoyo-u;af45c,jospa’L. 39. rP’! 0=h?D.

(45) [qfmu ) dkogda[d6h c]t dko9e|jkp\kdw,h !D. dkogda[d6h \kdw,hdyo\kdc8j]t-toyf .-hw]ptg;]k.odkogda[d6hc8d8jk’daoD. !D!. 0=hla’gdf.odkogda[d6h { g[yj’0t|kf0v’\kdw,h grnjvry9k]tok;jk cdjr=9tgda[d6hwfh s^n [+S { g[yj’dkoxjPocx’mk’I6[Ijk’ grkt;jk\kdw,h[k’-toyf g,njvcdjc]h; [k’lj;o 0v’\kd9txjPoI6[Ijk’wxg-ajoG \kd,U g;]kcdj |k,9tsjk’F \kd0P[ g;]k cdj8k9t8uj ltcf’;jkgda[d6hwfhS { g[yj’lu0v’lj;o8jk’M 0v’\kdw,hF \kdw,hlj;os^kp g;]kl5d9t,ulugs^nv’ luoE \kddhP’ c]t [k’-toyfg;]kcdj lu0v’\kdvkf9txjPo9kdlu0P;gxaolu,j;’S { .-h9eo;o,N gxao,kf8t4ko.odkogda[d6h 3fpoa[9kddko9tg]uog8u[380v’fvd g-ajoG g]uj,oa[9kdfvdg]uj,[koD. !D@D ;ymudkogda[d6h dkogda[d6h,u @ ;ymu7nG .-hcI’’ko7qo c]t .-hg7njv’9admujmaoltw\D !D .-hcI’’ko7qo gxao;ymumjou yp,q .-hs^kpgonjv’9kd7jkcI’’ko pa’8O c]tlk,kf.-hcI’’korkp.o7v[ 7q;wfhD @D .-hg7njv’9admujmaoltw\ .oxtgmfmuj,uv5xtdvodhk;|hk ,ad.-h;ymuoU da[dkogda[d6h\kdw,hdyo\kd grnjvdko7hk gxao9eo;os^;’s^kpD dkoxyfgda[fh;p,n. 40.

(46) !D#. v5xtdvo.odkogda[d6h v5xtdvomujoypq,.-h.odkogda[d6h\kdw,h,u7nG dt8jkF ,ufF ,uf8afFdt8jv’38j’\kd w,h c]t vnjo MD. g0A’. ,uf. dko9afdkosâ’gda[d6h g,njvgda[\kdw,h9kd8Qo,kc]h; djvo9tgvqkwx0kp s^n lqj’8ts^kf 7;oxt8y[af 0Ao8vofaj’]5j,oUG. dD dkome7;k,ltvkf g;]kmuj\kdw,hp’a 8yf16jgmy’8Qo vkf9t,ulyj’8jk’M 8yf16jg-ajoG 0U/5joF lyj’8qd7hk'9kd 1kxhv’dao{de9aflaf86rnfD faj’oAo grnjv.sh\kdw,hltvkf 7;og-affh;pzhkltvkf s^n ]hk’lyj’lqddtxqdvvdF gIqk7;o]hk’\kdw,hfh;poEmujltvkf c]t znj’]q,.shcsh’D. ສ. ວ. ສ. @D. dt8jv’38j’\kdw,h. 0D dko7af0t|kf. \kdw,hmujgIqkgda[,koAo,u0t|kf c]t I6[Ijk’8jk’dao9bj’9egxao8hv’7afg]nvd 0t|kfvvd8k,8hv’dkoS dko7afg]nvd0t|kf0v’\kdw,h,u95fxtlq’mujle7ao16j @ 1jk’7nG grnjvcpdgvqk\kdw,hmuj,u8eoy s^n gxaortpkfvvd c]t grnvj 7afg]nvdgvqk \kdw,hmuj,u75ootrk[ c]t 0t|kfc[[fP;daoD. sâ’7af0t|kf. djvo7af0t|kf 41.

(47) 7D dko8q[c8j’ \kdw,h[k’-toyf9egxao8hv’8q[c8j’ grnjvgvqklj;omuj,8u eoyvvdF [k’gmnvj vkf 9t0afgxnvd.shdPh’,ulugs^Nv, s^n 3v[0UgzY’grnjvgIaf.shgxnvd’k, c]t lk,kfgda[Iad lkw;hwfhfqoD. dko8q[c8j’\kdw,h. ’D dko[ao95su[s+ dko[ao95su[s+ 4n;jk,u7;k,le7ao8+75ootrk[0v’\kdw,h 4hk;jkdko[ao95su[ s+gIaf1jk’4nd8hv’ c]t ,udkooe.-hlyj’[ao95mujg\ktlq,da[\kdw,hc8j]t-toyf 9t ltf;d.odko0qolqj’wxg4y’95f\kpxkpmk’ c]t 16j.oltrk[fuD. dko[ao95. 9D dko9e|jkp { \kdw,h gIqklk,kf0kpwfh .oI6[c[[\kd w,hlqf c]t zjkodkocxI6[ g-ajoG dko vq[F 8kdF d;o c]t vnjo MS { dko0kp c,jolk,kfgvqkwx0kp.o8ts^kf ma’0kppqd c]t 0kppjvpS { r+7hk s^n c,j7hk,k-N.ol;ox6d c]t vnjoMD dko0kp\kdw,h.o8ts^kf 42.

(48) 7e4k, !D dkogda[d6h\kdw,h,u @ ;ymu7nG .-hcI’7qo c]t .-hg7njv’9admujmaoltw\D dD 4nd 0D zyf @D 9qj’9a[76jdko9afdko\kdw,hsâ’dkogda[d6h.sh4nd8hv’D X.sh0Po8q;g]d.lj[jvo DDDDDDDD?D DDDDDD dD dko]hk’\kdw,h !D 9tltf;d.odko0qolqj’ DDDDDD 0D dko7af0t\kf\kdw,h @D 0afgxnvd.shdhP’,ulugs^Nv, DDDDDD 7D dko8q[c8j’\kdw,h #D grnjv]hk’lyj’lqddtxqdvvd DDDDDD ’D dko[ao95su[s+ $D cpdgvqk\kdw,hmuj,u8eoyvvd. ສ. ວ. ສ. #D 0=hla’gdf.odkogda[d6h\kdw,h,u7nvao.fcfjL X.sh\kp 9 .lj dD .-h9eo;o,N 0D g[yj’0t|kf 7D g[yj’dkoxjPocx’mk’I6[Ijk’ ’D 4nd\qfm5d0=h. 43. rP’! 0=h?D.

(49) [qfmu _ dko]hP’laf.spj !D. xts;afdko]hP’laf laf.spjxtgrf ’q;F 7;kpF -hk’ c]t ,hk gxaolaf]Ph’mujvkfgduf0Borhv,da[,to5fD dko]Ph’lafgxaolaopk]adcsj’7;k,pnopq’0v’gzqjkrao [k’-kfwfh4nlaf.spj[k’ xtgrfgxaolyj’g7qk]q[[6-kD laf.spjlt|v’vksko g-ajoG oq,F -UoF |a’ c]t vnjoMD ovd9kdoAopa’-j;pcI’’ko,to5fvudfh;pD. @D. 7;k,le7ao0v’dko]hP’laf.spj dko]Ph’laf.spj,u7;k,9egxaos^kp8+dkofe]q’-u;yf0v’,to5fD dko]hP’laf .spj[+,u7;k,c8d8jk’da[dko]hP’laf-toyfvnjoM mujwfhlhk’vk-u[.shcdj7qogIqkD xt gmf0v’r;dgIqkwfh4ngvqk;Pd’kodko]Ph’laf.spj gxao[aoskle7aos^kpr=lq,7;o .odkoxa[x5’-u;yfdkogxao16j c]t xa[x5’mk’fhkoglf4tdyf0v’-kfvudfh;pD. #D. raolafmujoe,k]hP’ laf.spjmujoe,k]Ph’c8jvkfufIvfxaf95[ao,u -hk’F ,hkF ’q;F 7;kp c]t vnjoM. #D!. -hk’ -hk’gxaolaf.spj-toyf|b'j mju,to5fgIqkoe,k]Ph’ grnjv.-h]kdcdj c]t 8jk’g7njv’ rq[gsao.omt ;u[vk-uF vk/iyddk c]t [jvovnjoM laf-toyfoUu ,uI6[Ijk’.spjF lu\qjo c]t ,u’;’pk;D. #D@D ,hk c]t ]k lj;os^kprq[1j6c4[vk-udk’F vkg,]ydk]k8yo c]t vk/iyddk ,hk,us^kplkp rao c]t ,us^kplug-ajoG lufeF lu0k;F lu\qjo c]t ]kpc-dD laf9er;doUgryjooypq,.-h .odkoc0j’0aoF 8jk’g7njv’F gxaovksko c]t grnjv7;k,l;p’k,D 44.

(50) #D#. ’q; ’q;mujoe,k]Ph’.oxaf95[ao wfh,udkoxa[x5’rafmtok0Bog]nhvpMD ,us^kplkpraoF ,uma’rao’q;8jk’xtgmf c]t ’q;rNog,nv’ laf9eo;ooUgryjo]hP’w;h]kdcdj c]t gxao vkskoD dD ’q;rnhog,nv’ gxao’q;muj]Ph’16j.oxtgmf]k;gIqk,kc8jfoq okoF gxao’q;0t|kfohvp xtdv[,u s^kpluxqogxdaog-ajoG luoE8koxqolucf’F lufeF lu0k;F lucf’ c]t lu\qjoD ,ao,u 7;k,mqomko8+rtpkf c]t 8+ltrk[c;f]hv,wfhfuF ]Ph’]6dfuF 0tspkp8q;fu c]t gxaomujoypq,0v’z6h[=]y3rdphvo;jk[+,uw0,aos^kpD 0D ’q;8jk’xtgmf { ’q;rao[ik,ao XBraman?. ສ. ວ. ສ. ’q;raoou,h u4ujodegouf,k9kd lkst]afvkg,iydk gxao’q;0t|kf.spjF ,uluc8d8jk’daos^kp7nG lu 0k;F lugmqkvjvoF lugmqkg0ah, c]t lucf’D lj;o s^kpoypq,]Ph’’q;muj,ulu0k; c]t lugmqkD ]adlt otmqj;wx ,u|vd.spjF ,udko9tg]uog8u[.spjfu c]t lk,kfoe,k]Ph’.oxtgmf]k;wfhD. { ’q;rao3Ioltw8 XHolstein?. 8qoh degoufxtgmf3Io]a’ gxao’q;muj,da vkdkf g1ao ,u0t|kf.spjF .sh-uhos^kpF .shoq,s^kpF 9t g]uog8u[.spjw;D ]adltotmqj;wx ,ulufe8afda[lu 0k;1jk’-afg9oF sq;ohvp c]t s68ah’D. #D$. 7;kp 7;kpmujoyp,q dao]hP’.oxaf95[oa ,um’a 7;kp[hko c]t 7;kpxjk g-yj’dtc9ddt 9kp16j.oxtgmf8jk’MD gryjo]hP’w;hgrnjv.-h]kdcdjF gvqk-uho c]t gvqkoq,D 7;kpc[j’ vvdgxao @ xtgrf7nG 45.

(51) dD 7;kpvk-u gxao7;kpmuj,adovo[;d oypq,]hP’dao16j.oxtgmf]k;F wmF rt,hkF ,kg]g-pF s;Pfok,F vuo3fgog-p c]t 2y]uxuoD ]adltotmqj;wx ,ulu0k;F lufe c]t,ug0qkpk; 37h’D ]e8q;lAoF |hkzkd]P[F laosâ’.spjF 7=pk;F ,u0qo0k;gs^Nv, c]t du[8uo .spjD 0D 7;kpc,joE ,u4yjodegouf.oxtgmfvyogfpF xkdylt4koF ,kg]g-p c]t 2u]y[xuoS gxao7;kp xtgrf.shoq,D ]adltotI6[Ijk’0v’7;kpraoouh ,ulufeg0ah,F g0qk7qf’= c]t [yfg0qhk sk]e8q;D. 7e4k, !D -hk’F ,hkF ’q;F 7;kp [+c,jolaf.spjD dD 4nd 0D zyf @D 8Qodegouf0v’lafc8j]txtgrf,ufaj’oUD X.sh0Po8q;g]d.lj[jvo DDDDDDDDDDD?D DDDDDD dD -hk’ !D xtgmfvyogfp DDDDDD 0D ,hk @D ]k; DDDDDD 7D 7;kpc,joE #D vk-udk’ DDDDDD ’D 7;kpvk-u $D mt;u[vk-u #D ’q; c]t 7;kp,u75oxt3spf8Qo8=spa’cfjL X.sh\kp 9 .lj dD ]kdcdjF 7;k,l;p’k, 0D gvqk-UoF gvqkoEoq,wx0kp 7D .sh7;k,l;p’k,F gxaombo ’D gxaovkskoF ]kdcdj $D dko]hP’laf.spj,u7;k,le7aoco;.fL. 46. rP’! 0=h?D.

(52) [qfmu !W 7vd c]t v5xtdvo.odko]hP’laf.spj !D. dkog]nvdlt4komuj dko7afg]nvdlt4komuj.sh,u7;k,g\ktlq,da[lafc8j]t-toyf,ufaj’oUG { [jvox5dlhk’7vd8hv’gxao[jvo3ooF ]t[kpoE c]t lyj’glf9kdlafwfhfuS { sjk’9kd[hkogInvo7qogIqk grnjvxhv’daortpkfF dyjo9kd0Ulaf c]t xhv’daolP’ ]q[d;oS { ,usphk0P;’k,8ts^vfxuS { ,ugfujod;hk’0;k’D. @D. 7vd. @D!. ສ. ວ. ສ. 7vdgxao[jvovk.l0v’laf g-yj’-j;pzjvo7kp7;k,Ihvo 9kdcl’cff.opk, dk’g;ao s^n s^f5 zjvo7;k,|k;g1ao9kdvkdkfF /qo8qd c]t vnjoMD 7vd]hP’laf.spj ,us^kp0t|kf 0Boda[lafc8j]t-toyfF c8j]txtgrf c]t c8j]tvkp5vudfh;pD. 7vd-hk’ s^n ,hk. le]a[laflv’-toyfoU[+7jvpoypq,]hP’s^kp.o[hkogIqk ,urP’c8j[k’g0fc0;’ mujpa’Iadlk16jg-ajoG c0;’w-pt[6]uF c0;’9exkladF c0;’vaf8txn c]t wfh,udkoln[ 8+dao,k9kdx6jpjk8kpkpD gryjo]hP’.o9eo;o|hvp ltoAo9bj’[+,udkolhk’7vdle ]a[.shlafwfhradzjvoD gryjo.-h;ymudko,af s^n ]jk,w;h8k,dhv’gInvoF dhv’8Qow,hF 0hk’ gInvo s^n 8k,xjkD. @D@. 7vd]hP’’q; s^n 7;kp 7vd]hP’’q; s^n 7;kp w]ptzjko,k-k;dtly dvolj;o|bj’ [+wfhgvqk.9.ljxko.f.odkolhk’ 7vdlafD lj;os^kp 9tz6d,af8k,dhv’8Qow,hF dhv’g]Qkg0QkF dhv’4P’okF dhv’gInvo s^n z6d,af 8k,gfujo[hkoD faj’oAogIaf.sh,udkogxNvogxy ,k g4y’xaf95[aooUxt-k-qo]k;gsaowfh7;k,le7ao 0v’dko]hP’laf c]t gsaowfhdjP;da[dkoIad 47.

(53) lkvtokw,s^kp0BoD z6h]hP’lafwfhgvqk.9.ljdko]hP’laf.sh,u75ootrk[s^kp0Bo c]t [k’7qod=4nvk-u[]hP’’q; s^n 7;kpgxao8Qo8=D grjyowfh,udkolhk’7vdmjuwfh,kf8t4ko gxaolj;o.spj16j8k,2k, c]t l6o]hP’laf.spjD gryjooypq,oe.-h7vdc[[|hk9qj;lv’ -Aodjkp grnjvx5dlhk’.shlafwfhradzjvoD. #D. v5xtdvo dD vjk’gda[oE lj;os^kp gryjooypq,.-hc[[d+fh;p-u,a’ s^n fyo [JvdF 4a’x^kl8yd c]t 25p8afg7y'j mu,j u7;k, g\ktlq,.odko[ao95oEw;h.shlaffnj,D. 0D vjk’vk[oE0v’laf vjk’oU .-hw;hh.shlafwfhvk[F ]vp c]t -e]tlyj’ gxnvh ogxy9kd8q;laf 8ts^vfg4y’0hkdk/kdrkp ovd0v’lafvudfh;pD. 7D Ik’.ljvksko gryjooypq,oe.-h-u,a’ s^n fyo[Jvdd+gxaovjk’.sh g\ktlq, grnjv;k’vksko.shlafdyo.og;]krad zjvo s^n g;]kIufoq,D Ik’faj’djk; .-hle]a[.lj vkskoleg]afI6[F sphk c]t g2nv’ muj8fa gxao 8jvolAoD. 'D vjk’.ljoq,le]a[.sh’q;gduf.\j g;]kcpd]6d’q;muj,uvkp5xt,ko & ;ao0Bowx gryjo,adcpd]hP’8jk’skd3fplt grktc,jo]6d’q;oq, grnjv.sh’q;ohvpwfhfnj,oq,F gryjo9bj’,uvjk’.ljoq,.sh,aoltgrkt8jk’ skdD. 48.

(54) $D. lk’gda[,Phovksko lk’faj’djk; c,jolhk’0Bogrnjvgda[Iadlkvksko s^n ;af45fy[muj9tzt]yfgxaovk sko.shlafF 4hk[+,ulk’gda[9tgIaf.sh;af45fy[glp75ow;0BoD. &D. g7njv’xtlq,vksko grnjv.shvkskopjvp]t]kp’jkp 9egxao8hv’wfh[fq glpdjvoD gryjo.-hg7njv’[qf grnjv [qfvkskoc8j]t-toyfxtlq,g0Qkdao grnjv.shwfhmkfvkskomujg\ktlq,da[7;k,8hv’ dkoF lafdyo’jkpF 9tg]uog8u[.spjw;D. g7njv’zjk8af c,jog7njv’,nle]a[laf8t;tcrf X\=xq;laf? muj.-hg0Qk.o;Pd’kozjk8af8jk’M ];,,uG ,ufF cx’7u[F ,uf8afF g-nvdF g7njv’lq[gxafF g7njv’8afg0qkF g7njv’\kpg[us6F -u c]a’F g0a, c]t 1k8jk’MD g7njv’,ngs^qjkoU ,u7;k,9egxao.odko]hP’lafc[[gxao 2k,D. 7e4k,. ສ. ວ. ສ. *D. !D -uc]a’F g0a,F cx’7u[F ,ufF ,uf8afc,jog7njv’,nlfa 8t;tcrfD dD [+c,jo 0D c,jo @D 7vd,u7;k,le7aoco;.f8+laf]hP’L #D grnjvxhv’daortpkfF dyjo9kd0Ulfa c]t xhv’daolP’]q[d;ogIqk7;o]hP’lafw;h [jvo.fL $D gxaospa’z6]h Ph ’-hk’ c]t ,hk16jxtgmfgIqk[+oyp,q lhk’7vdL. 49.

(55) [qfmu !! dko]hP’’q; c]t 7;kp dko]hP’laf.spj,u,kc8jfqooko g-yj’,aowfh8yfraoda[-u;yf0v’-k;dtlydvo,k fqookoc]h; c8j]adltotdko]hP’faj’dkj; c,jogIafc[[rNog,nv’F xjvpwx8k,me ,t-kf zqomujwfhIa[[+wfhfugmqjkmuj7;oD phvowfhIa[vksko[+rP’r=da[7;k,8hv’dkoF rtpkf]t[kf c]t ltrk[c;f]hv,[+veo;p9bj’gIaf.shlaf[+0tspkp8q;s^kpD c8j ,kg4y’xaf95[aooU dko]hP’lafwfh4ngxaovk-u[sâdF 8A’gxao2k,.spj c]t ]hP’.o9e o;os^kpF faj’oAo9bj’8hv’wfhoe.-hg8adoyd;ymtpklkfg0Qk-j;pF ]hP’1jk’,u]t[q[9bj’ 9tgIaf.shdko]hP’lafxtlq[zqoleg]afwfhD. !D. dko]hP’’q; ’q;mujoe,k]hP’.oxaf95[aooU,u @ xtgrf7nG ’q;oq, c]t ’q;-UoD dko]hP’’q;oq, c]t ’q;-Uo vkfg;Qkwfh;jkgxao;Pd’ko.\jle]a[16jxtgmfgIqk grkt;jk’q;ma’lv’ raooUskd=oeg0Qk,k]hP’.oxu !_)! mjul6o7Qo7;hkdko]hP’laf.spjoE-;’ c]t 2k, ’q;oq,ok[q’D lj;o’q;d;Pod=wfh,udko]hP’daao,kc8jfqookoc]h; c8j,u;ymudko]hP’ 0hvo0hk’0kfsâd;y-kdkoD 4hkskd,udkoxa[x5’mk’fhkovkskoF fhkol50trk[ lafF dkoxhv’daortpkf c]t ,udko7afg]nvdco;raod=9tgIaf.sh’q;,uxtlyfmyrk[ fu0BoD. !D!. dko]hP’’q;oq, dko]hP’’q;oq,c[j’gxao # c[[7nG c[[,af s^n 0a’F c[[16jgfujo c]t c[[xjvp ]q’mqj’sphk dD dko]hP’c[[,af s^n 0a’ c,jodko]hP’c[[.shdyosphk16j[jvogdqjkF [+gxuf 3vdkf.sh’q;wfhg7njvows;D z6hf6c]wfh,u7;k,.dh -yfda[lafs^kp0BoF .shvkskorP’r= laf9tg]uo g8u[.spjwfhfuF .sho,q s^kp0Bo c8j8vh ’lYogxnv’ cI’’ko7qo .odkoskvksko,k.shlaf c]t vtokw,lyj’glfgs^nv9kdlafm5dM ;aoD 50.

(56) 0D dko]hP’c[[16jgfujo ;ymuoU gryjoxjvp s^n ,af]jk,.o0v[g0f9edaf0v’mqj’sphk grnjv.shlafwfhvvdde ]a’dkpwxrhv,D 95ffu0v’dko]hP’c[[oUc,jo[+8hv’me7;k,ltvkf7vdm5d,N c8j 8hv’cpd[jvo]ts;jk’dk’7no c]t dk’g;aoD. ສ. ວ. ສ. 7D dko]hP’c[[xjvp]q’mqj’sphk. ;ymuoU z6]h Ph ’8hv’wfh8yf8k,laf1jk’.dh-yfF lafglprt]a’’ko.odko-vdskdyovk skoF zqozt]yf8qd8=jkF lafvjvogrpF [+moq mko8+ltrk[c;f]hv, c]t cl’cffD. !D@. dko]hP’’q;-Uo. dko]hP’’q;-Uo .ow]ptmevyf9t.shvkskog\nvodaoda[dko]hP’’q;mqj;wx c8j g,njvg4y’w]ptmuj9tlqj’0kp.sh8ts^kf z6]h Ph ’9t8hv’4t|v,’q;.sh,u7;k,85ph ru0Bo8nj, 3fp.shvkskoleg]afI6[xtlq,da[sphk8k,7;k,8hv’dko.sh1jk’lt\=jkltg\uD ovd9kdoU gryjopa’oypq,]hP’’q;cdjd;Povudfh;pD dko]hP’’q;xtgrfoU lj;o s^kpc,jo]hP’.o9eo;o|hvpF ]hP’Ia[.-h.o7v[7q;3fpz6dF ,af s^n ]jk,w;h8k,mqj’ sphkme,t-kfg-ajoG ]jk,8k,xkpokF l;o c]t 7a’gxao8QoD. @D. dko]hP’7;kp 7;kp]hP’w;hgrnjv.-hcI’’ko]kdcdj c]tgrnjv gvqk-UoD dko]hP’c,jovk.llt4komuj muj,u.o 7v[7q;S vkf9tz6dF ,afF ]jk, s^n xjvp8k,7a’ gmqjkoAoD 51.

(57) .od=]toumuj]hP’c[[z6dF ,afF 0a’ s^n xjvp gxaow]pt z6h]hP’7;ogvqk.9.ljfaj’oUG { .shvksko4ndg;]kS { .shlafwfhIa[vksko1jk’mqj;g4y’ c]t rP’r=da[7;k,8hv’dkoS { 7;ocpdlaf]hP’c8j]tvkp5F c8j]tgrf 1jk’g\ktlq,S { [+7;o]hP’laffqogduowxgrkt;jk9trk.shlYogxnv’vkskoD. 7e4k, !D dko]hP’laf.spjzjko,k-k;dtludvogIqkgIafco;.fL @D gryjog]uj,oe’q;oq, c]t ’q;-Uo,k]hP’xtgmf]k;xu.fL #D 7;kp]hP’w;hgrnjvspa’L $D dko]hP’lafmuj,u75ootrk[gIqk7;o.shvkskoc[[.fL. 52.

(58) [qfmu !@ vksko c]t dko.shvksko'q; c]t 7;kp -toyf0v’vksko vkskolafmuj.-h]Ph’lafc8jvkfuf9qog4y’xaf95[ao4nd9afc[j’vvdgxao @ xtgrf7nG vkskopjvp’jkp c]t vkskospk[D. dD vkskopjvp’jkp. Ie. c,jovkskomuj,uglAo.p8+k c]t lk,kfpjvp ]t]kpwfhw;g-ajoG g0Qk Xg0QkxPoF g0Qkgxnvd?F g,aflk]uF cdjo4qj; X4qj;0P;F 4qj;gs^nv’?F dkd4qj; X4qj;0P;F 4qj;gs^nv’?F IeF gdnvF xkxqjoF g]nvf xqjoF oq,zq’F dtf6dxqjo c]t svpxqjogxao8QoD. ສ. ວ. ສ. !D. lk]u. g,aflk]u. 0D vkskospk[. g2nv’. sphk. c,jovkskomuj,uglAo.ps^kp c]t lk,kfpjvp ]t]kpwfh|hvp g;]klafdyog0QkwxD vksko9e r;douhwfhcdj sphkF g2nv’g0QkF 8Qolk]uF 8Qog0Qk /hk’F rnf8td5o4qj;D vkskospk[c[j’vvdgxao @ d5j,7nG vkskospk[lqf c]t vkskospk[ csh’D. { vkskospk[lqf c,jovkskomujwfh,k9kd[jvozt]yf3fpdq’g-ajoG sphklqf .omqj’sphkF sphk8af lqf s^n sphk|admuj[ao95oEs^kpD { vkskospk[csh’ c,jovkskomujwfhzjkodko8kdcffF gIaf.shoE]tgsupvvdg-ajoG g2nv’g0QkF sphk csh’ c]t 8Qolk]uD 53.

(59) @D. cs^j’vksko vkskomujoe,k]hP’laf.sjp 3fpmqj;wxc]h;wfh,k9kdmqj’sphkme,t-kf c]t mqj’sphkmujlhk’0BoD. dD mqj’shpkme,t-kf 3fpvk.lrnfmujgduf0Bo8k,me,t-kf gryjowfhlkh ’gxao7a’F gxaol;omuj,udkoxqdxad Iadlk s^n 8k,rNomujfyogxqjk;jk’F xkpmqj’okF xjk c]t 37d8jk’MD. 0D mqj’sphkmujlhk’0Bo c,jomqj’sphkmujwfhoe.-hg8adoyd;ymtpklkfg0Qkwxxt8y[fa s^kp1jk’g-ajoG dkodP, fyoF dkox6dF dkog]nvdco;raornfmujoe,kx6d c]t dko.lj/5joD. #D. dkox6dsphk dkox6dsphkgxaolyj’le7ao .odkolt|v’vksko.shlaf c]t gryjooypq,x6dxt lq,]ts;jk’rnf8td5osphkda[rnf8td5o4qj;D rnf8td5osphk,ufaj’8+wxoUG { sphkgogxp Xnapier? { sphkduou Xguinie? { sphk0qo Xpara? { sphk[kgIp Xbahia? { sphkcd,[k Xgramba? { sphk-ydoko Xsignal? { sphk]6-u Xruzi? rnf8td5o4qj;,ufaj’8+wxoUG { 4qj;lt8kp3] Xstylo? { 4qj;mk;lt;yo Xtown sville? { 4qj;-uik38 Xsiratro? { .[dt4yo { 4qj;]kp c]t 4qj;8jk’M { 4qj;gs^nv’ 54.

(60) ;ymugda[Iadlkvksko rkps^’a muj,udkozt]yfsphkwfh9eo;os^kpmujlfa gs^nvdyo r;dgIqklk,kfgda[Iad lkw;hfh;ps^kpI6[dkog-ajoG 8kdcsh’F \adD 9kdoAogda[,hPow;h[jvomujcsh’F vkdkf xvf3xj’F w;h.olk’ sn^ g]QkD vaooUgxao;ymu|bj’muj-j;ps^5fzjvodko0kfc7ovksko 0v’laf.o]tf66c]h’ sn^ ]tf6/qomuj,uoE4h;,rNomujD. 7e4k, !D vkskopjvp’jkpc,jovkskoco;.f c]t ,uspa’cfjL @D vkskospk[c,jovkskoco;.f c]t ,uspa’cfjL #D ;ymudkogda[Iadlkvkskomujfu7;ogIafco;.fL. ສ. ວ. ສ. $D. 55.

(61) [qfmu !# rtpkflaf c]t dkoxhv’dao rtpkflafgxaozqoltmhvovao.sjps^;’.odko]hP’laf16jxtgmfgIqk g-yj’z6]h Ph ’laf ma’s^kp,ad9tg[yj’0hk, c]t ,adxjvplafc[[xjvpxt]tg]upD 7;k,IhkpcI’0v’ rtpkf ovd9kd9tgIaf.shlafg9a[ c]t laf8kpc]h; pa’gIaf.shlaf,udko9tg]uo g8u[.spj-hkF zqozt]yf8qd8+kF gxao8q;oeg-nhvwxsk8q;vnjoM rhv,oAopa’,udkolyoh gxnv’ 7jk.-h9jkp8jk’M g-ajoG 7jkvkskoF 7jk1kc]t vnjoMD. !D. rtpkfmuj,adgdufda[laf.spj rtpkfmuj,adgdufda[laf.spj16jxtgmfgIqk ,urtpkfw0hg]nvffeF rtpkfg8Qk3I, g]nvf c]t rtpkfxkdgxnjvp]q’g]a[D. !D!. rtpkfw0hg]nvffe gxaortpkfmujIhkpcI’0v’lafmuj]hP’]6dfh;poq,8ts^vfIvf7qoD rtpkfoU g,njv g0Qkwx.oIjk’dkpc]h; 9tgIaf.shlfa gs’qkF [+doy vkskoF v5ostr6,l6’ c]t |hkgvydw0j [;,D g,njvlaf8kp ,ad9tgsaog]nvfvvd8k,I6mt;koF I60oq F g]nvf[+c0hogxaolucf’ -E c]t ,hk,.sjpgxnjvp7n0u8h ,q D g,njv7qo8yfrtpkfoU ,uw0h0Bol6’F ;yosq;F x;fIkdF c]t ,u85j,8k,’jk,,nD 4hkrq[gsaolaf8kpshk,oewx[=]y3rdF shk,9a[[kpD 8hv’]kp’ko.shg9Qk|hkmuj mujdjP;0hv’Ia[-k[3fpfj;o s^n 8hv’wfhme]kp4Y,g-ajoG /a’ s^n 96fw24Y,D 4hk,udko xyjoxq;.sh.-h 1kgxou-u]yo Xpenicillin?F ltg8a[38,kp-yo Xstreptomycin?F g88ik-ud]yo Xtetracyclin? c]t vqd-yg88ik-ud]yo Xoxytetracyclin?. !D@. rtpkfg8Qk3I,g]nvf gxaortpkfmujIkh pcI’le]a[’q;F 7;kpg-yj’.oc8jj]txu,udkoczj]t[kfs^kp16j[hko gIqkphvodko]hP’lafpa’gxaoc[[-t-kpF 0kfdkof6c][q;]t[afIadlk c]t 0kfdko xhv’daoD rtpkfoU,uvkdkoltcf’.shgsao # c[[7nG c[[dtmaosaoF c[[xkodk’F c]t c[[-egINvD laf[+dyovkskoF sj’;,gsq’kF w0h0Bol6’F .[|hk c]t ]e7=w7jF 0kshkoF mhv’g[a’F 0Ucs^; c]t vjvogrp c]h;8kpD 56.

(62) dkoxhv’dao { .shlafwfhdyovkskoF fnj,oE c]t vvdde]a’dkp1jk’rP’r=S { lad1k;ad-yo.shlafS { lafmujg9a[F 8kp shk,9e|jkp s^n [=]y3rdD 8hv’96f sn^ /a’4Y,D dkoxyjoxq; gryjo.-h1kltg8a[38,kp-yo Xstreptomycin? sn^ g88ik-ud]yoXtetracyclin? grnjvxyjoxq;D. rtpkfxkdgxnjvp]q’g]a[. ສ. ວ. ສ. !D#. rtpkfoU,ad]t[kfda[lafg]a[76j gxaortpkfmuj]t[kf1jk’;jv’w;D ,adgduf.o]t f6/qoF c8j[k’7A’ ,adgduf.og;]kvkdkf,udkoxjPocx’9kdIhvogxao|k;F 9kd |k;gxaoIhvo Xw]pt,udkoxjPo]tf6?D rtpkfoUg,njvg0Qk.oIjk’dkplafc]h; laf9t ,uvkdkoltcf’vvd7nG laf[+dyovkskoF oE]kpgsupF ,u85j,8k,g2aoc0h; c]t gsnvdc8dgxao[kfczcf’ c8jg]nvf[+vvdD 9kdoAoxt,ko @{& ;ao 9t]q’,kgxao 85j,8k,dqdg]a[ c]t g8Qkoq, s^n vkfgxaorhv,Mdao gIaf.shlafdyovksko[+wfhF pjk’ 0kshko c]t laf9t9jvpzv,S 4hklafc,jde]a’4nrkvkf9ts5^]6dwfhD dkoxhv’dao .od=]tou lafgxaortpkf8hv’.shlfa wfh16j[jvocsh’F vtokw,[kfczfh;p1k0hkg-Nv 8jk’M s^n xhv’daofh;p1k;ad-uodjvolafgxaortpkfD. @D. sâddkoxhv’daortpkflaf.spj grnjv[+.shg-Nv3]dg0Qk s^n vvd2k, 8hv’,udkoltdafdAo c]t de9afdkoczj0t spkp0v’g-Nv3]d 9kd95f|bj’wxskvud95f|bj’ g-yj’,us^kp;ymufaj’oUG 57.

(63) { [jvo]hP’laf 8hv’,u0v[g0fmujcojovo 3fp,uIQ;dAo1jk’c|ho|k4k;voF ,uvjk’ 0hkg-Nv 8k,xt86mk’g0Qk { vvdF 9edafdkog0Qk{vvd0v’lafvnjoMS { shk,[5d7qorkpovdg0Qk.o2k,F 4hk,u7;k,9egxao 8hv’wfhIa[vto5pkf9kdg9Qk |hkmujS { xt8y[af8k,sâddko0v’laf8t;tcrfS { rkstotIa[.-hdkog0Qk{vvd2k, 8hv’wfhzjkodko0hkg-nhv3]d1jk’7adcojS { dko]hP’laf8hv’9af]t[q[c[[gxao-5fg0Qk{vvd ,u7vd;jk’F 0hkg-Nv3]d1jk’|hvp ! gfnvo8+7A’ rhv,daooAo8hv’0hkg-nhv3]d8k,v5xtdvoIa[.-h8jk’MS { [+7;ooelaf-5f.\jg0Qk,kxqogxda[laf-5fgdqjk.og,njv[+coj.9S { vkskomujoe,k.shlafdyo8hv’16j.oltrk[mujfuF 4nd,kf4koS { o=hk.shlaffnj,8hv’ltvkf X8hv’zjkodkod;fdk?S { Iadlk7;k,ltvkfIk’o=hkF Ik’vkskoF 7vd c]t lt4komuj]hP’lafgxaoxt9eS { g]nvdlafmujc0’cI’ c]t lq,[6o9kd2k,mujg-njv4nwfhS { d;fdkl50trk[.shlafr+c,jraoF 0hkdk/kdg-ajoG gsa[F gsqkF gINvo c]t vnjoMS { .sh1kxhv’daocdjlafS { g,njvrq[gsaolafg9a[8hv’cpdvvd9kd/6’ grnjvmedkoxyjoxq;S { ]kp’ko.shg9Qk|hkmujlaf8t;tcrf3fpfj;o grnjvoelyholj;og0Qkshv’;yw9S { xt8y[af8k,]t[P[sâddko0v’laf8t;tcrf ;jkfh;pdko7;[75, c]tdkoxhv’ daortpkf8yf8+1jk’g7aj’7afS { shk,9e|jkp-nh{0kplafF zt]yf8traolafF .og;]kgduf3]d]t[kfS { shk,lezaf c]t [=]3y rdlaf mju de]a’gxaortpkf 4hk,u7;k,9egxao8hv’dko9a[[kp 7;ol;,g7njv’xhv’dao.sh7q[-5f Xle]a[lezafF cpdlaf?S { lafmuj8kpphvortpkf 8hv’me]kp4Y, X/a’ s^n 96f?D. 7e4k, !D vkdko0v’lafmujgxaortpkfw0hg]nvffe,u7nco;.fL @D gxaospa’rtpkfg8Qk3I,g]nvf’q;{7;kp9bj’,adczj]t[kf16jxtgmfgIqkL #D rtpkfmuj,adgdufda[lafg]a[76j c]t ,ad]t[kf.o]tf6/qo,u-nj;jkco;.fL $D gIqk7;oxt8y[afco;.f 4hklaf8yfrtpkf.f|bj’L 58.

(64) rkdmu III dko-jk’ [qfmu !$ dko8afw,h c]t -vpw,h !D. dko8afw,h dko8afw,hc,jogIaf.shw,h0kfvvd9kddaofh;pdkog]njvp grnjv.shwfh0t|kf8k,muj 8hv’dkoD. !D!. dkodtdP, dkodtdP, djvo9t]q’,ng]njvp sn^ 8afw,hm5d7A’gIqk8hv’dtdP,g7njv’,n s^n 9afsk [jvomujg|ktlq,faj’8+wxoUG { g]nvd-toyf c]t 0t|kf0v’g]njvp.shg|ktlq,da[|hk;Pdmuj9tg]njvp s^n 8afD { 9afdP,v5xtdvo-j;pg-aoG c,afF l=F lkdF gv38F s^n ,hkIv’Ia[g]njvpw,hD. dko8af c]t g]njvpw,h. ສ. ວ. ສ. !D@. dD dko0uf\kp0t|kf. dt c]t cmd0t|kfmuj8hv’dko9t8af c]h;.-hl=fe0ufglAo.shwfhlkdD 4hkw,hmj8u vh ’dkog]njvpskdlAo.sh.-hgv38 9a[.shc|ho 4hkgxaow,hpk;.sh;k’w,h]’q gmy’38t grnjv9tg]njvp.sh4toafD. 0D dko.-hh sq;3xh,n[a’7a[g]njvp g,njvg;]k9tg]njvp8k,glAomuj0ufw;hoAo .-h sq;3xh,n[a’7a[g]njvp.sh-njglAo c]t g]njvp 7jvpdjvo r=g]njvpdyogonvh w,hgxao7v’c]h; 9bj’gvqksq;3xh,nvvdc]h;g]njvpcI’wfhD. 59.

(65) 7D dkog]njvp8k,glAo 9qj’la’gdf glAomuj0ufw;hfh;p;jk 9tg]njvpdk’ glAor=fu s^n 9tg]njvpc7,glAo ma’oUl5fc8j;Pd mujdtw;h c8jmuj4nd 7;og]njvpc7,glAofhkomuj8af s^n [+8hv’dkoD. 'D dko8A’g]njvp.shgxao,5, _Wq X_W vq’lk? 7;o8A’.[g]njvp.sh8A’lkd _W = X_W vq’lk?da[czjo w,h 4hk8A’.[g]njvp[+wfhlkdc]h; 9tgIaf.shw,hmuj8af oAo[+wfhlkd. 9D dko8afw,h vjP’,5, $&q X$& vq’lk? .og;]kmedkog]njvpoAo 7;o.shc0h;g]njvpgxao ,5, $&q X$& vq’lk? grnjv.shc0h;g]njvpdyow,hwfh ltf;dfuD. 60.

(66) lD dko8afw,h.dh9t0kf g,njvg]njvpw,h.dh9t0kf 8hv’g]njvp7jvpM c]t .-h,n-hkp9a[w,hfhkomuj9t8af4Y,w;hgrnjv[+.shw,hludD. @D. dko-vpw,h. ສ. ວ. ສ. 0=h7;ogvqk.9.lj { .shfn’g]njvp[kfpk;M -hkM fh;p9aj’s;tmujlt\jeltg\u 3fpvvdcI’dqfg]njvpg]ad |hvp .o7totmujp6h.[g]njvpwxmk’\hkF 8kg[yj’glAoF xt7v’g]njvp.shwx8k,co; glAo-nj c]t .shwfhlkdS { [k’d=]toud=.-hlkd-j;p7;[75, .shwx8k,glAo-njD { d;flv[dko8affh;plkdD. dko-vpw,hd=jxt8y[af7ndaoda[dko8afw,h c8jdko-vpw,hc,jo9t-vpwx8k,];' pk;0v'|hkw,h 3fp.-hg]njvpmuj,uc0h;sjk'D. dD dkodtdP, dt0t|kfw,hmuj8hv’dko-vp 3fp.-hl=fe0uf 8k,co;0v’w,h s^n 9t.-h0=0ufw,hd=wfhD w,hmuj9t -vpoAo 4hkgxaow,hpk;d=;k’gmu’38tg]njvpw,h 4hkgxaow,hlAo 7;o.-hg7njv’|u[w,hw;h.shc|ho grnjv ltf;d.odkog]njvpD dko]q’,ng]njvpw,hmevyf d=xt8y[fa g-ajofjP;daoda[ dko8af7n .-hs;q 3xh,n[’a 7a[g]njvp.sh7P’da[glAo g]njvp7jvpMF g,njvg]njvpdyow,hc]h; 9bj’gvqksq;3xh ,nvvd c]t g]njvpcI’wfhD 61.

(67) 0D dko-vpw,hvjP’,5, *W X*W vq’lk? W. dko;k’g]njvp8hv’;k’.shwfhlkdda[w,hmuj9t -vp c8j,6,0v’dkog]njvp7;o9tgxao *W X*W vq’lk?D W. 7D dko-vpw,h.dh9t0kf { g,njvg]njvp.dh9t0kf8hv’7jvpM g]njvpg-jao fP;daogrnjv[+.shw,hludD 0=h7;ogvqk.9.lj dko-vpw,h muj8hv’dko7;k,]tvPf g-ajoG dko-vpw,hohvp g]njvpw] s^n [kdw,Fh gIafgfnjvp 8hv’.-hg]njvpc0h;]tvPfxtgrfg]njvp7aoF g]njvp]= s^n 9t.-hg]njvpsk’xkd+wfhD dkog]njvpw,hmuj8hv’dko7;k,]tvPf 7;oxt8y[affaj’oUUG { dt c]t gIafg7njv’\kpmuj8hv’dko9tg]njvp16jgmu’|hkw,hD { 4hkgxaow,hohvpM 7;o.-hgv389a[.shc|ho 4hk[+,ugv389a[w,h8vh ’sk;ymu[’a 7a[[+.shw,h g]njvowx,k grnjv.shg]njvpwfh-nj [+.sh7qfD { .-hg]njvp7ao sn^ g]njvp]=D { dko8A’8Qog]njvpxt8y[afg-jaofP;da[g]njvp8afD 62.

(68) dko8afw,h c]t -vpw,hfh;pg]nvj psk’|6 g]njvpsk’|6 gxaog]jnvp-toyf|b’j g-yj'.[g]njvp,uxkpcs^,7nsk'|6,ufhk,9a[7n g]njvpsk’xkD g]njvpsk’|6 ,uxt3spfle]a[g]njvpw,h|kmk’fhkoovd c]t fhko .o ,uI6[Ijk’8jk’M c8j7;k,37h’oAogxao7;k,37h’0t|kf.spj c]t .-hcmog]nvp vj p lt]5 .od=]toumujg]njvp,u7ao [+lk,kfg]njvpwfhD. dD ;ymug]njvp { c8h,I6[muj8hv’dko.ljgmy’w,h[jvomuj9tg]njvpS { .-hlts;jkog9ktgxaoI6.lj[jvomuj9tg]njvpvvd .shI6.sjpdj;k.[g]njvpS { .-hgv389a[w,h.shc|ho grnjvltf;dcdjdkog]njvpS { .-hg]njvplvf]q’.oI6mujg9ktw;h lj;o;ymug]njvp.shxt8y[af7ndkog]njvpc[[vnjoMS { 4hkg]njvpIv[ovd [+8hv’.-hlts;jkog9ktd=wfhD. ສ. ວ. ສ. #D. dkog]njvpfhko.o. dkog]njvpfhkoovd. 63.

(69) 0D dko[q;]t[afIadlkg]njvp g,njvleg]af;Pd’ko 8hv’,udkovtokw,F gda[,hPo c]t Iadlkw;h.o[jvomuj[+ xPd-5j,F g-affh;poE,ao.shltvkf grnjv.sh.-h;Pdwfhpk;okoD. 7e4k, !D g8adoydmujle7ao.odkog]njvpw,hmuj4nd8hv’,uco;.fL X.sh\kp 9 .lj dD g]njvpc7,glAofhkoovd 0D dkog]njvp.sh.-hsq;3xh,n[a’7a[oe 7D dko8A’g]njvp.shwfhlkdda[w,h _W = X_Wvq’lk? ’D 4nd\qfm5d0=h @D dko8afw,h c]t dko-vpw,hc8d8jk'dao7nco;.fL #D g]njvpsk’|6.-hw;hg]njvplj;o.fcfjL. 64. rP’ ! 0=h?D.

(70) [qfmu !& xtmkpd+ ;afltf5xtmkpd+ ;afltf5xtmkpd+xtdv[fh;p -u,a’F fyo-kp c]t oED. dD -u,a’ -u,’a mujoe,k.-h.o;Pd’kodkod+lkh ’ d=7noe,kxtlq,xtmkpd+ 9t8hv’gxao-u,’a muj,u75ootrk[fuF [+gxao-u,a’mujc0’gxaodhvo s^n gxaog,af c]t gxao-u,a’le]a[dkod+ c]t dko3[dgmqjkoAoF grktgxao-u,’a mujc0’8q;-hk g\ktlq,le]a[dko8q[c8j’ d+ c]t 3[dvk7ko[hkogInvoD. 0D fyo-kp fyo-kpmujoe,k.-h.o;Pd’kodkod+lkh ’ d=7on e,kxtlq,xtmkpd+ 9t8hv’,u7;k, ltvkfr=lq,7;oF 8hv’gxaofyo-kpg,af.spj s^n fyo-kp[+Ijvod=wfhD djvooefyo-kp ,k.-h.odkod+ 7;o]hk’.shfyo-kpoAoltvkfglpdjvopyj’gxaodkofuD [+.sh,usuoF fyo |P; c]t -kdrnfxtxqo1j6oeD. ສ. ວ. ສ. !D. 7D oE. .shgxaooEmujltvkf xaflt9kddkoxqogxNvo0v’fyo8q,F -kdrnfF mkfoE,ao c]t mkfg7,u8jk’MD laopt]adG oE XW–Water?D -u,a’ XC–Cement?D vaf8klj ;o0v’oE c]t -u,a’ 4hk.shrP’r=da[xt8ydy]ypkmk’g7,u]ts;jk’oEda[-u,a’9t16jxt,ko. W C. W = 0,2 D C. 8q;1jk’ !G -u,a’ 50 kg, oE 10 ]yf 4hk9t.shrP’r=da[dkoxtlq,fh;pg7njv’9ad c]t cI’’ko grnjvlk,kfxtlq,wfh W = 0,3 − 0,4 D C -u,a’ 50 kg, oE 15-20 ]yf. ’jkpxt,ko. 8q;1jk’ @G vaf8klj;o0v’oE c]t -u,a’ ohvpgmqjk.f pyj’gIaf.shxtmkpd+ ,u7;k,mqomko grU,0BoF grkt9t,u/vfvkdkf.oxtmkpd+|hvp]q’D 65.

(71) 'D dkozv’-aflj;o;afltf5xtmkpd+ [=]y,kf0v’fyo-kp zv’.shwfhxt,ko _W ]yf s^n !@W ]yf s^n xt,ko !F& sk @]=h d+lhk’ s^n !& sk @W 751k’d+lhk’D lj;oxtlq,xtmkpd+ -u,a’! 4q’ s^n &W dy3]F fyo-kp !F& s^n @ ]=hd+lhk’ gvUo;jkG xtmkpd+ ! 8+ !F& s^n ! 8+ @ lj;o X8k,,kf4ko]=hd+lhk’ ,u[=]y,kf gmqjkda[ *WF _W c]t !@W ]yfF lj;o16j[hkogIqk,adoe.-h]=hd+lhk’muj,u[=]y,kf gmqjkda[ *W ]yf c]t ,u7jk ! lj;oD [=]y,kf75d+lhk’gmqjkda[ * ]yf V !W |j;p = *W ]yf c]t ,u7jk ! lj;o?D 4hk1kdwfhxtmkpd+|hvpd;jkd=7;o-aj’oE|ad-u,a’ c]t zv’fyo -kp8k,-aflj;oD. I6[dkozv’fyo-kp9t8hv’8ad.lj.shg8a, .-hw,h-njd;kf0v[]=h s^n 75 grnjv[+.shs^5f s^n gduoD. @D. dkoxtlq,xtmkpd+fh;pcI’’ko7qo dD dkoxtlq,xtmkpcsh’ 0qofyo-kp,kdv’daow;h fh;pdkozv’[=]y,kfxt,ko _W ]yfF -u,a’d=8hv’.sh g8a,4q’ s^n &W dy3]F lj;ooE8k,vaf8klj;oxt,ko !& sk @W ]yfD [+7;o8nj,oEs^kp gmnjv grktfyo-kp ,u7;k,-5j,16jc]h;D 0Ao8vomu ! gvqk-u,a’ ! 4q’ s^n &W dy3] 4vd.ljgmy’dv’fyo-kp !F& ]=hd+lhk’ s^n !& 751k’d+ lhk’ c]t xjvp.sh-u,a’-t]q’mqj;dv’fyo-kpD 66.

(72) 0Ao8vomu @ -;hkofyo-kp mujxqoda[-u,a’vvdgxaodv’.\jD 0Ao8vomu # 8adfyo-kpxqoda[-u,a’da[,k[jvogdqjk c]t pa’[+xtlq,oEgvUo;jk xtmkpcsh’D. 0Ao8vomu @. ສ. ວ. ສ. 0Ao8vomu !. 0Ao8vomu #. 0Ao8vomu @ I6[dkoxtlq,xtmkpcsh’. 0D dkoxtlq,xtmkpxPd 0Ao8vomu ! 7;afdv’xtmkpcsh’gxao05, s^n gxaozQ’ c]t 4vdoE.ljr=xt,koF xt.shoE-b, ]q’ c]h;9bj’xtlq,.shg0Qkdao .shgxaogoNvfP;D 0Ao8vomu @ -;hkoxtmkpcsh’ mujxtlq,oEvvdgxaodv’.\jD. 67.

(73) 0Ao8vomu # 8adxtmkpcsh’ mujxtlq,da[oEda[,k[jvogdqjkvud c]t gvUo;jk xtmkpxPd sn^ gvUovud;jk xtmkpd+D 0Ao8vooU gxao0Ao8vol5fmhkp9t8hv’8ad c]t 7qog0Qkdao.sh gxaogoNvfP;daoD ,kIvfoUxtmkplk,kfoewxd+/kwfhD. 0Ao8vomu !. 0Ao8vomu @. 0Ao8vomu #. 0Ao8vomu @ I6[dkoxtlq,xtmkpxPd. dkoxtlq,xtmkpd+]da ltotoUlk,kfg;Qksp=wh fhvud;jkG lv’gmnjvcsh’ c]t lv’ gmnjvxPdD g;]kxtlq,xtmkpd+ [+7;o.ljoEgmnjvfP; c]t s^kpgduowxF d;kfF 8hv,xt mkpd+.shgxaodv’fP;F [+-t-kp grnjvIadlkxt]y,ko c]t 75ootrk[dkooe.-hxt mkpd+D -jk’9t8hv’oe.-h.sh\fq F [+lk,kf9qj’w;hd.+ o7A’|hk c]t 7;ooe.-h.sh\fq djvo $& okmuD g,njvleg]af;Pdd+ 9t8hv’wfh]hk’lt4komujxtlq, c]t v5xtdvom5d 1jk’.shltvkfdjvo9tg]ud;Pd’koD 68.

(74) g;]kxtlq,xtmkpd+ -jk’7;ooe.-hgdu[1k’ c]t .lj4’q ,n xhv’dao[+.sh-u,’a 4nd8uo c]t ,nF g;]k9a[-;hko9tgIaf.shgxao[kf c]t g9a[x;fD ]t;a’[+.saxtmkp d+2Q’g0QkxkdF fa’F 8k c]t [jvovnjoMD 4hkxtmkpd+2Q’.lj 7;ogvqkoE]hk’vvd c]t wxskcrfD. dkoxtlq,xtmkpd+fh;pg7njv’9ad dkoxtlq,xtmkpd+ ovd9kdxtlq,fh;pcI’’koc]h; pa’lk,kfxtlq,fh;p 3,h xtlq,mujoe.-hrt]a’’kow22hk s^n rt]a’’kog7njv’9adoE,aog-Nvw2D dkooe.-h g7njv’9adxtlq,xtmkpd+ okp-jk’ 7;o,u7;k,I6hdjP;da[7j6,noe.-h0v’g7njv’9adfaj’ djk;D 3,hxtlq,. ສ. ວ. ສ. #D. ]=hd+lhk’ 75. -;hko Ihko0Bo4vd -u,a’F suoF -kp. I6[9ad3,hxtlq,xtmkpd+. 69.

(75) 7e4k, !D dkoxtlq,xtmkpd+ 4vdfyo-kpxqdgmy’dv’-u,a’D dD 4nd 0D zyf @D fyo-kpmujoe.-hxtlq,xtmkpd+ 8hv’gxao-kpg,afc][D dD 4nd 0D zyf #D 9qj’9a[76jdkoxtlq,xtmkpd+.sh4nd8hv’D X.sh0Po8q;g]d.lj[jvo DDDDDD?D DDDDDD dD oExtlq,xtmkpd+ !D lv’gmnjvcsh’F lv’gmnjvxPd DDDDDD 0D ;ymuxtlq,xtmkpd+ @D 8hv’wlltvkf W C. 0,3 0,4. DDDDDD 7D fyo-kp. #D. DDDDDD 'D vaf8klj;o oE c]t-u,a’. $D g,af.spjF ]hk’.shltvkf. $D g,njvxtmkpd+2’Q g0QkxkdF fa’F 8k gIqk7;ogIafco;.fL X.sh\kp 9 .lj rP’ ! 0=h?D dD 7;o]hk’vvdfh;poEltvkfF wxskcrf 0D 7;o]hk’vvdfh;poEltvkf 7D da[g,nvovo16j[hko ’D wxskcrf3]f . 70.

(76) [qfmu !* g7njv’.-hw22hk !D. g7njv’.-hxtgrf.shlP’ c]t rk[. !D!. 3m]trk[ 3m]trk[ c,jov5xtdvolqj’dt9kplP’rhv,ma’ rk[mujg7njnvows;vvd.oI6[dkolaopkoI6[rk[ mk’wd dkoIa[laopkoouh ,kxjPo.shgxaolP’ lt;yd c]t rk[ g,njv8hv’dkork[mujgsaodkog7njvo xa[7No muj8yf8+dao16jgmy’9=rk[D g7njv’Ia[3m]trk[oAo \hk9= 7;k,9y’7nzqo0v’dkolqj’ c]t Ia[rk[muj,u 7;k,c8d8jk’daorP’g]ad|hvp c]t s^kpM I6[8=d+= oa g-yj’gxaos^da dkofP;daoda[lkpI6[g’qk c]t ,u]adltotryglf1jk’|bj’7n .o0t otg[yj’9=rk[|bj’c]h; rk[oaoha wfh9k’skpwx1jk’dtmaosao c8jd=p’a I6lh db gsao8yyf8k1j6 .o-;j’w]ptg;]klaaAoMD I6[muj8+dao.o ! ;yokmu lkp8k0v’7qogIqk9tgsaork[dko g7njvows;8+gonjv’dao3fp[+15fD. ສ. ວ. ສ. glqkvkdkf. dD dkooe.-h c]t [q;]t[afIadlk g7njv’Ia[3m]trk[ c,jogIaf;Pd8k,0t|kfcI’faow22hkdtclltsâ[ Xw2 AC? 8k,muj]t[5w;h.oczjoxhkp muj8yf16j0k h ’s^’a 0v’g7nvjb ’ c]t [+7;o8+w22hkdtcl dq’ Xw2 DC) g0Qkda[38g7njv’D .o0totgdufrkp5F /qo2hkIhv’ s^n w22hk,vf.sh4vf xadlP[ c]t lkpIa[laopkovvd9kd3m]trk[ grnjvxhv’daodkogdufw2w\h s^n w2f6fD 7;o]t;a’1jk.shg7njv’4ndvkpoE s^n 7;k,xPd-5j,F [=+.sh4vf/ksâ’vvd grktvkf9twfhIa[vao8t]kp9kdw22hkcI’l6’-HvfwfhD 4hkskd;jkg7njv’0af0hv’.sh 4vfxadlP[vvd c]h;.sh-jk’,klhv,cx’D dko8+lkpvkdkf g0qhkda[0Q;8+lkpvkdkfmuj,u g7njbv’\kp (& [=]yg;o/kfhkosâ’g7njv’3m]t rk[grnjv1kdwfhlaopko3m]trk[mujc9h’fumujl5f 7;o.shc/’3m]trk[vvdovdgInvoD c/’3m]trk[ 71.

(77) 0D lt4komuj8yf8ah’ .sh8’A 3m]trk[w;h.o[jvomuj[+,ucl’lts;jk’s^kpgduowx s^n cl’cffljv’.lj|kh 9=3fpdq’F ]t;a’1jk8A’3m]trk[w;h1j[6 jvomuj,udkolajoltgmnvoF 7;k,-5,j F /jo5 ]tvv' s^n 7;k,IhvoD. !D@. ;ymtp5 ;ymtp5 c,jov5xtdvolnjlkomk’fhkogvg]ad38ioyd-toyf|bj’ muj,u7;k,lk,kfIa[ 2a’lP’9kdlt4kooulqj’7NoF ;ymtp5mujoypq,.-h16j @ 7No7nG AM c]t FM. { ]t[q[ AM ,u7;k,4ujc8j &#W sk !*&W dy3]cId XKHz? { ]t[q[ FM ,u7;k,4ujc8j )) sk !W) dy3]cId XKHz? ;ymtp5.-hg0Qk.odkolnjlkoF Ia[2a’0jk;F 0=,h o6 7;k,[aogmy’ c]t lk]t7tfuvjon MD dD dkooE.-h .-hwfh @ ]t[q[7nG .-h4jkow2lkp c]t .-hfh;pw22hkD { .-h4jkow2lkp c,jow2dtcldq’ DC. glqkvkdkf. lt;yd c]t [jvoxa[7No. (Direct Current). { .-hfh;pw22hk c,jow2dtclltsâ[ AC (Alternative Current). dko.-hgIqk8hv’gxuf7NolP’ s^n lt;yddjvo sâ’ 9kdoAo7jvpM g]aj’0Bo8k,7;k,8hv’dko 4hk 1kd2a’lt4kou.f .sh.-hx5j,xa[7No\6owxsklt 4koumuj8hv’dko2a’D 0D dko[q;]t[afIadlk .sh.-h;ymtp516jlt4komujIqj,F g;]k2hkIhv’.sh,vfw;hgrkt1hko2hkzjkF [+7;o.sh 4nd]tvv’oEF 4hk[+.-h’ko s^n .-hd=7;od;fg[jy’4jkow2lkpgrktvkfgduf\hP’ c]t ,uvkpoEF g;]k9t.-hd[a cI’faow22hkdtclltsâ[8hv’d;fg[yj’;jk,ao.-hw2 2hk9ad3;oD. 72.