Total Primary Energy Supply

Table 2.4.1. gives the shares of energy forms in total primary energy supply in the period between 2004 and 2009. Figure 2.4.1. shows the trends in total primary energy supply in the period from 1988, as well as the projected trends in the future primary energy supply. In 2009 total primary energy supply in Croatia decreased by 1.6 percent from the previous year. This reduction is the results of decreased consumption of coal and coke, imported electricity, natural gas and liquid fuels. It is also due to the relevant increase in hydro power utilization, larger consumption of fuel wood and other renewables. Total consumption of liquid fuels decreased by 1.2 percent, and of natural gas by 7.3 percent. The largest decrease was recor-ded in the consumption of coal and coke, which was 28.8 percent, and in the consumption of imported electricity which decrease by 13.6 percent. Due to good hydrology situation, hydro power energy increased by 31 percent from the pre-vious year. Also, the consumption of renewables had a high 47.4 percent increase, and the consumption of fuel wood and biomass increased by 4.5 percent from the previous year.

Over the period 2004 to 2009 total primary energy supply increased at an average annual rate of 0.3 percent. Almost all energy forms had decreasing consumption trends in this period, except for imported electricity, where consumption actually growth over these years, by average 9.2 percent per annum. The fastest consumption decrease was in coal and coke, at average annual rate of 3.6 percent and the consump-tion of fuel wood and biomass, by an average 2.2 percent per annum. The consumption of natural gas decreased at an average annual rate of 0.5 percent, while in liquid fuels the decrease was minimal with an average annual rate of only 0.2 percent. In 2004 hydrologic situation were somewhat more favorable in relation to 2009 so that hydro power utilization decreased at an average annual rate of 1 percent per.

Tablica | Table 2.4.1. Ukupna potrošnja energije | Total Primary Energy Supply

2004. 2005. 2006. 2007. 2008. 2009. 2009./08. 2004.-09.

PJ %

Ugljen i koks

Coal and Coke 29,70 32,95 31,61 33,74 34,65 24,66 -28,8 -3,6

Drvo i biomasa

Biomass 16,09 14,96 15,48 13,62 13,80 14,42 4,5 -2,2

Tekuća goriva

Liquid Fuels 179,62 181,88 185,15 189,70 180,15 178,04 -1,2 -0,2

Prirodni plin

Natural Gas 104,66 101,06 99,86 114,22 110,22 102,15 -7,3 -0,5

Vodne snage

Hydro Power 69,00 62,40 58,18 42,21 50,19 65,77 31,0 -1,0

Električna energija

Electricity 13,19 18,41 20,24 22,90 23,68 20,46 -13,6 9,2

Obnovljivi izvori

Renewables 0 0 0,24 0,82 0,97 1,43 47,4

UKUPNO

TOTAL 412,27 411,85 410,76 417,21 413,66 406,92 -1,6 -0,3

Izvor | Source: EIHP

Slika | Figure 2.4.1. Ukupna potrošnja energije u Hrvatskoj | Total Primary Energy Supply in Croatia Izvor | Source: EIHP

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

1988. 1990. 1995. 2000. 2005. 2009. 2010. 2015. 2020. 2025. 2030.

PJ

Ugljen i koks | Coal and coke Drvo i biomasa | Biomass Tekuća goriva | Liquid Fuels Prirodni plin | Natural Gas

Vodne snage | Hydro Power Električna energija | Electricity Obnovljivi izvori | Renewables

Na slici 2.4.2. prikazani su ostvareni udjeli pojedinih energe-nata u ukupnoj potrošnji energije u 2004. i 2009. godini, kao i udjeli u predviđenoj potrošnji energije u 2030. godini. Najveći udio u ukupnoj potrošnji energije u Hrvatskoj ostvarila su tekuća goriva. Njihov udio iznosio je 43,6 posto u 2004. godini te se do 2009. godine nije značajnije mijenjao, odnosno mini-malno je povećan na 43,8 posto. Nakon tekućih goriva prema visini udjela slijedi prirodni plin koji je u 2009. godini

sudjelo-2004. godina Year: 2004

2009. godina Year: 2009

2030. godina Year: 2030 Figure 2.4.2. presents the shares of energy products in total primary energy supply in 2004 and 2009, as well as in the projected total primary energy supply to 2030. Liquid fuels had the biggest share in total primary energy supply in Croatia, with 43.6 percent in 2004 which did not significantly change until 2009. Its share was minimally increased up to 43.8 percent. Its is followed by natural gas, which in 2009 accounted for 25.4 percent of total primary energy supply and

Obnovljivi izvori | Renewables 0,005%

Tekuća goriva | Liquid Fuels 43,6%

Ogrjevno drvo | Fuel Wood 3,9%

Ugljen i koks | Coal and coke 7,2%

Električna energija | Electricity 3,2%

Vodne snage | Hydro Power 16,7%

Prirodni plin | Natural Gas 25,4%

Obnovljivi izvori | Renewables 0,35%

Tekuća goriva | Liquid Fuels 43,8%

Ogrjevno drvo | Fuel Wood 3,5%

Ugljen i koks | Coal and coke 6,1%

Električna energija | Electricity 5,0%

Vodne snage | Hydro Power 16,2%

Prirodni plin | Natural Gas 25,1%

Tekuća goriva | Liquid Fuels 36,2%

Obnovljivi izvori | Renewables 6,7%

Ogrjevno drvo | Fuel Wood 5,5%

Ugljen i koks | Coal and coke 11,4%

Vodne snage | Hydro Power 9,0%

Prirodni plin | Natural Gas 31,2%

vao s 25,1 posto. U 2004. godini udio prirodnog plina je izno-sio 25,4 posto što znači da se u promatranom razdoblju mini-malno smanjio za 0,3 posto. Udio vodnih snaga varira ovisno o hidrološkim prilikama pa im je tako udio u 2004. godini iznosio 16,7 posto, a u 2009. godini bio je malo manji i iznosio je 16,2 posto. Smanjen je udio ugljena i koksa s 7,2 posto u 2004.

godini na 6,1 posto u 2009. godini. Sa sve većim udjelom u ukupnoj potrošnji energije sudjeluje uvozna električna energija kojoj je udio s 3,2 povećan na 5 posto. Suprotno takvom trendu udio ogrjevnog drva je smanjen i to s 3,9 posto u 2004. godini na 3,5 posto u 2009. godini. U ukupnoj potrošnji obnovljivih izvora energije (energija vjetra, energija Sunca, geotermalna energija, biodizel, deponijski plin i bio plin) ostvarena je visoka stopa porasta, ali se njihov udio nije značajnije povećao te je u 2009. godini iznosio 0,35 posto. Za razdoblje do 2030. godine predviđeno je povećanje udjela ugljena, prirodnog plina, drva i biomase, kao i ostalih obnovljivih izvora. Udio tekućih goriva će se do 2030. godine smanjiti na oko 36 posto. Udio prirodnog plina iznosit će oko 31 posto, ugljena 11,4 posto, vodnih snaga 9 posto, obnovljivih izvora 6,7 posto te drva i biomase 5,5 posto. Predviđeno je da će se elektroenergetski sustav razvijati tako da neće biti potreban uvoz električne energije.

Na četiri sljedeće slike prikazana je ukupna potrošnja ener-gije po glavi stanovnika, ukupna potrošnja tekućih goriva po glavi stanovnika, ukupna potrošnja prirodnog plina po glavi stanovnika i ukupna potrošnja ugljena po glavi stanovnika u Hrvatskoj i u europskim zemljama, Europskoj uniji (EU 27), SAD-u i Japanu. Ukupna potrošnja energije po stanovniku u Hrvatskoj u 2009. godini iznosila je 2 194 kg ekvivalentne nafte te je u odnosu na odgovarajuću potrošnju u Europskoj uniji (EU 27) bila manja za 39,1 posto. Manja potrošnja ostvarena je u sedam zemalja, dok je u ostale 33 promatrane zemlje, uključujući i prosjek za EU 27, ta potrošnja bila veća.

U potrošnji tekućih goriva ostvarena je prosječna potrošnja po stanovniku od 960 kg ekvivalentne nafte, manja potrošnja po glavi stanovnika ostvarena je u 17 zemalja, dok je u odnosu na prosjek za Europsku uniju ta potrošnja bila manja za 21 posto. Vrlo slični odnosi su i u potrošnji prirodnog plina gdje je potrošnja po glavi stanovnika bila manja za 37,6 posto u odnosu na Europsku uniju. Manja potrošnja ostvarena je u 17 zemalja, a veća potrošnja u preostale 23 zemlje. U potrošnji ugljena ostvareno je najveće zaostajanje u odnosu na Europsku uniju. Potrošnja ugljena po glavi stanovnika u Hrvatskoj u 2009.

godini iznosila je 133 kg ekvivalentne nafte što je za 78,2 posto manje u odnosu na prosječnu potrošnju ugljena u Europskoj uniji od 610 kg ekvivalentne nafte. Manja potrošnja ugljena

over the observed period its share decreased by 0.3 percent.

The share of hydro power varied pending on hydrology; in 2004 it was 16.7 percent while in 2009 it slightly decreased to 16.2 percent. The share of coal and coke dropped from 7.2 percent in 2004 to 6.1 percent in 2009. Imported electricity had an increasing share in total primary energy supply, from 3.2 percent to 5 percent. Contrary to this trend, the share of fuel wood was reduced from 3.9 percent in 2004 down to 3.5 percent in 2009. The consumption of energy from renewa-ble energy sources (wind energy, solar, energy, geothermal energy, biodiesel, landfill gas and biogas) had a fast growth, but this share did not grow significantly. In 2009 they acco-unted for only 0.35 percent of primary energy supply. For the period to 2030, the projection is that the shares of coal, natural gas, wood and biomass as well as the shares of other renewables will grow. In this period, liquid fuels are expected to make 36 percent in total primary energy supply. Natural gas would make about 31 percent, coal 11.4 percent, hydro power 9 percent, renewable energy sources 6.7 percent, and wood and biomass 5.5 percent. Also, the projection of the development of the electric power system is such that import of electricity would not be necessary.

Four Figures below present total primary energy supply per inhabitant, total consumption of liquid fuels per inhabitant, total consumption of natural gas per inhabitant, and total consumption of coal per inhabitant in Croatia and in the European countries, European Union (EU27), USA and Japan.

In 2009 the Croatian total primary energy supply per inha-bitant was 2194 kilograms of oil equivalent and was 39.1 percent lower than the primary energy supply level in the European Union (EU27). Seven countries of this selection had lower primary energy supply while in other 33 countries, including the EU27 average, it was higher than Croatian. The average consumption of liquid fuels was 960 kilograms of oil equivalent per inhabitant; 17 countries had lower liquid fuels consumption per inhabitant, while this consumption was 21 percent below the EU average. Similar relations were in natural gas consumption where the average consumption per inhabitant was 37.6 percent below the EU level; lower consumption was recorded in 17 countries, while higher con-sumption was recorded in 23 countries. In coal concon-sumption there is a wider gap between Croatia and the EU. In 2009 coal consumption per inhabitant in Croatia was 133 kilograms of oil equivalent or 78.2 percent below the EU average of 610 kilograms of oil equivalent. Lower coal consumption was

Slika | Figure 2.4.3. Ukupna potrošnja energije po stanovniku | Total primary energy supply per capita Izvor | Source: EIHP

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000

IS NO LU US FI SE BE RU NL AT FR CZ CH SI EE DE JP

EU27 SK DK GB IE ES IT UA BY GR LT BG HU PL RS PT HR LV RO BA MK TR AL MD

kgen/stanovniku | kgoe/inhabitant 21884

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

kgen/stanovniku | kgoe/inhabitant

Slika | Figure 2.4.5. Ukupna potrošnja prirodnog plina po stanovniku | Total consumption of natural gas per capita Izvor | Source: EIHP

Slika | Figure 2.4.6. Ukupna potrošnja ugljena i koksa po stanovniku | Total consumption of cola and coke per capita Izvor | Source: EIHP

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

RU LU NL US BY BE GB IT UA HU NO IE SK DE AT

EU27 ES DK FI LT CZ JP FR HR EE LV RO MD TR SI PT CH BG PL GR RS SE BA MK AL IS

kgen/stanovniku | kgoe/inhabitant

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

EE CZ US PL RS FI BA DE BG JP UA RU MK SI SK GR DKEU27 GB IE NL AT RO TR BE HU ES IS IT SE PT FR NO LU HR LT BY LV MD CH AL

kgen/stanovniku | kgoe/inhabitant

Na slici 2.4.7. prikazan je razvoj vlastite opskrbljenosti ener-gijom u proteklom razdoblju, kao i predviđanje za buduće razdoblje do 2030. godine. Vlastita opskrbljenost energijom je odnos ukupne proizvodnje primarne energije i ukupne potrošnje energije. Ona je u 2009. godini iznosila 52 posto, što je za 4,2 posto više u odnosu na prethodnu godinu, iako je u proteklom razdoblju ostvaren trend njezinog smanjenja. U budućnosti će se vlastita opskrbljenost energijom nastaviti smanjivati tako da će 2030. godine ona iznositi oko 28 posto, odnosno ostalu potrebnu energiju Hrvatska će morati osigurati iz uvoza.

2.5. Energija za energetske transformacije