L’industrie du cacao:intégrer les petits exploitantsdans la chaîne devaleur mondiale

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L’industrie du cacao:

intégrer les petits exploitants dans la chaîne de

valeur mondiale

C O N F É R E N C E D E S N AT I O N S U N I E S S U R L E C O M M E R C E E T L E D É V E L O P P E M E N T

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L’industrie du cacao:

intégrer les petits exploitants dans la chaîne de valeur

mondiale

New York et Genève, 2016

Samuel K. Gayi et Komi Tsowou

Groupe spécial sur les produits de base, CNUCED

C O N F É R E N C E D E S N AT I O N S U N I E S S U R L E C O M M E R C E E T L E D É V E L O P P E M E N T

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L’INDUSTRIE DU CACAO: INTÉGRER LES PETITS EXPLOITANTS DANS LA CHAÎNE DE VALEUR MONDIALE ii

NOTE

Les opinions exprimées dans la présente publication sont celles des auteurs et ne sont en aucun cas l’expression d’une opinion quelconque de la part de la CNUCED ou de ses États membres.

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UNCTAD/SUC/2015/4

PUBLICATION DES NATIONS UNIES e-ISBN 978-92-1-057928-5

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REMERCIEMENTS iii

REMERCIEMENTS

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TABLE DES MATIÈRES Y

TABLE DES MATIÈRES

Note ...ii

Remerciements...iii

Abréviations ...vi

Aperçu général ...vii

I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

II. APERÇU GÉNÉRAL DU MARCHÉ MONDIAL DU CACAO... 5

III. L’INDUSTRIE CACAOYÈRE ET LA CONCENTRATION DU MARCHÉ ... 11

A. Structure de la chaîne de valeur du cacao-chocolat ... 12

1. Production des fèves de cacao ... 12

2. Commercialisation des fèves de cacao ... 13

3. Transformation des fèves de cacao ... 14

4. Fabrication (production de chocolat industriel) et distribution ... 15

&RPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQDXSUÅVGHVFRQVRPPDWHXUVƂQDX[ ... 15

B. Concentration de la chaîne de valeur du cacao ... 15

1. Concentration au niveau mondial ... 15

2. Concentration au niveau régional et au niveau national ... 19

C. Impacts potentiels de la concentration sur la chaîne de valeur mondiale du cacao ... 19

IV. CACAOCULTEURS ET MARCHÉS MONDIAUX: EFFET DES RÉFORMES SUR L’INTÉGRATION DES CACAOCULTEURS DANS LA CVM DU CACAO ... 23

V. PERSPECTIVES DE POLITIQUES ... 29

A. Politiques au niveau macro ... 30

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2. Améliorer l’environnement politique national ... 32

B. Politiques au niveau méso ... 33

1. Encourager une plus grande transparence des marchés du cacao ... 33

2. Créer des opportunités de développement des acteurs de petite taille au sein de l’industrie cacaoyère dans les pays producteurs ... 34

& 3ROLWLTXHVDXQLYHDXPLFURVSÆFLƂTXHPHQWGÆGLÆHVDX[FDFDRFXOWHXUV ... 35

1. Faciliter la création d’organisations d’agriculteurs à but commercial ... 35

$PÆOLRUHUOpDFFÅVGHVH[SORLWDQWVDX[ƂQDQFHPHQWVHW½GHVLQVWUXPHQWVGHJHVWLRQGHVULVTXHV ... 36

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VI. CONCLUSIONS ... 39

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L’INDUSTRIE DU CACAO: INTÉGRER LES PETITS EXPLOITANTS DANS LA CHAÎNE DE VALEUR MONDIALE YL

ABRÉVIATIONS

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I. Introduction

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L’INDUSTRIE DU CACAO: INTÉGRER LES PETITS EXPLOITANTS DANS LA CHAÎNE DE VALEUR MONDIALE

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(12)

I. INTRODUCTION

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est le prix payé aux producteurs (QƄQ FH UDSSRUW émet des recommandations en termes de politiques GRQWODPLVHHQzXYUHSRXUUDLWFRQWULEXHU½DLGHUOHV JRXYHUQHPHQWV OH VHFWHXU SULYÆ OD FRPPXQDXWÆ LQWHUQDWLRQDOH HW OHV SURGXFWHXUV ½ SURPRXYRLU XQH ƄOLÅUH FDFDR\ÅUH GXUDEOH HQ SURSRVDQW GHV PR\HQV GpDFWLRQV DX[ DJULFXOWHXUV HQ DFFRUG DYHF Op$JHQGDJOREDOGXFDFDRDGRSWÆORUVGHODSUHPLÅUH

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(13)

(14)

II. Aperçu général

du marché mondial

du cacao

(15)

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(16)

II. APERÇU GÉNÉRAL DU MARCHÉ MONDIAL DU CACAO

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2013/14 2005/06

Indonésie* Côte d'Ivoire* États-Unis Ghana* Allemagne Royaume-Uni Espagne Turquie Singapour Italie Brésil* Fédération de Russie Pays-Bas Malaisie*

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II. APERÇU GÉNÉRAL DU MARCHÉ MONDIAL DU CACAO

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(20)

III. L’industrie

cacaoyère et la

concentration

du marché

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Sélection des fèves, nettoyage et négoce

Torréfaction des fèves Broyage

Fabrication des SURGXLWVVHPLƂQLVGH cacao (poudre, beurre et liqueur)

Chocolat industriel

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A. STRUCTURE DE LA CHAÎNE DE VALEUR DU CACAO-CHOCOLAT

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1. Production des fèves de cacao

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La récolte

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(22)

III. L’INDUSTRIE CACAOYÈRE ET LA CONCENTRATION DU MARCHÉ

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Brésil oct.-mars juin-sept.

Cameroun sept.-févr. mai-août

Costa Rica juill.-févr. mars-juin

Côte d’Ivoire oct.-mars mai-août

Équateur mars-juin déc.-janv.

Ghana sept.-mars mai-août

Indonésie sept.-déc. mars-juill.

Nigeria sept.-mars juin-août

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Fermentation et séchage

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2. Commercialisation des fèves de cacao

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3. Transformation des fèves de cacao

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La torréfaction

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Le broyage

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YXH GpREWHQLU GH OD OLTXHXU GH FDFDR &HOOHFL SHXW être directement employée comme intrant dans la IDEULFDWLRQ GX FKRFRODW (OOH SHXW ÆJDOHPHQW ÇWUH SUHVVÆHDXWUDYHUVGpXQHƄQHSDVVRLUHRXHQXWLOLVDQW GHV VROYDQWV GpH[WUDFWLRQ DƄQ GpREWHQLU GX EHXUUH GH FDFDR ODLVVDQW GHUULÅUH HOOH XQ UÆVLGX VROLGH OHV tourteaux. Le beurre de cacao extrait est ensuite ƄOWUÆ HW VWRFNÆ VRXV IRUPH OLTXLGH GDQV GHV FXYHV DƄQGpÇWUHXWLOLVÆSRXUODIDEULFDWLRQGXFKRFRODW/HV WRXUWHDX[VRQWTXDQW½HX[EUR\ÆVSOXVƄQHPHQWHW FRPPHUFLDOLVÆVVXUOHVPDUFKÆVJÆQÆULTXHVGXFDFDR RXSXOYÆULVÆVDƄQGpREWHQLUXQHSRXGUHƄQHGHFDFDR /D WHQHXU HQ PDWLÅUHV JUDVVHV GHV WRXUWHDX[ SHXW YDULHUHQIRQFWLRQGHODPDQLÅUHGRQWFHX[FLRQWÆWÆ WUDLWÆV&HWWHWHQHXUHQPDWLÅUHVJUDVVHVYDSHUPHWWUH GHGÆWHUPLQHUOpXWLOLVDWLRQƄQDOHGHVWRXUWHDX[HQWDQW TXH FKRFRODW ½ ERLUH LQWUDQW SRXU OD ERXODQJHULH RX JDUQLWXUH

4. Fabrication (production de chocolat industriel) et distribution

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5. Commercialisation auprès des FRQVRPPDWHXUVƂQDX[

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B. CONCENTRATION DE LA CHAÎNE DE VALEUR DU CACAO

1. Concentration au niveau mondial

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a) Concentration horizontale Le négoce du cacao

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Les estimations réalisées par les auteurs sont basées VXU GHV GRQQÆHV SURYHQDQW GH 5HXWHUV YRLU &DUJLOO RQ YHUJH RI EX\LQJ $'0 FRFRD XQLW KWWSZZZ UHXWHUVFRPDUWLFOHXVFDUJLOOFRFRDDGP LG86%5(%FRQVXOWÆOH}IÆYULHU

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La transformation du cacao

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Barry Callebaut AG 24%

Cargill 17%

ADM 13%

Blommer Chocolate Company

7%

Olam International 4%

JB Foods Ltd (JB Cocoa) 4%

BT Cocoa 3%

Ecom Agroindustrial Corp. Ltd 3%

Autres 25%

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Voir Candy IndustryQXPÆURVGHMDQYLHUHWMXLQ

b) Concentration verticale

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(27)

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Mondelēz International Nestlé SA

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Hershey Foods Corp (Étas-Unis) Arcor (Argentine)

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Yıldız Holding Autres

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