Analysis of Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols in Random Graph Models

(1)

HAL Id: inria-00072822

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072822

Submitted on 24 May 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub-

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,

Analysis of Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols in Random Graph Models

Philippe Jacquet, Anis Laouiti

To cite this version:

Philippe Jacquet, Anis Laouiti. Analysis of Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols in Random Graph Models. [Research Report] RR-3835, INRIA. 1999. �inria-00072822�

(2)

ISRN INRIA/RR--3835--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Analysis of Mobile Ad-hoc network routing protocols in random graph models

Philippe Jacquet, Anis Laouiti

N ˚ 3835

1999

TH `EME 1

(3)

(4)

,

$'-./ 0 $')1 +$'

, 1 23

465'79897;:':=<?>A@ABDCFE'<HGJILK'M*N'7POQ/@AR"E'7SGT7VU

WYX[Z

\])\-^`_ acb\3de\fTgih\j/dekDdej

Z

\])\3d

lmonTp

\qj r/s l&t

a=uwvyx

azf|{}{

nTm

j~}\

m

\

X \ m X

\LJL_ ^J_ T{fJ\3d

c.|}JL

\f|fTkD\j

X

\{\

meSnJm

] fT\

nJ¡L¢J£9¤¥¦ mon

g}je§¨fJd~}\q©}\3~§ª

x«`¬/\j-s

t&Ww¯®°nJme±

§ª

m²n

g}{³§´j X \ m

fT}~

n

]

m

fT{

X ] n

~}\9µsV³{f

m

j²§g}¶f m®

\

fTfTªki\j

X

\{\

meSnJm

] fT\

nJ

f m

\fTj²§ª·\'{

m²n

j n n

L¸º¹»afT}~

nT

f={

m²nT¼

fJqj²§ª·\.{

m²n

j n n

vº½F¹»aºµ WYX

\ m fT}~

n

]

m

fT{

X ] n

~}\q°§d~}\q©}\3~¿¾Hkj

X

\ Hg}]¾\

mnJ

n

~}\3dÀÂÁ&fT~

§

± { mon

¾f|¾}§ª§jÃkºÄÅµ

\2J§·J\ j

X

\ºfTdekH]){»j

n

je§¶`\q·Jf|gfTje§

n nJ

j X

\`Æ nDn

~»§6~»§¶dÇjÈfT}3\

®wX

§¶

X

§¶d=gde\3~§¸º¹»afT}~j

X

\2]g}ªj²§

¼ { n

§Hj

m

\¶fk Æ nin

~»§ªgd²\~§ª*vº½F¹»aºµ

É*ÊLËAÌeÍÎ |ÏÂJ §m

\¶\d²d}\j

®°nJm²±

Á']

n

¾}§\ fJ~

¼VXn

)\qj

®YnTm²±

d3Á'Æ nDn

~i§}ÁF]g}ª§j

¼

{ n

§ªHj

m

\qÐfkDd3Á

m

fT}~

n

]#

m

fT{

X

\3d3Á\q\

m

fTj²§ª

g}qj²§

n

d3µ

ÑÓÒ Ô

Õ×ÖÃØÙ

Ô

Õ°ÚÂÛÜÖÃÝPÞqß

û

áâ=ãåäçæèñqøLë3ü}î;ì3ñýqôLë²õëåöTë²øùJëÈñïî¶úù

(5)

,

$ 2 .`( 1 3` .( 3 1 23 (

+$'

,

`6.)3$&

Ê Ê ¬ n

gd2fTf|kDd

n

}dz¶\d {\

m²SnTm

] fT3\d ~»g m²n

g}jofJ\fT~

¼VXn

6j²\Hg§ª.\dej

~Yb\©}»§°~}fTdº¶\-d

n

g}d

¼ mon

g}{\~}\j

m

f·TfT§&x«`¬/\j6~}\s t&Ww

µ t

?{f

m

je§¶qg}§\

m

Á"

n

gd

§Hjib\ m

\3ded

n

}d°f|g{

mon

j n n

¶\

m b\fJqj²§

¸º¹ia \j fTg-{

m²n

j n n

¶\

m b\fJqj²§

v2½F¹»aºµL¬

n

g}d°f·

n

d

m

\3

n g m

d`fTg]

n ~ Z

\\º~»g

m

fT{

X

\fTb\3fTj n §m

\Lg}§F{

m

\~\q*{f

m

fT]

Z

\j

m

\3d/¶\2

n

]¾

m

\y~}\

2g~}d À?\jzÐf{

mon

¾f|¾}§ª§jib\2~»\6§\ÄÅµz¬

n

gdz~

n

}

n

d ×b\q·Jf|gfTje§

n

fJdÇkH]){}j

n

j²§Lg\

~}\y¶f~»§¶dÇjÈfT\6~§ª

n

~f|j²§

n

Lg}§Â\3dÇjzg»j²§ª§¶dDb\3\`{f

m

¸º¹»a\qjz§ª

n

~f|j²§

n {f mm

\qÐfT§d

]g}je§

¼ { n

§ªHjod&g}j²§ª§¶dDb\3\`{f

m

vº½F¹»aºµ

¯Î ÷ Ì Ê a \3de\fTgd²fTd ©»VÁb

m b\d²\f|g»h]

n

¾»§¶\ºfT~

¼VXn

JÁ§

n

~fTje§

n

"Á}]g}je§{

n

§Hj

m

\¶fT§VÁi

m

f|{

X

\3d/fTb\fTj n §m

\3dÁ»dDb\ m

§\3dÂb\Yb\ m f|j

m

§3\d3µ

(6)

c'$'(w'3

azfJ~i§

n

\qj

®YnTm²±

§ §d`\])\

m

J§cfJd

n

\

nT

j X

\]

n

dej`{

mon

]§¶dÇ§)

X

fT\J\

nJ

]

n|¼

~}\

m

jo\3

X n n

Jkµx

n

¾}§ª§jÃk`J§·J\3d.j X \ n

{}{

nJm

j²g}}§ªjÃk nJ

fz\

®

~i§])\dÇ§

n nJÐm

\\3~

n ]

§´sVHj²\

m

}\jgde\Jµ«z]

n

j

X

\ Hg}])\

m²n

gdf m X

§ªjo\3qj²g

m

\3dj

X

fTj3fT¿¾\cfJ~f|{}jo\~´j

n

m

fJ~»§

n

\j

®°nJme±

dÁDj

X

\

¢J£9¤¥¦

j n { n n

Jky§¶dj

X

\=]

n

dej fTjej

m

fJje§·\

n

\wde§ª3\w§j

n

dÇ§¶dÇjod

j n n

}\3qj']

n

¾}§\ n

~}\d

®

§j X}n

g}j

m

\kH§ª

n

{

m \ ¼

\qhD§¶dÇj²§}`§

Ðm

fJdej

m

gqj²g

m

\3d3µ

X

\

d n ])\

n

~»\3df

m

\

n

j6~»§

m

\3qj²k*§

m

fTJ\

nJ

\fJ

Xn

j X \ m j X \ m

\)§dyf\\3~

nT

{fJ

±

\j

m

\¶fkD§ª-¾Dk §ªHjo\

m

] \~»§Ðf|jo\2

n

~}\3dµ WYX

\

®°nJm²±

§ª m²n

g}{x«`¬/\j nJ

sVHjo\

m

\qj

t

J§

¼

\3\

m

§}

W

fJd

±6nJm

\;s t&Ww

§dFdÇjÈfT}~f

m

~i§¶§ª

mon

g}je§{

m²n

j n n

SnJm=¡L¢J£9¤¥¦"®

§m

\q¶\3ded

\j

®°nJm²±

§ªg»~}\

m

sVHjo\

m

\qj lmon

j n n

;s l!

µsVx«`¬/\jz\·\

m k n

~}\2§¶df{

n

jo\qHj²§Ðf|

mon

g}j²\

mSnJmn

j X \ m n

~}\3dµ WYX

\yjofJd

±nJ

de{\3q§

kH§f mon

g»j²§}-{

mon

j n n

SnJm

f]

n

¾»§¶\

® §m

\q¶\d²d'\j

®°nJme±

§d&

n

j°fºj

m

§·H§¶fT

n

\Tµ WYX

\/]cfT§ª-{

mon

¾»¶\] \

n

g}Hjo\

m

\3~)§]

n

¾»§¶\

\j

®°nJm²±

§ª)§dj

X

\º§]§j²\3~c¾f|~

®

§¶~ij

X

fT~j X \ X

§¶

Xm

f|jo\

nJ

j n { n n

J§fT

X

fT}\3d

fT~§ª

±

f|§g

m

\3fTgde\3~?¾Hk

n

~}\]

n

·\q] \qDj3µsV j X

§d2fJde\-j

X

\¶fJd²dÇ§¶3fT

mon

g}j²§ª

{

mon

j n n

fJd°a

n

g»j²§}6sVHjo\

m

\qj lmon

j n n

"9as l$#

^&%

fT~ v {\¹ XnJm

j²\3dÇj

l

f|j X

§m dÇj

Vvº¹ l&'#

%

f m

\6

n

j`fJ~fT{»jo\3~*de§}3\j

X

\k\3\~j nDn

]g}

X n

Hj mon

Fj

m

f)(fT~3fT

n

}kcfJ3\{}j

\ ® j n { n n

Jk)

X

fTJ\3d{A\

m

]§Hg}j²\Jµ

x«`¬z\qj

®°nJme±

§ª-

mon

g}{{

mon

{ n de\3dj

®Yn-±

§~}d nJFmon

g}j²§ª{

mon

j n n

¶d+*

^µ WYX

\ m

\3fJje§·\2{

m²n

j n n

¶d,

iµwj

X

\2{

m²nT¼

fTj²§ª·\`{

m²n

j n n

¶d3µ

WYX

\ m

\3fJje§·\'{

m²n

j n n

¶dAdÇg

X

fTdÅ« ~

¼9Xn

'v`6¸`\q]cfT}~º¸ §¶dejofT\.-&\3qj nJm

;«/vº¸/-

#

^)%

Á

¸ §

m

\j2¹ n g m

3\a

n

g}j²§ª9¸º¹ia

#

»Á10%

Á W

\]{

nJm

fTªk

¼ v m

~}\

m

\3~a

n

g}je§ «/¶

nTm

§j X ]

W v2a/«

#

^iÁ^^%

ÁD~

n n

j&\3\~c

n

Dj mon

\qhi

X

f|\ ~}fTjÈfº§ fT¾d²\q3\

nJ

~f|jÈf2j

m

f()Tµ

a n

g»jo\~»§¶de

n

·\

m

k³{

m²n

\3~»g

m

\§d§H·

nJ±

\3~

n ~}\q]cf|~

®wX

\ f d n g m

\

X

fTd f\

®

n

}}\3je§

n

{\~»§ªj n®

f m

~f\

®

~»\3deje§f|j²§

n

Åµ WYX

\

mon

g»jo\º~»§¶de

n

·\

m k { m²n

\3~»g m \

§?\\

m

fT°

n

de§dejody§Hj n j X

\-Æ nDn

~i§

nJ

f32 4& 5

{fJ

±

\qj-fT~j X \ m

\qj²g m

nJ

j X \

mon

g}j²\z¾Hk j

X

\ ~»\3deje§f|j²§

n

Åµ WYX

\`\åh

X

fTgdÇj²§·J\`Æ nDn

~»§ª3fT ¾\z·\

m

k \qhD{A\qde§ª·\TÁ}j

X

gd

m

\3fTj²§ª*~»\ÐfkDd6§ª

m²n

g}jo\)\3dÇjÈfT¾}ª§¶d

X

] \qHjµ

g m j X \ m ] nJm

\j X \

m²n

g}jo\)~»§¶de

n

·\

m

k?·D§¶f

Æ

nin

~»§ª6~

n

\dY

n

jYJgf

m

fTHjo\3\zj n m

\f|jo\

n

{»j²§] fT

m²n

g}jo\dY§ jo\

m

] d nJÅXn

{ ¼

~»§dejÈf|3\Tµ

WYX

\{

m²nT¼

fJqj²§ª·\{

mon

j n n

¶d-dÇg

X

fJd ¸`\3deje§f|j²§

n ¼

¹i\ Lg\\3~ ¸ §¶dejofT\

¼

-&\j nJm

a n

g»j²§}9¸º¹»¸/-

#

^÷6%

ÁFv {}je§]§¶3\~½"§

±

¹DjÈf|jo\-a

n

g}j²§ª7Vv2½F¹»a

#98

Á;:%

ÁÅ«/v2¸<-Á

\3\~}d{\

m §n

~»§¶)g}{A~}fTjo\

®

§j X n

Hj m²n

w{fJ

±

\j fT~³j X \ m \

SnJm

\\q\

m

fTjo\d fT \åhij m f

(7)

0 2

j m f()

®wX

§

X

fJ~»~}dyj n j X

\)fJjegfT&~fTjofj

m

f)(Tµ WYX

\)

n

Hj m²n

'j

m

f)(§d2¾ mon

fT~}fJd

¼

jo\3~³f|

n

·J\

m j X

\ \qj

®YnJme±

·H§Ðf

n

{}j²§ª])§3\3~Æ nDn

~»§ª}µ v {}je§]§¶\3~?Æ nin

~»§}*§¶dy{

n d ¼

de§¾»¶\cdÇ§\

n

~}\d{A\

m

] fT\Hjek]

n

}§ªj nJm

j X \ j n { n n

Jk nJ

j X

\}\j

®°nJm²±

µ¨v2½Â¹ia

gd²\d°]g}ªj²§

¼ { n

§Hj

m

\ÐfkÆ nDn

~»§

®wX

§

X

·\

m

kde§J}§©}fTHj²ªk

m

\~»g3\/j

X

\z

n

dÇj nJ

deg

X

¾

mon

fT~}fJdÇjodµ

g m j X \ m ] nJm

\JÁj

X

\

n

~}\

X

f·J\{A\

m

] fT\qDj ~»kHfT]§¶6~fTjÈf|¾fJd²\

®wX

§¶

X

]cf

± \ n

{}je§] fT

m²n

g}jo\dw§]] \~»§ÐfTj²\ªk f·TfT§ªÐfT¾}\

n

~}\q]cf|~"µ

W[n

n ]{f

m \ m

\3fJje§·J\{

mon

j n n

¶d fT~{

m²nT¼

fJqj²§ª·\{

m²n

j n n

¶dz}\3\3~»dºj n n

]{f m \

j X \ n

·J\

meX

\fJ~³~»g}\ j nmon

g}j²\ ~»§d²

n

·J\

m

k¿fT~

mon

g}j²\)

n

¼Ãn

{»j²§] fTª§jÃk

®

§ªj

X j X \ n

·J\

¼

m²X

\3fJ~fTgde\3~ ¾Hk {\

m §n

~»§¶z

n

Hj m²n

"j

m

f)(Jµ WYX

§¶dw

n

]){f

m

§¶d n 3fT

n

}ªk)¾\2~

n

\`§ª

·\

m k { m

\§d²\2\j

®°nJme±

f|~j

m

f)(º

n

~»§je§

n

}d3µ'sVj

X

§d={fT{\

m®

\6fT{}{»k j

X

\2]

n

~}\q

nJ°m

fT~

n ] m

f|{

X j

n?¡L¢J£9¤¥¦

\qj

®YnTm²±

§»µ WYX

\{f|{A\

m

§dº~»§·H§¶~»\3~§ j X»m

\3\{f

m

jodµ

¹i\3qj²§

n

¿ ~}\3de

m

§¾\3dºj X \ m

fT}~

n ] m

fT{

X ] n

~}\qVµ¹i\j²§

n

¿fTfTkD3\dyj

X

\-{A\

m²SnJmÇ¼

]cfT}3\

nT

f m

\fTj²§ª·\{

m²n

j n n P¸º¹»a

g}~}\

m j X \ m

fT~

n ] m

fT{

X ] n

~}\9µº¹i\j²§

n

0cfTf|kD3\d/j

X

\y{\

meSnJm

] fT\3d nJ

f-{

monT¼

fJje§·J\y{

m²n

j n n

!Vv2½F¹»a

g}~»\

m j X

\ydofT])\

] n

~}\9µ

$')1 +$&

, 1 2

sVj X \

Sn

n®

§

®

\-

n

de§~}\

m

fc]

n

¾}§\6\qj

®YnJme±

] fJ~}\

nJ

À´

n

~}\3dµ

\-fJdedeg}])\

j X

\2j

®°nSn

ª

n®

§}fJd²dÇg}]{}j²§

n

d*

^µ

®wX

\)d²\q·\

m

fT

n

~}\d&f m \ ®

fT§je§

SnJm

j m

fTde]§¶dede§

n n

}ªk

n

\=

n

~}\wfT-j

m

fTd

¼

])§ªjfTjzfj²§ª] \ºfT}~j

X

\2j

m

f|de]§jejo\

m n

~}\2§d

m

fT~

n

])ªkcd²\q¶\jo\~fT]

n

j X \

®

f|§j²§ª

n

~}\3d+,

iµwj

X

\ \·\qHjod ²f

n

~}\

nJm²m

\3qj²k

m

\3\q§·\dwj

X

\`{fT

±

\j²dwj

m

f|de]§jejo\3~)¾Dk)

n

~}\

f m

\§Vµ§Vµ~"µ

®wX

\q fT~

·Jf

m

k§)j

X

\/

m

fT{

X

f|~c\fT

X

\·J\Hj

n

3g m°®

§ªj

X

©»hi\3~{

mon

¾fT¾}§ª§jÃkyÄÅµ

WYX

\©

m

dÇjÂfJd²dÇg}]){»j²§

n

2¾fJde§fTªk])\fTd"j

X

fTj"j

X

\j

m

fTdÇ])§d²de§

n

2{

m²n

j n n

T§¶dÅf/uw¹}x«

¼

§

±

\y{

mon

j n n

ÂfT~j

X

fTjzj X \ m

fT}\

®wX

\ m

\f-j

m

fTde]§¶dede§

n

*3fT¾\~}\qjo\jo\~

n

·\

m d

j X

\°\Hj²§

m

\&\j

®°nJm²±

µ

WYX

§dF§d.f

m

\3fJd

n

fT¾}¶\°\qhDj

m

fT{

n

ÐfTj²\3~fJd²dÇg}]){»j²§

n

de§ª3\&§6gdegfT

de§¶TfT°fTj²j²\HgfTje§

n

]

n

~}\ j X \ m fJ~i§gd

®

§j

X

§

®wX

§¶

X

fj

m

fTdÇ])§d²dÇ§

n

fT´¾\c~}\

¼

jo\3qjo\~§¶dw§ªJ\\

m

fT[¾\j

®

\3\j

®°n

fT~j X}m

\\yje§])\3d=j

X

\6dÇ§¶\

nT

j X \ m fJ~»§g}d

®

§ªj

X

§ª

®wX

§¶

X j X

\~f|jÈf)

n

HjÈfT§ª\3~§j

X

\6j

m

fTdÇ])§d²dÇ§

n

*fT¾\

nJm²m

\3qj²k

m

\33\q§·J\3~"µ WYX

§d

{

mon

{\

m

jÃk)§d=f

n

de\ Lg\}3\

nJ

j X \ fJj°j

X

f|jY§ ¾ mon

fT~»¾fT~

® §m

\q¶\d²dYj

m

fTdÇ])§d²dÇ§

n

ÅÁ

(8)

nJmem

\3qj

m

\3\{}je§

n

}d \\3~ fT)§ª]){

nJm

jÈfTHj

m

fTj²§

n2nJ

dÇ§¶JfT

n

·\

m n

§d²\ Pa ¹»¬

µLsV

n j X \ m

®YnJm

~}d3Áj

X

§¶d=]

n

~»\"§J

nJm

\3dwde{fTj²§¶fT

m

\qgd²\Tµ

WYX

\d²\

n

}~fJd²dÇg}]{}j²§

n

¾fJde§fTªkc])\fT}d/j

X

fTjj

X

\6

m

f|{

X*nT

§Hjo\

m n

}\j²§

n

§¿j

X

\]

n

¾}§ª¶\ }\j

®°nJm²±

§d-f

m

fT~

n ] m

fT{

X ®wX

\ m

\j

X \ ·TfT§~»§jÃk nJ

\fJ

X

§ª

±

§d

fT §Vµ§Vµ~\·J\Hj

®

§ªj X {

m²n

¾fT¾»§§ªjÃk-ÄÅµ WYX

§d`]

n

~}\q.§¶d`{f

m

je§¶g»Ðf

m

k

m

\q¶\q·Jf|Dj

SnTm

]

n|¼

¾}§\c\j

®°nJm²±

d

®wX

\ m

\

n

~}\3d)f

m

\·H§

m

j²gf|k§

m

f|\

nJ

\3fJ

X n j X \ m

¾}g»j

m

fT~

n ]

{A\

m

j²g

m

¾fTje§

n

}d ]cf

±

\*j

X

fTj d n

] \{fT§

m nJ

n

~}\3d 3fT}

n j m

\3\§ª·\ \fT

X n j X \ m

µ¯«

dej

m

fT§¶

X j

SnJm²®

f m

~\åh»fT]){»¶\w§¶d

®

§ªj

X

§~

nDnJm

fT~

¼VXn

=\qj

®YnJme±

d=fT~

m

f|~

n ] n

¾dejofJ\3d

g m

}§jeg

m

\TÁ

®

fTª

.m

fT}~

n

]k

n

¾dÇj

m

gj°j

m

f|de]§¶dede§

n

d3µ

§¶Jg

m

\y^ d X}n÷®

d=fTc\åh}f|]){}\

nJ

f m fT~

n ] m

fT{

X ®

§ªj

X

;À9Ä

Ç^È: ÁYj

X

\

n

~»\3d

X

f·J\*¾A\\ ~ m f ®

\~ §ª

n

\Hj

m

§¶2]

n

~}\

p

g}dej

SnJm

n

D·J\}§\\Jµ

10

9 8

7 6

5

4 3

2

1

§¶Jg

m

\^ *&«

m

f|~

n ] m

fT{

X®

§ªj

X À

^-fT~-Ä

:iÁ}\q\

m

fTjo\~¾Hkx*fT{»¶\

X

\j X \ }\j

®°nJm²±

§¶dÅ

n

f|jo\3~

n

g}j²~

nDnJm

f|~dÇ{fT

n

n m

fT{

X

§fT

f m

\3f»Á»j

X

\`{

mon

¾fT¾}§ª§jÃkºÄd X}n

g}¶~~}\q{A\q~

n

j

X

\2~»§dejofT3\`¾\j

®

\3\q*j

X

\2j

®Yn

n

~}\3dÁ

§f

g}je§

n

®wX

§

X

¾fJde§fTªk)d Xn

g»¶~~}\3

m

\3fJd²\

®

§j

X

~»§dejofT3\Tµ

sV³j

X

\cd²\ Lg\

® \ ®

§ {f

m

j²§g}¶f

m

ªk

Sn

qgd

n

³~}\qd²\ \qj

®YnJme±

d*

m

fT~

n ]

m fT{

Xc®wXn

de\2de§¶\`À*j²\~}d=j

n

§»©}}§jÃk

®

§ªj

X

\`de\ Lg\q

®

\2f|¶d

n

~}\

n

jo\

^ *ÄÅµ

(9)

2

. - $'`w'

,

$'-./

WYX

\ m \ \ m

\}3\z{

mon

j n n

SnJm'm

\3fJje§·J\/{

m²n

j n n

§¶d ¸ §¶dÇjÈfT\z¹ n g m

3\za

n

g»j²§} P¸º¹»a

{

mon

j n n # )%9µ.sV ]

n

dej

m

\3fJje§·J\/{

m²n

j n n

¶d3Á m²n

g}j²\3d ~»§¶de

n

·\

m

k{

mon

3\\3~}d ·D§¶f`Æ nin

~»§ª

nJ

f Lg\

m k {fT

±

\j

Ðmon

] j X

\d n g m

3\j n j X

\~}\3dÇj²§ªfTj²§

n

Åµ t h X

fTgdeje§·J\Æ nin

~»§ª

n

dÇ§¶dÇjod§ªDj

n

fT n

~}\3d

m

\j

m

fT}de]§j²je§j

X

\){fJ

±

\qjµ WYX

\c{fJ

±

\j§¶d6g}{A~}fTjo\~³fTj

\fJ

Xm

\qj

m

f|de]§¶dede§

n

-d n j X

f|j'§j'

n

HjÈfT§ªd'j

X

\fJ~»~

m

\d²d²\d nJ

j X

\w

n

~»\3d'§j

X

fJd{fJded²\3~

j

X}m²n

g

X µ X

\ j X

\*~}\deje§fTje§

n m

\3\q§·\d j

X \ Lg\

m

k³{fJ

±

\qjc§j

m

\j²g

m

d j n j X \

d n g m

3\ j

X

\ {f|j X n

HjÈfT§ª\3~c§ª j

X

\ ©

m

dÇj={fJ

±

\j

m

\33\q§·J\3~"µ WYX

\ {fTj

X

§d°§}g}~}\3~ §ª

j X \ g m j X \ m

~}fTjÈf{fJ

±

\j²d

®wX

§

X f m \ mon

g»jo\3~·H§Ðfd n g m

\

m²n

g}j²§ª{

m²n

\3~»g

m

\Jµ

! "#$%

¹D§\yj

X

\~»\3deje§f|j²§

n m

\j²g

m

d/j

X

\y©

m

dÇj {fTj

X

§ªj

m

\33\q§·J\3d

Ðm²n

] j X \ Lg\

m

k{fJ

±

\qjÁ

j X \ m \ §¶d

n

Jgf

m

fTHjo\\ j X fTjj

X \ mon

g»jo\ §¶d

n

{»j²§] fT9µ

g m j X \ m ] nJm

\cj

X \ ¶\}Jj X nJ

j X \ m²n

g}jo\6§¶d2f

m

f|~

n ] ·Tf

m

§¶fT¾}¶\

®wX

\{fJ

±

\j

m

\qj

m

fTde]§¶dede§

n

§¶d

m

fT~

n

]*Á

®wX

§¶

X

§¶dºj

X

\c3fJd²\)§´j X \ m

fT~

n

]

m

fT{

X ] n

~»\Vµ WYX

\f·J\

m

fT\ ¶\qJj X´nJ

j X \ mon

g}jo\j

n

f)J§ª·\~}\3dÇj²§fTj²§

n

*§dz3fT\3~j X \

¡'&& ²¡ (¥¥3¢¢&V¡A¦

µzv g

m

f|§] §¶dj

n

©}~

fT \3dÇj²§ª]cfTj²\

nT

j X

\ f·J\

m

fJ\ Æ nDn

~»§6~»§¶dÇjÈfT}3\z§ªcj X \ m

f|~

n ] m

fT{

X ] n

~»\

®wX

\

j X

\2Hg}]¾\

m/nJ

n

~}\3dÀjo\q~}dwj

n

§}©»}§jÃkJµ

¹H§\

n g m ] n

~}\ §¶J

nTm

\3d dÇ{fTje§ÐfT

m

\gde\JÁ

® \ fT \Hg}])\

m

fTjo\ j X \ Lg\

m k m \ ¼

j m

f|de]§¶dede§

n

Ðm²n

] j

n À ^fJ3

nJm

~i§j n j X

\§

m j m

fT}de]§¶d²dÇ§

n nJm

~}\

m µ WYX

\

¼ j X

m

\j

m

fT}de]§¶d²dÇ§

n

6§¶d[§

fJjÂj

X

\Y©

m

dejÂj

m

fTde]§¶dede§

n nJ

j X \ Hg}\

m

k6¾Hk6j

X

\Yd n g m

\Y

n

~}\3dÁ

fT~cj

X

\2À ^3j

X j m

fT}de]§¶d²dÇ§

n

§¶dYj

X

\`ÐfJdÇj

n

}\`§cj

X

\`Æ nDn

~»§ª6{

mon

j n n

Vµ WYX

\ m

\`§d

n

de{\3q§©={

m²n

{\

m

je§¶\d nJ

j X

\=

n

~}\dj

X

fTj.]cf

±

\3dj

X

\=j

m

fTde]§¶dede§

n

d3ÁJ\qhi3\q{}jo\~)j

X

fTj

SnJm

fTHk§ªHjo\3J\

m*)

ÁÂj

X

\

n

~}\

®wX

§

X

]cf

±

\3dºj X \ m

\qj

m

fTde]§¶dede§

n nT=nJm

~}\

m+)

]gdÇj

X

f·\º¾A\

SnJm

\ X fT~

m

\3\§ª·\~*

nTm²m

\jek j X \ Lg\

m k

Ðmon

]#j

X \ ) © m

dÇj/j

m

fT}de]§j²j²\

m µ

\fTª#,!-j

X

\cf·\

m

fJJ\Æ nDn

~»§~»§dejÈf|3\

nJ

j X

\-

n

~»\

®wX

§

X

] fJ~}\-j X \ m \ ¼

j m

f|de]§¶dede§

n nJ.nTm

~}\

m)

µ \ X

f·\y\f

m

k.,!/

-fT}~0,1

^µ

243 ÊDÎ Ê 576 ¤ ¡'&& e¡ 8(¥¥3¢¨¢&9¡A¦ &&:9 & ;9Y¥ e¡ï¢D¥ A¥3¢ ¡

²¡ï¢D¥ e¡¤3 &ï¢ ×¥=<>#?A@

-CBD1

>FE

1HG

>

EJI

9.¤ & S¤ &LK¥M Ð¤ e¡¤

I À I &ï¢ ×¥

ON 5

P Î"ÎRQ WYX

\{

m²n

¾fT¾»§§ªjÃk j X

fTj)fTHk¿T§·\q¨

n

~}\

m

\33\q§·J\3d

SnJm

j X \ © m

dej-j²§ª] \ j X \

Hg}\

m

k*fTj/j

X

\TSPj Xm

\qj

m

f|de]§¶dede§

n

USWV

)

§¶d e^ Ä

X

ÄfT~§*j

X

§¶d/fTd²\§ªjodzf·J\

m

fJ\