HAL Id: inria-00073605
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073605
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Asymptotic Analysis of Magnetic Induction with High Frequency for Solid Conducteurs
Olivier Coulaud
To cite this version:
Olivier Coulaud. Asymptotic Analysis of Magnetic Induction with High Frequency for Solid Conduc-
teurs. [Research Report] RR-3086, INRIA. 1997, pp.28. �inria-00073605�
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Asymptotic analysis of magnetic induction with high frequency for Solid Conducteurs.
Olivier Coulaud
N ˚ 3086
Janvier 1997
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