Performability Analysis of Two Approaches to Fault Tolerance

HAL Id: inria-00073685

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073685

Submitted on 24 May 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Performability Analysis of Two Approaches to Fault Tolerance

Philippe Joubert, Gerardo Rubino, Bruno Sericola

To cite this version:

Philippe Joubert, Gerardo Rubino, Bruno Sericola. Performability Analysis of Two Approaches to Fault Tolerance. [Research Report] RR-3009, INRIA. 1996. �inria-00073685�

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Performability Analysis of Two Approaches to Fault Tolerance

Philippe Joubert, Gerardo Rubino and Bruno Sericola

N ˚ 3009

Juillet 1996

TH `EME 1

"/01(')2

3 45768589 9;:=<?>?@(AB:DCFEHGJI=:DCK?CL(>/MN@(A57O>PKQO(LRSC@(O(>UT,:DC58VW>Q68K

XYZ

[F\][ ^`_ aNb[cd[fegih][jkcdlHcdj

Z

[\][c

m npoq

[Fjkr oWs

[Ftu[Fj1v

o

txw sWoyn

akezHz o{n

j s [ n [|

Y [ n | Y

[~}S€y{y‚_ ƒygiwxt„tx[Fjk^F‚{‚y…_ ^‚z†e‡y[fc

ˆ]‰‹ŠŒŽiyŒ‘ ’

[“z

n

[cd[}Dje]”g•e}Wjpw„j–ej—wx˜[|

o

\]z•e

n

w™c o }

oš

jd›

o z o

zigHt™e

n

eziz n—o

e{|

Y

[fc

šœoyn1n

[|

o

˜

[ n wx}i‡

šœnpo

\Ÿž

m( 

[

n—npo{n

c¡k¢`g†e sDn

gizitx[Sr oWs

git£e

n

aB[

s

gi}

s

e}•|l'e}

s'¤

ey|–¥D›2e

n–sN¦ npn—oyn

aB[|

o

˜[

n

l§

¤o

j Y e n [g•cd[

s

w„}N[FhDw£cdj—wx}i‡

š

egitxj¨8j

o

tx[

n

e}WjkcdlHcdj—[F\Nc o©

[ n

w„}i‡«ª•eyc¨w™|Fetxtxl¬j

Y

[cpe\][­\New„}

š

[ejpg

n

[c

e}

sQ®

w„}¯z•e

n

jpw£|git£e nF®

j Y

[Nc—e\][

š

egitxj¨8j

o

t„[

n

e}•|[Nc¨[

n

˜Ww™|[fc°œj

n

e}•c¨z•e

n

[F}Dj

n

[f|

o

˜[

n l

šœoyn Y

e

n–s

›2e n [

š

egHtxj–c–±–§

’

[ c Yio

›~j

Y

ej1j

Y

[­g•cd[

oš

z•[

n¨šœoyn

\²eªiw„txwxj¨l«\][e{cdg

n

[cw™c

n

w™|

Y [ n j Y

e}'|t™eyc—cdw£|Fet

s

[z³[}

s 

eªHwxtxw„j¨l'e}†etxlHcdw£c§'´kwx˜[F}µj

Y

ej“j

Y

[Fl'j–e¥[0w„}Dj

o

e{|F|

o

gH}Dj­}

o j o

}Htxl

n

[Ft„w™eªHwxtxw„j¨le{cdz•[|j¶c+ªigHj et£c

o

z•[

ndšœo{n

\Ne}•|[N\][Fj

n

w£|Fc

® j Y

[l/et„t

o

›·e

s

[[Fz•[

n

w„}•cdw„‡

Y

j0w„}Dj o j Y

[ª•[

Y

eF˜Ww o g

n0oš

j Y ['|

o

}•c¨w s [ n [ s

cdlHcdj—[F\Nc§(¸

o{n

w„}•cdj¶e}•|[

® j Y

[Flet„t

o

›¹j

Y

[­g•cd[

n j o ws

[F}Wjpw

šl s w© [ n

[}DjB\]w£cpc¨w

o

}¬tx[F}i‡{j

Y

cBtx[fe

s

w„}i‡ j

o

ª•[Fjpj—[

n e s

ezij¶ejpw o }

oš

[e{|

Y

j¨lWz³[

oš

e n | Y wxj—[|jpg

n

[§

º»¼u½p¾¿•ŽÀÁŠ{‘ ¤

e{|Â¥W›Be n–s

[

n—npoynkn

[f|

o

˜[

n l

®Hs

[Fz•[F}

s

eªiw„txwxj¨l«\][e{cdg

n

[c

®Dš

egitxj¨8j

o

tx[

n

e}Wjk|

o

\]zigij¨

wx}H‡«cdlHcdjp[\Nc

®

z³[

ndšœoyn

\NeªHwxtxw„j¨l

®

”g•e sDn

gizit„[+\

oWs

git™e nBn

[ s gi}

s

e}•|l

®Wn

[Fz•ew

n

eªit„[“c¨lic¨jp[F\²c§

ÃxÄ0Å

ÆdÇÉÈFÊ

Å

ÆBË ÌÍǨÎÐÏÑ

= %¯ ­. “%'%'( );*+

0 ')B . .N +

»WŠ» ‘

}¯z

n b[cd[F}Wjp[«gi}i[¬|

o

\]z•e

n

ew£c

o } ” g•e}Dj—wxj¶ejpw„˜[

s [ s

[gih¯eziz n—o

| Y

[fc+ªiw„[F}/|

o

}i}DgH[c

z o g n t„[

n

[f|

o

gi˜

n

[\][F}Wj s

[

npn

[Fg

n

c1ž

m( 

¡Qt£e n [

sWo

} s e}•|[ \

oWs

git™ew

n

[S” g†e sDn

gizitx[[Fj1t„[

n

[f|

o

gi˜

n

[

\][F}Wje npn

w Z [ n [

s

[

npn

[g

n

§]ž([c

s

[FgHhµeziz n—o

| Y [c“c

o

}Wj+gHjpwxt„w™cWb[F[c

s

e}•c

s

[c­cdlHcdj

Z

[\][cB[FhDw£cdj¶e}Wj–c1[F}

o©?n

e}Wj“tx[fc \[F\][cB|Fe

n

e{|jHb[ n

w™c¨jpw™”gi[c

s

[0ª†eycd[¬[Fj

®

[F}µz•e

n

jpw£|gitxw„[

nF®

tx[c1\[F\¬[Fckcd[

n

˜Dw£|[c

s

[0j

o

tb[

n

e}•|[Segih

š

egij—[c“°

n

[|

o

gi˜

n

[F\][F}Wjj

n

e}•cdz•e

n

[F}Wj1z o g n

t„[c

š

egij—[c`\Nejib[ n

wx[Ft„tx[c–±–§

}'\

o

}Wj

n

[”gi[

t

gijpw„txw£cpej—w o } s

[«\][c¨g

n

[c

s

[ z•[

n¨šœoyn

\²eªiw„txwxjHb[“[c¨j1zit„g•c

n

w™|

Y

[S” gi[«t

e}•etxlHcd[«|t£eyc—cdw™”gi[

s

[]cg n [FjHb[

s [

šœo

}•|jpw

o

}i}i[F\¬[F}Dj§

¦

j¶e}Wj sWo

}i}2b[¬”g

[Ft„tx[cBz

n

[F}i}i[F}Wj1[F}P|

o

\]zijp[}

o

}Pcd[gitx[F\¬[F}Djktx[fc1eyc¨z³[f|j–c

s

[?eªiw„txw„jib[­\New£cBeg•c—cdw t„[c\][c¨g

n

[fc

s

[“z•[

n¨šœoyn

\²e}•|[

®

[Ftxt„[cz•[

n

\][Fjpj—[F}Wjgi}i[Se}•etxlHcd[ zit„g•c•}i[

s g | o

\]z oyn

j—[F\][F}Wj

s

[c c¨lic¨j

Z

[F\][fc+|

o

}•c¨w s b[ n b[c§

m e n

[FhW[F\]zit„[

®

|[|w;z•[Fgij«ew s [ n t

gij—wxtxw£cpejp[Fg n¬Z

e

j

n—o

gi˜[

n

gi}i[­\][Fw„txtx[g

n

[ke

s b[”g•ejpw

o

}[F}Wj

n

[1t™e s g n b[F[

s

[­t£e\]w£cpc¨w

o

}¬[Fjt„[+j¨lWz•[

s

e n | Y wxjp[f|jpg

n

[§

¿iŒŠ½–»¯‘

a [|

o

gi˜

n

[F\¬[F}Dj2e n—n

w Z [ n [

s

[

n—n

[Fg n®

\][c¨g

n

[c

s

[ cg n [jib[ s [

šœo

}•|jpw

o

}i}H[F\][F}Wj

®

cdlHcɝ

j Z [\][“w„}

šœoyn

\Nej—w™”gi[“j

o

tb[ n

e}Wj1t„[c`z•e}i}i[c

®

z•[

ndšœo{n

\Neªiwxt„wxjHb[

®³n

[

sDo

} s e}†|[0\

oWs

git™ew

n

[ ”g•e sDn

gizit„[

®

cdlHcdj

Z

[F\][c n b[Fz†e

n

eªitx[fc

€

9 :

0,(

.');0

¸•egit„jBj

o

tx[

n

e}•|[­w£cB|t™e{cpcdw£|Fet„txl

s

wx˜Ww s [ s

wx}Wj o“šœo

g n z•e

n

j–c¡([

n—npoynks

[Fjp[|jpw o } ® š

egitxjkw™c

o

t£ejpw o } ® [

npnpo{n

n

[f|

o

˜[

n

le}

sš

egit„j(j

n

[fejp\¬[F}Dj<;^=8§

XY

[`j—[|

Y

}iw™”gi[c

šœoyn2s

[Fj—[|jpw„}i‡­e}

s

w£c

o

t™ej—wx}i‡

š

egit„j–c(e

n

[`›;[Ftxt

gi}

s [ n

c¨j ooWs

e}

s

›Bw

s

[Ftxl¬g•cd[

s ° n

[FzHtxw™|ejpw

o

}e}

s | o

\]z†e

n

w£c o } ® [

npn—oyn­s

[Fjp[|jpwx}H‡«|

oWs

[c“§§F§±–§

}

j Y [“|

o

}Wj n e n l ®

wxjkeziz•[e n c j Y

ejkj Y [ n

[1w£c}

o

|tx[e n | o

}•cd[F}†cdg•c

o

}Nj

Y

[+[

npnpo{nBn

[|

o

˜[

n

l«jp[|

Y

}iw£” gi[fc§

’ Y

w„tx[µet„t

š

egHtxjNj

o

tx[

n

e}Wj|

o

\]zigHjp[

n

cg•c¨[j

Y

[Pcpe\¬['jp[|

Y

}iw£” gi[fc

šœo{n

[

npnpo{ns

[Fjp[f|jpw o } }i[e

n

t„l

et„\

o

c¨jB[ey|

Y

c¨lic¨jp[F\

Y

eyc`w„j–c

o

›B}µeziz n—o

e{|

Y j o [ n—npo{n`n

[|

o

˜[

n l § XY

w£c w£c j n

gi[[F˜[F}Nwx}Nj Y [ •[t

s

oš

| o

\]\¬[

n

|–w™et

š

egit„jd7j

o

tx[

n

e}WjkcdlHcdjp[\Nc0;?>*=8§

@

jkw™ck|tx[fe n j Y

ej1j Y [ n

[“w£c`}

o

ª•[c¨j­c

o

txgij—w

o

}j o [

npn—oyn1n

[|

o

˜[

n

l²e}

s j Y

ej1[fey|

Y [ n—npoynkn

[f|

o

˜[

n l

ezHz npo

ey|

YY

e{c`wxj¶c

o

›B}µe

s

˜{e}Wj–e‡y[c1e}

s

t„wx\]w„j–ejpw

o

}•c§

@

jB\NeFl«j

Y

[}ª•[

s

wA²|git„j

šœoyn

ez

o

j—[F}Wjpw™et

|g•c¨j

o

\][

n“o{n

c¨lic¨jp[F\

s

[fcdwx‡{}i[

n j o¯s

[f|w

s

[¬›

Y

w™|

Y [ npn—oyn«n

[|

o

˜[

n

l¯eziz n—o

ey|

Y

w£cª•[c¨j]c¨giwxj—[

s j o

Y

w£c

s

[Fz•[F}

s

eªiwxt„wxj¨l

n

[f” giw

n

[F\¬[F}Dj¶c§CB`[z³[}

s

wx}H‡

o

}/j

Y

[N\]w£cpc¨w

o

}†c+e{cpc¨wx‡y}H[

s j o j Y

[Nc¨lic¨jp[F\

®

e}

ezHz npo

ey|

Y

\NeFl ª³['›;[Ftxt cdgiw„jp[

s j o

e¯‡{wx˜[F} \]w£cpc¨w

o } j¨lDz•[Pe}

s

ª•[

Y

eF˜['z ooyn

t„l

šœoyn

e}

o j Y [ n §

@

}¯j

Y

w™c e

n

[e

®;s

[Fz•[F}

s

eªiw„txw„jdlµe}

s

z•[

ndšœo{n

\Neªiwxt„wxj¨l'\

oWs

[Ft„wx}i‡N‡

n

[ejptxl

Y

[Ftxz†c+j

Y

[][F˜{et„g•ej—w o }

oš

| o

\]z•[Fjpw„}i‡

s

[fcdwx‡{}/c

o

txgij—w

o

}•cw„}¯jp[

n

\Nc oš

wx\¬zitx[F\«[F}Wj–ejpw

o

}µe}

s

z•[

n¨šœoyn

\²e}•|[²|

o

c¨j–c§

XY

w™c“w£c

[c¨z³[f|w™etxtxl«j

n

gi[­w

š

\]w£cpc¨w

o

}¬jdlWz•[

Y

eycBj

o

ª•[+j¶e¥[F}Nw„}Dj

o

ey|F|

o

gi}Wj

šœoyn

j Y

[­[F˜{et„g•ej—w

o

}u§

XY

w™c“z•ez³[

n z n

[c¨[F}Wj–c e'”g•e}Wjpw„j–ej—wx˜[N|

o

\]z•e

n

w£c o }

oš

jd›

oµs

w© [ n [F}Wj e}

s

ª•e{cdw™|Neziz npo

ey|

Y

[c

j o ž m( 

[

n—npo{n0n

[|

o

˜[

n

l?¡¢kg•e sWn

gizit„['r oWs

gHt™e

n

aB[

s

gi}

s

e}•|l °¨¢1r'a1±e}

s ¤

ey|–¥D›2e

n–s/¦ npn—oyn

aB[|

o

˜[

n

lµ°

¤B¦

a1±–§

¤o

j Y

\][Fj YioWs

c1e

n

[«›Bw

s

[txlNg•cd[

s

w„}

š

egitxj1j

o

t„[

n

e}Djc Y e n [ s

\][\

oyn

l]\0gHtxjpw͝

z

n—o

|[cpc oyn

c§

XY

[­”g•e}Wjpw„j–ej—wx˜[ke}•et„lic¨w™cw£cª•e{cd[

s

giz o } z•[

n¨šœoyn

\Neªiw„txw„jdl­\][feycdg

n

[c§

’

[`z n—o

z o c¨[

e]\][Fj YioWsDo

to

‡{w™|Fet z

o

wx}Wj oš

˜Dw„[F› e}

s } o j s [ •}iwxj—wx˜[}Dgi\¬[

n

w£|Fetu˜{et„gi[c§

g n

ewx\·w™c1j o c

Yio

›

j Y ejkz³[

ndšœoyn

\NeªHwxtxw„j¨l \][eyc¨g

n

[fc|Fe} ª•[˜[

n

l«g•cd[

š

gituwx}Ngi}

s [ n

c¨j–e}

s

wx}i‡«j

Y [ s w© [ n

[}DjBª•[

Y

eF˜Ww o g n

oš

j Y [­j¨›

o e n | Y

wxj—[|jpg

n

et|

YHo

w™|[c§

XY

[ n [F\Newx}

s [ nBoš

j Y

w™c`z•ez•[

n

w™c o{n

‡e}iwD[

s

eyc

šœo

t„t

o

›kc§“v [|jpw

o

}E>

s

[cp|

n

wxª•[c`j

Y

[ j¨›

o [ npnpo{n

n

[f|

o

˜[

n

l'j—[|

Y

}iw™”gi[c­|

Yio

c¨[F}

šœoyn

| o

\]z•e

n

w™c

o

}/e}

s z o

wx}Wj–c

o

gij0j

Y

[Ne{cdz•[|j¶cj

o

ª³[Nj¶e¥[F}¯w„}Dj

o

ey||

o

gi}Wjkwx}'j

Y

[ e}†etxlHcdw£c§­v[|j—w

o

}=€

s

[et™c`›Bw„j

Y

z³[

ndšœoyn

\Ne}†|[ •‡{g

n

[fc`›

Y

w™|

Y e n

[ }i[|[c—cpe

n

lNj

o

s

[F˜[t

o

z­j

Y

[z•[

n¨šœoyn

\²eªiw„txwxj¨lke}•et„lic¨w™c§(v[|j—w

o

}F1z

n

[cd[}Dj¶cQj

Y

[;\

oWs

[Ft£c oš

j Y [(j¨›

o e n | Y

wxjp[f|jpg

n

[c§

’

[`g•c¨[­r'e n ¥ o

˜ \ oWs

[Ft£c eyc—cdgi\]w„}i‡ |

o

}•c¨j–e}Wj

š

ewxt„g

n

[ke}

s]n

[Fz•ew n(n

ejp[c§v[|j—w

o

}HG­z npo

z o cd[cj

Y [

s

[Fz•[F}

s

eªiw„txw„jdl¬e}

s

z•[

ndšœo{n

\Neªiwxt„wxj¨l e}•et„lic¨w™cke}

s j Y

[|

o

\]z•e

n

w™c o } n

[cdgHtxj–c§

XY

[“t£eyc¨jkcd[|j—w o } w£c

s

[F˜

o

jp[

s j o c o

\¬[­|

o

}†|txg•c¨w

o

}•c§

F " *

“)*',+);.(+

g n | o

}•|[

n

}Nw™cj o | o

\]z•e

n

[­j¨›

o¬s

w© [ n

[F}WjBet„jp[

n

}•ej—wx˜[c

šœo{n

j o t„[

n

ejpwx}H‡ ž m( ¹š

egit„j–cBwx}e

š

egit„jd

j o tx[

n

e}Wj«c Y e n [ s

\][\

oyn

l\«gitxj—wxz n—o

|[cpc oyn

§

Xuo

[eyc¨[]j

Y

[|

o

\]z•e

n

w™c

o

}/›[²|

o

}•c¨w s [ n

jd›

oš

egit„j

j o tx[

n

e}Wj e n | Y

wxj—[|jpg

n

[c`j

Y

ej

o

}it„l s w© [ n

w„}j

Y

[]›2eflµj

Y

[Fl

n

[|

o

˜[

n`šœnpo

\ ž

m( 

[

n—npo{n

c§`z•e n j

šœnpo

\ j Y ej

® ª o j Y

cdlHcdjp[\Ncue

n

[keycpc¨gi\][

s j o

ª•[Bªigiw„txj ›Bw„j Y j Y

[kcpe\][ª†eycdw£|gi}iw„j–c°7cpe\¬[

Y e n–s

›2e n [

| o

\]z

o

}i[F}Wj–c–±ke}

s j o o©

[ n j Y

[¬cpe\][

š

egitxj¨8j

o

tx[

n

e}†|[«cd[

n

˜Dw£|[c“°

n [ s

gi}

s

e}Dj1ªHg•cpc¨[c

®

\][F\

o{n

wx[c

e}

s @ s

[˜Dw£|[c±¶§

@ } oyn¶s

[ n j oNs

[Fjp[|j`ž

m(  š

ewxtxg

n

[c

® j Y

[«ž

m 

ª o e n¶s

c1|

o

}Dj¶ew„}j¨›

o ž m( 

c o z•[

n

ejpwx}H‡0w„}t

o

|–¥

cdj—[Fz/\

oWs

[§

XY

[ o

gHjpzigij¶c oš

ª o j Y ž m( 

c«e

n

[|

o

\]z•e n [ s

ej [fey|

Y

ªHg•c0|li|t„[§

@ š j Y

['ž

m( 

c

s

w£cpe‡

n

[F[

o

}¯j

Y

[Fw no

gij—zigij–c“j

Y

[ǻ o e

n¶s s

w™cp|

o

}i}i[f|j–c1wxj¶cd[Ft

ššœn—o

\&j

Y

[0ªig†c0°

š

ewxt͝¨c¨j

o

zPª³[

Y

eF˜Dw oyn

±¶§

XY

w£c[

n—npoynks

[Fjp[|jpw

o

}]e}

s0š

egit„jw£c

o

t£ej—w

o

}¬\][Fj YHoWs

w™c;|

o

\]\

o

} zit£ey|[1w„}

š

egHtxjd7j

o

tx[

n

e}WjBc¨lic¨jp[F\Nc

e}

s

w™cg†cd[

s0šœoyn

wx}†cdj–e}•|[­wx}Nj

Y

[ vj

n

ejpg†c`e}

s

v[”g

o

w£e0c¨lic¨jp[F\Nc§

"!$# % &('*)+,.- /)+-*01'*

n

cdj(jp[|

Y

}iw£” gH[

šœoyn(n

[|

o

˜[

n

w„}i‡

šœnpo

\ ž

m( 

[

n—npo{n

c w™c j o­n

gi} j

Y

[|

o

\]zigij¶ejpw

o

}«c¨wx\«gitxj¶e}i[

o

g•cdt„l

o

}Nj¨›

o ž m( 

ª o e n¶s

c o z•[

n

ejpw„}i‡ wx}]t

o

|Â¥Écdjp[zu§

@ š‹o

}H[

oš

j Y [ª

o e n¶s

c š ew„t™cj

Y [ o j Y [ n;o

}i[c¨wx\]zit„l

| o

}Dj—wx}Wgi[c1wxj¶c“|

o

\]zigij¶ejpw

o

}Pe}

s } o z npo

|[cpc¨wx}i‡'z

o

›[

n

w™c­t

o

c¨jF§

XY

w™c+j—[|

Y

}iw™”gi[ w£c+¥W}

o

›B}/eyc

¢kg•e sWn

gizit„[kr oWs

git£e

n

aB[

s

gi}

s

e}•|l]° Fž

m 

ce n [ n

gi}i}iw„}i‡1j

Y

[kcpe\¬[|

o

\]zigHj–ej—w o } ®

j¨›

o1o

} [ey|

Y

ž

m( 

ª o e n¶s

±ke}

s

w™cg†cd[

s0šœoyn

wx}†cdj–e}•|[1w„}Nj

Y

[ vj

n

ej—g•ckcdlHcdjp[\Nc0;€*=8§

G

ž

m( 

ž

m( 

ž

m( 

ž

m( 

ž

m( 

ž

m( 

ž

m( 

ž

m( 

XY

[0¢r'a¹e n | Y

wxj—[|j—g n [

ž

m( 

ª o e n–s

ž

m( 

ª o e n–s

ž

m( 

ª o e n–s

ž

m( 

ª o e n–s

^

m(¦

>²ž

m( 

ª o e n¶s

c ^

m(¦

>0ž

m( 

ª o e n¶s

c

r

o{n

[­c¨z•[|w³|Fet„txl

® | o

}•cdw

s [ n j Y [ š

ey|j;j

Y

ej

o

}i[

oš

j¨›

o

z•ew n [ s ž

m( 

ª o e n–s

c š ewxt£c§

X › o

|Fe{cd[c

e n [­z

o

cpc¨wxªit„[¡

’ Y

[}j Y [ n

[F\²ewx}Hwx}i‡«ª o e

n¶s

w™c

o

z³[

n

ej—w

o

}•et

®

wxj›Bwxtxt,j

n

lj

o

zigij­j Y [ š

ewxt„[

so

}i[«ª•e{|Â¥wx}

o

z³[

n

ej—w

o

}U°

n

[|Fetxt‹j

Y

ej­j

Y

[Fl

n

gi}[hie{|jpt„l j Y

[«cpe\][ |

o

\]zigHj–ej—w

o

}Q±–§

@

}µ|Fe{cd[

oš

cdg•||[cpc

®

j Y [z•ew

n]oš

ž

m 

ª o e n–s

c n [cdj¶e

n

j–c0j o ›

o{n

¥Uj

o

‡{[Fj Y [

nF®

e}

s j Y

[w„}D˜

o

tx˜[

sš

egitxj

"$*

e

1/ 5 o

}H[§

@ š } o j ® j Y [ š

egitxjB›2eyc

& §

… @š j Y [ š

ew„txg n [

oš

ež

m( 

ª o e n¶s

e n w™c¨[c“›

Y

[F}Pj

Y

[Nz•ew n [

so

}i[Nw£c+}

o \ o{n

[ o z•[

n

ejpw

o

}•et

®

j Y [F}]j

Y

[1›

Yio

tx[1z•ew

n

w™c sDo

›B}u§Bvwx}•|[1e ¢1r'a cdlHcdj—[F\

Y

e{c}

o [ npn—oyn;n

[|

o

˜[

n

l“\][f|

Y

e}iw™c¨\

c

Yio

git

s

e1z•ew n oš

ž

m( 

ª o e n¶s

c š ewxt

® j Y [ s

ej–e1j

Y

ej(›[

n

[Bwx} j

Y

[k|Fey|

Y

[c oš

j Y [Bz•ew

n [ s ž m( 

ª o e n–s

ckw™ct

o

cdj

®

e}

s j Y

[­›

Yio

tx[cdlHcdj—[F\ w™c sWo

›B}§

. % &('*)+,.- )+-*01'*

`}

o j Y [ n

etxjp[

n

}•ejpwx˜[Nw£c0j

o

g•cd[

¤

e{|Â¥W›Be

n–s ¦Jn—npo{n

a [f|

o

˜[

n l °

¤B¦

a1±–§

XY

[ª•e{cdw£|z

n

w„}•|wxzHtx[

oš

ª•e{|Â¥W›Be n–s

[

npnpo{n n

[f|

o

˜[

n

l1w£c j o z•[

n w oWs

w™|etxt„l

n

[|

o{n–s­n

[|

o

˜[

n l s

ej–e`w„}

oyn¶s

[ n j o1n

[f|

o

˜[

n j Y

[2cdj¶ejp[

oš

j Y

[¬cdlHcdjp[\&j

o

e]z n w

o{n

cdj¶ej—[0›

Y

w£|

Y

w™c­e{cpcdgH\][

s j o

ª•[«[

npn—oyn­šœn

[F[

® c Yio

git

s

e}µ[

n—npoyno

|F|g n §

@

}µe]c Y e n [ s

\][\

oyn

l0\«gitxj—wxz n—o

|[c—c oyn®

c Y e n [ s

\][F\

oyn

l«w™ce0}•ej—g

n

et(t

o

|Fejpw o }

šœoyn

c¨j o{n

wx}H‡ j Y [

n

[f|

o

˜[

n l s

ej¶eD§

}H[

n

[f” giw

n

[F\¬[F}j•w™cQj

Y

ej j

Y

[(giz

s

ej—[

oš

j Y [ n [|

o

˜[

n l s

ej¶e“° w7§[§|

Y

[f|Â¥Wz

o

wx}Wjpw„}i‡D±

}i[F[

s

c j

o

ª•[1ej

o

\¬w™|`°œw8§[§

, &(/&.-

±Q›Bw„j Y n

[cdz•[|j(j o ž

m( Uš

ew„txg

n

[c§

XY

w™c |e}«ª³[

ey|

Y

w„[F˜[

s

ªWl­¥[F[Fziw„}i‡Bj Y [ s

ej¶e \ oWs

w•[

s

c¨wx}•|[j

Y

[t™e{cdj,|

Y

[|Â¥Wz

o

w„}Dj?›Bwxj

Y

wx}“j

Y

[;|Fey|

Y

[2eycpc

o

|w™ejp[

s

›Bwxj

Y

[fey|

Y ž m 

§ ’ Y [F}]e­|

Y

[|–¥Dz

o

wx}WjÁw£c

n

[”giw n [

sQ®

j Y [1|ey|

Y

[Bw™c•g•c

Y [ s j o j Y

[1c Y e n [ s

\][F\

oyn

l

et

o

}i‡P›Bwxj Y j Y

[µž

m(  n

[‡yw™c¨jp[

n

c§

Xuo

[F}

šœo{n

|[j

Y

[=ej

o

\]w™|wxj¨l oš

|Fe{|

Y

[•g•c

Y

[c

® j Y

[=|Fey|

Y

[w£c

ey|jpg•etxtxl •g•c Y [ s j o

jd›

o«s

w™c¨jpw„}•|j\¬[F\

oyn

l ª o e

n¶s

c§

ž

m( 

ž

m( 

ž

m( 

ž

m( 

XY

[

¤B¦

a~e n | Y

wxj—[|jpg n [

^

m¦

^ ž m( 

ª o e n¶s

^

m(¦

^ ž m( 

ª o e n¶s

’ Y

[F}~e ž m( 

ª o e n–s š

ewxt£c

®

et„t1j

Y

[z n—o

|[c—cdwx}H‡

sDo

}i[/cdw„}•|['j

Y

[t£eyc¨j|

Y

[|–¥Wz

o

wx}Wj]w™c]t

o

cdj§

XY

[¬c Y e n [ s

\][F\

oyn

l¬|

o

}Dj¶ewx}†c j Y

[¬cdj–ejp[

oš

j Y

[]c¨lic¨jp[F\ ej­j

Y

[ j—wx\][

oš

j Y

[ t£eycdj|

Y

[|–¥Dz

o

wx}WjF§