HAL Id: inria-00072498
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072498
Submitted on 24 May 2006
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Stack Algorithms at High Loads : Analysis of Unfairness or Singular Behaviours
Cédric Adjih, Philippe Jacquet, Paul Mühlethaler
To cite this version:
Cédric Adjih, Philippe Jacquet, Paul Mühlethaler. Stack Algorithms at High Loads : Analysis of Unfairness or Singular Behaviours. [Research Report] RR-4130, INRIA. 2001. �inria-00072498�
ISSN 0249-6399 ISRN INRIA/RR--4130--FR+ENG
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Stack Algorithms at High Loads: Analysis of Unfairness or Singular Behaviours
C´edric Adjih , Philippe Jacquet , Paul M¨uhlethaler
No 4130
Mars 2001
TH `EME 1
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Unit´e de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technop ˆole de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS L `ES NANCY
Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rh ˆone-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST MARTIN Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex
Unit´e de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex
Editeur´
INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France)
ISSN 0249-6399