HAL Id: inria-00072174
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072174
Submitted on 23 May 2006
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub-
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
Simulation Results of the OLSR Routing Protocol for Wireless Network
Anis Laouti, Paul Mühlethaler, Abdellah Najid, Epiphane Plakoo
To cite this version:
Anis Laouti, Paul Mühlethaler, Abdellah Najid, Epiphane Plakoo. Simulation Results of the OLSR Routing Protocol for Wireless Network. [Research Report] RR-4414, INRIA. 2002. �inria-00072174�
ISRN INRIA/RR--4414--FR+ENG
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Simulation Results of the OLSR Routing Protocol for Wireless Network
Anis Laouti, Paul M¨uhlethaler, Abdellah Najid, Epiphane Plakoo
No 4414
Mars 2002
TH `EME 1
/ '01+324.'5
67)8:9#;=<3>@?AB8DC)EF<G?)HFIKJ)L)H:MNAOLP<GHQMNRSC)6TVUMSHQHQ<GLXW<ZY[8QU\CP].^)8:^)LP<G7M_E.HQ<G`G>a>
b\cedf!g!hjilkm[nDg[oqpZrsgt=nDuZnvtwdf!g[n
xzyw{}|vgt=~=xzk j
koq3{NytZg.ywg[cegycg"}Neh[io}yn}NN.i-!eo}Ng[n
s[-qq ,twcn"ywg[nDg[oqywcyDg[3{NytO ¡+g#ywg[nDgSt¢nD£f"p¤o-tw¥{Nywg[nDp¤¥twn¦§{qytwcg FZtw¥f!£¨gOª©«£¬
two-twg¢k{NpZtD£yD{qtD{Z{N¤:®¯ j© k+°±²¯w j© k+°"nFosyD{NpZtD£yD{qtD{Z{N¤pyDywgStw¤¥u³npe´f!µtDtDg[_o-tjtDcg
Vb¶¥tDceg³{q´£¤¥g³·²¸¹c{Z³ºb¡V{NyD¬,¡+{qyw¬²qyw{qpa±»¯ j© k+°n¼o_yw{NoN½tD£¾qgyw{}tD{Z{q¤Q PtDc²pen
¥t¢Ggyw£{²£[o}¤£¤¥ung[enF¯D{NStDyw{q¤µ°!eoN¬qgtwntw{´p£¤£¿o}eÀp¸¹o}tDgtwcg#tw{qG{q¤£quN±b\cgso}£f1{}¦tDce£n
oqytw£¤¥gnPtw{"ntDpeZu¼twcgGgyD¦§{qywf!oqeg{q¦@tDcg. j©
kÁyw{}tw{Z{q¤Q±·=¤µtwc{qpeqcf!{Nnt{}¦Âtwcgywg[nDp¤¥twnPtwceo-t
¡+g¢nDc{-¡(ywgfo}£»¾-o}¤££¦§{qyFoq²u¬²£e»{q¦o}´G{-¾qgf!g[¥pfÃoNg[nwn{NNtwyD{N¤oqe»c²uZnoq¤a¤oBuqg[y[ 3tDcg
nD£f"p¤o-tw¥{N»yDgOnp¤¥twn¡Vg[yDg{N´Ztwoq¥eg[³¡¥tDcÄoq»zzKÅNN±¥hNhjf!gOZ¥pefÆoNg[nwn{NNtwyD{N¤ao}3³c²u²nDo}¤
¤oBuqg[y[±jb\cg¼¬qgu³eoqywoqf!gtDg[ywntDceo}tj¡+g"g[¾-o}¤£peo-twg¢£twc£noqytw£¤¥gN G£e¤¥pegq®twcg¢{-¾Ngywcg[oN³¥3pywyDgO
´²utDceg¢yw{qpZtw¥esyw{}tw{²{q¤Q etwcg¼3g[ywgStwoqqg"{q¦zeoq¬Ngtn=¤£{NntF£twcg¼{qStDyw{q¤eoq¬Ngtn=o}3»tDceg¢¤oq¬
{q¦yw{qpZtwg[nZpegtD{#{NStDyw{q¤@eoq¬Ngt¤£{Nnwn±)Çgo}¤n{ntDpeZustDcg.´GgegÈt{q¦)o¼qg[²p¥eg.{qZtw¥f!£¨[o-tw¥{N{q¦
twcg=¯ j© k+°yw{}tD{Z{q¤Q®twcg.f"pe¤µtw¥G{q£St=yDg[¤£oBu{NZtD£f!¥¨Oo-tw¥{N«±zÇgtDg[nttDceg=¯w j© k+°[o}eoq´£¤¥¥tvutD{
nDpG{qyDtf!{q´£¤¥¥tvuq±
É»ÊSË@ÌwÍ"Î -Ïq ·Zce{²_ºgtv¡V{NyD¬@ k{qptD£¿yw{}tw{Z{q¤Q ÇУyDg[¤¥gOnDn©«{Zoq¤F·ywg[oºgtv¡V{NyD¬@ \zz
ÅNN±¥hNhFntwo}3o}y ZGgyD¦§{qywf!oqegjg¾-oq¤¥peo}tD£{q« Zce£g³{ZZg[n[ nDeo-tw£oq¤ÂyDg[pengN±
ÑÒÂÓDÔ¹Õ[Ö\Ó×Ø£Ô¹ÙQÚÛ
Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt
! _'a a
o}eng»ywoqG{qyDt!Zg³ywg[cg[ywcegq e{qpen!yw{qG{NnD{q3n¢Zg»eyDmOng[NtwgyZgOn!yDmOnp¤¥two}twnZg
nD£f"p¤o-tw¥{NsG{qpy\¤£gjeyD{qtD{Z{N¤¥gjZgyD{NpZtwoqqg=G{qpey+ywm[nDg[oqp#f!{q´£¤£g¼®«¯ j© k\°F3{Npy= FZtD£f!¥¨[g[©«£¬
two-twg_k{NpZtD£yD{qtD{Z{N¤:± ¯w j© k+°g[ntoN½tDpeg¤£¤¥g[f¼g[Stywm[nDgStDmª¤b¶ eo}en¤¥g_qyw{qpGgÄZg
twywoB¾-oq¥¤)»{q´e¥¤£g·²¸Qce{²¼ºVba¡+{qyw¬·Fºb±) j© k gOnvt.pyw{}tD{Z{q¤)yw{NoqtD¥¦VZ{Ne"£¤Pg²¾N{q£g
Gmyw£{²Spg[f¼g[StZgOn=3oSpgtnZg¯D{NStDyq¤£g½°3{Npy{q3nvtwyDp£ywg"gtf!gtDtDywg "|v{qpyj¤o#tw{qG{q¤£{qq£g¢p
ywm[nDg[oqp«±"!V£g#Spg¤£o¼¤£peoqytZgOn\yDmOnpe¤µto-twn$Spg{Npen\f!{qStDyw{qen+ywg[ntDg[Nt\¾-o}¤££g[n\G{qpy%£f¼G{qyDtDg
Spg[¤¥¤£g\n{NytwgVZg\{NpecgV%oNdOnagtzZgVe¥¾Ng[o}p"c²u²nD&Npegq -¤£g[nyDmOnpe¤µto-twnywm[nDgStDmOnnD{qSt){q´Ztwg²penoB¾qgO
peg"{Npecg"Ä·=XgtFc²uZnDSpg.zKÅqSZ±£hqhN±VxPo}ywf!«¤£g[n3o}yo}f!dtwyDgOn¤£g¦'Spg"e{qpenm[¾-o}¤£pgyw{qen
eo}engtFoqytw£¤¥gN {Npen\tDyw{qpe¾q{q3n®z¤oceoqyDNgj£eZpeµtwg"eoqy¤¥gtwywo)(#.Zg"{NStDyq¤£gjG{qpey=¤£gyD{NpZtwoqqgN
¤£gG{qpyg[Stwo}NgZg=GgyDtDgFZg=eo*SpgtnZgj{qStwy+N¤¥gN }¤¥gOnZm¦o}pZtnVg=yw{qpZtwg=ZpenVo}pGgyDtDgFgeoSpgtwn
gj{qStDyq¤£gq±º{qp3nVmtDpe¥g[yD{NenVoqpenwnG¤,{qtD£f¼nwo-tD£{qseo}yDtDp¤££dywgF- j©
k Zg[n+ywg¤o}nzf"pe¤µtw¥G{q£St[±
º={qpen+twg[ntDg[yD{Neno}penwnDG¤£g[n3g[y¦§{NyDfo}3g[n\- j©
kKoqenZgOnnDeo}yw£{Nn\oB¾qgO=f!{q´e¥¤£µtwmq±
.4Î O Ì / km[nDg[oqpÄ·Zc{Zq GxyD{qtw{N¤¥g¢Zg¼k{qpZto}qgN Gkm[nDg[o}p©a{Zo}¤)nwo}enÈe¤: two}3o}y³zz
ÅNN±¥hNhq Sm[oB¾²¤¥p3o-tD£{qZg.GgyD¦§{qywf!oqegN Zº{²gpeenoNcm[n[ ZkmpZtw¥¤£nDo}tD£{q»n3o-tDo}¤£gq±
. /
¢a') *
b\ceg¡£ZgZ10@pen£{q!{q¦G¡£yDg[¤¥gOnDn)¤£{Zoq¤o}ywg[oFgtv¡+{qyw¬ §ÇX©·=º tDgOc{q¤£{qN¥gOngq±e±az¿ÅqSZ±£hqh2354Q
~=¥xk©a·Fº62784¹ -!+¤¥pgtD{²{}twcceoNn={N3g[g[»peÄo#g[¡(tDgOco}¤)o}ywg[oe®Vf!{N´¥¤£g¢oNZc{Zegtv¡+{qyw¬S£3±
À¦oN½tO ¡£yDg[¤¥gOnDn.tDg[ce{q¤£{qNuÄywgf!{-¾qgOn=twcgs´epywg,{}¦oq´¤£g[n"oqeÀo}¤£¤¥{-¡n.tD{»´p£¤,gtv¡+{qyw¬{N
gfo}e,nDgg!È3qpywghq±ÇÐcg[,tDcgsgtv¡+{qyw¬_{-¾qgyn¤o}ywqgo}ywg[oNn.{qgegg[enywg¤oBuS£³eoN¬qgtntD{
£enDpywg¢twcggtv¡V{NyD¬{qgO½tw¥¾²¥tvuq±#b\c²pen¡+g#o}ywg"¦oN£»yD{NpZtD££nwnDpg[n[±#b\cg[nDg!yw{q´¤£gfnceoB¾Ng
ywg[g£¾qgO¼o"nvtwyD{N.¥Stwgywg[ntz¦§yD{Nf4twcgFoNoNZgf!\¡V{NyD¤Â±)·+ttDcegStDgywgtVzNgg[gyw¥eboNn¬!¶{Nywg
b¶ !og¡¡V{NyD¬²£ÄNyD{Np·Fºb {q´£¤¥g»·Zce{²³º=ba¡+{qyw¬ ¢¡+oNn¼nDgtpÁ£Kh89:9';tD{
ntDp3Zu#yw{qpZtw¥!£³f¼{N´£¤¥goN²¸Qce{²Fgtv¡V{NyD¬Zn[±
wireless node
wireless connectivity
¶£qpeyDg!hq®z·=»oqZc{Zjgtv¡V{NyD¬¡ccggOnyw{qpZtw¥¼tw{¼g[enDpyDg.o¼yw{qGgy{qgO½tw¥¾²¥tvuq±
»{NyDg[{-¾qg[y«tDceg+g[f!gywqg3g{q¦e¡Zg¤£uoq[gtDg["¡¥ywg¤£g[nwn)nvto}eeo}ynnDpec¼oqnatDcg\zz,ÅNNZ±£hqh£n
ntDyw{qeq¤£u¥!¦oB¾N{qy){}¦ÂpenD£tDcnntwoqeoqyw¼oqnzÄ·=¿oqe¼c²uZnoq¤¤£oBuNgy)´Gg¤£{-¡ oyw{qpZtw¥e.yD{qtD{Z{N¤:±
b\c3o-tFnFyDgOng[¤¥u¡ceo}tF¡+g"o}ywg"Z{N¥¥tDcnFoqytw£¤¥gN±Fb\cn3o}Ggyj£nF{qywNoq¥¨[g[³oqn¦§{q¤£¤¥{-¡n=<GtDcg
egr²t+nDg[tD£{qsZgOnDyD£´Gg[nz¡c3o-t+oqsoqc{Zgtv¡+{qyw¬¼£n+o}etDcg=tv¡V{¢f!oq¥s¬S£en{}¦ayw{qptD£"nwcgf!g[n
¦§{Ny+of¼{N´£¤¥goqZce{²gtv¡+{qyw¬®){NsZgfoqeyw{qpZtw¥¢yw{}tD{Z{q¤no}3yw{NoqtD£¾qgyw{}tw{Z{q¤n[± gO½tw¥{N
- Èeywnt+g[nwyw¥´Gg[nztDcgFf¼{ZZgF{}¦«{N3g[ywo}tD£{q{}¦e¯ j© k\°± g[tD£{q#eyD{-¾²Zg[nVo.´yw¥g¦«{-¾qgyw¾²¥g[¡{q¦ÂtDcg
z¿ÅqSZ±£hqh\oq[g[nwntDgOc&Spgo}e¼´yw£g?>eu¼Zg[nwyw¥´Gg[nPtDcgnD¥f¢p¤o-tD£{q!f!{ZZg¤Q± g[tD£{q!7jywg[nDgStwn
nD£f"p¤o-tw¥{NÄywg[nDp¤µtn±b\cg¼Èeynt.nDp´enDg[tD£{q£n.g¾q{qtDgOtw{³nD£f"p¤o-tw¥{Nen{qÀnfoq¤¥¤){qyoB¾Ngyo}Ng"n£¨g
egtv¡+{qyw¬²n[±·4nDg[{qe»nDp´enDg[tD£{q»nFZg[¾q{qtDg[tw{#¤o}ywqggtv¡V{NyD¬Zn¡¥tDc_o¤£oqyDNg.²pf"´Ggyj{}¦P{ZZgOn±
!gOoqc!{}¦GtDcgOngnDg[tD£{qenz¡VgntDpeutDceg{-¾qg[yDcgOoq"¥epywyDgO"´²utwcg={qStDyw{q¤ZeoN¬qgt){q¦3twcgyw{qpZtw¥e
eyD{qtD{Z{N¤: etDcg!oB¾qg[ywoqqgyD{NpZtDg¼oB¾-o}£¤£oq´¥¤£¥tvu£»tDceg¢yw{qpZtw¥etwoq´¤¥gOn± £f!¤¥g¢tD{N3{N¤¥{Nq£g[noqe»twywo)(#
¤£{NoNn\o}ywgjg[nwyw¥´Gg[±'!+{qtDc³nvto-tDnDgeoqyD£{Nn+o}3nwg[eo}yw£{NnV¡µtwcf!{N´¥¤£¥tvuso}ywgF£²¾qgOnvtw¥So-tDgO±)Ç_g
£StDg[yDgOnvt«£.qywg[o}tDgy«gZtwc¦§{qyÂtwcgzqg[²p¥egP{qZtw¥f!£¨[o-tw¥{N.{}¦e j© k,p¤µtw¥G{q£Staywg¤oBu{qZtw¥f!£¨[o}tD£{q«±
* +32 .'5 ')s$ ')*+
!#"%$%&('*),+.-0/1&3254
·=_oNZc{Zgtv¡V{NyD¬nFogtv¡+{qyw¬¡c£cÄ£njnG{qSto}g[{qpenD¤¥u³Ngg[ywo}tDg[³´²u³{ZZgOn=¡¥tDc£Ào#q£¾qg[
oqyDgOo±ab\ceg[nDgV{ZZgOn)o}ywggrZGg[tDg["tD{j´Gg+{qgO½twg["oqe¥tP£npenDpeoq¤¥¤£uoqZf!¥ttwg[.twceo-tz{q¤£¤£oq´3{Nywo}tD£{q
nywgSp£yDgO ¡cctDcg[yDg¦§{qywg.f!g[o}3n\tDceo}t=g¾Ngywu#{ZZgOnf"pent=£»yw¥e¥e¤¥g.ceoqeZ¤£gtDyo (#g¾Ng³¥¦
¥t£nF{}tjµtnjyDgO£¥g[St[±·Zc{Zgtv¡V{NyD¬²£#¤£g[oNntw{s²pf!gyw{qp3nyw{q´¤£gfn[±jb\ceg"nDnDpg[n=tDc3o-t.o}ywg
f!{Snvtw¤¥u#g[e{NpStDg[yDgOoqyDgN®yw{qpZtw¥ee {NZÈeNpywo}tD£{q« ZoNZf!¥ntDyo-tD£{qa o}engOpyw¥tvuq±
V{NZÈeqpeywo}tD£{q"oqeyw{qpZtw¥ejoqyDgtDcg+tv¡+{=fo}£¢eyD{N´¤¥g[fnnD¥3gVtDcg[u"o}ywgfo}3o-tw{qywuFtw{genDpywg
twcg"egtv¡+{qyw¬{NgO½tD£¾²µtvuN±b\cg"{qZÈeNpyo-tD£{q³nDnDpgnNgg[ywoq¤¥¤£us£qe{qywg[³o}e»ntwo}tD"oNZywg[nwngOn
oqyDgVpenDg[±)k{qptD£FntDcg["twcg+f!o}|v{qyyw{q´¤£gf nD¥3g+yD{NpZtD£=n)gOg[nwnwo}ywu=tw{Fg[enpeyDgVtDcg+gtv¡V{NyD¬
{qeg[½tw¥¾²¥tvuq±·{qtDcg[yywg[oNn{N.¡c£c¢yw{q´eoq´¤¥ujgrZ¤o}£enatDcg+£Ntwgywg[ntyo}ngO´²utDcg+yD{NpZtD£nwnpg
ntDcgFgrZ£ntD£¼nvto-tDg={}¦ao}yDtV£#yw{qpZtw¥e.¦§{qy+¡¥ywg[!egtv¡+{qyw¬²n[±)b\cg=yw{qpZtw¥e£nwnDpg=nVoq¤£nD{o"nDp¥twoq´¤¥g
fo}ttDg[y\¦§{qyoNoqgf!£ntDpe¥gOn±
6 78&:9,-<; ),=?>%2<&3-@&'A&:BC; )EDF"%$%&'*)%+.-G/H&32<4
k{qpZtw¥³n.yo-tDcegyo}À{N¤£npe´Z|vg[t[±#,oq´¤£ggtv¡+{qyw¬@ ÂtDcggrZ£ntD£»¤£µtwgyo-tDpeyDg!penDpeo}¤£¤£uÄZgÈ3g[n
tv¡+{Ĥ£oNnDnDg[n"{}¦yw{qpZtw¥ÄyD{qtD{Z{N¤£n[®!Z£ntwoqeg¾qgO½tD{Ny"yw{qpZtw¥eyw{}tD{Z{q¤n"o}3,¤¥£¬,ntwo-twgsyw{qpZtw¥e
eyD{qtD{Z{N¤:±
»o[¯DZnvto}eg=¾Ng[½tw{qy°Fyw{qpZtw¥¼yw{}tw{²{q¤Q Zo¢e{²gnDg3nVtD{!µtng[¥NcS´G{qy\{ZZgOn\o"to}´¤£g¡cc
£eZo}tDgOntDcgs{ZZg[ntwceo-t¢µt¢[o}Àywg[oqcÀo}3¦§{qygOoqc{ZZg#¡¥tDc£,yDgOoqc_tDcgZ£ntwoqeg!tw{»tDce£n
e{²gq±z¹tF[o}³´Ggnc{-¡twceo-t£³{qywfo}¤«{N3g[ywo}tD£{qtDcnnwcgf!g.¡£¤¥¤a{q²¾qg[yDNgjoqe¡¥¤£¤«yw{-¾²£g
twcg=nDc{qyDtDgOnvtz3o-tDc!yw{qpZtw¥etD{"oqSu¢q£¾qg[!g[ntD£eo-tw¥{N«±#o¯¤£¥¬¼nvto-twg½°yD{NpZtD£yw{}tw{²{q¤Q No{ZZg
´eyD{Soq[oqntwn{-¾qg[ytwcggtv¡V{NyD¬twcg¤££ntz{}¦@¥twnzeg£qc²´3{Nywn[±b\c²pen)£{NyDfo}¤Z{N3g[ywo}tD£{q!o}¤£¤ZtDceg{ZZg[n
c3oB¾qg\tDcegg£qc²´G{qywc{²{Z¢{q¦«o}¤£¤tDceg={ZZgOn±)b\cgywg¦§{NyDgo"nvtwywoq¥qtDcZ¦§{NyD¡\o}y"oq¤¥N{qywµtwcf [o}#{Nf!pZtDg
twcg¡c{N¤¥g.egtv¡+{qyw¬tD{N3{N¤¥{Nquq e¡Vg.ceoB¾Ng.o}¤£¤ÂtDcg"yD{NpZtDgOno}etwcSp3n{}¦P{Npyngtwcg"nDc{qyDtDgOnvteo}tDc³tD{
oq¤¥¤@twcgZgOnvtw¥eo}tD£{qen[±
k{NpZtD££¼oj¡£yDg[¤¥gOnDngtv¡V{NyD¬Zn¤¥gOoqntD{.nD¥f!£¤£oqy)yD{N´¤£gfnPoqn¦§{qyPoj¡£yDgOgtv¡V{NyD¬@±~={-¡Vg[¾qg[y
twcg³¡¥ywg¤£g[nwn!f!g[ZoÀo}ywg£cg[yDg[StD¤£uª¤¥gOnDn!g (#£gSt!tDceoq ¡£ywg[f¼gOZo_£tDgywfn!{}¦j´eo}e¡£²twc«±
{qywg{-¾qg[y.o¡£yDg[¤¥gOnDn.yw{qptDgy"¡c£c¿{q¤£u_p3ngOn{qeg#¥StwgyD¦oqg§penDpeo}¤£¤£uoNnDnDpf!g[ o}¿{}t¢nDg3
twywo)(#jtD{tv¡+{g£qc²´G{qynn£f"pe¤µto}g[{qpenD¤¥uN p¤££¬qg"o!¡£yDgO³yD{NpZtDg[y[±+b\cg"nwoqywgjywg[nwnD{qpygOn\{}¦)tDcg
¡£ywg¤£g[nwnf¼gOZo³yD{N´eo}´e¤¥ugrZ¤£oq¥À¡c²uÄ{qtDcg[y.tvu²3gOn.{}¦\yw{qpZtw¥»eyD{qtD{Z{N¤£nceoB¾Ng!´3g[g,Zg[nD£qgO
tw{¢{NZtD£f!¥¨[gF´3o}eZ¡²twcywgSp£yDg[f!gStwn[±b\ce£n\ywg[oNn{N#yw{q´eoq´¤¥u!gr²e¤£oq¥en+¡c²u£o¢f¼{N´£¤¥goqZce{²
egtv¡+{qyw¬o³g¡ ¬²¥eÀ{q¦+eyD{qtD{Z{N¤c3oqn.´Ggg[£StDyw{ZZpegO®ywg[oN½tD£¾qg!yw{}tw{Z{q¤n[±#b\cg[nDg!yD{qtD{Z{N¤£n
{N¤£u´pe¥¤ÄosyD{NpZtDg¡ceg_oqÄo}e¤¥o}tD£{q»ywgSp£yDgOn¥t[±b\cgywg¦§{NyDg"¥¡£ywg¤£g[nwnyw{qpZtw¥syD{qtD{Z{N¤£n
{NgpenDpeo}¤£¤¥uZ£ntD£Np£nDcgOn\´3gtv¡Vg[g
I
yDgOoqtD£¾qgyD{NpZtD£¼yw{}tD{Z{q¤n
I
yw{NoqtD£¾qgjyD{NpZtD£!yw{}tw{²{q¤n±
yDgOoqtD£¾qgyw{qpZtw¥esyw{}tw{²{q¤nFoyw{qpZtwgtD{³oZg[ntD£eo-tw¥{NnjyDgOo-twg[»{N¤¥u»{N_Zg[fo}e±b\ce£n
f!gOo}en\twceo-tF¡cg»o{ZZg.f¢pentFng[eµtneoN¬qgttD{#oZgOnvtw¥eo}tD£{q« Go!yD{NpZtD£ywgSpgOnvtnnDgSt=£
twcggtv¡V{NyD¬@ -twcnzywgSpg[ntVoq¥fn)tw{{q´Zto}£o.yD{NpZtDg\tw{.tDceg=Zg[ntD£eo}tD£{q«±)b\cgyw{}tw{Z{q¤nP´Gg¤£{qN¥e
tw{tDce£nj¤oqnwn 3¥3¤£peZgF¯D·=
°½ ¯
k+°"o}3#¯b= jk·°:29 ah[ hNh4Q G¡cc»ceoB¾qg.´Ggg[yw{qG{NnDg[tD{
twcg#b¶(·Fºb¡V{NyD¬²qyw{qpe«±³ FÀtwcgs{qtDcg[y"ceoqe )yw{NoqtD£¾qgyw{}tw{Z{q¤nGgyw¥{ZZoq¤¥¤£unDg3
{qStDyw{q¤Z3oq¬qgtwntD{"f!oq¥Sto}£"twcg¬²{-¡¤£g[ZNg+{q¦3twcggtv¡V{NyD¬.tw{qG{q¤£{qNuq±·=f!{q.yw{}tw{Z{q¤n){}¦GtDce£n
¤£oNnDn+yw{qG{NnDg[stD{¼twcg.b¶+ e{Ng.o}Èee¯ j© k\°¢ N¯D¶ k+°oqe¯b !\kx¶a°:2- «h - «hOH4Q±
a*V') s ! ')*+
1$,+ (7 >%25&F- &('A& B
b\ceg\¯ j© k\°. FZtD£f!¥¨[g[©«£¬ to-tDgk{NpZtD£!yw{}tD{Z{q¤ 2- 4«n\o"eyD{Soq½tw¥¾Ng=yw{qpZtw¥e¢yw{}tw{Z{q¤@o}3
¥tn.o}¤n{»o¤¥£¬Äntwo}tDgyw{}tw{Z{q¤Q±.¯w j© k+°¢penDg[n.tv¡V{¬²¥een.{}¦\{qStwyD{N¤3oq¬qgtwn[®¯vcg[¤¥¤£{-°¼eoq¬Ngtwn
oqe!¯b=z°eoq¬Ngtwn :b=Á¦§{Nyba{N3{N¤¥{NquV{qStwyD{N¤&±
¯cg¤£¤£{-°+3oq¬qgtwn)o}ywg\penDg[¢tD{.´pe¥¤¢tDcgg[¥Nc²´3{NyDc{²{Z{q¦@oe{²g\oqe!o-t)tDceg=nDoqf!gVtw¥f!g¯cg¤£¤£{-°
3oq¬qgtwn.oqyDg!penDg[_tD{{qf!pZtwgtDceg"¯vf¢p¤µtw¥G{q£Stv°yDg[¤£oBuZn{q¦\o³{ZZg §tDcg{q3gt{}¦\f"p¤¥tD£3{N¥St
ywg¤oBu¡£¤¥¤e´3ggrZ¤¥o}eg[¼¤£o}ttwgy «¯vceg¤£¤¥{}°+eoN¬qgtnPo}ywgng[NtV¥!´yw{NoNoNnvtzo-tz{Ngc{N«±«¯b=z°\eoq¬Ngtwn
oqyDg!´yw{NoNoNnvt.£ÀtDcgs¡c{q¤£g#gtv¡V{NyD¬@±¢¯Db=z°!3oq¬qgtwn.´eyD{SoqoNnvt.´²u_o³e{²gs{NNto}£tDcg#¤£nvt"{q¦
¥twnjg[¥Nc²´3{Nywn[±F·tDpeoq¤¥¤£utDcnj¤¥nvt.Z{²g[nF{qt{qStwoq¥oq¤¥¤)¥twnFg£qc²´G{qyn=´ptonp´3ngt[ @¡ccÄ¡£¤¥¤
´Gg#gr²e¤£oq¥gOÀ¤£o}ttwgyO±·4¯cg[¤¥¤£{-°#ng[St"´²u_o»eoN¬qgt"{qSto}£entDceg#¤¥nt"{}¦g[¥NcS´G{qyO± j© k penDg[n
Ggyw£{²£.´eyD{Soq[oqnt\{q¦zcg¤£¤£{#eoq¬Ngtn\tD{snDg3ng.twcgg[¥Nc²´3{NpyDce{S{Z{}¦o!e{²g¢o}3tD{#¾Ngywµ¦§utDcg
nDu²f!f¼gtDywu{}¦@yoqZ£{¤¥£¬Zn±)~g[¤¥¤£{.eoN¬qgtnPng[St)´²u¼o{ZZg{NNto}£"twcgntwo-twpenP{q¦G¥twnP¤££¬ZnP¡µtwc!tDcg
{qtDcg[y{ZZg[n\£µtng£qc²´G{qpywc{²{Z±Pb\cnnvto-tDp3no}´Gg®oNnu²f!f!gtDyw} nu²f!f!gtDyw} {qy+f"p¤¥tD£3{N¥St
ywg¤oBuq±
pyw¥"tDcgj£µtw£oq¤¥nwo-tD£{qsceoqnDgq S¡cg[so{ZZgj· ywg[g£¾qgOnzocg[¤¥¤£{"3oq¬qgtz¦§yw{qf og[¥Nc²´3{Npy[
nwoBuse{²g !j twc£njntwo-tw¥{Nngtwn=¥¥twnFg[¥NcS´G{qpeytwoq´¤¥g¼nvto-tw¥{N· ¡¥tDcÄo#ntwo}tDpen·Fnu²f!f!gtDyw-±
b\ceg« G¡cgÄ{ZZg !(nDge»¥twnFgrStjcg¤£¤£{#eoq¬NgtO !K¡¥¤£¤Png[e³£µtn=ceg¤£¤¥{eoq¬Ngttwceo-t· n=¥twn
eg£qc²´3{Npy.to}´¤£g#¡¥tDc¿ntwo}tDpen·=nDu²f!f¼gtDyw£-±³·+t"twcg#ywg[g[ZtD£{q,{q¦\tDcg#ceg¤£¤¥{3oq¬qgt.¦§yD{Nf !j
·4¡¥¤£¤pZtF£¥twn=g£qc²´G{qpy=two}´e¤¥g ! ¡¥tDc»twcg¢ntwo}tDpen uSf!f!gtwyD}±· ¡£¤¥¤atDcg[ÄnDgeo#cg¤£¤¥{
3oq¬qgtV£s¡cc!X¡¥¤£¤Âo}Gg[oqyV¡¥tDctDcgntwo-twpen
u²f!f!gtwyD=o}e!С¥¤£¤@p@o-twgFtwcgnvto-tDp3nV{q¦
·(£³µtn\g£qc²´G{qpy\to}´¤£g.o}e¡£¤¥¤ayDg[qnvtwgy\µt=oNn·=nDu²f!f¼gtDyw£-±
g[gÈeqpywgZ±
B Asym
B A B A
A Sym
B A
A Sym
B Sym
¶£qpywgZ®Pºg[¥NcS´G{qywc{²{Z{qStDyw{q¤Q®grceo}eqgj{}¦«¯vcg[¤¥¤£{!eoq¬Ngtn°¢±
»pe¤µtw¥G{q£St"yDg[¤£oBu»n.o³nGg[£oq¤znvto-twpentDc3o-t.¡¥¤£¤zGgywf!µt{NZtD£f!£nwo-tw¥{N_{q¦V´yw{NoNoNnvtO±¼©agtpen
{qenDZgy=Èeqpywg - ±F»twcnÈeNpywgq G¡Vg¢ceoB¾qg"nDc{-¡Äo#{ZZg¢¡¥tDcĵtnFeg£qc²´3{Nywn=o}e»¥twnFtv¡+{#c{N
eg£qc²´3{Nywn[±·Ðtv¡V{ce{q!g£qc²´G{qynP{}¦«o.e{²g£no.g£qc²´G{qyz{q¦Âµtnzg[¥NcS´G{qynP¡ccnz{qto}¤£yDgOoqZu
o¢g[¥N´3{Ny[±Pb{¼{N´Ztwoq¥³o!{Nf¼e¤¥gtDg´yw{NoqeoqoNnvtO N¥twn\nnDp (#£gSt\tDceo}t+twcg.eoN¬qgt\´Gg.yDg[3gOo-tDgO#´²u
o{NS¾Ng£gStFnDp´enDgt{}¦Vµtn=g[¥Nc²´3{Ny[±b\cnjnDp´enDgtjf"pent´3g!{Nf¼epZtDgO£_nDpecÄo#¡\oButDceo}toq¤¥¤
twcg¼tv¡V{c{N_g[¥Nc²´3{Nyjywg[g£¾qg¢tDcg!eoN¬qgt[±¼¹¦tDce£nywgSp£yDg[f!gStjn.oqce¥g[¾qg[« µt"[o}Ä´Gg#nDc{-¡
´²u¼¥3Zpe½tw¥{NtDc3o-t+o"{qf!¤£gtwg=´yw{NoNoNnvtPn{N´Ztwoq¥eg[±)·½twpeo}¤£¤¥uN qtwcnztwg[c&Spg=eyD{-¾²Zg[nzo¡+oBu
tw{s¤£{Zo}¤£¤£u³{qf!pZtwg¢oneoq£#twyDg[gq±¶{NyFo#N¥¾Nge{²gtDceg¼{qf!pZto-tD£{qÄ{}¦PtDceg¼nDp´enDgtj{}¦¥twn
eg£qc²´3{Ny\tDceo}tFnwo-tDnÈeg[n+twcg.tv¡+{¼ce{q»{-¾Ngyo}qgjno}»ºxÐc3o}yeyD{N´¤¥g[f³±~{-¡+g¾Ngy{qego}Èe3
nD£f¼e¤¥gcegpyw£ntDn[ @o¾qg[yDueo-twpywoq¤acg[pyw£ntD.nFZg[yD£¾qgO¦§yD{NftwcgNyDg[g[Zu³o}¤£q{NyD¥tDcf o}e»nDg¤£g[twn
o}tg[oqc³ntDgtwcg.g£qc²´G{qy\¡cc»{-¾qg[ywntDceg.f!o}rZ¥f¢pf²pf"´Ggy{q¦tv¡+{!c{qg[¥NcS´G{qyn[±
b\cg"¯Db=z°¼3oq¬qgtwn.oqyDgnDgSt.3g[yD£{ZZ£[o}¤£¤¥uÄ´Suo{ZZgq±sb\ce£n.3oq¬qgt{qSto}£enjtDcg¤£nvt{q¦+¥twn
f¢p¤¥tD£3{N¥St!yDg[¤£oBu:±gq±_tDcegnDp´enDgt¼{}¦{ZZgOn¢¡ce£cªfoq¬qg#¥t¼G{NnwnD¥´¤£g#tw{_{-¾qgy¼o}¤£¤V¥twn¢tv¡+{c{N
e{²g[n[±b\cgF¯Db=z°jeoN¬qgtwno}ywgnDgSt¥³´yw{NoNoNnvtoqe¡µtwc³tDcg.f¢p¤µtw¥G{q£St=ywg¤oBu#yDpe¤¥g.{N¤¥ustDcg
f¢p¤¥tD£3{N¥Stywg¤oBu{ZZgOnP¡¥¤£¤eywgtwywoqenDf¼¥tPtDcegeoq¬NgtO±·XnDgSpg[eg²pf¢´3g[yz£npenDg[¢tD{"oB¾N{q"¤£{²{qen
pg=tw{"£ZÈe¥tDgjywgtDyo}3nf!nDnD¥{N{}¦«twcgjeoq¬Ngt[±)·e{}tDcegyVÈeg¤#n+pengO!tD{!o}¤£¤£{-¡tw{¢¬²{-¡Á¡ccs{q¦
tv¡+{=¯Db=z°+eoN¬qgtnPn)tDcg=f¼{NyDgpeZtD{Zo}tDgq±P·=¤µtwc{qpNco{ZZg=Z{²g[nz{}tVnDg3¼oq¤¥¤eµtnzg[¥NcS´G{qywc{²{Z
£twcg.¯b=z°"eoN¬qgt[ @µt.oqÄ´Gg¼nDc{-¡»twceo-ttwc£nj£Z¦§{qywfo-tw¥{N£nnDp (#£gStjtD{s´ep¥¤otD{N3{N¤¥{Nqu
{q¦atwcg.gtv¡+{qyw¬q£¾²¥twcg.nc{Nytwg[nteo-twc« eb\cn\¡+oNnnce{-¡s¦§{Ny\tDcgÈeynt+tw¥f!g.£ 24Q±
i
k q n
o
m
l
p j 1
2 3
neighboors
(they "cover" all one's two hop neighboors) multipoint
relay
two "hop" neighboors
¶£qpywg
-
®zb¡V{!c{Ng[¥Nc²´3{Nywn\o}3!¯f"pe¤µtw¥G{q£St\ywg¤oBuN°F{}¦Po¼{ZZg
Ä j©
k ¡+g.penDgFtwcgÈeNpyDgOnVtDceo}t=o}ywgjN¥¾Ng¥tDcegtwo}´e¤¥g.´Gg¤£{-¡
Ggyw£{²{NyVtw¥f!gtw{¤¥£¾qg tD£f¼g n
ceg¤£¤¥{!Ggyw¥{Z
cg[¤¥¤£{¼tD£f!gtD{¤£¥¾Ngbb© 3
b=X3g[yD£{Z 3
b=Átw¥f!gtD{!¤£¥¾Ngjbb© q
bo}´¤£g - ®VV{q3nvto}Stwn+penDg[£ j© k
/ =. .
« ' "&
% 1$,+ - D) ",D25"
!"$#&% Ë ('q / /: ËGÊ
Çgpeng_tDceg_zÆÅNN±¥hNhZ¥ywg[t³nDgSpg[eg ³nDu²ntDg[f³± b\ce£nc²uZnoq¤F¤oBuqg[y[o} {:0Gg[yo
twcyw{qpNcpZt{q¦+h{qy=!oqe 7Z±7¢{qy.hqh.»´eµt)-n¡¥tDc³twcg.zz ÅNN±¥hNh´ntwoqeoqyw±PÇg.ceoB¾Ngjp3ngO
twcg#¦§{N¤¥¤£{-¡£ÄoqnwnDpf!ZtD£{qen[®¢tDcg´yD{Soq[oqnteoq¬Ngtn"o}ywgsnDgSt¢o}ths»´een )twcgsG{q£St"tw{ÄG{q£Nt
3oq¬qgtwnFo}ywg¢nDgStjo}t¼hNh"»´en[±" Fpyn£f"p¤o-tw¥{N»twoq¬qg¢¥StD{oq[{qpeNtFtDcg¼groN½tF{-¾Ngywcg[oN»oqpengO
´²utwcg.c²uZnoq¤Â¤£oBuNgyO±¶e{qy\¦§pyDtDcegyZgtwo}£¤«ywg¦§g[yVtw{ 2354ao}e 24
*! +% Ê !" . -, O % Ê Ê
b\ceg³Ä·= nwcgf!g{}¦=twcg³zzÅNNZ±£hqh 2354£n¼yw¥foqyD£¤¥u,´3oqnDg[{qoª Ä· ¹+o}ywyD£gy g[eng
p¤µtw¥e¤¥g\·g[nwnÂnwcg[f¼gN±b\cgVfo}£"yw¥3£¤¥gV{}¦Ztwc£noq[gOnDn«tDg[ceSpgV£n)oeyDg[¾qgStw¥¾Ngz¤¥ntDge¥
{q¦ztDceg¼ceoqg[¤tw{´Gg!npywg¢tDceo}tj{{}twcgyFtDyo}3nf!nDnD¥{NnF{Ntwcg¢¡\oBu³´3g¦§{qywg"twywoqenDf¼¥ttw¥e¥twn
3oq¬qgt[± ¹¦twcg,ng[enD¥{}¦¢tDcgÀceo}eg¤£eZo-twg[n³o}K{qN{q£ªtwywoqenDf¼nwn£{qÐtwcg tDcgÀ{ZZg
¡\o}¥tD£"tD{!nvto}yDt+¥twnVtDyo}3nf!nDnD¥{NsZyoB¡nVo¢yo}eZ{Nf ´eoq¬S¸¹{50»Zg¤oBuq±P·+t+tDcgg3#{}¦tDcgj{qptDq{N¥e
twywoqenDf¼nwn£{qÐtwcn´3oq¬S¸Q{:0 ¡£¤£¤.´3g,ZgOywgf!gStDgOX¡cg[g¾NgytDcg,ceoqg[¤Fn¦§yDg[g {Áo}ywyw¥g[y
nDg3ngO ½±)b\cg{ZZgntwo}yDtwn)¥twnPtDyo}enDf!£nwn£{q¼¡cg[¼¥twnz´eoq¬S¸¹{50#Zg¤oBuywg[oNcg[n)±)b\cnPf!g[ceoqnf
n\ywg[nDgStDgOs£ÈeqpeyDgZ±
¶£qpywgje®zb\cgzzKÅqN±¥hNh=´eoN¬q{:0³f!gOceo}nDf
ÇÐ¥tDcÐyoqZ£{Àn£qeoq¤£n[ ¥tsn!{}t#G{NnwnD¥´¤£gtD{ªZ£ywg[½tw¤¥uZgtwg[½ts{q¤£¤¥nD¥{Nen!¥ÐoyoqZ£{_egtv¡+{qyw¬G±
b\cegFzXÅqN±¥hNh=ntwo}3o}ypenDg[noqoq¬²{-¡¤£g[qgf!g[Nt¦§{qyo¢3{N¥St\tD{¼3{N¥SteoN¬qgtO ²´yD{Soq[oqnt
3oq¬qgtwn\o}ywgj{}toq¬²{-¡¤£g[qg[«±aÇÐcg[G{q£St\tD{!3{N¥SteoN¬qgtwn+o}ywgje{}toq¬²{-¡¤£g[ZNg[!twcguo}ywg
ywgtwywoqenDf¼¥ttwg[´pZttwcg.´eoq¬N{50»¡£eZ{-¡ n£eywg[oNngO#¡¥tDc³g[oNcpeenp3gOnDn¦§p¤@twywoqenf!nDnD£{q«±
%6 1$,+.@;0/ 9%BD-<; & )/ &("%+B
Çg.penDgjtDcgnwo}f!g.n£f"pe¤£o}tD£{qf¼{ZZg[¤aoqn+twceo-tpenDg[£ 24¹±
*!" % Ë ':q / /:
ËGÊ
Î Ï Ê /
b\cegfo}£oqnwnpf!Ztw¥{N»{}¦P{qpeyc²uZnoq¤a¤oBuqgyf!{ZZg[¤ntwceo-t=¡+gceoB¾Ngo¤£¥gOo}y=nDpGgyw3{Sn¥tD£{q»{q¦
nD£qeoq¤£nFng[Ntj´²uG{}twgStDo}¤tDyo}enDf!µtDtDg[ywn[±Fb\cnFf¼{ZZg[¤3o-tDpeywoq¤¥¤£u³¤¥gOoqntD{#twcg¼¥StDyw{ZZpetD£{q»{}¦o
twywoqenDf¼nwn£{q_f!o}tDywµr ¡cc_N¥¾Ng[njtDceg#nvtwyDg[}twc_{q¦tDceg#n£qeoq¤zng[St´²u_{ZZg³tD{»e{²g±
b\cegsn£q3o}¤VntDywge}tDc.ywg[g£¾qg[À´²u{ZZgjn.tDcegywg¦§{qywg
! #"%$
¡cegywg
$
'&#¥¦={ZZg(_£ntDyo}enDf!µtDtD£e P{Ny
$
*)»{}twcgyw¡ngN± £f¼e¤¥gyw{qeoqNo-tw¥{N_¤oB¡n{q¦ywoNZ£{
nD£qeoq¤£nPp3npeoq¤¥¤£u"c3oB¾qg\tDceg¦§{q¤£¤¥{-¡£.gr²eyDgOnDnD¥{N+ -,/.
021
34
.
¡cgywg5 g{qtDg[nPtDcgF3{-¡+gyznDgSt´²u
e{²g63 87 9 g{qtDg[nVtwcg.Z£ntwoqegj´Ggtv¡+gg{ZZg:zo}es{ZZg5!o}e<;,Zg[{}twg[nVtDcgnD¥Neo}¤ÂZgOoBuq
p3npeoq¤¥¤£u>=@?A;B?ACe±# =¦{Npyng¢tDcn.n.o}Ào}eyD{BrZ£f!o}tDg¼f!{²g¤Q±#~{-¡+g¾qg[yF¥t"nDc{qp¤_´3g{qtDgO
twceo-ttwcg.{qe¤¥u¥f!G{qyDtwo}StoqnwnDpf!ZtD£{q n\tDcg"¤¥£g[oqyD¥tvu {q¦twcg.f!{ZZg¤Q±VÇg"[o}»oqtDpeoq¤¥¤£u#penDg.tDce£n
¤££g[oqyf!{ZZg¤@¡¥tDcoq¤¥¤GgrZnvtw¥e"yw{qeoqNo}tD£{q!f!{²g¤n{NyVywg¸{Nf!pZtDgO¼ÈeqpeyDgOn±)·¤£¤@¡VgF¡¥¤£¤@ggO
n+tDcegtDyo}enDf!£nwn£{qfo-tDyw¥rD ±
Çg_egg[ÐtD{¿£StDyw{ZZpegÄtDcgoqyDyw¥g[ynDgenD£ªeoqywoqf¼gtDg[y[±4b\ce£neo}yo}f!gtDgy£no,twcywg[nDc{q¤
oq´3{-¾Ng¡c£c³twcg"ceoqg[¤«£n=oqnwnpf!gOstw{#´Gg´penDuq±+»o ·eyD{qtD{Z{N¤@tDcntwcyDgOnce{q¤foq¬qg[n
¥t"G{Nnwn£´¤£g¼tD{ÄZgOZg¡cgtDcg[y.tDcgceo}eg¤zn.Z¤¥g{Ny´penDuq±Ç_gs¡¥¤£¤oq¤¥¤ztDcneoqywoqf!gtDg[ytDcg
$
77FE7GEHIEJEKLEJ±
Çg!ggO»tDcegtw{eyDgOng¼{q3Zµtw¥{Nen=tD{genDpywgtDceg¼{qywyDgO½tFywg[gZtw¥{N{}¦Veoq¬Ngtwn[±jÇ_g!¡£¤¥¤
oNnDnDpf!g\tDc3o-tVoeoN¬qgtng[NtV´Su¢{ZZg5tD{.{ZZgM£!tDcgtDyo}enDf!£nwn£{q!£StDgyw¾-o}¤INOQPRQO
TS
£nV{qywywg[½tw¤¥u
ywg[g£¾qgO#´²u#{ZZgU#µ¦
IWV
OYXWNOQPRQOTS ++ ZOQ\[^]
$ O$ J_E+K`EJ
IWV
OYXWNOQPRQO
TS aFb
3c4
.edgfh
i(j+k
l
.`m
j
dgfhaFb 3c4
j
dnfh [o
$
pOFqr7GEJ_EKLEJ
ÇgPceoB¾NgP¥StDyw{ZZpeg[Ftv¡V{\eoqywoqf!gtDg[ywn)®@twcgtssu]
$ O$
JEK`EJ_ssqo}ejtwcgvssu
$
wOFqw7GEJEK`EJss:±b\cegvssx]
$ O$ J_EKLEJss
{qywyDgOnG{q3n3tD{\tDcegn£q3o}¤}ntDywgqtDcg[g[nwnDoqyDutD{nDpeg[nwnv¦§p¤£¤£utDyo}3nf!¥taon£qeoq¤:±b\cgvssu
$
wOFqw7GEJEK`EJss
{qywyDgOnG{q3nVtD{!tDcegf!¥£f"pef¾-o}¤£pg{q¦)onD£qeoq¤@tD{#{N£nDgywo}tD£{!tD{#nDpeg[nwnv¦§pe¤¥¤£uZgO{ZZgo¼twywoqenv¸
f!nDnD£{q«±
*!"*! . Ê Ï', eq Ê O[ % Ê Ê ',/Z('Îry Î Ï Ê /
b\ce£nf!{ZZg[¤«£n\¾Ngywus¤£{NnDgjtD{ywg[oq¤Â{qGgyo-tD£{q3n±~{-¡+g¾NgyO q¥t={qSto}£en+tv¡V{nD¥f!¤£go}eyD{BrZ£fo-tD£{q3n
¡ce£csnD£f¼e¤¥¥¦§u¼tDcgjoq¬²{-¡¤£g[ZNgf!gSto}3!tDcgjk)b )q+b nwcg[f¼gOn±)· {qf!¤£gtwgFZgOnDyD£ZtD£{q{q¦
twcgtDce£nf!{ZZg[¤«o}´Gg¦§{qpe£ 2:4Q±
*!"uz {
',/Z('Îry ΫΠ/
b\ceg_ FxºbÆnD¥f¢p¤o-tD£{q tw{S{N¤n{qg³{q¦jtwcg»f!{Nnt#¡£g[nDyDgOoq¿tD{²{q¤n[±Kb\cn!tD{²{N¤yw{-¾SZgOn¼o
nwcgOZp¤£gyO @oqÄgOoqnDu¡\oButD{³{ZZg!nvto-twg¼oqpZtD{Nf!o}tD{NenFoqeÄos¾qg[yDu³G{-¡Vg[y¦§p¤)Nywoqc£NtwgyD¦oqgtD{
eyDgOng[NtnD¥f¢p¤£o}tD£{q yDgOnpe¤µtn±X FxºVboq¤£nD{{qStwoq¥3n¼o¤£{}t{}¦.{ZZgOn!Zg[Zo}tDgOªtw{ªn£f"p¤o-tw¥e
yoq¥{³¤£¥¬Zn[ oNgOnDnjyw{}tw{Z{q¤n.o}3_¾-oqyD£{qpenjyw{}tw{Z{q¤P¤oBuqg[ywn[±!Ç_g!twyD£g[_tw{»peng!twcg[nDg#{ZZgOn´pZt
twcgu¢yDgOnpe¤µtwg[¢¥#nD¥f¢p¤o-tD£{q3n{q¦G¤£{qepywo}tD£{q«± £eg\twcgnD3g[g[¼{}¦@{qpyznD£f"p¤o-tw¥{N¢¡\oqn){q¦Gyw£f¼g
£f!3{Nyto}egjtD{!pen[ ¡Vg.ZgOZg[{qt\tD{penDg.o}²u#{}¦tDcgOng¦oN£¤¥¥tD£g[n[±
![ ')aK !
Çg¡£¤¥¤GZ£¾SZgtwcnzeoqytz£StD{.twcyDg[g=nDp´enDg[½tw¥{Nen[±b\cgÈ3ywntVnDp´enDg[½tw¥{NZg[nwyw¥´Gg[nPtDcgjn£f"p¤o-tw¥{N
3o}yo}f!gtwgyn\pengO³o}e»ZgÈegOntDceg"nDgeoqyD£{Nn[±b\cg¢ngO{q3nDp´enDg[tD£{q³n=Zg[¾q{}twg[tD{n£f"p¤o-tw¥{N
ywg[nDp¤¥twn¦§{qyo"nDfo}¤£¤@{qy\oB¾qgyo}Ngn£¨gFgtv¡+{qyw¬@±b\ceg[nDgjoN²¸Qce{²=gtv¡+{qyw¬ZnzpenDgF¦§yD{Nf hO.tw{ - {ZZgOn±
b\ce£nVtvu²3g{q¦agtv¡+{qyw¬n£¨g{NyDywg[nDG{qentD{¢tDcegjptD£¤¥£¨[o}tD£{qs{q¦atwcgFxVkv·(yw{}|vgO½tB±Pb\cgjtDc£y
nDp´enDg[tD£{q³n=Zg[¾q{}twg[tD{¤o}ywqg.egtv¡+{qyw¬²n[±z³twc£nFngO½tw¥{N¡+g.twg[ntFo!gtv¡+{qyw¬Zn\¡µtwc»f!{qywgtDceoq
hOq¼{ZZgOn±b\ceg.£ZgOo!£ntD{#cgO¬#µ¦)twcg¢ j© kKtwg[c{N¤¥{Nqus[o}³{N3g.¡¥tDc»¤o}ywqggtv¡V{NyD¬Zn[±z¶{qy
´G{}twcĤo}ywqg¼nfo}¤£¤Po}e_oB¾qg[ywoqqg.gtv¡V{NyD¬ZnF¡Vg¼¡¥¤£¤tDgOnvttDceg¢{-¾Ngywcg[oN³qgegyo-tDgO»´²u³tDcg!yw{qpZtw¥e
oq¤¥N{qywµtwcfn ²twcgGgyg[Nto}Ngj{q¦3oq¬qgt¤¥{SnDn£³tDceg{qStwyD{N¤Âeoq¬Ngtwn=o}etDceg¥3pywyDgOg¦o}pe¤µt={q¦
yw{qptDgq±)Çg.¡¥¤£¤aoq¤£nD{¼ceg[¬#¥¦Â¯ j©
k+°joq»npe3{Nytf!{q´£¤£gje{²g[n[±
;0/ 9 BD-<; &:) >%D2<D / +.- +2 DF) " @'A+),D25; &
" / Ê Î % Ê
#&%
Ë ':q / #
Z- Ê Ê -
Çg.c{NnDgo¢nD¥Neo}¤ÂZgOoBu ; =¢o}e<
$
pOFqr7GEJ_EKLEJr &+)e±Pb\cg]
$ O$
JEK`EJ% u&+)=n{Nf¼epZtDgO
nDpectDceo}ttDcgtwywoqenDf¼nwn£{qywoqqgjngroqtD¤£u 7}¼f³±b\cg
$
77FE+7 EHIEJ_EKLEJI &) ¤¥gOoqn+tw{!o
[o}ywyD£gy\nDgenDgywoqqg{}¦+h[N"f³±
"*!
¼N Ê O Ê % y '- Ê
Çg"p3ng"tDcg¼zz(ÅqSZ±£hqhoq[gOnDntDg[ceSpg¼o}e¡Vg¼Z{q%tFp3ng"tDcg!k)b )q+b twg[ceSpgN±jb\cg
´eyD{Soq[oqnt+eoN¬qgtwn\o}ywgjnDgSt=o}th.»´eµt)-noNn+tDcg.G{q£St+tw{3{N¥SteoN¬qgtwn\o}ywgjnDgSt=o}thNh.»´¥t )-n[±
"uz Ê Í"Î Î # Î /Î 'Ê
b\cegj¾-oqyD£{qpen+tw{qG{q¤£{qN¥gOntwceo-t¡+g.{NenZg[y\oqyDg¤££ntDgO´3g[¤¥{-¡.®
I
o¼g[oqy3g[y¦§gO½t={NgO½tD£¾²µtvu
I
{ZZg[ng[oqyD¤£u{q³o!qyw£
I
{ZZg[n{q³o¢¤o}ywqgntDyw¥«±
»È3qpywg 7Z 3¡Vg"nDc{-¡onwg3o}yw¥{¡¥tDcÄo!eg[o}yw¤£uGgyD¦§g[tF{Ng[tD£¾²µtvuN±\º=g[oqyD¤£uoq¤¥¤atDcg"{ZZg[n
oqyDg¼¡¥tDc£_{Ng!c{q_ywoqqg¢¦§yw{qfÆtDceg¼{qtDcg[y.{ZZg[n=<«{N¤¥u_o#¦§g[¡4{ZZgOn.o-ttDcg!Ggyw¥ecgyo}¤){}¦VtDcg
egtv¡+{qyw¬#o}ywgF{qt=o-t{qeg.c{q¦§yD{Nf o}¤£¤@tDceg.{ZZg[n£tDcg.egtv¡+{qyw¬G±
sÈeqpywg3e ²¡Vgjnc{-¡o"nwg3o}yw¥{¡cegywgtDcegF{ZZgOnVoqyDgFg[oqyD¤£u¼{qo"qyw£#¡µtwco"nSpeo}ywgpeµt
{q¦Z)ÃrL)±¶e{qy&+)s{ZZg[nj¡+g"ceoB¾Ng&"e{²g¢¤£g¦t.¡cc¡+g¢ptjyo}e{qf!¤¥u³£twcg¼nSpeo}ywg"{q¦
twcg"e{²g[n[±)¶e{qy5= )¢{ZZgOnV¡+gjceoB¾qg¼e{²g[n+¤¥g¦t¡c£c¡+gFpt\yo}3Z{qf!¤£u¼£tDcg.nNp3o}ywg={}¦tDcg
&C{ZZgOn±P¶e{qy/)¢{ZZg[nV¡VgjceoB¾Ng! .e{²g[n+¤¥g¦t¡c£c¡VgjpZt\yo}eZ{Nf!¤¥u!£#tDcegnSpeo}ywg{q¦«tDcg="
e{²g[n[±
È3qpywg;² S¡VgnDc{-¡Ðo.nwg3o}yw¥{.{q¦ &){ZZg[n¥s¤£oqyDNg\ntDyw£«±)Ç_g=oq¤£nD{.yw{qG{NnDgnDgeoqyD£{Nn)¡¥tDc
=/)¢oqe#Z)"e{²g[n+{q´Zto}£g[s´²u#g[oqyD¤£unpe3g[yDG{NnD¥e"tv¡+{¢{Ny+tDcywggngtwn+{}¦tDcgywg¾²£{qpen &+)¢{ZZgOn±
50 m 50 m
¶¥Npywg7®Pºg[oqy3g[y¦§gO½t={qgO½tw¥¾²¥tvu
40m
40m 40m 40m
¶¥NpyDg3e®zº{ZZg[n\eg[o}yw¤£u#{q³o¼qyw£
40 m
40 m
40 m
10 nodes
20 nodes
30 nodes
¶¥NpyDg ;Z®z©ao}ywqgntDyw¥
Átwcg³¦§{q¤£¤¥{-¡£À¡+gn{Nf¼gtD£f!g[n#{qf!eo}ywgtDcg_n£f"p¤o-tw¥{Nywg[nDp¤¥twn¡¥tDcXnD£f¼e¤¥goqeo}¤£uStDo}¤
g[¾-o}¤£peo-tw¥{N«±P¶{qy\twcnpyw3{Sng¡+g¥StDyw{ZZpegFtwcg¦§{q¤£¤£{-¡¥¼eoqywoqf¼gtDg[ywn
B
"!
B#
#
$%
@ KA@
'&
@J(M)
%*+,.-
º=gtv¡+{qyw¬eo}yo}f!gtwgy
H ²pf¢´3g[y{}¦{ZZg[n
E ²pf¢´3g[y{}¦g[ZNg[n
] oB¾Ngyo}NgFZg[qywggj{}¦Po¢e{²g
oB¾Ngyo}Ng=¤£gqtDc³{}¦)o¢yw{qptDg
xyD{qtD{Z{N¤Âeo}yo}f!gtwgy
cg[¤¥¤£{Ggyw¥{Z
b=X3g[yD£{Z
oB¾Ngyo}qgjn£¨g{q¦{q¦b=Xeoq¬Ngt
oB¾Ngyo}qgF²pf"´Ggy{q¦ywgtwywoqenf!nDnD£{q#Ggy´eyD{Soq[oqnt
7GH oB¾Ngyo}qgF²pf"´Ggy{q¦ywgtwywoqenf!nDnD£{q#Ggy´eyD{Soq[oqnt
!+u¿ZgÈe¥tD£{q¡Vg»oq¤¥¤o_gtv¡+{qyw¬,nfoq¤¥¤\{qyoB¾Ngyo}qg¡cegtDcn!gtv¡+{qyw¬Àceoqn¼¤£g[nwn¢tDceoq 7q
e{²g[n[±)·(¤o}ywqgjgtv¡V{NyD¬#¡£¤£¤ÂceoB¾qg 7}¢{ZZgOn{qy\f!{qywgq±
" +
-ª»O
Ê`y
Z 'Î
pyw¥eÀtDcg»È3yt - ,ngO{Nen[ +¡+g»{qe¤¥uceoB¾qg{qStDyw{q¤\twywo)(q± ·+t - ,nDg[{Nen!twcg»tw{qG{q¤£{qqu¿£n
{qf!¤£gtwg¤£u_ntwo}´e¥¤£¥¨[g[ <)oqtDpeoq¤¥¤£utwcg!tD{N3{N¤¥{Nqunntwoq´¥¤££¨g[f¢pecÀg[o}yw¤£¥g[yj´epZt¦§{qy{q²¾qg[£geg
¡+gc3oB¾qgP¬qg[Zt - =nDg[{qen[±«ÇgVp3ngoFn£f!¤£gx){qnDnD{qtwywo)(#}±b\cegeoN¬qgtnaoqyDgÅeh=9S\´¥twn¤¥{Ne±¶{qy
gOoqc.eoN¬qgtqg[gyo-twg[¡+gVc{²{Sngo=ywoqeZ{Nf(g[ntD£eo-tw¥{N«±aÇÐ¥tDc¢yDgOnGg[ttw{=grZnvtw¥eFo}e¤¥o}tD£{qen
twcnnDgeoqyD£{"n{qtyDgOo}¤££ntD}±)~{-¡+g¾Ngy+tDce£n\twywo)(#jnwg[eo}yw£{¢n\¡Vg[¤¥¤«nDp¥tDgOstw{!tDgOnvtpeyDG{NnDg[n
6 ;0/ 9 BD-<; &:) 2<+ @9%B - &:2 / DFB B &328D:+2<D=3+ )%+.-G/H&32<4
"*!"
, Îry Î / Î3Ê % Ê Ï
'- Ê /Z 'Îwy
Çg.nvtwpeZu!¦§{qy+¾-o}yw¥{Npen+{qÈeqpyo-tw¥{NenPtwcgjyD{NpZtD£"{-¾Ngywcg[oN!¥´¥twn+3g[yngO{q3±)#ÈeNpyDgjÅ
¡+gnDc{-¡Xtwcg{-¾qg[yDceg[oq£NtwyD{ZZp3g[´²u#twcgcg[¤¥¤£{!¦§{qy=¾BoqyD£{qp3nnDgeoqyD£{Nn[±z³tDce£n\È3qpywg.¡Vg.c3oB¾qgq®
o¢gOo}y\3g[y¦§gO½t{NgO½tD£¾²µtvus¡µtwc>&)"{ZZgOn Ze{²g[n+g[oqyD¤£u{q³o¢qyw£s¡µtwc =/)"e{²g[n[ o}es{ZZg[n
£tDcgntDyw£¡¥tDc /)¼{ZZgOn±
¹t£nnvtwywoq¥NcNtD¦§{qyw¡+oqywªtD{¿{qf!pZtwg»tDceg{-¾qg[yDcgOoq¥3pywyDgOÁ´²uªtDceg¯cg¤£¤¥{}°³3oq¬qgtwn[± b\ce£n
{-¾Ngywcg[oNn¥{Z½twgtwn[®
Hv
K
K
,v,
E¢o}´Gg.´3{NpeZgOoNn+¦§{q¤£¤¥{-¡n[®
¶£qpywg.Å®V F¾Ngywcg[oN#£epywywg[#´²ustDcg=¯D~g[¤¥¤£{-°=¦§yo}f!gOn
Ho&?^E?
HvHo&
=
b\cg.{-¾Ngywcg[oN#£epeyDywg[´²u#tDceg.cg¤£¤¥{!no}³£eywg[oNn£¢¦§petD£{q»{}¦tDcg"Spef"´Ggy{}¦){ZZgOn±z¹t
nPgOoqnDutD{nDc{-¡ªtwceo-tPtwcg¡+{qynvtPoNng\n)tDcg{qf!¤£gtw¤¥u¼{qeg[tDg[¢tw{qG{q¤£{qquN }oqnPofo-tDtDg[yz{}¦3¦oq½to
e{²gg£qc²´G{qywc{²{²¼{NStwo}£enzoq¤¥¤tDcge{²g[nP{q¦3twcggtv¡V{NyD¬@±a!twcnoNng+twcg{-¾qg[yDceg[oq"¥3peyDgO
´²u.twcgcg[¤¥¤£{.£eywg[oNngOn´²uH
±)b\cg´3gttwgyV[oqnDg{qywywg[nD3{NentD{twcgnvtwyD£¼tD{N3{N¤¥{Nqu£!¡c£c[oqnDg
twcg{-¾Ngywcg[oNs£epywyDgO³´SutDcegcg¤£¤£{#¥3ywg[oqnDg[n¡µtwc@HP± ¥f!¤£g¢{qf!pZto-tw¥{Nenoq»¾qg[yD¥¦§ustwceo-t
twcg.ywg[nDp¤µtn\q£¾qg[s´²u#twcgn£f"pe¤£o}tD£{q³o}ywgF¡+g¤£¤Â¥»oN{Nyweo}egF¡¥tDctDcego}eoq¤¥uStDoq¤Âo}yw{NoNc«±
ÈeqpeyDg9 Z¡+gnc{-¡ ¥tDcegnwo}f!g{NeZ¥tD£{qen[ ²tDcg{-¾Ngywcg[oN¥StwyD{ZZpeg[´²utDcg¯Db=z°FeoN¬N¸
gtwn[±.twc£nnD¥f¢p¤o-tD£{qÄ¡Vg¼ceoB¾qg¢penDg[»twcg.¯»xVk+°¢{qtD£f¼£¨[o}tD£{q«±.b\cg!nDµtwpeo-tw¥{N¦§{qyFtDceg.¯Db=z°
3oq¬qgtwnV£n+f!{qywg{qf!¤£o-twg[n£egFtDcegj{-¾Ngywcg[oNo}ywg=´yw{NoNoNnvtwg={-¾NgyVoq¤¥¤@twcgjgtv¡+{qyw¬o}estDcg
eg£qc²´3{NyDce{S{Z³´yw{NoNoNnvtwg[»Zg[3g[enF{qÄtDcg¯»xVk+°¼ntDyo-tDg[quN±Fb\cg¢{-¾qgywcgOoq³£epywywg[³´²u³tDcg
¯Db=z°j3oq¬qgtwn\oq´Gg.g[oNn£¤£u#g[ntD£fo-tDgO®
7`
K
K
, v,
FH
¥f!¤£g={Nf!pZtwo}tD£{qeno}¤£¤¥{-¡ pen)tw{"cg[¬"tDcgFn£f"p¤o-tw¥{N!yDgOnp¤¥twn[±)¶{qy¥entwoqegN q¥¦Â¡Vg=oNnDnDpf!g+¦§{qy
twcgnvtwyD£s¡¥tDc /)¢{ZZg[ntDceo}t\tDcgb= eoN¬qgtnVoqyDg7}"{²tDgtwn+¤¥{NQywg¤oBuZnz¤£pen\{-¾Ngywcg[oN tDce£n
¤£g[oNn+tD{ 7!o}yw{qpee)!¡cc£n{qf!eo}tD£´¤¥g.¡¥tDctwcg.¥Stwpµtw¥¾Ngo}eyD{Soqcs{q¦twcg"ntDyw¥tD{N3{N¤¥{Nqu
¡¥tDc
-
¢e{²g[n\Q±gN±)tv¡V{»xk=n\¦§{qynDµrg£qc²´G{qyn±
Ê } Î % Ê . 1Î
# ', 'NZ 'Îwy
=¦{Npyng¼tDcegs{-¾qg[yDceg[oqÄ¥3pywyDgO´SuÄtDcg¼¯b=z°eoq¬Ngtno}¤n{»Zg[3g[en"{qÀtDceg¢¯xk+°#{qZ¸
tw¥f!£¨[o}tD£{q«± Ç_g»ntDpeu,tDcgs¯Db=z°{-¾Ngywcg[oN,¡µtwcÀ¯D»xk\°{qtD£f¼£¨[o}tD£{qÁo}e¡¥tDc{NpZt"¯»xVk+°
{NZtD£f!¥¨Oo-tw¥{N_Q±gN±oq¤¥¤)twcg#g[¥NcS´G{qyno}ywgng[¤¥gO½tDgOÀoqn=¯D»xk+°½±«ÈeNpyDg³hO «twcgywg[nDp¤µtn.{}¦+tDce£n
¶£qpywg9® F¾qg[yDcgOoqs¥epywyDgOs´²utwcg=¯b=z°j¦§ywoqf!g[n
ntDp3ZuoqyDgjywg[nDgStDgO±PtDcg[oqnDgj{q¦)o¼yo}e{qf tw{qG{q¤£{qqu¡¥tDc Z)¢e{²g[n\twcg=¯xk+°.{qZtw¥f!£¨[o-¸
tw¥{N,o}¤£¤¥{-¡n.oqgr²tDywgf!g¤£u_nD¥N¥È3oqNt.ywg[Zp3½tD£{qÀ£ÀtDcg"¯Db=z°{-¾qgywcgOoq±,o»Zg[engegtv¡+{qyw¬G
twcg¯xk+°j{NZtD£f!¥¨Oo-tw¥{Nn\c£qc¤£upenDg¦§p¤Q±PÇеtwctDcgtw{qG{q¤£{qqu!NyD#¡¥tDc@= )¢{ZZgOno}eo¢ntDyw£
¡¥tDcZ)¼{ZZg[n\twcgF¯D»xk+°.{qtD£f¼£¨[o}tD£{q»nD¥NµÈGo}Stw¤¥u#ywg[pegOn\tDcgj¯b=z°{-¾qgywcgOoq±zb\cg.gF0GgO½t
n.nD¤¥£qcStD¤£uÄNyDgOo-twgyj¦§{qytwcg#nvtwyD£tD{N3{N¤¥{Nqu³tDc3o}¦§{qytwcgqyw£«±#b\c£n"o}´Ggg[oqnD£¤¥upeeZgyntD{²{Z
nD£egF¥stDcgjqyw£tD{qG{q¤£{qNu¢g[¾qg[yDu!g[¥NcS´G{qy+nce{qp¤#´GgjnDg¤£g[tDgO#oqn+of¢p¤µtw¥G{q£St+ywg¤oBuq±)b\c²penVtDcg
ywg[pe½tw¥{N{N¤¥us{²[pynZpgjtw{#nZgg?0@g[twnoqetDcgyo}eZ{Nf{ZZgOn±
¶¥Npywg¼hO® F¾qg[yDceg[oqs¥3pywyDgOs´²utwcg=¯Db=z°F¦§yo}f!g[n
"*!"*! Î
[
Î Ï[
#
e Ê
[
'- Ê /Z 'Îwy
³twc£n=eo}yDt=¡+gnvtwpeZutDcg"gtv¡+{qyw¬ n\´GgceoB¾²£{qpy=¡cg»¥t=n¤£{Noqg[¡µtwco-to!eoq¬Ngtn±+Ç_g
¡£¤£¤«{q3nZgy\o¢x{N£nwnD{q#twywo)(#=¡¥tDc³o-to"3oq¬qgtV{q¦ & Z=´eµtn±z¶e{qy\g[oNcsqg[gyo-twg[3oq¬qgt+£o
nD{qpeywgje{²g"o!ywoqeZ{NfZgOnvtw¥eo}tD£{q»{ZZg.nNgg[ywo}tDgO±Çg¡£¤¥¤nvtwpeZu¾BoqyD£{qp3ngtv¡+{qyw¬#¤£{NoNn±
Çg¡£¤¥¤GnvtwpeZu¼o 7s ehOs ehH7s qoqe#}ceoqg¤e¤¥{Soq <qtDcnz¤£{NoN¢N¥¾Ng[n)grZoN½tw¤¥u"tDcg¤£{NoN¼{}¦@tDcg
eo-two¼eoN¬qgt[±V =¦P{qpeywnDg=twcn¤¥{Soq³Z{²g[n\e{}t£e¤£peZgtwcg.f"p¤¥tD£c{NgF0GgO½tO e¥¦¡+goqnwnpef¼g.o¼f!g[oq
£ntwoqeg.{q¦ - tDcn¤£g[oNn\tD{o!gtv¡+{qyw¬s¤£{NoNyo}eq£¼¦§yD{Nf hH7 tw{ 3qs±+b\cn{-¾qgyno#nD¤¥£qcStw¤¥u
¤£{NoNZg[gtv¡V{NyD¬!tw{!oq{-¾Ngyw¤¥{Soqegtv¡+{qyw¬!¦§{qy=oqzXÅqN±¥hNhFceoqg[¤«o-thqh»´¥t )}n±
¿tDcg³n£f"pe¤£o}tD£{qªyw{qNywoqf ¡+g{qf!pZtwg[ªtDcg³oB¾qg[ywoqqg!²pf"´Ggy!{}¦yw{qptDg[n¢£ªtDcegyw{qpZtw¥e
to}´¤£g[n{}¦\tDcgsgtv¡+{qyw¬{ZZgOn±³ÀÈeNpyDg»hNh!¡Vg#N¥¾Ng!tDcgoB¾qgyo}Ng¢yw{qptDg#oB¾-o}£¤£oq´£¤µtvu»¦§{Ny"o»NyD
egtv¡+{qyw¬¼¡¥tDc»}¢{ZZgOn\¡µtwco)7 egtv¡+{qyw¬¼¤£{NoN {}t£e¤£peZ£!f"p¤¥tD£c{NgF0GgO½t ±PÇ_g.[o}nDgg
twceo-t¼g¾Ng,¡¥tDc¿o»¤££qcSt¢¤£{NoNÀgtv¡+{qyw¬_oqeÀ¡µtwc{qpt¢f!{q´£¤£µtvuÀ¡+gsZ{{qt¢ceoB¾Ngh[N {}¦yw{qpZtwg
oB¾-oq¥¤o}´£¤£µtvuN±b\c£nFg?0@g[tFn=ZpegtD{stDcg¢c£qcGgyg[Nto}Ng.{}¦{N¤¥¤£n£{qen¦§{qytwcg"´eyD{Soq[oqnttDyo (#}±
¿ÈeqpeyDg_hO»¡+gsN¥¾Ng#twcg{q¤£¤¥nD¥{Nªywo}tDgs¦§{qy¼tDcn¼´yw{Noqeoqnttwywo)(q±,b\c£n¼c£qc¿3g[ywgStwoqqgs{q¦
{q¤£¤£nD£{q#¦§{Ny\tDcg´yw{NoNoNnvt+tDyo (#F£ntDcgywg[nDp¤µt{q¦atDceg.¤£oN¬{}¦{q¤£¤¥nD¥{NZgtDgO½tD£{q{qtDce£n\twywo)(#
£_tDcg!zz ÅNN±¥hNh"nvto}eeo}y±¢b\cg!Ggyg[Nto}Ng¢{q¦+{N¤¥¤£n£{qĦ§{qyjtDcnjtDyo (#¼n¥eyDgOoqnDg[»¡¥tDc
ce£g#{ZZgOn±)Çg=oq#ceoB¾Ngo.yw{S{q¦Â{}¦ÂtDc3o-tV´²u!nvtwpeZu²£twcgFnwo}f!g=nwg[eo}yw¥{´pt+¡¥tDcso"o}ywyw¥g[y
¤£g¾Ng¤anDgtFpo-t:= n&)B±+ÇÐ¥tDctDcn=[o}ywyD£gy¤£g¾Ng¤«g[¾qgywuse{²g¥³twcggtv¡V{NyD¬£n¡µtwc¥_o}ywyw¥g[y
nDg3ngywg[oNco}e»tDcg[yDg¼o}ywg{sce£gÄe{²g[n[±=ÄnDpecÄ{qeZ¥tD£{q3n¡+g"ywg[oqcos3g[y¦§gO½t¼h[q {q¦
yw{qptDg=oB¾-o}£¤o}´£¤¥¥tvu!o}e!¡+gF[o}#o}¤nD{{q´enDgyw¾qg\twceo-t+tDceg=GgygSto}qg{q¦a{N¤¥¤££nD£{qenz¦§{qyztwcgj´yD{Soq[oqnt
twywo)(#jg[ywg[oNngOn±
¶£qpeyDg!hqhN®P·a¾Ngyo}qgFyD{NpZtDg.oB¾-o}£¤o}´£¤¥¥tvu£ ¦§{qyo¼qyw#tw{qG{q¤£{qqu¡¥tDcq¢e{²g[n
stDcgj¦§{q¤£¤£{-¡¥¢¡VgjnvtwpeZutwcgjg?0@g[½t\{}¦atDcggtv¡V{NyD¬¼¤¥{Soqs{qtwcg.oB¾qgyo}NgyD{NpZtDgjoB¾-o}£¤£oq´¥¤¥tvuq±
Çg=¡£¤£¤GntDpeu#o.qyw£#gtv¡+{qyw¬"¡¥tDco 7s @h[# Gh87s Soqe#} ¤£{NoN±ÈeqpeyDg¢h - ¡+g=nDc{-¡ÁtDcg
ywg[nDp¤¥twn{}¦Â{qpyV¥²¾Ng[ntD£No-tw¥{N«±¶£qpywg[n=hoqe»h87j¡+gywg[nD3gO½tw¥¾Ng¤£u¼nDc{-¡ tDcg=Spef"´Ggy+{}¦Â¤¥{SnvtVcg¤£¤¥{
3oq¬qgtwnoqe³b=ÐeoN¬qgtwnZpyw£¼tDcg¤£¥¦§gtD£f!g{}¦tDcegn£f"p¤o-tw¥{N«±zÇg"oq³{}tw£gtDceo}ttDcg¤£{Nntwn
¶¥NpyDg!hBZ®V{q¤£¤¥nD¥{Nsyo-tDg£ ¦§{qy\twcg.´yw{NoNoNnvt+tDyo (#j¥³o!qywtD{N3{N¤¥{Nqu#¡¥tDcq"{ZZgOn
{q¦zb=X3oq¬qgtwn£eyDgOoqnDg.f¼{NyDg Sp¬²¤¥ustDceoq»tDceg²pf"´GgyF{}¦P¤¥{SnvtF{}¦Pcg¤£¤£{#eoq¬Ngtn±\b\cn=oq»´3g
grZ¤£oq¥eg[´Su#tDcg¦oN½ttDc3o-t=b=Á3oq¬qgtwnoqyDgjyDg[¤£oBuNg[±
¶£qpywg¼h - ®P·¾qg[ywoqqg=yw{qptDgoB¾Boq¥¤o}´e¥¤£µtvu£ ¦§{qyo¼qywtD{N3{N¤¥{Nqu¡¥tDc}¢{ZZgOno}es¥eyDgOoqnD¥e
egtv¡+{qyw¬¤¥{Soqn
Ê } Î %
Ê '§ Ê
¶£qpywgh3®ºpef"´Ggy={q¦P¤¥{Snvtcg[¤¥¤£{Nn¦§{qy=o!NyDtD{N3{N¤¥{Nqus¡¥tDcÄq!{ZZg[nFo}e£eywg[oNn£!gtv¡V{NyD¬
¤£{NoNn
¶£qpywg»h87®¢º=pf"´Ggy¢{}¦¤¥{Snvt¼b=¦§{Ny"o»NyD_tD{qG{q¤£{qNuÄ¡¥tDc¿q³{ZZg[n¢o}eÀ£eywg[oNn£³gtv¡V{NyD¬
¤£{NoNn
ÇÐcg[ o_b= eoq¬Ngt¼£n¼ywg¤oBuqg[À¥t!¥eyDgOoqnDg[ntDcgyw{q´eoq´¤¥¥tvu{}¦F{q¤£¤¥n£{qn£egstDcg[yDgn¢oq
£f!¤££µt#nDuS3cyD{N£¨[o-tw¥{N¿Zpgtw{Ätwcg»yDg[¤£oBu²£{q¦FeoN¬qgtn±b\cgywg¦§{NyDg¡VgceoB¾Ngs£f¼e¤¥g[f¼g[StDg[
o¼|v¥ttwgy¼¡cgÀtwcgsb=4eoN¬qgtn.o}ywgyDg[¤£oBuNg[± £f"p¤o-tw¥{Nen"nDc{-¡ tDceo}ttDcn|v¥ttwgy¢¥f!yw{-¾qgOntDcg
GgyD¦§{qywfo}egq±)b\cnoqs´Gg.grZ¤o}£g[´²utDcg.ywg[pe½tw¥{Ns£twcg{N¤¥¤£n£{qywo}tDgF¦§{qy\tDceg.´yD{Soq[oqnt
twywo)(#joNn\£nnDc{-¡¥ÈeNpywg¼h83±
Ê } Î % Ê . 1Î # ', 'NZ 'Îwy
ÇgsntDpeZuÄtDcgsg?0@g[½t¢{}¦+tDcgf¢p¤µtw¥G{q£St"ywg¤oBu{qZtw¥f!£¨[o}tD£{qÀ{}¦+tDcgyw{qptD£»yw{}tD{Z{q¤P¡cg[
twcg³¤¥{Soq¥3ywg[oqnDg[n[±ªÇg³ÈeynvtnvtwpeZu¿tDcg³qyw,tD{N3{Nqu Q}{ZZg[n ¢¡µtwcÐo_o}two¤£{Noq¿{}¦7
hOs h87oqeÄ}s±jb\cg!nD¥f¢p¤£o}tD£{qenFnce{-¡(tDceo}t»xVk {qtD£f¼£¨[o}tD£{q¤£g[oNn=tD{s¡+{qynDg"oB¾qg[ywoqqg
yw{qptDg"oB¾-o}£¤o}´£¤¥¥tvuq±F·½tDp3o}¤£¤¥utDce£njywg[nDp¤µtjo}Ä´3g¢¦§{qyng[gnD¥3g"¡¥tDce{qpZtFtDcg¼»xk {NZtD£f!¥¨Oo-tw¥{N
twcgs{qStDyw{q¤)twywo)(s{qSto}£enf!{qywgyDgOZpeoqeuoqntDcgs{q¤£¤¥nD¥{Nyo-twg{qtDceg#´yw{Noqeoqnt.£n"{}t
nD£q¥È3oqStD¤£u#¥3ywg[oqnDg[«±)b\ce£n¤£g[oNn+tD{!´GgtDtDgy=tD{N3{N¤¥{Nqug¾-oq¤¥peo}tD£{q«±zb\ceg.g?0@g[½tw¥¾NgjtDcyw{qpNcStDpZt