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Remote Interactive Walkthrough of City Models Using Procedural Geometry

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HAL Id: inria-00071698

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00071698

Submitted on 23 May 2006

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Remote Interactive Walkthrough of City Models Using Procedural Geometry

Jean-Eudes Marvie, Julien Perret, Kadi Bouatouch

To cite this version:

Jean-Eudes Marvie, Julien Perret, Kadi Bouatouch. Remote Interactive Walkthrough of City Models Using Procedural Geometry. [Research Report] RR-4885, INRIA. 2003. �inria-00071698�

(2)

ISRN INRIA/RR--4885--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Remote Interactive Walkthrough of City Models Using Procedural Geometry

Jean-Eudes Marvie, Julien Perret, Kadi Bouatouch

N˚4885

July 2003

THÈME 3

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