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Using Context to Combine Virtual and Physical Navigation

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HAL Id: inria-00070511

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070511

Submitted on 19 May 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

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Using Context to Combine Virtual and Physical Navigation

Julien Pauty, Paul Couderc, Michel Banâtre

To cite this version:

Julien Pauty, Paul Couderc, Michel Banâtre. Using Context to Combine Virtual and Physical Navi- gation. [Research Report] RR-5496, INRIA. 2005, pp.15. �inria-00070511�

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ISSN 0249-6399 ISRN INRIA/RR--5496--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Using Context to Combine Virtual and Physical Navigation

Julien Pauty , Paul Couderc , Michel Banâtre

N˚5496

Février 2005

Systèmes communicants

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50 m trajectory

Virtual trajectory Physical Photo

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