HAL Id: inria-00072204
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072204
Submitted on 23 May 2006
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub-
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
Containers: an Architecture for an Efficient Cluster Operating System
Renaud Lottiaux, Christine Morin, Geoffroy Vallée
To cite this version:
Renaud Lottiaux, Christine Morin, Geoffroy Vallée. Containers: an Architecture for an Efficient Cluster Operating System. [Research Report] RR-4384, INRIA. 2002. �inria-00072204�
ISRN INRIA/RR--4384--FR+ENG
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Containers: an Architecture for an Efficient Cluster Operating System
Renaud Lottiaux, Christine Morin, Geoffroy vallée
N˚4384
Février 2002
THÈME 1
.0/12 34658789;:
<>=@?ACBDFE;GIHJHLKMACBNOQPRTSUJKMV3HLKW?=YXFGZU[KM?]\LP_^`=@GIa*U[GcbedCAIfMfMgQ=ih
j2k9lLmonYpqsrt"unwv@xZyznL{u|Cu}{lLmon"u
~@}nL{~r
rTv@ - i}{-nn"3k9nLk9n@qtLC}nLqs v@cn"u
1*"w Q¡-¢c£
j2k9n¥¤¦vi§¨@©8vªu«-¤n¬u}|Cu{nLmn"u{}}L{u`{}k9n¥x9un¬@©8 v@3v@¤«¤nL¤ -I"n"u3u}«-
iFL¤«x9u}{nLuw®1¯°no -i unYv@±v@ - -cvi3k²©³i>´-x-«¤Z«-ªv@FnJµYLnL{u}«-¤nou|Cu}{nLm¶«mYv@cn
L¤«x9u{nL*· nL3v@{}«-I|Cu{nLm¹¸º·-»J®wj2k9n¼ -i un"½u}|Cu{nLm¾u_´viun"½i½"i{3v@«9nLw¿cv"i9"nL -{
À
k-3ko -wC-n"uÁ{}k9nv@´9u}{}3viL{}i1@©]u}kv@n"`monLmoi}|`unLmonLI{Âv@{{}k9nL¤«x9u}{nLÁuwv@¤n®;ImYv@¤«¤
-n""n"uÃ@©u@©Ä{
À
v@n¿wv@¤«¤n"Ť««-§cnLuw¿>v@nªx9un"Å{Æ«I{nL3v@{n²"i{3v@«9nLuëÇv@¾nJyCu{}«-
u«-¤no9C-nz·®ÈTnL9"n¿*{}k9nYnJyZu}{}«-°·ª -i3v@m`m`«-(~¼u§cnL -{½x--moCZÊÉn"F´-x-{
{}k9nox-9-nL}¤«|I«-e·(unL}I"n"u½wv@°{3v@§cn`´nL9nJÉ9{½@©v@¤«¤;L¤«x9u}{nL>n"uix-"n"uw®¥·x-v@ - -cvik
kviu´n"nLFv@¤«9v@{n"²´I|Fv¬ -i{i{Ë|I nz´viun"±i±Ì]«IxZy®eÍyZu}{}«-(v@ - -¤«wv@{}i9u}x---«-
i¬u}|Cm`monL{}}Tm½x-¤«{}« -C"n"uuiu½¸ºCÎe~Á»Ái¥{i ¬@©*Ì]«IxZy¥wv@¥´nnJy-n"Lx-{n"¬i¥{i ¥@©*ix-
L¤«x9u{nLT·
À
«{}k9ix-{moCZÊÉwv@{}i_®
ÏÑÐcÒÓÔÕ QÖ*£× ¤«x9u}{nLw¿ii nL3v@{}«-u}|Zu}{nLmÑ¿@Zu}{}}«´-x-{n"½ukv@n">monLmoi}|c¿i¤i´v@¤n"u3ix-"n
mYv@v@cnLmonLI{
ØÊÙÚËÛºÜwÝÚÁÞß«Ûºà³á"â
ãäMåæäMçeèéºêìë[í³íºîðï[ñòóõô#ë[éºîìöIò÷Jø[ï[êìêìùù3ú3û*îüéºîðýºïwþÿé
öQîðøJùõéºý³îüíQùæùöQö@ùý
äMåæäMç
**/ 97-;: º/, # /1$4##//1
£
Ììv@´9unL9"n-nu}|Zu}{lLmon#ünJyC -¤i«{3v@{}i¥u} t"LÊÉx9nTv@xZy`3v@ - n"u¼¤««m`«{n¤nLx-¼x-{}«¤«u[v@{}i
9v@9u¤nwviZnZxewv@¤Lx-¤ v@3v@¤«¤lL¤n®ix9u -i ui9uTx-9nv@ - -Ck9n ix-T¤¦vo"i9"nL -{}i
x-`u}|Zu}{lLmonÁünJyC -¤i«{3v@{}i«mYv@cnÂx--x9n2nJµYwvi"n ix-3v@ - n®ÌnÂu|Cu}{lLmonÁ -i ut
n"u{©³i9-tux-¤n"i9"nL -{>-n"iI{nL9nLx-w¿Ix-©³ix-}-«{8¤ìv@´9u}{}3viL{}i(-nu3nLmonL{u-nmot
moi«n v@}{3v@ct"n!`¤üt"k9nL¤«¤nx-9n3v@ - n®#"8n"ix-}{utL¤tLmonLI{u8¤iLnL¤uTv@ - nL¤t"u¤«nLx-u ¿
u3i{x-{}«¤«ut"u` ix-«{tLnLo¤n"u`"iI{nL9nLx-uo9v@9u`x-¨u}|Zu}{lLmon¥ünJyC -¤i«{3v@{}inJyZu}{3v@I{w®
«9u}º¿«¤*n"u{ uu}«´-¤n-n"i9unL}cnL8¤«I{nL©³vi"n-n -i3v@m`mYv@{}i²-n"nu}|Zu}{lLmon¿{ix-{
nLe{}«3v@{8 v@}{}n-n{ix-{n"u¤n"un"uuix-"n"u8-n¤¦vo3v@ - n®$i{}nv@ - -Ck9n`vYtL{tv@¤«-t"n
v@2x-¬ -i{i{Ë|I nT©Äi9-t8u}x-#Ì]«IxZy®&%T('i"n)"nTu|Cu}{lLmon¿Z«¤]n"u}{2 uu}«´-¤n8ünJy-t"Lx-{nLu}x-
x-9no3v@ - nou[v@9uv@x9Lx-9nomoCZÊÉwv@{}iFZxF"I-n¿*-n"u½v@ - -¤«wv@{}i9unJyCu{3v@{n"u½"iLx9n"u
ix--n"u#mx-¤«{}« -I"n"uu3nLx-uu}|CmotL{}}Ix9n"u½¸ºCÎ~»J®
*Õ w Ó ¢,+ £ %T3v@ - n¿Áu}|Zu}{lLmon¥ünJyC -¤i«{3v@{}i_¿ÁmotLmoi«n¥ v@}{3v@ct"n¬tL v@}{}n¿;cn"u{}i
¤i´v@¤n½-n"u#n"uuix-"n"u
8 9
× ¤«x9u{nLu2v@n9
À
moinv@91moin
À
-nL¤«|1x9un"¥viuÂv@Ñv@¤«{nL}v@{}«cnT{½ v@3v@¤«¤nL¤_"im` -x-{nLu
viu{}k9nL«¤
À
-}"nzv@9Fk-«kF i{nL{}¦v@¤2 nL©Äi}mYv@9"n1mYv@§cn1{}k9nLm6nwv@¤«¤«|Fv@{}{}3viL{}«cn1©³i
{}k9n¬nJy-n"Lx-{}i @©9v@{3vªunL}cnLu1iou}«m½x-¤¦v@{}iÅv@ - -¤«wv@{}i9uw®ÈT
À
nLcnLw¿ÂL¤«x9u{nLuYu}x;:]nL
@©vѤ¦vi§²@©-n"Zwv@{n"±i nL3v@{}«-ªu}|Zu}{nLm)k-Z«-e{}k9n1Zu{}}«´-x-{}i±@©n"uix-"n"u ®¬uv
"i9u3n x9nL9"n¿9L¤«x9u{nLuv@nZʵYLx-¤«{{x9u3n½v@9¥{` -i3v@mÑ®
3 <2(=>567? <7-@2+ ¸º-C}»u2vui¤«x-{}iz{½nwviunL¤«x9u}{nL¼ -i3v@m`m`«-ov@9Y{>nwvik
©Äx-9L{}iv@¤««{}n"u>6:]nLn"ôI|à v@3v@¤«¤nL¤;"im` -x-{nLuw®²-C6:]nLux9u3nLu8v@9e -i3v@m`monLu
{}k9n«¤«¤«x9u}iY{}kv@{2vL¤«x9u}{nL¼uÂvu}«-¤nk-«kY nL©Äi}mYv@9"nTv@9ok-«k-¤«|Yv"v@«¤¦v@´-¤n"im` -x-{nL
«9u{nwvi0@©`vÆunL{Ñ@©«9-nL nL9-nLI{ÃmYvi3k-«9n"uÑ«{nL"i-9n"L{n"$´|0v±9nL{
À
i}§®!$-C
uk9ix-¤16:]nLuÁ©Äix- -i nL}{}n"uBA¸p »n"uix-"nTZu}{}}«´-x-{}i¬{}3v@9u} v@nL9L|c¿Zº®ün®6:]nL}«-{}k9n
«¤«¤«x9ui({}kv@{½nwvik(§C«9(@©Ân"u3ix-"nux--x9nov@9(ukv@n"]¿Á¸³c»k-«k( nL©Äi}mYv@9"n¿Â¸³c»
k-«kÆv"v@«¤¦v@´-«¤««{ |c¿º®ün®Ñ{i¤nL3v@{}«-9C-n`©ºv@«¤«x-n"uv@9Æv@¤«¤
À
«-(v@ - -¤«wv@{}i9u`k9n"3§I i«{
v@9ªn"u{3v@}{v@9¸MI»Tuwv@¤¦v@´-«¤««{Ë|c¿º®ün®oZ|Cv@m``u}|Zu}{nLm n""iZÉ9x-3v@{}i_¿*9I-novi-Z«{}i
v@9ÃnLIL{}iÑ{}3v@9u v@nL{}¤«|¬{ov@ - -¤«wv@{}i9uw®
Ñ{}k-u v@ nL
À
n½©ÄCLx9ui{}k9nÉ9u}{ -i nL}{ |CAÂn"uix-"n½Zu{}}«´-x-{}i{}3v@9u} v@nL9L|c®
¤¦v@}cnx-m´nL8@©n"unwv@ke -@n"L{u8v@«m v@{ -wCZ«-¥{}k-u -i nL}{ |c®ÈT
À
nLcnLw¿mou}{
@©*{}k9n8nJyCu}{}«-`u}|Zu}{nLmouÁ©³ILx9u#i¥¤i´v@¤]mYv@v@cnLmonL{T@©i9n8§C«9z@©*n"uix-"n`¸M -I"n"u
u3iDE ¿CmonLmoi}|FD«pp¿ZZ¿GHEiÂZu}§$DìZ¿;IHEM»
À
«{}k9ix-{2"i9u-nL}«-i{}k9nL2§C«9-uÁ@©_n"uix-"n"u ®
!L¤«x9u}{nL`wv@v@ - nwv@`viuoveu}«-¤n¥mYvi3k-«9n¥{°v@¤«¤v@ - -¤«wv@{}i9uYi-¤«|²Ê©Tnwvik§C«9
@©Án"uix-"n`v@ - nwv@uviuvYu«-¤nv@9ªu}kv@n"en"uix-"n®jzvi3k-nLcn{}k-uccv@¤º¿
À
n"ix-¤
«mYv@«9n{°«I{nL3v@{nu3nLcnL3v@¤nJyZu}{}«-Fu}|Zu}{nLmou
À
«{}k-« {}k9nu3v@monÃL¤«x9u}{nL1« i-nLz{
¤i´v@¤«=Jwn`nwvi3kªn"uix-"n®>ÈT
À
nLcnLw¿{}k-uTv@«cnu3i¤«x-{}i(u9i{8nwv@¤«u}{}®½j2k9nn"ux-¤«{}«-
u|Cu}{nLm
À
ix-¤¬"i9uu}{Â@©*mYv@|1n"Zx-99v@{u@©Ä{
À
v@n8mon"kv@-u}mouv@9
À
ix-¤¥´n8v"im!
-¤nJy±u}|Cu{nLmÑ®eIx9kvÃ"im` -¤nJyC«{Ë|
À
ix-¤±mYv@§cnz{}k9nzu}|Cu{nLm6ZʵYLx-¤«{{ÃmYv@«I{3v@«v@9
À
nwv@§I¤«|±nL¤«¦v@´-¤n®¨Îein"wcnLw¿Ânwviku}x-´ u|Cu}{nLm {3v@§C«-(¤Iwv@¤-n"Lui9u
À
ix-¤¨«I{nL©ÄnLn
À
«{}kÃ{}k9n-n"Lu}i9u{3v@§cnLÑ´I|¥{}k9ni{}k9nLu}x-´ u}|Zu}{nLmouw®
Å{}k-u¥ v@ nLw¿
À
nª -n"unL{Ãv@¾i nL3v@{}«-u}|Zu}{nLm ¤nLcnL¤>ui¤«x-{}i0{±©ºviL{i}=Jwnª{}k9n
u3@©M{
À
v@n2"im` i9nLI{ux9un"´|nJyCu}{}«-ui¤«x-{}i9u ®/KÂ|©ºviL{i}=J"«->u@©Ä{
À
v@n2"im` i9nL{uw¿
À
nv@n8v@´-¤nT{nwviu}«¤«|1-n"u«¥v@¬i nL3v@{}«-ou}|Cu{nLmmYv@v@«-ov@¤«¤n"uix-"n"u2«Ñv½L¤«x9u{nLw®
ÈT
À
nLcnLw¿{}k9n1-n"u«±@©v¬9n
À
i nL3v@{}«-eu}|Zu}{nLm6uvѤi-ev@9±"im` -¤nJy²{3viu}§®¬uv
"i9u3n x9nL9"n¿
À
n¬ -i unz{}k9n¥moIZÊÉwv@{}i @©8v@nJyZu}{}«-(i nL3v@{}«-²u|Cu}{nLmÑ¿;3v@{}k9nL
{}kv@F{}k9nY-n"u}«Æv¥9n
À
u|Cu}{nLm)©Mim¶u3L3v@{k_®¥¯°nYwv@¤«¤Á{}k-u½nJyZu}{}«-u|Cu}{nLm¶{}k9n 6'
567
®
·x-oui¤«x-{}iu´viun"¨i¨{}k9n¬"i9"nL -{Y@©
<'
v@9
(* 0L
®Æj2k9n¬"i{3v@«9nL
mon"3kv@-u}m -wC-n"u2¤i´v@¤mYv@v@cnLmonL{@©{}k9nL¤«x9u}{nL2 -kI|Cu}wv@¤monLmoi}|¥v@91v@{}k9nLu
À
k-3kv@nAøp »½monLmoi}|° v@cn"um`«3v@{}iÑZx- -¤«wv@{}iv@9Ÿ³c»>nL9ux-}«-enL -¤«wv@{n"
v@cn"u"ik9nLnL9"n®Ì]«-§cnLuÁv@nÂu3@©M{
À
v@n2 -n""n"u;v@¤«¤
À
«-{8nwviu}«¤«|«m` -¤nLmonL{;Zu}{}}«´-x-{n"
i nL3v@{}«-(u}|Zu}{nLm6unL}C"n"uw¿´viun"Æi±{}k9nzx9un1@©"iI{3v@«9nLuw® × iI{3v@«9nLuYv@9²¤««-§cnLu
v@¤«¤
À
{}k9n`-n"u}«°@©2unL}I"n"u>viu"im` -¤nJy²viu>vzu}kv@n"(C«}{}xv@¤monLmoi}|¨¸ºTÎ(» D«ppc¿]6E¿
v"Ci nL3v@{}«cnwvi3k9n DI6E_ivZu{}}«´-x-{n"¥É9¤nTmYv@ - -«-Yu}|Zu}{nLm v@91k9
À
"i{3v@«9nLuwv@
nwviu3n -I"n"u3u_m`«3v@{}i-n"u}« DE ®·x-*v@ - -cvi3kkvwcn¼´n"nL½v@¤«9v@{n"
À
«{}kv# -i{i{ |C n
wv@¤«¤n" !#"%$½´viun"¬i'&(!#"*),+°§cnL}9nL¤º®
j2k9nªnLmYv@«9-nLÑ@©{}k-u¥ v@ nL¬u¬i}v@-=Jwn"Çviu1©Äi¤«¤
À
u@AÆun"L{}iÇFu¬-nLci{n"0{
´vi3§Iix-9]® × i{3v@«9nLuv@9e¤««-§cnLuv@n -n"unL{n"ª«(un"L{}i°Z®½Cn"L{}iª¬-n"uL}«´n"u
Zu{}}«´-x-{n"unL}C"n"uoi"i{3v@«9nLuw® j2k9n¥ -i{i{|C nÑ«m` -¤nLmonL{3v@{}i u` -n"unL{n"«
u3n"L{}i I`v@9¬ nL©Äi}mYv@9"nn"ux-¤«{uv@n½v@v@¤«|Jwn"¬«Ãun"L{}iFGZ®ÁCn"L{}i'-"i9L¤«x9-n"uw®
. /
104#
I«9"n1{}k9n1¤¦v@{nz üuw¿
À
nzviuuu}{½{{}k9nYnLmonL}cnL9"n¥@©u}|Zu}{nLmou"im½´-«-«-({}k9nomYv@v@cn
monLI{@©;unLcnL3v@¤_n"u3ix-"n"uw®I -}«{n4D«pwHEu -i´v@´-¤«|Ñi9n½@©{}k9nÉ9u}{u|Cu}{nLmou
À
k-kekviu
«I{nL3v@{n"
À
«{}k-«F{}k9n`u3v@mon1·e{}k9nmYv@v@cnLmonLI{@©#unLcnL3v@¤;n"uix-"n"u ¿v@monL¤«|ªZu}§Zu
v@9± -C"n"uuiuw®²I -}«{nzu`v@¨i nL3v@{}«-°u|Cu}{nLm
À
}«{}{nL±©Mim uL3v@{3k_¿;«I{nL3v@{}«-Fv
Zu{}}«´-x-{n"¨É9¤n¬u}|Zu}{nLmnL9u}x-}«-±v©Mx-¤«¤{}3v@9u v@nL9L|@©É9¤n¬¤Cwv@¤«=J v@{}i v@9 ve -
"n"u3u½m`«3v@{}iÆmon"kv@-umÑ®j2k9n¥viZiv@I{3v@cn¥@©"im½´-«-«-ª{}k9n"un1{
À
emon"3kv@-u}mou«
v@ªx--Ix9n`u}|Zu}{nLm u8{¥6:]nL½v1´nL{}{nL8{}3v@9u} v@nL9L|(@©¼{}k9nn"uix-"n`Zu{}}«´-x-{}i²v@9
{°¤««m`«{Y{}k9nÑ"i9u}{}3v@«I{uYmonL{¥v@{o{}k9n¬©Äi{}nL1´nL{
À
n"nL0vªn"uix-"nÃmYv@v@cn"¤i´v@¤«¤«|
v@9ªv`n"u3ix-"n½mYv@v@cn"e¤Cwv@¤«¤«|c®ÈT
À
nLcnLw¿I -}«{n-Cn"u9i{86:nL8v@|Ѥi´v@¤*monLmoi}|
mYv@v@cnLmonLI{`mon"kv@-u}mÑ¿¼-In"u9i{v@¤«¤
À
{}k9nYm`«3v@{}i¨@©{}k-nwvi-u`v@9²kviuv
À
nwv@§
Zu{}}«´-x-{n"¥É9¤n>wvik9nu}{}3v@{nL|c®
Î뤫¤«« n"-n D2-BE]uvx9unL2¤nLcnL¤_u}|Cu{nLm¹«m` -¤nLmonLI{n"Ãi¬{i ¬@©¯ «9-
À u j®ZË{#"im!
´-«9n"u¤i´v@¤monLmoi}|v@9 -I"n"uu3imYv@v@cnLmonL{w®43cx9u}{¤««§cn«ªI -}«{n¿{}k-uv@ - -cvik
v@¤«¤
À
uÁvTcCI{}3v@9u v@nL9L|{8{}k9nZu}{}}«´-x-{}iY@©n"uix-"n"uÁv@9¤««m`«{u¼{}k9n#"i9u}{}3v@«{u
monL{v@{>{}k9n©Äi{}nL>´nL{
À
n"nLF{}k9nmYv@v@cnLmonLI{@©2 -C"n"uuiu½v@9(monLmoi}n"u ®YË9-n"n"]¿
«±{}k9n¥Î뤫¤«« n"-n¥u}|Zu}{nLm6«{u uu}«´-¤n1{Ãm`«3v@{n¥{}k-nwvi-uw¿;{}kv@-§Cu{{}k9nzx9un1@©8v@
8α® nLcnL}{}k9nL¤n"u3uw¿{}k9nx9unL;¤nLcnL¤«m` -¤nLmonL{3v@{}i¬@©_Î뤫¤«« n"-n«I{}IZx9"n"uÂmYv@I|` -
3v@m`m`«-"i9u}{}3v@«I{uv@9o¤««m`«{u«{u¼ nL©³i}mYv@9"n®9iÁ«9u{3v@9"n¿I9v@{3vu}kv@n"1{}k-ix-k
{}k9n`8Î m½x9u}{8´n½nJyZ -¤«L«{}¤«|Ãkv@9Z¤n"e´|Ã{}k9n -i3v@m`monL{}kv@-§ZuT{zv1unL{8@©Áu} n"LÊÉ
©Äx-9L{}i9uw®±Îin" cnLw¿¼{}k9n¥x9u3nz@©8u}|Zu}{nLm wv@¤«¤u`u`u}{}i-¤«|±¤««m`«{n"]®FÌviu{}¤«|c¿¼{}k9n¬Î«¤
¤«« n"-nou}|Zu}{nLm)wv@-9i{>moCZÊ©Ä|{}k9nÉ9¤nYwvik9n¿ v@cn`nL -¤¦vi"nLmonL{i½Zu}§emYv@v@cnLmonL{
mon"3kv@-u}mou@©{}k9nx-9-nL}¤«|C«-Y¯ «9-
À u j0u}|Zu}{nLmÑ®
I
j2k9n %8nL9n"u}uu}|Zu}{nLm DìHE_u#L¤un8{`Ϋ¤«¤«« n"-n¿9«z{}k9n½unL9unT{}kv@{#«{v@«mouv@{6:]nL}«-
v°u}«-¤nÑu}|Zu}{nLm «mYv@cn¬´viun"i¤i´v@¤monLmoi}|v@9¨ -C"n"uuiomYv@v@cnLmonLI{w®Åj2k9n
i}««v@¤««{Ë|²@©#{}k-u½u}|Zu}{nLm)u½{Ñ6:]nL½{¬{}k9nY -i3v@m`monL{}k9n1k9i"no{Ãx9unYv¬ukv@n"
monLmoi}|v@9 @iomon"u3u3v@cn¥ viuu}«-° -i3v@m`m`«-FmoI-nL¤º®j2k-uou}|Zu}{nLm kviu`´n"nL¨«m!
-¤nLmonLI{n"ª©Äim)uL3v@{kFv@9(6:]nLu8moinon:]n"L{}«cn`unL}C"n"u½v@9°v1´nL{}{nL>Zu}{}}«´-x-{}i
{}3v@9u v@nL9L|z{}kv@Î뤫¤«« n"-n®
CnLcnL3v@¤i{}k9nLuu}|Zu}{nLmou¤««§cnTimYvi-D«pwHE¿-ÊyZ¯²v@nTiI{i
×
¤«x9u}{nL D«p -HEi-C
×
D«pE
kvwcn´n"nLe -i u3n"]®TÈT
À
nLcnLw¿]«{v@ - nwv@u8{}kv@{T9¥u}|Cu{nLm nL9u}x-n"uvY¤i´v@¤*mYv@v@cn
monLI{@©¼nLcnL}|ÃL¤«x9u}{nLTn"uix-"n¿]v@¤«¤
À
«-¬{onwv@¤«¤«|6:nLT{}k9n½Cn
À
@©ÁvYu}«-¤nmYvik-«9n
i1{i Y@©vL¤«x9u}{nLw®¯°n -n"unL{Á«Y{}k9nnLmYv@«9-nLÂ@©]{}k-u; v@ nL¼{}k9n-n"u}«1@©v>cnL9nL}
u3nL}I"nv@¤«¤
À
«-Ñ{1¤i´v@¤«¤«|emYv@v@cnv@¤«¤{}k9nn"uix-"n"u@©ÂvzL¤«x9u}{nL>v@9
À
k-k°wv@ª´n
nwviu«¤«|1«I{nL3v@{n"Ñ«v@ÑnJyZu}{}«-Yi nL3v@{}«-Yu}|Zu}{nLmÑ®
¾ 0
˾vÆL¤«x9u}{nLw¿8nwvik09C-n(nJyZn"Lx-{n"uÑ«{u¬
À
Çi nL3v@{}«-u}|Zu}{nLm §cnL}9nL¤º¿
À
k-kÇwv@0´n
"cv@u3nL¤«|ªZ«C-n"°«I{Ñ{
À
v@}{u@Az¸p »u}|Cu{nLm¶unL}C"n"uv@9 ¸³c»-nLI"nYmYv@v@cnLuw®z¯°n
-i un½vocnL9nL}½unL}C"n>«9u3nL}{n"Ñ´nL{
À
n"nLe{}k9n½u|Cu}{nLm unL}I"n"uTv@9Ñ{}k9n-nLI"n½mYv@
v@cnLu;¤¦v"|cnLuÂwv@¤«¤n" <' D«p@IHE® × iI{3v@«9nLuÂv@n#«I{nL3v@{n"o«o{}k9n"in2§cnL}9nL¤{}kv@-§Zu
{
( 0L
¿ À
k-kªv@n½u@©Ä{
À
v@n> -n""n"u«9unL}{n"¬´nL{
À
n"nLªnJyZu}{}«-1-nLC"nmYv@v@cnLu8v@9
u|Cu}{nLmunL}C"n"uv@9Æ"iI{3v@«9nLuw®(j2k9nznLmYv@«9-nL@©{}k-uu3n"L{}iÆ-n"u3L}«´n"u"i{3v@«9nL
v@9e¤««-§cnLmon"3kv@-u}mouw®j2k9n§cnL|-nwv1u8{}kv@{8"iI{3v@«9nL>«cn"u8{}k9n«¤«¤«x9u}iª{¥u}|Zu}{nLm
u3nL}I"n"u#{}kv@{{}k9nL¤«x9u}{nL -k|Zu}wv@¤_monLmoi}|¥uukv@n"Ãviu#«Ãv@eCÎe~mYvi3k-«9n®
!
"i{3v@«9nL1uovªu@©M{
À
v@nÑi´Z}n"L{Yv@¤«¤
À
«-F{(u}{inÑv@9¨u}kv@n¬9v@{3vªL¤«x9u}{nL
À
-nÑviu
v × ·TÎe D#"6Ev@k-«{n"L{}x-nÑ-Cn"uw® × i{3v@«9nL`u`vçcnL}9nL¤#¤nLcnL¤Ámon"3kv@-u}m "im` -¤nL{nL¤«|
{}3v@9u v@nL{{ox9unL¤nLcnL¤u@©Ä{
À
v@n® "v@{3vov@nu}{in"¬«v"iI{3v@«9nLTiÃk9u}{i nL3v@{}«-
u|Cu}{nLm -nLmYv@9(v@9ewv@e´nu}kv@n"ªv@9ªvi""n"uun"e´|Ñ{}k9nk9u}{T§cnL}9nL¤@©Ái{}k9nLTL¤«x9u{nL
9C-n"uw®~v@cn"uTkv@9Z¤n"ôI|vo"iI{3v@«9nL>v@n½u}{in"«Ã v@cn½©M3v@mon"u8v@9ewv@ôn>x9un"ô|
{}k9nÂk9u}{§cnL}9nL¤viuv@|i{}k9nL v@cnÁ©M3v@mon® × i{3v@«9nL¼ v@cn"uwv@´nÂmYv@ - n"«ov -I"n"u3u
vi-Zn"u3uu} vi"n¿-´n8x9un"ÑviuvÉ9¤nwvi3k9n½nLI{}}|c¿nL{®
KÁ|1«{nL3v@{}«-z{}k-u#cnL9nL}>u}kv@}«-`mon"3kv@-u}m
À
«{}k-«Ã{}k9nk9u}{u}|Zu}{nLmÑ¿C«{#u# u
u«´-¤n1{ª«cn¥{}k9n¥«¤«¤«x9ui¨{{}k9n¥§cnL}9nL¤#{}kv@{`«{`nL¤«n"u`i¨{i @©v -k|Zu}wv@¤«¤«|±ukv@n"
monLmoi}|c®Â·1{i ¥@©_{}k-uÂI«}{}xv@¤ -k|Zu}wv@¤«¤«|1ukv@n"YmonLmoi}|c¿C«{ÂuÁ uu}«´-¤n{nJyZ{nL9z{
v¥L¤«x9u{nLuwv@¤n{}3viZ«{}iv@¤2unL}C"n"u>6:nLn"°´|°v¥u}{3v@99v@²i nL3v@{}«-u|Cu}{nLm¸Äu3n"nÉ9
G
x-n1p »J®#j2k-uv@¤«¤
À
u{Y§cn"nL Ã{}k9n·¥«{nL©ºvi"n§I9
À
´I|¬x9unLuv@9Ã{o{3v@§cnviZv@{3v@cn
@©{}k9nnJyZu}{}«-o¤
À
¤nLcnL¤_¤Iwv@¤n"uix-"nmYv@v@cnLmonL{w®
Containers
Physical memory manager Memory I/O linker File I/O linker
File interface linker
Memory
Physical memory manager Memory I/O linker
Memory
Map interface linker manager Virtual memory
File I/O linker File interface linker
File system
Disk manager
Host operating system Host operating system
Node A
File system
Disk manager
Map interface linker manager Virtual memory
Node B
«x-nYpA 2 1 " <CR 1-(* 0L ; 6 .0 +2 56'7
j2k9n½monLmoi}|ÑmoC-nL¤6:nLn"´|Ã"iI{3v@«9nLu8uu3n x9nLI{}¦v@¤*"i9u}u{nL9L|Ñ«m` -¤nLmonL{n"
À
«{}k°v
À
}«{n«v@¤«9v@{}i° -i{C"i¤;u}«m`«¤¦v@8{ D«pp'E®>j2k-u8moC-nL¤u{}k9n`i9n6:]nLn"e´|
-kI|Cuwv@¤«¤«|u}kv@n"emonLmoi}|c®>Îein"wcnLw¿v@e«i}n"L{}i(mon"kv@-u}m)u}«m`«¤¦v@8{ DGHEu8x9un"
{´v@¤¦v@9"n½monLmoi}|¥x9u3v@cn>v@9Ãv"ci±¸Äi-nL¤¦v"|9»2Zu}§¥u
À
v@ - -«-9®
Õ w¡Ð Ð Ë¡-¢ Ð
j2k9nÑvi""n"u3u{°v@9FmYv@v@cnLmonLI{1@©8"i{3v@«9nLY v@cn"u1v@nzwv@}}n"ix-{`{}kv@-§Cu{e©³ix-
«I{nL©³vi"n`©Mx-9L{}i9uw®Yj2k-u«{nL©ºvi"n`ux9un"ª´I|ª¤««-§cnLu«²i-nL>{¬"i-9n"L{>k-«k²¤nLcnL¤
u3nL}I"n"u#{`"iI{3v@«9nLuw®
1 .;B2 A¼3k9n"§ZuÊ©;v«cnLÑ v@cn>@©;v"i{3v@«9nLTu# -n"unLI{«¬¤Iwv@¤monLmoi}|c®
-
2' .;@2+
A> -¤¦vi"n"u½v¥"i I|e@©v1«cnL° v@cn`@©v1"iI{3v@«9nL½«(¤Cwv@¤monLmoi}|c®`º©#v
"i |`@©]{}k9n#n Ix9n"u}{n"` v@cnnJyZu}{u«1vnLmoi{n#9I-nmonLmoi}|c¿Cv"i I|`@©{}k-u¼ v@cn
u -¤¦vi"n"F«Æ¤Cwv@¤ÁmonLmoi}|c®( ©{}k9nLnzu9"i I|F@©{}k9nzn Ix9n"u}{n"F v@cnzL¤«x9u{nL
À
-n¿vwv@¤«¤_{Yv¤««-§cnLu-i9n{`n Ix9n"u}{#{}k9n>Lnwv@{}iÃ@©{}k9n v@cn®
2 .;@2 A -¤¦vi"n"u;v + ' "i I|@©vT«cnL` v@cn2@©]v"iI{3v@«9nL¼«¤Cwv@¤CmonLmoi}|c®
j2k-u#©Äx-9L{}iÑ´nLkv"cn"uviu{}k9n
2' .;@2+
nJyZ"nL -{{}kv@{Tv@¤«¤_"i -n"u¸ÄnJy-"nL -{{}k9n¤Cwv@¤
i9n »#v@n«Iiv@¤«9v@{n"Ã{}kv@-§Cu#{¤««-§cnLu©Mx-9L{}i_®
+R .0@2 A¼nLmowcn"uv"iI{3v@«9nL v@cn8©Äim {}k9n8¤Cwv@¤]monLmoi}|1©³i¤«¤
À
«-zv v@cn
nL -¤¦vi"nLmonL{w® ©½v°nLmoi{nª"i | @©>{}k9nà v@cnenJyCu{uw¿#{}k9n¤Iwv@¤T"i |uzu}«m` -¤«|
Zuwv@-n"]® ©{}k9n>¤Cwv@¤"i I|Ñu{}k9ni-¤«|Ñi9n½«{}k9n½L¤«x9u}{nLw¿«{u«i}n"L{n"ë{}k9n
monLmoi}|Ã@©ÁvYnLmoi{n9C-n®*«v@¤«¤«|c¿Ê©;{}k9n«in"L{}ieu9i{T uu}«´-¤n½Zx9n{1¤¦vi§
@©*monLmoi}|c¿{}k9n8 v@cnuu
À
v@ Ãix-{{}kv@-§Zu#{Yv¤««-§cnL#©Äx-9L{}i_®
Ϊv@|emon"kv@-umou>«°v¥"in§cnL}9nL¤nL¤«|ei({}k9nkv@9Z¤««-@©Á -k|Zu}wv@¤ v@cn"uw®Ì]«-§cnLu
Z«cnL}{{}k9n"unYmon"kv@-u}mou{nL9u}x-n19v@{3vu}kv@}«-e{}k-ix-k±"iI{3v@«9nLuw®ejenwvikÆ"i
{3v@«9nLÂu2viuuCL¦v@{n"Yi9ni2unLcnL3v@¤k-«k1¤nLcnL¤¤««-§cnLuÁwv@¤«¤n" ' (* <0LR v@9¥v¤
À
¤nLcnL¤¤««-§cnLÁwv@¤«¤n"
<.C. ; (* <0L
®j2k9ni¤n@©]«{nL©ºvi"n¤««-§cnLuÁu{Z«cnL}{Á-nLC"n
vi""n"u3un"u2@©u}|Zu}{nLm¹u3nL}I"n"u2{"i{3v@«9nLu
À
k-«¤n ·¾¤««-§cnLuv@¤«¤
À
"i{3v@«9nLu{vi""n"u3u
v-nLC"nmYv@v@cnLw®
Õ Ð
¢
¡ Õ
w¡
Ð 1
ÕÒ
w
Ð ]Ð
M¢
Ð
I|Zu}{nLm¹unL}I"n"u#v@nT"i-9n"L{n"z{½"i{3v@«9nLu{}kv@-§CuÁ{½«I{nL©³vi"nT¤««-§cnLuw®Y«I{nL©³vi"n
¤««-§cnL3kv@-cn"u{}k9n8«I{nL©³vi"n>@©v"i{3v@«9nL{mYv@§cn8«{"im` v@{}«´-¤n
À
«{}k¬{}k9n8k-«k¬¤nLcnL¤
u|Cu}{nLm unL}C"n"u2«{nL©ºvi"n®¼j2k-u2«I{nL©³vi"nmx9u}{2«cn8{}k9n8«¤«¤«x9u}i¥{{}k9n"un8unL}C"n"u2{}kv@{
{}k9nL|"im`m½x--wv@{n
À
«{}ke{}3viZ«{}iv@¤;-nLI"nmYv@v@cnLuw®8j2kx9uw¿«{Tu uu}«´-¤n{J{}}§
{}k9ne§cnL}9nL¤½v@9 {¨Z«cnL}{¬-nLI"n°vi""n"u3un"uz{¨"i{3v@«9nLuw®¹{zu¥ uu}«´-¤n{¨"i-9n"L{
u3nLcnL3v@¤;u}|Cu{nLm u3nL}I"n"u8{¥{}k9nu3v@mon`"iI{3v@«9nLw®`9i«9u}{3v@9"n«{u8 uu}«´-¤n{¥mYv@ ²v
"iI{3v@«9nL8«Ã{}k9nvi-Zn"uuu vi"n@©Ávo -I"n"uuT~piªvo9I-n+v@9Ã{zvi""n"uu«{T{}kv@-§Zu
{ov`nwvi À
}«{n>«{nL©ºvi"n
À
«{}k-«v` -I"n"uu~¼`iÃv9C-n K8®
¡Zw¡ _ _ Õ w¡Ð Q
"Tx-}«-Ñ{}k9nYLnwv@{}iF@©v¥9n
À
"i{3v@«9nLw¿v@°«- -x-{ @ix-{} -x-{¤««-§cnL½u½viu3uIL¦v@{n"°{¥«{w®
j2k9nÂ"i{3v@«9nL{}k9nL`u}{i 9u´nL«-vcnL9nL}2i´Zn"L{v@9`v@¤«¤
À
u{Tu}kv@nÂ9v@{3v"im`«-T©Äim
{}k9n1-nLI"n1«{½u¤««-§cn"
À
«{}k_®Ãj2k9nz"i{3v@«9nLuu[v@°{kv"cn1´n"nLF«9u}{3v@9L¦v@{n"]®i
nwvi3k(unLmYv@{}wv@¤«¤«|ªZ:nLnLI{>9v@{3v1{zukv@n¿v19n
À
"i{3v@«9nL>u8Lnwv@{n"]®>iT«9u{3v@9"n¿
vo9n
À
"iI{3v@«9nLux9un"Ñ©ÄiTnwvikeÉ9¤n>{1u}kv@nv@9ev`9n
À
"i{3v@«9nLT©³inwvikemonLmoi}|
u3nLmonL{{oukv@ni{´n8Cu}«´-¤n>L¤«x9u{nL
À
-n®
3x9u}{>vQ©M{nL8{}k9nLnwv@{}i°@©2v1"i{3v@«9nLw¿{}k-uTi9nu8"im` -¤nL{nL¤«|ªnLm` -{|c¿]º®ün®8«{-Cn"u
9i{"i{3v@«v@I|° v@cn¬v@9²9 v@cno©Ä3v@monz"i{3v@«9u`9v@{3vÑ©Mim{}k-u"i{3v@«9nLw®ª~*v@cn
©Ä3v@mon"uv@nzv@¤«¤Cwv@{n"Æi±-nLmYv@9±Zx-}«-ª{}k9noÉ9u}{vi""n"uu{evÑ v@cn®ªI«m`«¤¦v@}¤«|c¿¼9v@{3v
wv@²´nnLmo cn"(©Äim6v¥"i{3v@«9nL
À
k9nL°{}k-u½i9nou>-n"u}{}w|cn"Fi>«°i-nL>{¬nL¤nwviu3n
v@cnY©Ä3v@mon"u
À
k9nL±{}k9n1 -k|Zu}wv@¤ÁmonLmoi}|F@©{}k9n1L¤«x9u{nLuu3v@{}x-3v@{n"]®ej2k9n"unzviL{}i9u
v@n½ nL©³i}mon"Ñ´I|¬«- -x-{ @ix-{} -x-{8¤««-§cnLuie"i{3v@«9nLu8-nLmYv@9Ã{}k-ix-ke{}k9n©³i¤«¤
À
«-
«I{nL©³vi"nA
0 A{}k-u>©Äx-9L{}i¨v@¤«¤Iwv@{n"uv¬ v@cnY©M3v@mon1Zx-}«-{}k9nYÉ9u}{vi""n"uu½{ev
"i{3v@«9nL v@cn®Ã ©{}k9no¤««-§cnLuviuuCL¦v@{n"
À
«{}k¨vÑu}{i3v@cnz-nLC"n¿{}k9nY9v@{3vÃu
¤cvi-n"¥©Äim {}k-u-nLC"n
À
«{}k-«Ñ{}k9n½v@¤«¤Cwv@{n"¬ v@cn8©Ä3v@mon®
+R .0@2 A2{}k-u©Mx-9L{}iéMn"n"uTv` v@cn©Ä3v@mon>iªv v@cn>nL -¤¦vi"nLmonLI{v@¤«ci}«{}k-m
-nLmYv@9]®
.;B2 A{}k-u;©Mx-9L{}iY©Mn"n"u¼v v@cn#©Ä3v@mon
À
k9nLzv8 v@cnu¼-nJÉ9-«{}«cnL¤«|`nLmowcn"
©Mim!vo"i{3v@«9nLw®¼j2k-uu}«{}xv@{}iÃC"Lx-u
À
k9nLv"iI{3v@«9nLu-n"u{}w|cn"]®
< H(* .;@2
A½{}k-u8©Äx-9L{}i(©Mn"n"uvz v@cn©M3v@mon©Äim)¤Cwv@¤monLmoi}|
À
k9nLFv
v@cnu#«Iiv@¤«9v@{n"ô|¥{}k9n"ik9nLnL9"n> -i{C"i¤º®
58*, 34 .Å/z# 4 5T7-;: 5 8 3 ,- 5,3
j -wC-niÃvL¤«x9u}{nLu}|Zu}{nLm unL}I"n"u2u}«m`«¤¦v@#{{}k9u3n -n"u3nL{«Ñvu}kv@n"¥monLmoi}|
v@3v@¤«¤nL¤9"im` -x-{nLw¿
À
n2nJyZ{nL9{8vTL¤«x9u}{nLuwv@¤nÂ{}3viZ«{}iv@¤u|Cu}{nLm unL}C"n"uw®j8nJyZ{nL9
u3nL}I"n"u8x9u}«-Ñ"iI{3v@«9nLuw¿
À
n9n"n"ª{¬-nJÉ99n{
À
¬§I«9-u@©Â«{nL©ºvi"nYv@9( ·+¤««-§cnLuBA
monLmoi}|¤««-§cnLu;v@9É9¤nÁ¤««-§cnLu ®¯°nÂ-nL{3v@«¤-{}k9n2-n"u}«`@©{}k9n"un¤««-§cnLu«{}k9nÁnLmYv@«9-nL
@©_{}k-uÂun"L{}i_®¯°n{}k9nLz-nL{3v@«¤u
À
k9
À
nx9un¤««-§cnLu#v@9z"i{3v@«9nLu2{nJyC{nL91nJyCu{}«-
u|Cu}{nLm u3nL}I"n"uw®
¯°ne-n"uL}«´në {}k-u¥un"L{}i {}k9ne-n"u}«Å@©½{
À
±{ |C n"uz@©½«{nL©ºvi"ne¤««-§cnLu@A°v²¤««-§cnL
6:]nL}«-v
7-. . <+2
«{nL©ºvi"n#v@9v¤««-§cnL6:nL}«-v
«{nL©ºvi"n®j2k9n¼mYv@ - -«-
"
«I{nL©³vi"noumYv@«-¤«|ªx9un"ª´|°vz§cnL}9nL¤;{¬mYv@ ²monLmoi}|eunLmonLI{ui8É9¤n"u>«Fvz -I"n"u3u
vi-Zn"u3uYu} vi"n®0j2k9nÃnwvi À
}«{nëI{nL©³vi"nuo{}k9nôviu}Ñ«I{nL©³vi"ne6:nLn"{(x9unLu1{
vi""n"u3u2É9¤n"uw®
*$Ð
Õ Ò * ¡
Ð
ÑÕ " ϬРР+21 Q¢ ¦ Ð ¢ Ð
-C"n"uuÁmonLmoi}|`«mYv@cn"i9uu}{u¼@©v½unL{¼@©unLmonLI{uÂ"i}n"u i9Z«-{>{}k9nmYv@
-«-ª@©-nLC"n"ui -k|Zu}wv@¤ÂmonLmoi}|°«F«{uvi-Zn"uuu} vi"n®j2k9nY{nJyZ{unLmonLI{`"i}n
u i9-u8{z{}k9nmYv@ - -«-Ñ@©¼É9¤n¿_{}k9n`9v@{3v¥unLmonL{>"i}n"u} i9-u{Ñv1 -n""n`@©Á -kI|Cuwv@¤
monLmoi}|¥mYv@ - n"]¿9nL{®
½v§cnL}9nL¤º¿Q{}k9nmYv@ - -«-«I{nL©³vi"n;cnL9nL3v@¤«¤«|8"i9uu}{u_@©Z{
À
©Mx-9L{}i9uBA¼¸p »
0 ¿
À
k-3kov@¤«¤Iwv@{n"uv v@cn;©Ä3v@monÁZx-}«-8{}k9n¼É9u}{vi""n"uu*{Tv v@cnÂv@9¬¸³c»
. 5 ¿
À
k-3kYLnwv@{n"uÁv9n
À
v@cn©Ä3v@monv@9`"i I|9v@{3v©Äim {}k9ni}««v@¤9 v@cn2«`{}k9n9n
À
i9n®
j2k9n -k|Zu}wv@¤monLmoi}|YmYv@v@cnL2nL9u}x-n"uÂ{}k9nmYv@v@cnLmonLI{@© v@cn©M3v@mon"uÁ{}k-ix-k¥{
À
©Äx-9L{}i9u@A>¸p »
((@ .0@2
À
k-3k°v@¤«¤Iwv@{n"uvY v@cn>©Ä3v@monv@9Ƹ³c»
(6@ .;@2
À
k-k
nL¤nwviu3n"uv v@cn8©Ä3v@mon®
Ð Õ
#
Ð *$Ð
Õ Ò * ¡ Ð ¡-¢
Ð
Ð
¯ k9nL v(monLmoi}|unLmonL{1uo¤««-§cn"{Fv("i{3v@«9nLw¿#{}k9nçcnL}9nL¤
0 v@9
R. 5 ©Äx-9L{}i9uYv@n¬nL -¤¦vi"n"´|±{}k9n¬{
À
(monLmoi}|ÆmYv@ ¨¤««-§cnL`©Mx-9L{}i9u A
7-54 0L' < 0 v@9 7-5 < L . 5 " ®
«x-n¥Ã -n"unL{u{}k9n¥v@¤«ci}«{}k-m @©{}k9n '7 54 0L < 0 ©Äx-9L{}i_®
"Tx-}«-Ãv
À
}«{novi""n"uu ¿{}k9n¤««-§cnL>wv@¤«¤u{}k9noviuuCL¦v@{n"("i{3v@«9nL
21. .0@2
©Äx-9L{}i
{ÑcnL{v
À
}«{3v@´-¤n1"i |²@©#{}k9nY v@cn1v@9°nL{}x-}F«{u> -kI|Cu}wv@¤2vi-Zn"uuw®"Tx-}«-ªv¬nwvi
vi""n"u3uw¿w{}k9n¼¤««-§cnLk9n"3§CuÊ©C{}k9n; v@cn;u] -n"unLI{«>¤Cwv@¤monLmoi}|{}kv@-§Zu_{#{}k9n
1 .;@2
©Äx-9L{}i_®; ©{}k9n v@cn>u#9i{ -n"unLI{w¿-{}k9n
2' .;B2
©Äx-9L{}iÑuwv@¤«¤n"¬{`cnL{vo"i |¥«
¤Cwv@¤]monLmoi}|c®¼*«v@¤«¤«|c¿-{}k9nvi-Zn"uu@©{}k9n v@cnu#nL{}x-}9n"]®
«x-n`1 -n"unLI{u8{}k9nv@¤«ci}«{}k-m6@©¼{}k9n 7-5 4 <0L .5 ©Äx-9
{}i_®¯ k9nLzv>monLmoi}|YunLmonLI{ÁuÁ¤««-§cn"Y{v>"iI{3v@«9nLw¿Z{}k9n . 5 ©Äx-9L{}i
uwv@¤«¤n"
À
k9nLv
À
}«{n¥vi""n"u3uu nL©³i}mon"±ivÃnwviÆi-¤«|² v@cn®°ËF{}k-u`wviu3n¿{}k9n
¤««-§cnLÁcnL{uÂv
À
}«{3v@´-¤n"i I|o@©{}k9n v@cn{}kv@-§Zu;{½{}k9n 2. .;@2+ ©Äx-9L{}izv@9onL{}x-}9u
{}k9n>vi-Zn"u3u@©{}k9n v@cn®
pw
*Ð Õ Ò Ð M @" Õ ¢ A
À
}«{n½vi""n"uui¬
Ð
v@cn-A 2 .;@2+ ¸M »
Ð +M Ð
v@cn-A
1 .0@2
¸M »
v@cn Ì_Ì Ð
v@cn-A 2' .;B2 ¸M »
Ð Ö
Ð Ö
nL{}x-}F¸M v@cn »
*«x-n½;A*«u}{jix9k(v@¤«ci}«{}k-m
*Ð Õ Ò Ð Õ Ò
W Ð A
v@cn A 2 .;@2 ¸M »
nL{}x-}F¸M v@cn »
*«x-n½;A × i I|i#¯(}«{nv@¤«ci}«{}k-m
pp
+Ð Ð
ÑÕ
"
ϬÐ
Ð
+21 Q¢ ¦
Ð
¢
Ð
É9¤n¬u}|Zu}{nLm6ucnL9nL3v@¤«¤«|±"im` u3n"¨@©{
À
(¤nLcnL¤u@A¥vÃC«}{}xv@¤ÂÉ9¤n¥u}|Cu{nLm ¸8;-»
v@9Fv¥unL{>@©Â -kI|Cuwv@¤É9¤nou}|Zu}{nLmouw®`x--x9nÉ9¤nYwvik9nou>x9un"ª´|ª{}k9n8ª{¥§cn"nL
«FmonLmoi}|°{}k9n1mou}{>©Än x9nLI{}¤«|°x9un"² v@cn"u"im`«-e©Äim¶{}k9nYZ:]nLnL{É9¤n1u}|Cu{nLmouw®
ÍÁvik±vi""n"u3u>{ÃvzÉ9¤nocIn"u½{}k-ix-k²{}k9nÉ9¤nowvi3k9nY{}kv@-§Zu{Ã{}k9n (B6LBB. .;@2 §cnL}9nL¤
©Äx-9L{}i_®j2k-u8©Mx-9L{}i°3k9n"§ZuÊ©Á{}k9nn Ix9n"u}{n"e v@cnu8 -n"unLI{>«ª{}k9nÉ9¤n`wvik9n®º©
{}k9nwvik9nTwv@-9i{Áu3v@{}u©Ä|{}k-u;n Ix9n"u}{w¿{}k9nT;`viu}§Zu;{}k9nviuuCL¦v@{n"É9¤nu}|Zu}{nLm+{>nwvi
{}k9n8 v@cn©Mim!Zu§1{}kv@-§Zu#{{}k9n .;B2 §cnL}9nL¤_©Äx-9L{}i_®
"x-}«-½v
À
}«{nvi""n"u3u{>vÉ9¤n¿
À
}«{}{nLo9v@{3v8uu}{in"«`{}k9nÂÉ9¤n#wvi3k9n#´nJ©Äin´nL«-
À
}«{}{nLY´vi§`{Zu}§®`{}k-u;wviu3n¿c{}k9n 8;k9n"§ZuÁÊ©{}k9n# v@cn{´n
À
}«{}{nLYu; -n"unLI{
«e{}k9nwvik9n{}kv@-§CuT{1{}k9n (=@6LH@. .;B2 ©Mx-9L{}i_®8 ©{}k9n v@cnu9i{8«e{}k9nwvi3k9n¿_v
9n
À
nLI{}}|uLnwv@{n"ª«({}k9nwvik9n®j2k9n`9v@{3vzuT{}k9nL°"i -n"e©Mim {}k9nx9unL8´-x;:]nL{
{}k9nwvi3k9n®;~*nL}IZwv@¤«¤«|c¿moIZÊÉn"¬9v@{3v«¥{}k9nwvi3k9nu2x- 9v@{n"¬iÑZu§Y{}kv@-§Zu#{{}k9n
.;@2 ©Äx-9L{}i¬©Äim {}k9n½viuuCL¦v@{n"zÉ9¤n>u}|Zu}{nLmÑ®
Ð Õ
#
Ð +Ð Ð Ë¡-¢
Ð
Ð
j2k9nnwvi¥v@9
À
}«{n©Mx-9L{}i9u2u}|Zu}{nLmYv@{}wv@¤«¤«|Y viu3u¼{}k-ix-k¬{}k9n (B6LBB. .;@2 ©Äx-9
{}i_®)KÂ|Z«cnL}{}«-TnLcnL}|½vi""n"uu{{}k-u©Mx-9L{}i_¿@«{_u uu}«´-¤n{Z«cnL}{nLcnL}|8É9¤nÁvi""n"u3u
{"iI{3v@«9nLuw®¼©«{nL©ºvi"n8¤««-§cnL2©Äx-9L{}i9unL9u}x-nT{ov@¤
À
vw|Cu#nL{}x-}Ãv v@cnT©Ä3v@mon¿C{}k9n
.0@2 ©Mx-9L{}i
À
«¤«¤9nLcnLÁ´nwv@¤«¤n"o´|Y{}k9n8®Ij2kx9uw¿I«{¼u¼9i{Á9n""n"u3u3v@}|©Äi¼{}k9n
«I{nL©³vi"n>¤««-§cnL{`Z«cnL}{{}k-u©Mx-9L{}i_®
«v@¤«¤«|c¿{}k9n .0@2 ©Äx-9L{}i x9un"´I|{}k9n 8;¨{²x- 9v@{neu}{i3v@cnx--«{uzu
Z«cnL}{n"ª«ªi-nL{zwv@}}|ix-{8{}k9n´vi§Cx- °@©¼ v@cn"uT©Mim wvi3k9n`i{}k9n9C-nk9u{}«-
{}k9n>viu3uIL¦v@{n"Ã-nLI"n"uw®
¯ k9nL¾v²É9¤nªuz¤««-§cn"Å{ÆvÆ"iI{3v@«9nLw¿T{}k9n§cnL}9nL¤ (=@6LH@. .;B2 v@9 .;@2
©Äx-9L{}i9uv@nonL -¤¦vi"n"²´I|e{}k9no{
À
ÑÉ9¤no¤««-§cnL½©Mx-9L{}i9u@A <( 4 0L 4 @LB@. @2
v@9
( 4 0L "
@2
®
«x-n;# -n"unL{u{}k9n¼v@¤«ci}«{}k-m$@©Z{}k9n <( 4 0L 4 @LB@. @2 ©Äx-9L{}i_®_¯ k9nL
v8É9¤n#u;¤««-§cn"Y{½v"i{3v@«9nLw¿-vwv@¤«¤{{}k9n (=@6LBB. .;@2+ ©Äx-9L{}iY -¤¦vi"n"uÁ«o¤Iwv@¤monLm!
i}|`9v@{3v½"im`«-½©Äim {}k9n"i{3v@«9nL#viuuCL¦v@{n"o{>{}k9nÉ9¤n®j2k9n
(=@6LBB. .;@2
©Äx-9L{}i
-nL{nL}m`«9n"u
À
k-k±"i{3v@«9nL{}k9nÉ9¤n`u½viuu3IL¦v@{n"
À
«{}k_¿v@9°wv@}}n"uix-{½i9n`{}k9n©³i¤
¤
À
«-zviL{}i9uvi""iZ«-1{`{}k9n8{|C n>@©vi""n"u3uw®
pw
+Ð Ð ;Õ]Õ ¡ Ð A
À
}«{n½vi""n"uui¬ Ð
v@cn-A 2 .;@2+ ¸M »
Ð +M Ð
v@cn-A
1 .0@2
¸M »
v@cn Ì_Ì Ð
v@cn-A 2' .;B2 ¸M »
Ð Ö
Ð Ö
nL{}x-}F¸M v@cn »
«x-n> AÌ_Ii§Cx- Ñ«ÃvÉ9¤nwvi3k9nv@¤«ci}«{}k-m
+Ð Ð
W Ð ¡ Ð A
9I-nk9u{}«-`É9¤n8¤««-§cn"Ñ{ ¤Cwv@¤]9C-n Ð
.;@2 ¸M »
Ð Ö
*«x-n"I;AÁI{i3v@cn>-nLC"nx- 9v@{}«-1v@¤«ci}«{}k-m
e{}k9nwviun@©Âv
À
}«{nvi""n"u3uw¿{}k9n½¤««-§cnL>wv@¤«¤uT{}k9n 2. .;@2+ ©Äx-9L{}iª«(i-nL
{`cnL{v
À
}«{3v@´-¤n>"i I|¬@©*{}k9n v@cnv@9¥nL{}x-}9u«{uvi-Zn"uu ®
F{}k9n1wviu3n1@©vÃnwvi±vi""n"u3uw¿*{}k9nY¤««-§cnL`k9n"3§CuÊ©{}k9n1 v@cn1u½ -n"unLI{«F¤Cwv@¤
monLmoi}|{}kv@-§Zu8{z{}k9n
1 .;@2+
©Äx-9L{}i_®½ ©¼{}k9n v@cnu8 -n"unL{w¿]«{u>vi-Zn"u3u
u#nL{}x-}9n"]®Â·{}k9nL
À
u3n¿-{}k9n 2' .;B2 ©Äx-9L{}iÑuwv@¤«¤n"]®
«x-n Iz -n"unL{u{}k9nov@¤«ci}«{}k-m6@©2{}k9n <( 4 0L' @2 ©Äx-9L{}i_®Y~*n
}CZwv@¤«¤«|c¿i{}k9n T;u3wv@9uv@¤«¤I{}k9n¼ v@cn"u* -n"unLI{«{}k9n;É9¤nÁwvi3k9n2v@9
À
}«{n"u*´vi§>{TZu}§
Z«}{Ë|8 v@cn"uw®j2kIx9uw¿ {}k9n;i¤n;@©C{}k9n«I{nL©³vi"n¼¤««-§cnL_u_u}«m` -¤«|T{#nL¤¦vw| (= < L B2
©Äx-9L{}iÅwv@¤«¤uY{²{}k9n .;B2 ©Äx-9L{}i @©{}k9nªviuuCL¦v@{n"¨É9¤nu}|Cu{nLm
À
k9nL {}k-u
mYv@§cn"uunL9un¿-º®ün®iÑ{}k9n>9I-n8k9u}{}«-Y{}k9n>-nLI"ni
À
k-kÃ{}k9nTÉ9¤n>uu}{in"]®