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Technical Paper (National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research), 1959-08-01
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Ser TH]-N21t2 N'. TT c . 2 BIEG
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA
DTVISTON OF BUILDING RESEARCH
FARM BUfLDfNe'S Present Status and
IN CANADA Future Noeds
by AN ALYZED
E . B . M o Y s e Y
Department of Agrlcultunal- Englneerlng, Unlvenslty of Saskatohewan T e c h n l c a l P a p e r N o . 77 of the D t r v l s l o n o f B u l l d l - n g R e s e e r c h Ottarra August A959
( 1 )
PREFACE
I t l s a s p e c l a l p L o a s u r e t o a c l r n o w l e d g e co-oPoratlon recolved from members of tho staff
Thls neport pnesents a survey of the pnosont posltlon wtth negard to farm bulldlng oonstnuctLon ln Canada fnom the
speclal-polnt of vlew of the standards whleh ane foll.owod
tn farm bulldlng destgn and ccnstnuctlono ft has been pnepaned fon the Dlvlslon of Bulldlng Resoar"ch of the Natlonal Research Councll by Professor Enlc Moysey of tho Depantment of Agnlcultural Englneenlirg of the Unlverslty of Saskatchowan. In the courso of h l a studlei Pnofossor Moysoy vlslted both Eastenn snd Wostcnn Canada and the northenn pant of the Unlted States, neoetvlng
m u o h v a L u e d asslstance from those at agricultunaL reseanch statlons w h l c h h o vlslted.
the most holpful of tho Canedlan Depantmont of Agrloultune. Tho dopartmont hes been kept advlsed
of thls oontlnuing study and thts report ls publlsbed by the. Dlvlslon of BulLdlng Reseanch wlth the Departmontts agneoment.
It ls now somo yeens slnce the Dlvlslon of Bulldlng
Resear.oh was asked whetLen anythlng could be dono wlth negand to dovoloplng ln Canada mlnlmum standards fon the deslgn and
construotlon of fanm bulldlngs cot'respondlng, on a more modeet scale, to the Natlonal. Bulldlng Codo of Canada whtch ls publlshed by th6 Natlonal Rogoarch Council under the auspJ.ces of the
Aisoolate CommLttoe on the Nattonal Butldlng C-ode. ft was reallzed that thle questlon could not fully be answered untll the exlstl$ sltuatlon regardlng farm bulLdlng constructton had been canefulLy r e v l e w e d o
The Dlvlslon dld not have the staff avatlabLe at tho tlme fon such e nevLew and was thenefot
t h e servlces of Pnofesson Moysey t f n o m h l s unlvonslty dutlesr O n l g l nepont upon hls study shouLd bo a nepor.t was completed lt wes found
t h a t lt was declded to publlsh lt ln thlg formr
The necommend,atlons at the end of the repont are naturally o n l y t h e e x p r e s s l o n o f P r o f o s s o r M o y s e y t s p o n g o n a l v l e w s . N e l t h e n
the-Dlvlslon of Bulldlng Reseanch non the Departmerrt of Agnlcultune l s y o t l n a p o s l t l . o n t o - a s s o s s t h o v q L l d l t y o f t h e s e g g g g e s t l o n s a s a prognam for Canadl-an actlon ln thls fleld. They wL1J,t_lrowevent form a veny useful basls fon the dlscusslons whlch the Dl.vlslon pl,ans to hive on thls matter duntng the wlnter of L959-5O.
( 1 r )
I'he Dlvlslon of Bulldlng orlticlsms and questlons uPon thl tt. After lt has been examined b speclaL lntenest ln thls fteld ttr posslbl1lty of doveloPlng some so
tn Canade wlll be nevtewed.
Ottawa
August L959
R.F. Legget Dlnecton
( 1 1 1 )
TABLE OF CONTENTS
P"fit
f N T R O D U C T f O N . . . o . . . t o . . . . o o . . r o . . . t t . . . t . . . . ! . ] '
SECTION T FUNCTTONAL REQIIIRHI\-ENTS OF FARM BTIILDINGS
A LIVESTOCK BUTLDINGS 1 . P h y s l o l o g l o a l R e a c t l o n s o f L l v e s t o c k t o - T e m p e r a t u r o a n d R e l a t l v e H u m l d t t y . . . . o 2 o C o n t , r < . 1 1 o f E n v l r o n m o n t . . . ' . " " . J . S a n l t a t l o n . . . o . . . o . . . a r . . . " . . . ' . t ' ' ' ' ' ' l + . S p a c o . . c . . . . . t . o . . . . . a . . ' . t . . t " " ' o ' l . C a n a d l a n F a r m P r a c t l c o l n L l v o e t o o k B u l l d l n g s . . . . t . o . . o . . . o G . t . . | " ' a " t " " L l s t o f F e f o r e n c e g . . . . B STORAGE BUITDINGS 1 . G n a l n S t o r a g e . o . . o a . . . o . . . o . . a L l s t o f R g f e r e n c e g . . . o . . . o ' . o . t ' . " 2 o F n u l t a n d V e g e t a b l e S t o n a g e . . . ' . ' " L l s t o f R g f g n g n c e g o r . . . t . o . . " " . . " ' o r ' J . E a y S t o n a g e . " o " o o " o t t t t o ' r ' o o " t o t " ' L l s t o f R e f g n e n c o g . o . . ? . t . . o . . . t . . o ' . o t ' h . S t o r a g e o f S l l a g e . . . " " t o " " e t r ' o " ' L l s t o f R e f g n e n c e g . . . o . . . o . . . o o . . o t " " ' l . M l s c o l l a n e o u s S t o n a g e B u l l d l n g s . . . . " ' ' "
SECTTON II STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS OF FARM BUILDINGS
l t E s t , t m a t l r r g L o a d $ o ? ' . " o " " " " " " " ' " 2 . C ] . l r n a t l c L o a d . . . o . . . e . . . ! . o . . . . J . L o a d s D u g t o O c c u p e n c y . . o ' " " ' t t ' t ' " "
il+
2 05
t0 L2 132 7
32
36
ho
I+z
l+l
I+5
W
l+B
hg
l+q
53
( l v ) P s g e
55
SECTTON SECTTON h . C a l c u l a t t n g S t r o g s € g . . . o . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . l . S e l e c t l n g S u l t a b l e U n t t S t r e s s e g o . . . o . . L l s t o f R e f e r e n c o g . . . ' . . o . . . o . . . . I f I F A R M H O U S I N G .. . . . o . . . . o . . . . o r . . . . o . . . o . o o . . L l s t o f R e f g n g n c e g . . . o . . . o . o . . o . . . . . IV RECOMMNDATTONSA PNOBTETIS ON WHICH RESEARCH IS NEEDED ... C
" ' B B U I L D I N C S T A N D A R D S . . . o . . . . . . . r . o . . . o . . . o o . .
55
5B
6r
6t
6l+
66
FARM BUILDTNGS IN CANADA Preeent Status and Futuro Neods
by
E . B . M o y s e y
INTRODUCTION
Pn!.or to the Second Won}d Wane Canada was negarded aa a natural nesouJpce oountry where the maJon oocupatl.ons welle farming, fLshlng, lunrberlnge and-mlnl"ngc ftre natlonal eoonony hae changed nadloafiy alnoe ttlit ttme, and the change has beeE_ es prolounoed ln agnloiltnre as in.eny ieoton of the eoonmy. The populatl_on. of tfie oor:ntny as a who]B has irionoased some folty pon oentr bt!. the farr popuiat!.on has decreased gllghtly so that lt now oonstltutes approxlmately flfteen pen oent of the totglo Much of the seno
siiuatton pn6valls ln i.egard to the value of agnl.culturaL pnoduo-tlon, whlch nore nepnesents less than ten per cont_ of the gross netl6nal pnoduoto Canada eontlnues, howevor, to be a net exporten of pnaotl-calIy el] farm pnoducts other than fnult end vegetableso Farm Laboun
P e n h a p s t h e 8 r e a t e s t s 1 n g 1 e f a o t o n a f f e c t l n g t h e ' a g n 1
-auLtura). eoonmy ln necent yeans-bas been the shontage of fann laboun. Orvtng f,o the seesoial natune of emplo;rment ln farmlngl most of ttre U6tter farm Labounens hsve Left tho farTm and found' yean-nound emploSmrent eLsewhene. ContnJbutlng to- the populatlon infft has bee; the unsatlsfactony eoonomlo sltuatlon of a falnly lange pnopont!.on of fenm buslnesies. The pnospe-ct o-f hlghen
lnc6nei anA Uetter wonklng condltlons elsewhene bss been_only too obvlouE to the youngen genenatlon. Tbe snaLlen nonklng fonco avallable hes n6sulted in a change !n average farq slze end ln meohanlzatlon of farnrlng op€lpatlons. lftre veny Lange fannens and nanchers have, ln some dases, found lt advlsable to subdlvldo theln holdlngi lnto tenant oi. pnoflt shanlng arrangementso Tho snallen farm6n, on the othen band, has found it neoessary to
enlange hts ,hoidlngs olr go lnto a- speclaLlzed entenpnlse ln orlden to na[e meohanlzatfon feielb].e. Al.1 farmens have lnvested heavlly 1n mechanloal equlpnent to neduce the amount of labor:r nequlned
- 2 n
ln thelr farrnlng openatloDso Thls tnsnd was finst
f l e l d o p e r a t l o n s f l f t e e n o r m o r e y e a r s a g o o I t l s the last flvo years that lt has bocomo pnonounced around and wlthln farm bulldlngso
evldent ln only wlthln l n o p e n a t l o n s
Constructlo! of Farm Bulldlneg
Constnuctlon of farm bulLdln6s, other tban dwel-1lngsr
accounts fon an expenditure of approiliately $1|.,r0 nllllon anirually"
It ls estlmated that sl1ght1y more than half of thls goe$ for new
oonstnuctlon, the nest for ropalrso Thls value of fanm bulldlng
constnuotlon-nepresents approxlmatoly four pen cont of the total.
annual expondlturo on bulldlng constructloa in Canada* ltlo shift
ln fenm populatLon and ln far"m slze ls to some oxtent nslated to
thls low value of fanm bull-dlng oonstructLon. As fenns grolv by tho
purchaso of neanby proponty, bulldlngs ans aoqulred so that those
of poon quallty can be torn down and only the betten onos usedo
I t w o u l d ' a p p e a r t h a t a f e l r l y l a r g e p r o p o r t l o n o f f a r m b u l l d l n g s
are more than twenty-flve yeans oLd.
Meohantzqllon an4 Iarm Bu4dlngg
M e c h a n l z a t l o n o f f a r m s t e a d o p e r a t l o n s , p a r t l c u l - a n l y l n t h o c q s e o f l L v e s t o c k p r o d u c t l o n , w 1 1 1 u n d o u b t e d l y a f f e c t t h e d e s l g n
of farm bulldlngs. fn order to Justlfy a large lnvgstment Ln
m o o h a n l c a l e q u l f m e n t t t l s a l m o s i o s s e n t i a l t h a t a f a r m e n s p e o l a l l z e
Ln one or two entorprls€sr A numben of farmors aro doing pnoclsgly
thls. tbenty years ago a l-argo hog pnoduc@r was ono who manketsd
one hundnea ifbs por yeano Now ther:e aro qulte a numben of fanmer"g
who manket one thousand or morre plgs per yoar. Othens have
speclaLlzed ln poultry and market ten thousand chlakeng pan f,oarr_
}{iny of the new-farm bullcllngs bullt ln the ftrtune wllL be speclallzod
pnoduotlon unlts sultod to t[eso scales of oporatlon. The genona].
punposo bann, whlch houses foun honsos, slx cows and flfteon plgs;
wlll be enected less fnequentLyn
Ttre small mlxed farm, as we have known lt ln ths pastr
-wtII nover dlsappoar, but lt-w1ll, oontnlbuto a smallon pnopon_tlon
of the total farg pnird.uctLon. The spoclallzed productlon bulldlngs
wtII probabLy be ol betten constnuotlon than most farm struetut"eg
bullt- ln the: pastr A man nalslng ono thousand plgs ls mone consclous
of the effect of temperature on ieight galn and mors oonoerned about
bulldlng mafenla).s that wllll hanbor-dLseaso than 1s the man nal'slng
ten plgJ. bulldlngs fon the aver.age fanm wllt pnobably be_deslgned
for gneater flexfbfffty of use. The horso bann, mado obsolstg Uy
the Intnoductlon of trictors, ls a sev€ro nemlnden of the fallac_y
- 3 F
e n e c t e d m o r @ frequentJ-y so that renovatlons can bo made at a f u t u : n e d a t o wlthout alterlng t h e maln stnuctune. I t h a s a l s o been suggested that fanm bulldlngs should be deslgnod for a
s h o n t L l f e so as to make them Lowen ln cost. T h o n e w o u l d appear t o b e a llmlt t o the extent to whlch thls phllosophy can bo
applted. Thono may be merlt ln deslgnlng ne-usable butldtng components that can be employed 1n dlfforent types of bulldlngs. F l n a n c l a l Conslderat lons
f t l s o b v l o u s t o t h e m o s t casuaL obsenven thet tho quallty and condltlon of many fanm bulldlngs ln Canada are vory low. Thls s l t u a t l o n c a n b o a c c o u n t e d f o r i n m o s t c a s e s , b y f l n a n c l a l c o n s l d e n a -t -t o n s . M a n y f a n m b u s l n o s s o s aro not flnanclally s o u n d d u e t o p o o r . l a n d o r snraLl slze; consequently, }lttle m o n e y l s a v a l l a b l e f o r l-nvestment ln bulkllngs. Evon lf tho fanm buslnoss le sound, tt may be dlfflcult to bonrow monoy for tho constructlon of bulldlngso Lendlng agenclos norrnally r"oqulre lqnd as seourlty on a loan for fanm bulldlng oonstruction, for the bullding may have llttte vaLuo except ss a part of the farm. ltre bu11d5.ng ltself wllL havo low resal-e vaLue lf lt has to be movedo The cost of good. quallty
bulLdlngs ls soldorn fuLly refleotsd ln seI}lng valus of the whoLe farm, fon the new ownen may havo llttle uss for one or more of tho s e r v l c e b u l l d l n g o . T h o s o f a c t o n s , s l n g 1 y o r l n c o m b l n a t l o n ,
dlseour.ago l"nvestment Ln good. quallty farnn structrrreso Qua]lty of _C ogg9quc tton
Anothon facton contnlbutlng to low quallty farm bulldlngs ls that penformanco standards are nather lntanglbloo It ml6ht welL be that a betten bann woul-d save a dalnyman enouglr ln feed alone to Justlfy the addltlonal expondlture, but othen varlables make lt dtfftoult fon him to assess propenly the value of a good b a r n Ln nelatlon to hls othen expenses. Slmllarly, a h a y s t o r a g e bulldlng nlght pnevent spollage of enough hay to pay for ltseLf ln two on thnee wet soasrong. The fanmen, howeven, cannot neadlly
m o a s u r e the beneflclal e f f e c t o n h l s l l v e s t o o k o f g o o d q u a l l t y h a y compared to hay of poor qualfty, and so ls not ln a posltlon to
Judge as to whether a hay stonage ls a good lnvestmont.
Lack of erpenlenced, bulldens undoubtedly accounts for many poor quellty famr stnuctu:r'eso Slmple bulldlngs ane often constructed by the farmor hlmself, wlthout the bonefLt of pLans or: othen
guldance. It ls almost lnevltable thet e man who erects 6n1y a few bulldlngs du:rlng hls llfetlme wtl-I make som€ mlstakes. Ttrese mlstakes occaslonally nesult ln fallu:re of the stnuctune, but more
-h-The absence of bulldlng standands or bullding codes for
f a r m s t r u c t u r e s m a y a l s o b o a s s o c l a t e d w i t h l o w q u a l l t y c o n s t r u c t l o n . A farmen ls free to bui.ld a flrotrap lf he chooses, and may be able to insure lt agalnst Loss by flne for insunance premlums are handly Iarge enough to Justtfy lnspectLon of each bulldlng lnsurod. A farrrer may enect a building whlch ls stnucturally r:nsafe, but lt ls only hls own llfe, usually, or the l1ves of hls fanily that are at s t a k e .
Lendlng agencles may requlro vouchers as to the quantlty and quallty of matenlel that goos lnto a bulldlng fon whlch a Loan has been made, but very soldon concern tbomselves wlth the actual oonstnuctl.on. Ttnrs tt can be seen that a farmon ls ln an entfely d l f f o r e n t p o s l t l o n t h a n a c i t y d v r e l l e r , s o f a r a s b u l l c l l n g l s _ ooncerned. He ls seldom nequlrod to present pJ,ans for appnoval
before constructlon starts, and very seldom has a bulldlng lnspeeted a s t o s u i t a b l l t t y f o r o c c u p a n o y w h e n l t t s f i n l e h e d . T h l - s f n e e d o m f n o s r regulatlon l s o b v l o u s l y d e s t r a b l o l n m a n y r e s p e c t s , b u t h a s t h e s e d r a w b a c k s r T h e o n e e x c o p t l o n t o t h e a b o v e s t a t e m o n t s l s
whon a farmer wlshes to sell mllk for publlc consumption. Although nogulatlons vary, a farm must usuaLly bo lnspected by public heal,th a u t h o n l t l e s b e f o n e e l l c e n c e t o s e L l " m l l k c a n b e o b t a l n e d r
T h l s r e p o r t i s a n a t t e m p t t o c o n s o l l d a t e e x l s t l n g l n f o n m _ a t l o n on farm bulldlngsc In the sectlons followlng, nequhements of the m a J o r t y p o s o f f a n m b u l l d l n g s a r e e x a m l n e d . T h l s l s f o l l o w e d b y a d l s c u s g l o n o f C a n s d i a n p r a c t l c o l n f a r m b u l l d l n g c o n s t r u c t l o n . Structunal nequlremonts of bulldlngs are troated sepanately. The report concludes wlth recommendatlons fon nesearch and for the fornulatlon of standands for farm bulldlng constructlon.
P
>
-SECTTON T
F'UNCTToNAL REQTTIREIIENTS OF FARM BUILDrNGS
A LI'fESTOCK RTJILDTI{GS
Llveetock bulldlngs may bo requlned or provlcled fon I
numben of reasons. Chlof among these ls pnotectlon of the anJ-mal-s on blnds fnom extnemes of weather. Pnoteotlon of, feed end of
oqulpment may also be an lmpontant faoton. fn the oase of poultnyt protoctlon fnom thleves and prodators may be of some impontanceo Brrlldlngs also eenve to slmpllfy feodlng and managemont. In many oases the bulldlng ls oonstructed. so qs to provlde convonlence and, cqmfont for the openaton. Messuros neoessary to ful-flL theeo
requlnements ane not neoeseanlly the same and ln sono oases they oonfllct so that lt ls necessary to sort them out and analyze then before a decJ.slon may be nade as to tho ooonomlo lnvestment ln ttre bulldlngo ft is necesssny to know the dogneo of protectlon nequlned fon maxfunurn produotion and fon cornf ont and hoalth,of the anlmals on bl.rder
1. |$E$lgglog ] Re n qt_lo4_s of__L,1ve,s!,os_b_
}'q*Sm.eee$qgj3_.eng
**iluerable
lnfornratlon ls avallable on tho effeot of
changee in tempenatune and nolatlve hurnldlty on the pr"oductlon and gener.al well-belng of Llvestock and poultryo Most domestLo animqls do not sweat ln the conventlonal s€nso of the word, the honso belng en exceptlonr Many complloated mechanisms are pnovldod to malntaln body temperature constant wlthln nelatlveLy narror
lfunlts in warm bloodod anlmals. Fon exampler vssoconstnlctlon or vasodllatton is used to eontnol the flow of blood ttrough ttla gunfaoe layens of the skln. fn thls way tho sunfacs temponatgTe of the body ts altened so as to lose more on Less hoat, dependlng on ambient tempenatupor In an1mals, ruffllng of the halnr o? ruffllng of the feathens ln poultry, serves to tnap more alr and p n o v l d e an lnsulated layen ln cold weathen. Appetlte Ls also a f f e c t e d by tempenature, belng betten ln cold weathen ao qs to lncnease the tntake of food, and thenefore, the productlon of heet. fn warm weathen anLmal-s and blrds tond to go off theln feed so ag to neduce the heat output.
Act'lvlty also detenmlnes comfortable tempenatunes to qulte an extent, fon anlrnals on poople at wor"k pnoduce more heatt and those Ln pnoductlon of rnllk on eggs also produee more heat than those tl€t ane not. Shl-verlng ls an lnvoluntary mechanlsro
6
-w h l c h s e r v e s to produce more heat by -wonk. S-weatlng ls, ho-wevert
by far the most effectlve means of Lenrperature controL. Anltnals, such s i r c h as cattle, h o g s a n d s h e e p d o n o t s w e a t l n t h e c o n v e n t l o n a l
sense but llbenate-moistu:re from the su:rface of the lungs by pantlng. R e s p l n a t l o n n a t e s o f l l v o s t o c k l n w a r m w e a t h e r m a y r l s e t o s e v e r a l tlmes nonmal. Unfortr.urately, pantl
p r " o d u c e s heat so that, ln most oas€ b l r d s a r e ln greaton dtfflculty l n As a consoquenco, pnoduotlon genera
fl degrees, wheneas temperatures below the optlmum may cause relatlvely lower dnops ln pnoductlonr
Swtneo - The most comprehenslve study of the effect of envtnolttnont o n s w 1 n o . n a s b e o n c e n n t e d o u t a t t h e U n l v o r s l t y o f C a l l f o r r l l a o
Heltman and Hughes (3e)'tt found that the resplratlon rate of mqnket welght hogs nailgod fiom 2O pen minuto-at a Lernponatune of [O"-to
16O-por mfnute at a tompera:bu::e of 95o . Rato of galn nanged_ fogq^ a hlijh of 2 pounds pen day with a temperatgqg of_appno'{1mato1y 6O" t o a - I o . s s o f - w e l g h t - - a t t e m p e n a t u r o s a b o v o 90o. Rate of galn was a l s o neduced at lower temporatures
a t e m p e n a t u n e o f [0" (3O). Feed eff of feod roqulrod to pnoduce ono pou o f t h r e o a t 6lo to a hlgh of $ at t prevlously, most anlmals ane uncomf
| r o d u o t t o i r - a t h l g h t e m p e r a t u n e s , b u t s w l n e , p n o b a b l y b o c a u s e o f t t r e l n s h o r t h a t n , a r e a l s o s e n l o u s l y a f f e c t e d b y L o v r t o m p o r a t u r e s .
Bray and Slngletary (12) studled the effoct of- hog wallowlng as a means bf feepln[ anlmils comfortable ln warm weathen. Tholn w o r k corroboratos to-qulto an extent tho work of othen lnvestlgatons, that the cool-lng effect of hog wallows pnoducos slgnlficantly hlghon galns 1n welghti Body temperdturo ruas also slgnlfloantLy lower
l n h o g s t h s t h a d a c c e s s t o a c o o l b a t h o
N e w L a n d a n d . a s s o o l a t e s ( 5 1 ) s t r r d i e d t h e e f f e c t o f e n v l n o n -ment on baby plgs" Thoy found that nowly born plgs have nathen
lmpenfeotly- d6v6loped homeothermlc nechanlrrtrno If exposed t_o low temponatun6s shortl-y after blrth, the body tempenatune of baby pfgi may dnop by as'rmreh as lJo ind the antmals st1ll sunvlve. ObvLousLy, thls chllllng ofton caus
gener:al set back ln the growth nate shortly aften blnth may have bodY t as Long as ten days 1f the anblent tempenaturne of approxlmately 75o fc J.ndlcated.
' * R e f e n e n c e s
7
H e a t a n d m o l s t u n e p r o d u c t i o n o f s w L n o u n d e r a r a n S o o f -e n v l p o n m -e n t a l c o n d l t l o n s h a s b -e o n s t u d i -e d b y l n v o s t l g a t o r s s u c h a s Kelly, Bond and Mltchel} (IO, 39, hB)" ttrey f 9*9. that lt varLed i6mewhat wlth temperatqrirr-with a mlnlmum ln tho rsnge of 50 to JO degrees and a maxJ.mun at hlghen and lorver temporaturesr -The
rnost stFtt<lng fact, howevor, ls the way ln whj-ch the heat ls i " " t . n o r r a - i f O i l i o o 6 * " r n p l e r f o u n o t h a t i s l l t b l e a ? T5/, of the t o t a l h e a t l o s s ' i v a s l n t h e f o i m o f w a t e n v a p o u r a t a t e m p e n a t u r e of [Oo, but almost JOf" was ln tho form of molsture at a temporat u n e o i ! 0 temporat o l O O d 6 e i ' e e e r T h l s s e o m s r e s s o n a b l s f o r e q : ^ 9 1 " . -s u m o u n d i n g t e m p e n a t i n -s n l -s o -s , l t b e c o m e -s J . n c r o a -s l n g l y d l f f l o u l t . t o l o s e t r e i ' t U y ' c - n a u c t l o n , c o n v e c t l o n a n d n a d l a t i o n . B o n d p o - 1 9 t s o u t t h a t m o r 6 f r o l s t u n e m a y ' b o n e m o v e d ln v e n t l l a t i n g a l r t h a n h l s n e s u l t s s h o w a s s o m e o f t i r e h e a t w 1 1 1 b e u s e d 1 n e v a p o n a t l n g -m o l s t r , r n e f n o n r t h e f l o o n a n d f e e d l n g e q u l p -m o n t o l e a v l n g - a s -m a l l e n pnopontlon avallabLe fon heattng the bullcllng and warmlng the v e n t l l a t l n g a l n r
Thls experlmental work on swlne glves good guldanoo as t o d e s l n a b l e e n ? l n o n m e n t a l c o n d l t l o n s f o i s r r c h a n l m a l s a n d F e e s o n -a b l e e s t l m e t e s o f h e -a t p r o d u c t l o n . I t l s p o s s l b l e t h a t h o g s
a c c u s t o m e d t o a c o o l e r i l l n r a t e , s u c h a s p r b v a l l e l n m a n y p a r t s o f C a n a d a , m l g h t g l v e s o m e w h a t d l f f e n o n t r e s u L t s .
Poultry. - Poultny can appanontly adapt themselves to a wide-rg1rge iffiJrattrnes wittrout iinlously redirclng egg pnoductlono Gutterldge a n d a s s o c l a t e " - t i l i , a f t e n t o s t s - a t O t t a w i , o o n c t u a e a t h a t a n t l f l o l a l r t " ; t - i " - p o " r [ " y ' r r 6 u i e s w a r
" o [ - j t r " i t r t " a . ' G L e s o a n d M c C o n r n l o k ( 2 8 ) t at lowa, found-that hons could lay qulte woll, un<ler a^wlde-Itnq9-of temp6ratune, humldlty and alr purlty condltlons. Ota 155) qld oxporlironts wlf,h laylng- hens ln caLorimetens and for:nd ogg- produc-tlon to be a maxlmu.ir ti tho nange ot 45 to 65 degroes_, ^Yltll- a moro slgnlflcant dnop et hlgh temperatuTes- of the orden of U$" than^ wlth tempenaturos dorvn rc lf .- Reduclng the temponature tP 23" neduood egg productlon very constd,e
c o n s u m p t l o n d e c n e a s e d a s t h e o n v l n c but feod oconomy was best tn the ne
state lt another wsyr pnotectlng pc results 1n hlghen egg Pnoductlon, w
t e m p e r a t u r e s r e s u l t s i n n e d u c e d f e e d r e q u l r e m e n t s o
Barrot and Pnlngle (6 ) clld a comprehensive- serles of tests on the effeot of envLnoimont on young chLckensn They found thqt chlckens up to a weok o1d nequtrira tempenatures above 9Q" fon best gnowth, anA'thatr 8s llr_no went ohr the tempenaturc should be
lnaauairf reA,rl.e ;; 8o;-UV irt" otta or thn'be weeks, and- to 95l.UV
f,tre end irf five weekso flhe wonk of Wlnchester and Klleben (U3l v e n l f l e s t h o l n n o s u . l - t s .B
-Hoat produotlon of pouLtry appears to vary wldoly, do-pendlng on tho envLronmental tomperattrro. Fon examp-l-o, Ota, and Ashby (551 forrnd. that heat produotlon dropped fnom fl1 Btu por b l n d - a t lpOo to 3[ ntu por blrd at B5o. Gtese and Mc0ormlck (28)
o b t a l n e d nathen slnllar n e s u l t s r A s w l t h o t h o n a n l r n a l s a n d b l n d s t poultr"y havo dlffloulty ln keeplng cool at hlgh tomporaturese
and pant so as to llborate more molsture fnom tho lungs. Conso-q u e n t l y the pnoportlon of heat lost tn latent fonn lncreases to appr"oxlmeteJ.y 85% at tempenatures in the range of Blo.
The affect of l1ght on egg productlon ls well known" D o b l e a n d a s s o c l a t e e ( 2 0 ) , a t W a s h i n g t o n S t a t e C o l l e g e , f o u n d t h a t lnoneeslng the 1lght by artlflclal m e a n s n e s u l t e d l n
lncnoased egg pnoductlon up to a totaL of 12 on 1l hours of l-tghttng. Slmllar results were obtatned by Gutteridge and
a s s o c l - a t e s ( e g r o Artlflclal- l t g h t l n g d o e s not neoessarlLy ohange the total annuel egg productlon, but causos moro of the eggs to be lqld durlng the short days of wlnten.
_Dglrf_Cqt_tls. - A nunrber of wonkers have lnvestlgated the effoct
tu
6f66Tffi-'nt on dalny aattle. Regan end Rlohardson (72) measuned the volume of a1n explned by aattle at dlfforent temponatunos and c o n c L u d e d t h a t the nbsptnation nate doublss for overy 1-B degnees nlse ln envlnonmentaL tempenatune ebove 5Oo. Tho most oomprehenslvs
s t u d y o n d a t r y cattle appoans to have been done at the Unlvenslty o f Mlssounl. - K l b l e n a n d - a s s o c l a t e s ( h ] " ) f o u n d t h e n e t h a t t h e
r e s p l r a t l o n n a t e l n c n e a s o d f r o m a p p n o x l m a t e l y 1 l p e n m l n u t e a t l o o to 11O pen mlnute at LOOo. Expenlments at the Unlvorslty of Missounl also lndloate that mlLk pnoductLon ls a maxlmtur ln the rang6 of l1O t o 7O degnees, falls o f f n a p i d l y a b o v e 7Oo, but fails o n l y s l l g h t l y at tompenatunos bolow l+Oo. Ttrene seems to be some dlffenence ln
s p e c l e s ln this negard, HolsteLns belng more sensltlvo to hlgh temperatur€s and less sensltive to Iow tempenatuno than Jensoys.
KeLley and RupeJ. (38) made an extenslve etudy of the effect of stable envLnonrnont on mllk pnoduction ln the ltJOtso Fbom tholn study they declded that a tempereturo_of 50" was optlmurn but
pro-d u c t l o n w a s s a t l s f a c t o n y f r o n r [lo to 600. They notepro-d that fluctuatlons Ln temponature oausod drops ln nllk pnoductlon but that rocovery
was napld when the weathon wartnod up. DLco (fg) measured the rn1lk pnoductlon of cattle housed 1n warm banns and those all-owed to nun ln shed type bulldlngsr On the basls of hls experlments ln Nonth Dakota, he concluded that below freezing temperatunes dld not pantlculanly affect rnllk pnoductlonr The Unlverslty of Wlsconsln ?ras had an extenslve neseanch program over the last 10 on 12 yeans
- 9 '
o n l o o s o h o u s l n g o f d a l r y c a t t L o . T h e l r n e s u l t s i n d l c a t e t h a t l o o s e h o u s l n g , l u l t h t h e a n l m a l o x p o s e d t o a n a v o r a g o m o a n t e m p e r a -t u r e o f a p p r o i l m a -t e l y l0o in -the wLn-tor, does no-t neduco mllk
p r o d u O t l o n . R a t h e r s i m l l a n n e s u L t s a r e r e p o r t o d f r o m E u r o p e . S o m o k n o w l e d g e o f h e a t a n d m o l s t u r e p r o d u c t l o n l n c a t t l o l s n e o e s s a r y f o r t h e - d e s l g n o f b u l l d l n g s a n d v e n t l l a t l n g s y s t e m s . M l t o h e L l q n l H a m l l t o n ( l + 7 ) w e r e a m o n g t h e f l r s t l n v e s t i g a b o r s t o a t t o m p t t o m e a s u r e h e a t p r o d u c t l o n . I n t h e l r w o r k w l t h s t e e r s they ior.md that heat productlon vanied somowhat wlth dlfforent a n l i r a l s , a n d t h a t t h e - p e n c e n t o f h e a t l o s t l n t h e f o r m o f w a t o r v a p o u n v a r l e d c o n s i d o n b b l y ' R e c e n t e x p e n i m e n b s a t t h e t T n l v g l t t t y o f - M L s s o u n l s u b s t a n t l a t e L f r e l n w o r k . T h o m p s o n a n d S t s w a r t ( 7 7 ) f o u n d t h a t h e a t p r o d u c t l o n l n c r e a s e s a s t e m p e r a t u r e d o c r e a s e s d o w n t o i O o F . T h e y a i " o f o u n d c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t l o n l n t h e p r o p o n t l o n o f h o a t t h a t i v a s t n t h e l a t e n b f o r m a n d s u g g e s t t h a t a l l h e a t w a s J.ltrenated ln thts manner whon the surroundlng temporaturo appnoached
l O 0 a F o
K l b l e r a n d a s s o c l a t o u ( h l ) s u g g e s t e d t h a t h e a t p r g d p q t l o n verlatlons were mone a functlon of body ar€a than body vrelg!t!1-Thls may bo explalned. somewhst by notlng th3t an- ani-mal of 1000 p o u n d s Las almbst as lango a suriace area through whlch to lose L e a t a s q n a n l m a l w o l g h l n g 1 2 0 0 p o w r d s " C o n s e q u o n t l y , w h o q h g l t p r o d u c t l o n ls compared on a body wolght basls tho heat productlon b f a s m a l l a n l m a l w 1 1 1 ' a p p e a r t o v a r y m o r e t h a n a l a r g e a n l m a L , s l n c e g n e a t e n a d j u s t m e n t b - w 1 1 1 b e n e i r e s s a r y t o c o m p e n s a t e f o r
changlilg tompera{urso Perhaps of most use in the deslgn of ventlla-t l n g - s y s ventlla-t e m s l s ventlla-t h o c u r v e o f r a ventlla-t l - o o f B ventlla-t u ventlla-t ! - P o T p 9 9 l * o f w a ventlla-t e r
g t v 6 n bfr uy anlmals at tempenatures from 10o to 1000.
Beef Cattle and Sheep. - Thero soems to be llttle lnformatlon Ln n e a c t l o n o f b e e f o a t t l e a n d s h e a p t o . o h a n g o s 1 n envlronment" S t u d l e s w l t h d a l n y c a t t l o w o u l - d s u g g e s t t h a t
tempenatunos dourn to zer.o degroes ilo not affect the rate of galn-of the antmaL and, on the coitnaryr may lncroase the appetlto and n a t e o f g a l n . I t - l s w e l l recognlzea ttrat high_ temperatures neduce appetlte"and nate of ga5.n. Conslderable work has been done on the d o e l g n o f s u m m e r s h a d 6 s f o r c a t t l e l n h o t c l l n a t e s ( 3 5 , I t O ] : I t 1 s s f , a n d a r d p r a c t l c e t o h o u s e s h e e p a n d b e e f c a t t l o l n s h o l t e r s
whlch pnotec-t them from wind and storms and excesslve dampness onl-y. More lnformation may be nequlred on the effect of temperaturo on
c a l v e s a n d l a m b s . h l e x a n d e n ( 1 ) n e p o r . t s t h a t l a m b s b o r n l n o p e n y a r d s ln near fneozlng temperatures-ntere chllled s o t h a t t h e b o d y ielnperature dropped. bi
"s much as l0o0 or lBoF. The body temperatune usuilly rose ag"^lt Ln-fr.om four to slx hours when the coat was dny.
W i 1 z o l ( S 5 l r e p o r t s t h a t L t t t l e d l f f i c g l t y w a s e x p e r l e n c e d w l t h c a l v e s f n o p 5 n b a r n s a t W l s c o n s l n ; o n e c a l f w a s f h o w e v e r , l o s t
1 0
-l n t o a w a r m e r b u -l -l d -l n g fon a few hours, unt-l1 they dr-led off. H o l n d l c a t e s t h a t w l t h l n a d a y o r s o o f b i r t h c a l v o s m a k o
s a t l s f a c t o r y g a l n s l n c o l d s h e l t e r s .
2 " Qgpj,f€-*J ilnvlronm.ent
A s m a y . b e concluded fr.orn the foregolng p€t'agraphs, it 1s o f t e n deslnable to control- tho envlronment for llvestock and p o u l t r y , a t least to some extentr C o n t n o l m a y b e a c c o m p l l s h o d b y means of ventllatlon, t h e u s o o f lnsuIatlon, a r t l f l c l a l h e a t and use of sun ghade,s.
V e n t l l s t l o n o f l l v e s t o c k b u l l d l n g s h a s r e c o J v e d c o n s l d e r -a b l e e t t e n t l o n . M a n y y e a r s e B o r v e n t l l a t ; l o n w a s c o n s l d o r e d
n e c e s s a r y t o m a l n t a l n t h e c h e m l e a l c o m p o s l t l o n o f a l r o T h l s w a s c o n v o n l o n t , for C02 was one factor that could be measured and u e e d ae an lndloetlon o f t h o chemlcal composltlon. A nurnber of L n v e s t i g a t o r s ln the early yeers of thls c o n t u n y f o u n d h o v r e v e r , t h a t carbon dloxlde alone was not necessarlly harmful-. Tho neport o f tbe New York State Commlsslon on Ventilatlon ( 8 1 ) presents a good sumnany of some of the work. Jt rvas founcl froin sorle of these s t u d l e s that the stagnation of heat and odours wlthln the occupled s p a c e rras more of a contrJ,butlng facton than carbon d.loxtde contont. C o n s e q u e n t L y , ventllatlon o f llvestock buildJngs may, to some
e x t e n t , be pnovlded fon control of odour and alr bonne onganisns b u " t can be reganded ohlefly as a means of conbnol1ing temperatu:le a n d nelatlve humidlty.
A s statod pnevlously, the qmount of heat and molstuno p r o d u c e d by anlmals and blrds has been falrly w e l 1 e s t a b l l s h e d . C o n s e q u e n t J . y , lt ls possible to calcrrlate the amount of ventllatlng a l n requlred fon nemovlng moistune unden a sot of clncumstancost
or the amount of ventllatlon noqulnod to control tempenatune unden a p a r t l o u l a r s e t o f c i n c u m s t a n c o s . I l v f a n y s u c h c a l c u l a t l o n s h a v e b o e n m e d e , t V h o D a w l d e range of tomperatune condll;lons ls investlgated t n t h l s w e y r lt becomes appanent that thore exists a unlclue sltuatlon l n r e g a r d ' ' t o v e n t l l a t l o n o f l l v e s t o c . k h u l l d l n g s .
The anlnals on blnds ane customarlly the only source of h e a t a n d the heat they produce ls pneswied to be sufficient t o k e e p the bulldtng ln whlch they ane housed both $ranm and dry. Calculatlons s h o w t h a t t h l s ls not posslble undon all condltlons of tempenatuno and rel-atlve humldlty. The con<lltlons unden whlch a heat balence s'rllL occur aro naturally affected by the buildlng constructlon.
W h e r e wa1ls and celllngs ane weIl. lnsuLated, less heat vrlLl be lost through them and moro heat w111 be avallable fon wannlng
11
-howevor, probably dunlng severo outdoor woatherr vrhen thore lvill n o t b e i u i f t c t e n l h e a t . - T h e s l t u a t l o n j . s manageable with large a n l m a l s , s u c h a s c a t t l e , f o r t h e h e a t p r o d u c o d p e r s q u a r o f o o t o f b u t l h i n g s u n f a c e l e i a l r l . y l a r g o . P o u l t { T h o u s e s p r o s e n t a rathor extieme sltuatlon whene the heat produced per unlt of b u l l d t n g s u r f a c e 1 s s m a 1 1 . I t 1 s c o n s e q u e n t l y _ t h e o r e t l c a l l y lmposslEle to keep pouLtry houses both warm and dry I'n zero weothellc
A lange number of experlments have been conductod on s y s t e m s o f v e i t l L a t l o n f o r l i v e s t o c k a n d p o u l t r y b u l l d l n g s . - T h e b a s l c f a c t e o f h e a t a n d m o l s t u r e p r o d u c t l b n w e r o v e r y o f t e n f$noned 1 n t h e s e l n v e s t l g a t l o n s s o t h a t t h o r e s u l t s w e r e a p p r o x l m a t e l y w h a t mlght have been o-xpected under the condltlons lmposed. Deflnlte
lmirovements have iroweven, been msde ln systems of vontlLatlon so as'to pnovide unlform alr f low ttrrough bulldlngs that can be
o o n t n o i l e d l n a c c o r d a n c e w l t h o u t d o o i o o n d l t i o n s . E x p o n l m e n t s h a v e e l s o b e e n o o n d u c t o d o n m e q n s o f c o r
of the heat from the ventllattng aJ t o b e p r a c t l c a b l e , l t h a s n o t b e e n the expen$o lnvolved ln pnovtdlng t l n v e s t l g a t o r s s t 1 l . l - c o n s l d e r t h a t I
ls a pnoUlen that has not boen propenl-y solvod.
It ls common and neoonrnended practlce to tnsulate the wall"s a n d c o l l l n g s o f l l v e s t o c k b u i . l d i n g s . - C q l c u l a t l o n s s u g g e s t t l S t a l t tnsulatlon-thlclcress of foun lnchds or mor'e !-s requlred' fon the " o f a " " p a r t s of thls country. A g r e a t m a n y m a t e r t a l s m a y b e u s e d f o r t h l - s p u r p o s e . f n a g r i c i r l t u r a l b u l 1 r l l n g s , l o w e r c o s t m a t e n l a l s
such as siravings and stiaw ano coffiffiorlo Also reconmended but not colnmonly used is lnsulatlon of foundatlon wa1ls and the eqg9 of f l o o : r , s l a b s t o m a l n t a l n c o m f o r t a b l e f l o o n t e m p o r a t u r e s a n d t o a v o l d condensa tl. on of mol sture r
Tho most oomprehenslve serlos of tests on $un shades has been done by the Unlvenslty of Callfornla. Day tlme tempglgluroa
in the lntenlor" part of th6 state aro ofton ln- excess of lOOo, 90-lfrat-proC""tiott inom heat ls requlred lf anlma]s grg !o g"ln welght a n d p i o d u " " p " o p " " i t , : f e f i y a n d r t t n e r Q 5 r _ ] 5 , 4 0 ) l n y e s t l g a t o d the effectfveno-ss oi dlffer6nt types of shhding materlels ln neflec-tlng solan, heat and neduclng tnansmi.sslon of heat to the undorslde of f,ne shadeg. T[onk has alio been done on onlentatlon and shape of staaos so as to glve ttp naxlmum degree _of protectlon fnom solan treat whl1e stll}-leaving anlmals exfosed to the north slde so that r.adtant hea! may Ue glw-:n oif [o tfr6 cold "kT.--T1",]." of mechanlcal f a n s a n d e v a p o r i t l r r e - c o o l e r s h a s a l s o b e o n s l u d l e d ( 5 1 ) . F a n s
-appear to have conslderable appllcatlon but tho ovaponatlve coolors w111 probably be rather lfuntted ln use.
1 2
-3. Ea,4!
u-g$gs
C o n s t n u c t l . o n p r a o t l c e s a n d m a t e r l a L s f o n l l v e s t o c k b u l l d l n g s r e l a t l v e l y s n a l . I g r o u p s s o a s t o p r e v e n t t h e s p n e e d , o f l n f o c t l o u s d l s e a s 6 s r 'Dalry bulldlngs usually recelve more attenli;lon ln regard- rther LLvestock bulldlng. Ttro -rroduce cloan mllk. I*rls calls l l z l n g m l l k l n g u t e n s L L s a n d f o r
or qulck coollng and 1ow temporalure 3 - s o - r e q u l r o d . C e n t a l n c o n s t r u c t l o n and management practlces are presumea -to contrlbute to the produotlon o f o l e a n r n f f . k . ' I n t h e r n a J o r l n f f f p r o d u c l n g a r e a s t p u b l l c h e a l t h
n"g"f."tionu t"t"ffy
"ifp"i"le Luflblng conitructlon
and managemgn! p r a o t l c e s thab are nequlred as a condltlon for salo in that marketln$ i n e a . T h e s t J n d a r d s a r e b y n o m e a n s u n l f o r m l n a l l m a r k e t l n g a n - o a s , some belng genenal standanbs of the porformanco type, whereas othene e r e q u l t e d e t a l L e d a n d m i g h t b e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e 6 f t h e s p e c l f l c a t l o n
type. ,
The unlted states Depantment of Health, p{u-catlon and W e l f a n e t " r p n " p i " " A - a r n i f f b r d l n a n c e a n d c o d e - w h t c h l s w l d e l y u s e d l n b o t h . l f t S u " i t e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d a a s a n a d v l s o r y d o c u m o n t
ln the propanatlon of pubIlc hoaltl lterns oxtnacted from tlie Untted Stt
tlon ls presumed necessary to mlnlt condensallon, and to Permlt drYtng of that Portlon of the barnp stabl' mllked she1]. bo constnucted of con' and easlly gl-eaned rnatorLal. Floo: so as to draln PnoPerly, and shall No svlne or fowL shaLl be penmltte
parlcnr, If horses, drY cows, -oalv Lhenetri utrey shalJ. be conflned ln
_ 1 3 s h a l L b e k e p t c l e a n a n d l n g o o d . r e p a f u . r r ( f t 1 s p r e s u m e d t h a t f l o o n l n g m a t e r l a l s t h a t c a n b e k e p t c l e a n m o r e e a s i l y a r e m o r o 1 1 k e l y t o b o c l e a n . A c l e a n f l o o n n e d u c e s t h e c h a n c e s o f o o n t a l n l n a t l o n o f t h e m l 1 k o r m l I k p a l l s . ) t t T h o lntonlor walls a n d c e l l l n g s o f t h e m l l k l n g b a r n , s t a b l e o r p a r l o u r s h a 1 1 b e w h l t e -w a s h e d o n p a l n t e d a s o f t e n a s m a y b e n e c e s s a r y o r f i n i s h e d L n a n l m p n o v e d m q n n o r , a n d s h a l l b o k e p t c l e a n a n d l n g o o d r e p a l r . W h e r e t h e r o l s a s e c o n d s t o r y a b o v e t h e m l l k l n g b a r n , s t a b l e o r parlor.r, tho cell-lng shall be ttght. If f eod should be gnowrd or mixed or should sweet feod be stored J.n ths food room on feed
s t o r a g e s p a c e w h l c h a d J o l n s t h e m l l k l n g s p a c e ' l t s h a l l b e s e p a r i t e d - t h e r o f r o m b y a d u s t - t l g h t p a F t i l i o n - a n d d o o r . t f T h l s l t e m p r e s u m e s t h a t w h l t o w a s h e d , p a l n t e d o r p r o p o r l y c o n s t r u c t a d w a l l s a n d c e l l l n g s e n c o u r a g o c L o a n l l n o s s a n d t h a t t l g h t c e l l I n g s and feod. noom reduce the llkellhood of dust and other extraneous m a t e n l a l g e t t l n g l n t o t h o m l 1 k o 0 t h s n n e g u l a t i o n s d e a l w l t h dlsposal of manure, with the constructlon of the mllk houso oI3 mllk room where m1Ik ls taken aften belng extnacted f?om tho cow a n d h e L d l n s t o r a g e u n t t l s o l d .
Inspectors ernployed to check on mtlk pnoducens often flnd t h a t b u l L d i n g s w h l c h d o n o t a p p e a r t o b o p a r t l c u l a r L y s a n l t a r y o r weLl. construdtod nesult 1n lower mllk bactoria count than betten bulldlngsr Thts ls usually due to the csne and management of the o p e n a t o n . F o r t h t s r e a s o n , m a n y p e o p l e c o n s l d e n t h a t a p e r f o r m a n c o t y p " o f m l l - k c o d e l s m o r e L o g 1 c a 1 t h a n a ' s p e c l f l c a t l g n t y p g o o d o t b i l l v a r l a t l o n s b o t w e e n d t f f e n e n t p n o v l n c e s s u 6 g e s t t h a t o p t n l o n t s n o t u n l f o r m l n t h l s r o g a r d . f n a n y c a s o , t h o o p l n l o n o f t h e l - o c a 1 l n s p o c t o r w l l l - d e t e n m l n e w h e t h e : r a p r o d u c e r : l s p r e m l s e s e r e J u d g e d a c c e p t a b l e o r n o t . I t w o u l d s e o m t h a t t h e n e m l g h t b e s o m e n o o m f o r a c e n t n a l a g e n c y t o b r l n g t o g e t h o r l n t e r o s t e d p a n t l e s l n d l f f e r e n t p a r t s o f C a n a d a t o d n a w u p a N a t l o n a l - o r d l n a n c e a n d c o d e n S i n c e p u b 1 1 c h e a l t h l s c o n s l d o r e d t o b e a P n o v l n c l a l m a t t o F r -any such n a t l o n a l e f f o r t w o u l d b e o f a s s l s t a n c e p n l m a n l l y l n b n l n g l n g togethen lnfonmati-on and opinlons fnom varlous sources and ln e n C o u r a g l n g r e s o a n c h w h e r e l t w a s l n d l c a t o d .
[. s-pq_qe
I n f o r m a t l o n l s a v a i l a b l e f n o m a l a r g e v a n l e t y o f s o u r c e g on the space roqulred. by anlmals and blnds. Thene ls more or l e s s g e n e n a L a g r e e m e n t l n t h e s e r o c o m m e n d a t L o n s w i t h v a n l a t l o n s f o r c l l m a t o a n d f o r d l f f e n e n t b n e e d s a n d s l z e s . S o m o d l f f e r e n o e s o f o p l n l o n d o e x l s t , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h n e f e r e n c e t o p o u l t n y a n d L o o s e h o u s l n g o f d a l n y c a t t l e . T h o s o a r e a p p a n e l t I y b a s o d o n
experiences fn dlfferent parts of the country. In the loose houslng o f - d a l n y c a t t L e , f o r e x a m p l e , s i x t y s q u a r e f o e t p o r c o w i s u s e d a s a flgure for the bedded area ln some places, whereas elghty square
_ l h
-feet pen cow ls nocommended tn othorsr Thl's ls probaPly accotrntod, f o n b y d l f f e n e n c e s l n o p l n l o n o f o b s e n v e r s , b a s e d _on Ilmltod
lnfonmationo It ts natural that whene the hr.uaan element ls
lnvolved, tbero w111 be soms dlfforonce of oplnlon as to wtr,at 1g a o o e p t a b L e o n d o s l n a b l e .
S p a a o ls also requ|ned ln l,lvostock bulldlngs for the s t o r a g e o i f o e d a n d b e d d l n g o H e r e a g a l n t h o r e 1 s g e n e r a l a g r e o F . ment on the amount of food noqulred and on the space takon up but
there ls consldorabl-e varlatlon ln management pnactlco. Somo oponatons stone the whole wintent s feed roqulnements ln the barnr. w f i e n e a s o t h e r s h a v e a d J a c e n t b u l l d l n g s a n d y a n d s f o r a t l e e s t p a r t
o f t h e l n s t o r a g o o
Annangement of spaoe wlthln bulldlngs ls vgny lmpontant !n mlnlmlzlng-the Labour lnvolved ln canlng for anlmals on blrdg. The best anningement of spaco w111 depond on the slzo of the enter-pnlze and amouit of mochantcal equlprubnt usod. The oxperlenco- and ier:sona1 pneference of the oponaton-wtLl however, often have the g r e a t e s t lnfluence on the arrangomont selectedr
A t t h e p r e s e n t t l m e , I l v e s t o c k n a l s l n g l s _ u n d e n g o l n g a marked change tir methods of management. Thl-s ts doflnltoly
affeotlng sfzes and types of bul1dlngs, as well as the -arrangement of spaoe-wlthln bulLdings. Thls revolutlon ln llvostock houslng ls oharaotonlzed by eff6rts to mlntmlzo the amount of manuaL l-abour nequined. It woulh soem to be tnadvlsable to attempt to standardlze space arrangoments at thls time slnce managornent pnactlcos are
ohanglng so napld3.y.
!. canad rn flalm Fr-a-c tic e-ji n,-Li"Y9-s-+--o-c-]t---Bglhlilgg
Thene !s ln general a tend.ency on the part of the avorago CanadLan faryror to kdep hls lnvestmont Ln Ll-vostock bulJ-dlngs to a mln1mun. Thene aro, of counse, cases whone farmerg spend
no39-on bulLdlngs than can bo Justlfl6d oconomically, but theso are ths eiceptlon iatherr than the-nuLe. Tlhere aro many noasons fon thls gJnoi'a1 attltude, and avatlable capltal ls undoubtedly-ono of theuro ihere ls the tendency to thlnk of lnvest'ment in a bulldlng-ln tenms of lnltlal cost neth6r than the annual cost, on the pant of a Lqrge propontlon of the farrrlng publlc. Anothor ilsctor whlch ts pantlcu-i"riy lmpontant ln ltvestoctc Uultdi.ngs ls that a more expenslve. -Uuifhfng does not obvl.ously lowen ot6er productlgn ltxpenses: -yltlt-o u t a c c i n a t g t l m e a n d m -yltlt-o t t b n s t u d l e s , l t l s d l f f l -yltlt-o u L t t o e s t a b l l s h whethon a betten bullding aotually reduces tho time requlred Ln dolng chones on not. Siittarly, it ls dlfflcult to determtne
whethon a Uet[en Uuitalng nedu66s feed consr:nption rnatorlalLy unlese falnly careful exporimentg are conductsd..
L 5 .
-I n m o s t l l v e s t o c k e n t e n p r l s e s r t h e c o s t o f f e e d w j - l l b o $ O f i o r m o r o o f t h e t o t a l o o s t c h a r g o a b l e t o t h e g r o s s ^ 1 1 " 9 * " t ^ -it'ereas bullding costs w111. usuall-y be ln tho range of 5 t9 \O%, f n s o m e c a s e s , I t l s p r o b a b l e t h a t - a n a d d l t l o n a l l n v e s t m e n t l n buildlngs of lfre ordei. of 10 to zOft would. lowen feod consumption by more than sufflclent to ropay thls lnvostmelt, but such
o 6 n s l d e r a t l o n s a r e n o t o b v l o u i t o t h e a v e r a g e f a n m o r . T h o n e l s also the faotor of size of enterprJ.se whlch-has a bearlng oP th9 quallty of butldlngs enected. It ls obvlously not practlcabLe to f r o v l d 6 a g o o d c l - a i s o f b u l l d l n g f o r f l v e m l } k c o w s o r t o n - p l g s e b e t t e n o l a i s b u l L d l n g s a r e u s u a f f y a s s o c i a t e d w l t h l a r g e r f a r t n s ryhere the entenprlse-ls blg enough to Justlly-q ressonablo expor-dttune on butiaing" and. eqillpmenf,. It-lt dtfflcult to detenmlne wfrat pnoport!.on oF llvestoak- ln Canada ls ratsed in nunbens whloh make neasonable lnvestment ln butldlngs lmpraotlcal, but tt ls probably of the ond.en of 7%,
Dalny Cattle Bulldlngs. - Ttre dalry lndustry ls a rather lange ?Td ar* op""atloirs in Canada. Annr:e1 consunptlon lmpontant sogl
of mllk and othen dalrY Products ls thousand pounds of rnlLk pen capltt val-ue of mlIk productlon ln Canadt annuall"y. Most of the fluld mllk o l t l e s b u t p r o d u c t l o n o f m l l k w h l t
i s m o r e w l d e * p " " " a . S l m l 3 - a n 1 y , t h e l a r g e r e n t e r p : r l s e a a r e a l s o i o " " t " a a d J a c b " t t o t h e l o c a 1 - m a r k e t s w h e r e a s t h o s o a t g r o a t e n d l s t a n c e s ; r f f f , irr general, havo fewen anlmals per farmr
A s h a s b e o n e x P l a l n e d Pre' m u s t t a k e p l a c e u n d e r t : o n d l t l o n s t P u b l l c H e a l t h c o n c e r n e d , s o b u l l d : a n o ( a s a n u l e ) o f r e a s o n a b l Y g o o t stanchlon barn and the nower ]-oosr parts of Canad-a although there see; h o u s l n g t o b e p r a c t l c e d l n s p e c l f l
-h a v e f e w o r n o l o o s e -h o u s l n g - u n L t s . L o o s e h o u s l n g s y s t e m s a r e m o r € o f t e n c o n f l n e d t o 1 a n g 5 n s l z e g o f e n t e r p r l s e - , f g t c o n s t r u c t l o n 'of a mllklng farlour Is not"usually praotlcal-for herds smallon than f l f t e e n c o w s o
For the conventlonal- stYl-ln recent years to bulld sstYl-lnglo s bulldlngs that do not have the Ia wero common ,twentY and thlrtY Yea h a v e m a d e t h i e l o g l o a l . B u l l d l n g
cattle are genena1.ly of frame or type bann ls usuellY of two or mo ci-ses, ls lnsulated l-n now constr
1 6
-o r metqL ls used f-or l-o-os-o h-ousing barnsr L o s s b y f l r e l s o n e o f tho more senlous threats to the dalny barn, but lt Ls not commoD p n a o t l o e fon dalny fanmens to construot banns of flneproof materlalo Vontllatlon by means of mechanlcal fans ls fqlrly commonr partlcu-lanly Ln new buLldlngso Use of wood, pressuro tneated wlth pFe-s e r v a t l v e pFe-s , l s n o n m a l l y oonfined to the poles ln pole frame
c o n s t r u c t l o n , b u t occaslonally sllls o f t r e a t e d m a t e n l a L s n e
pnovlded. Foundatlons and floors Ln conventlonal barns are usually o f concneteo Eanth floors are used Ln most Loose houslng systems, except fon floons ln the rnlLking area, whlch are normal-ly of concnete. Mllkhousos sre corrnonly bullt of both wood fname and concnete nasorury
c o n s t n u c t l o n r
B s o f C a t t 1 e Bulldlnes. - SaJ-e of beef cattle by Canadlan farmens e of appnoximately #llSrobOrooO a year, fon the pen caplta consr.unptlon of boof and veaL amounts to approxtmately et6hty-tTyo pounds pen Jr€€nr Productlon of beef requlros a langer" lnvostment ln anlmals than does the pnoductlon of dalry products, but the investnront ln bulldlngs ls deflnltely less than that nequlred f o n d a l n y l n g o B e e f c a t t l e a r e g o n e n a l l y assumed to roqulre protectLon fnom extrornes of weathen wtth Ilttle need. fon a oontnoLled tempenao tune envlnonrnent. Consequently, lange pnoducers of beef cattLe
provido only wlnd breqks or. penhaps open fnonli bulldlngs f on winton p r o t e c t l o n r f n r a n c h l n g a n o a s , c a t t l e a r e a l l - o w e d t o r o a m a t w l I l
on rang€ land dunlng the surnmer months. ,Bulldings for ttreso condltlons ar6 thenefone of nelatlvel-y sl-nple constructlon and o f t e n mako use of natlve materlals, s u c h a s p o l e s a n d s t n a w .
H e n d s o f l l - v e s t o c k m a y o c c a s i o n a l l y b e h o u s e d l n b e t t e r quartens pnlncipally fon show purpososo Mone than fifty percent of our beef cattle aro, howeven, nalsed by smeLl" farrnens havlng h e n d s o f t w e n t y head on less. f n t h e s e c a s e s , t h e a n l m a l s a r o usualLy glven eccess to pastune ln sumner but dunlng the wlnten months the accorsnodatlon provlded wlLl vany wldeLy depondlng on f a c l l l t l e s a v a l L a b L e o n t h o l n d l v l d u e l f a r m . Y o u n g e n s t o c k a n e nonmally housed ln the general purpose bann wlth horses and dalry c a t t l e , w h e n o a s l a r g e n anlmals may be glven shelter ln an adJacent shed. Some operators pnefen to hand feed all antmaLs.
Some dlfference of oplnion appeans to exlst as to the deslrablllty of vanious tpes of shelter. lltrero would seom to be need fon more compnehenslve infonmetion on the effectivenoss of boand fences and open fnont sheds ln protectlng tlt anlmals fnom dnaughts. Some fanmens are adamant ln statlng that a wlnd fnom the rear of an open front shed w111 nosult ln tunbulence whlch
produces dnairghts over a maJor pontlon of the lnterlor; they conslder t h a t o p e n l n g s - l n tho back wCtt ane-of assl-stance in pneventlng thls. Others state that a sl"atted board fence ls better than a solld oll6r
_ 1 7 _
Tffi, general problem of alr curnents around bulldtng_.st b o 1 t 6 , a n d w i n d b r e a k s n e € d s s o m e ' 1 n ' r e s t i g a t l o n . w l t l r a d e s l g n l n g w i n d b n e a k s t h a t a r e e f f e c t t v o l n _ p n o t e c t l n g
contiolllng the. accumulatlon of snow ln feedlh$ Er'eaer
s h e l t e r v l e w t o a n d
Hoe Butldlnes. - Ganadlan consumptlon of pork ls slightS-y more EEffiE:Ea'iT that of beef; moreover
somewhat depending on prlce. Ttre p: c o n s l d e n a b l y l n c y c l e s o f a p p r o x l m a ' l s b e c a u s e t h e h o g PoPulatlon can 1: rapldly, dependlng on marlcet condltl
*ere aimost- nlne ilfff.lon hogs slaughtened ln Canada, whereas ln fgl+g only foqr mllllon were-slaughtered._ BV-L952, tho hog popu---l a t popu---l o n h a d i n c r e a s e d a g a popu---l n w popu---l t h f , h e r e s u popu---l t t f r a t m o n e t h a n s popu---l x n popu---l popu---l popu---l popu---l o n w e r e m a n k e t e d .
tlon of the hogs were Produced er smaLL ProPontlon were
Pfo-zod ln hog Productlon. flhe hog numbers to a fen anlmals se"them to a few dozen whon the f o n h o g s . [ ] r e f a r m e r w h o Plans-to
o n l y a - f e w y e a r s l s n o t l n c L l n e d t o for the purpos€o
As can be seen by lnformatlon pnovlcled Plevlouslv 1" thls s e c t l o n , e n v l n o n m e n t a l t 6 m p e r a t u r e m a t e n l a l 1 y a f f o c t s t h e f e o d e f f l c l e i c y o f - f r o e s . f t n f g h t r -theneforee !" qgT"luded thst a fsln p r o p o r t l o i r o f h o [ s a r € p r o d u c e d a t l o w f i r e d e f f l c l e n c l e s " T h l s m a y i r o t - b e t r u e , f o r - m o s t o f t h e c a s u a l h
llttens ferrowed ln the spnlng or $lm b e f o n e t h e c o l d e s t w e a t h e n . A s a r durlng summer weathon urleen foed eff
somewhat smaller number of producer
nrarketing the flnst ln the iaff and the seoond. ln Februany or Mancho T h o s e s p e c J - a l l z l n g l n h o g p r o d u c t l o n t e n d t o m a r k e t t h e l n anlmars more or less unlfdrmly tErbughout the year except, perhapst f,or the penlods when the c""ttit prodicer w111 be overl-oadfng lhe m a n k e t . I t i ; - p ; ; b ; b l ; t h a t o n l y t h o s e w h o a r e s p e o l a l t z l n g 1 n -trog p*oductfon ilfl1 pnovlde conditlons conduclve to mexlmucn feed' "fFilf"rrcy suiltltolir fftey ,r"ilally Ourfnl-Uottt provtdo welL bullt, winten months and the hot months of thelnsuleted-and, ln lome cases, -heate& Uttffat;gs for the pu3posoo Ttre casual hog pnoducer more often
1 8
-E1'€B; keoplng hls lnvestment ln bulldlngs to an_absoluto mLnllrunr Bneehlng itooa ene often wlntened ln the g!)neral punpose banhr
In betwden ls the produoer who naieee two Lltters Por $6aTo- In n o s t o a s e s , t h e s e i a r m e r s w t I } h a v e a f a t r l y q e s p s c t a b L e m a l n h o g produotlon-butldlng, supplemented by rango and outdoor feedlng equlpment.
Betten olaes bulldtngs sto typlcally butlt wlth concrote forxrdatLong and floonso WaLls are usualLy of wood fnamo or nasorury conetluction. WaIls and oelllngs are often lnsulated ln colden
ereas and provLsion ls rnsde for-some supplemental |eat ln wlnter. Water may 6e suppltod under pnessuno and-mechanloal means tl'r.ay be used for- convoyiirg feed and manure. Those- speolallztng It h9_g-._ produotlon may naise several hundred enJ.mele pen yegr ancl usually, lrovlde good baclllttes for the purposeo Tho man who nalses twenty-io one trinanoa h"a; in
"omblnatLbn ivf tr, other n-aJgl _entenprl-gos ullL usually have Less-money to spend on pnoductlon bulldtngs
I n m a n y o a s e s e x l s t l n g b u l l d i n g s , s u o h a s h o r s e b a r n s , -er€ converted bor hog pnoductfon, and ofien 86rve vgny. adequatoly. Lowen class bulldlngs *fft, however, more probabl-y_be the ceuse o f epldemlcs of one-of the-many dlseeses to whlch hogs are subJeot. Slnce the snall pnoducer contnlbutt
anlmaLs sold, hls pnoblems cannot 1 that ln the next decade a langen Pt w l l L b e p r o d u o e d b y t h o s e s p e o l a l l :
one hundrod or more anLmals per yet nequlre an lnvestment ln bulldlngs dollars r or rnolto o
Englneenlng Problems, othel a s s o c l a t o d w l t h h o g p n o d . u c t l o n a n o equtpment such as heatlngr ventlLal partloular sLtuatLons. One problet ls that of floorl-ng matorlals suLtt ooncrets ls satlsfactory from the I sanltatlon, lt has thermal ohanaott
uneonfonta6Le for the antmals ln oold weathen. DefLnlte lmpnovoment can Ut made by lnsr.llatlng the edge of the floon slab, but most
pnoducens stfiL pnovlde i nalsod-sleoping platforn o{ some othen rnaterlal. Sawdust concneto, concrete-made wlth venmloull!"f and asphalt lmpregnated handboard topped wtth asphalt have alL boen tnied wlth o"iyf11g degneos of sucoess. Most of these expenlments have howeyer, 6eril of-a rather casusl natune wlth no genious attempt b e l n g m a d e t o m e a s u r e b a s l o f e c t o r s o
Buildlneg fon Sheepo - Sheep only nequlre protectLon fnom extnemes oFweathen anflcfffiness, so'bullhrngi for lhen are usuaLly relatlvely sitnpfe ana fnJxp;;;i;;.' some pnovlEton ls usually ryde fon a closed' Uann at Lambj-ttg-tine where temlenature may be contnolled. Othorwlse
_rg_
bulldlngs are slmplo sheds and wind breake. Auxlllany oqulpment ;n;t qs foedl"e-;;oL"' fences, an4 uaterlnq devl-ces represent e large pant of tho Lnvestment !'n sheep raislng.
Poultny Bulldlngqo - Poultny ralslr
@ lange propontlon
fnom avenage and smalL stze fatmg. wlth flocks of flve to ten thousant comon but these oontnibute a maJot
lange Poul'tnY meat Pnoducels ng Plants and feed nlllso In r-ol e htghen callbor and qulte lce feed and. labour nequl1ements be the mlntmum economtaaL slze of t
bnoller.so Contnol of temperatunet young, and oontnol of dlsease ere 6nof16n productlon bull'dlngs. Dls' u s e o f o o n c r " i t ,
- c o n c r e t e
i l e s o n r y - a n d s h e e t m a t e r l a l s , s U o h a g n o t a I , a s b e s t o s b o a n d , a n d P l l m o o d r
leved bY use of lnsulated oon-fn addttlon to heatlng the maln ile heeted, hovens of somo eort e eleotnlc heating unlts; ln
arees as wel"L ag reduolng the area tempenatune. MultlpJ.e story bulld neke tempenatr:re control and vsntl snal1 lndtvldual or long slngle st uldth of thlnty feet used to be oo
trend toward wlder bulldlngs wlth Some pouLtry men have ln extneme c wlnd,oivs vhateven, thereby slmpllfy l o s e .
fn most Parts of, Canada th m e a t l s t h e ' s r r a I I o r a v e r a g e s t z e blnds or less. The tYPical Poultr lnsulated wood fname stnuctu:ro spp A g n e a t v a r l e t Y o f d e v l c e s a n d m e t an-effont to keop bulIdlngs dnY.
- 2 0 '
fans ls not so conmon wlth the smaller operators, end supplemental. heat ls very seldom provlded. Dampneos and dlsoaBe a're the two maJor pnobloms of the smalL openatono
Speclallzed tunkoy ralsJ.ng ls beoomlng more commonr fol turkey meat ls lnonoaslng 1n publlc domand. Trrrkeys are nornally
hatched ln the eanly spnlng and bnooded ln the samo way as chl.ckengo Dunlng the summor months they may be ellowed to nun fnee on nange but before marketlng are usually penned and fed heavlly. Sunmen
shel-tore for the growlng blrds are nelatlvely simple but butldlngs eultable for the breedlng stock over winten and for broodlng of the young blnds are more elaboneteo
S e c t l o n I P a n b A L l s t o f R e f e r o n o e s
Alexanden, Gr and Io Mo0anoe. Tempenature regulatlon ln the new b6rn Larrb. Australlan Jouro of Agn. Reseenoh 9;
339-1].1+7.
1958.
A r m s b y , H . P . a n d M . I f r l e s . S o m e fu n d g m e n t a l s o f s t a b l e ventfiatlon. Joun. Ag. Researoh zl:.JI$. !92L.
J. Ashby, W. et al. Funotlonal requlnements ln deslglllg - l a y l n g h o u s e s f o r Poqltny. U . S . D . A . C l n o u l a n N o . 736.
L9l+5.
L r 2 .l+.
l.
7 .
8 .6 .
Bakor, V.Hr, MoN. Marshall and J.H. BSrwaterso Poultny laylng house ventLlatlon. Vlrglnla Polytechnlo Instltute T e c h . - B u L l . N o . I l 1 . L 9 5 7 .
Banott, H.G. and E. PnlngJ.e. Effect of envlnonm€nt on gnowth and feod and water consumptlon ln cblek€rlso Jouro
5r luutnrtlon 3l+253,
r9h?; 37 zL$3-,
rghg; \Lz2l-3o' L95o.
Banott, II.G. and E. Pnlngle. Enengy and gaseous_metabollsm o f t h e e h L c k e n f n o m h a t c h t o m a t u r l t y a s a f f e c t e d b y t e m p e n a -tnne. Jouro of NutnLtlon 3L235-5O. 1946.
Banre, H.Jr and L.I' Sanmet. Farm stnuctrtreg. Wll,ey and Sonsl New York. 1950.
Bond, ToEo and H. Gleso. Deslgn of e plate type heat e x c h i n g e n . A g . E n g . 33r6L7-622. L952.
B o n d , T . E . e C o F . K e l l y a n d N . R . f t t n e n . C g q l l n g b e e f c a t t i e w t t h f a n s . A g . E n g . 38:308-310. L957.
