• Aucun résultat trouvé

Causes and Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Reduction: An Update

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Causes and Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Reduction: An Update"

Copied!
1
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

T h i s is a physicist's b o o k . L l i b o u t r y t r i e s t o d i s c u s s t h e p h y s i c a l p r o c e s s e s b e h i n d t h e m a ­ j o r g e o d y n a m i c p h e n o m e n a a n d to s h o w t h a t

m a n y p o p u l a r t h e o r i e s h a v e fairly w e a k b a s e s . T h i s o f t e n l e a d s h i m t o p r o p o s e n e w i d e a s o r h y p o t h e s e s , s o m e t i m e s c o n t r o v e r s i a l a n d b a s e d o n his o w n p r e j u d i c e s ; for e x a m p l e , h e insists o n a h i g h 1 02 5 P viscosity l o w e r m a n t l e a g a i n s t m o s t r e c e n t e v i d e n c e .

I n d e t a i l , I h a v e f o u n d m a n y p o i n t s w h e r e I d i s a g r e e a n d a few t h a t a r e s i m p l y n o t c o r ­ r e c t . F o r e x a m p l e , his s u m m a r y o n t h e p r e s ­ e n t e v i d e n c e o n t h e viscosity o f t h e l o w e r m a n t l e is b i a s e d a n d d o e s n o t d o j u s t i c e t o t h e w o r k of P e l t i e r a n d his c o l l a b o r a t o r s ( p . 2 4 2 ) . T h e r e is n o F i g u r e 5-13 ( p . 5 2 ) . H e c o n s i d e r s g u y o t s a n d s e a m o u n t s as s y n o n y m s ( p . 5 7 ) . H e states t h a t t h e q u a s i - t o t a l i t y o f t h e e a r t h v o l c a n i s m s o c c u r s a l o n g s u b d u c t i o n z o n e s w h i c h i g n o r e s all t h e m i d - o c e a n i c u n ­ d e r w a t e r v o l c a n i s m ( p . 2 4 9 ) . H e states t h a t m o s t of t h e s e d i m e n t s in ' e u g e o s y n c l i n a l ' se­

r i e s a r e o f d e e p o c e a n i c b a s i n o r i g i n a n d h a v e b e e n p i l e d u p in t h e s u b d u c t i o n z o n e by ac­

c r e t i o n , i g n o r i n g t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f locally d e r i v e d a r c s e d i m e n t s ( p . 3 0 7 ) . H e p r o p o s e s f o r t h e M e s s i n i a n M e d i t e r r a n e a n e v a p o r i t i c l a y e r a d e e p b a s i n o r i g i n a n d c o m p a r e s ' u n p e u ' its f o r m a t i o n t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e p r e s e n t R e d Sea h o t b r i n e s , w h i c h is n o t c o m ­ p a t i b l e w i t h r e c e n t g e o l o g i c e v i d e n c e ( p . 3 2 3 ) . A n d , this list is f a r f r o m e x h a u s t i v e .

B u t t h e s e a r e relatively m i n o r p o i n t s w i t h i n t h i s w e l l - c o n s t r u c t e d a n d h i g h l y r e a d a b l e b o o k . T o g e t its flavor, it m a y b e b e s t t o q u o t e L l i b o u t r y o n g e o s y n c l i n a l t e r m i n o l o g y w h i c h h e finds ' c o n f u s e d , useless a n d d a n g e r ­ o u s ' o r o n t h e n o t i o n o f o r o g e n i c cycle, w h i c h h e a t t r i b u t e s 'to t h e p e r s i s t e n c e d u r i n g a l o n g p e r i o d , o f t h e o r d e r o f 100 M.Y., w h e r e t w o c o n t i n e n t s h a v e b e e n c o l l i d i n g , o f a t h i n l i t h o - s p h e r e w h i c h r e a c h e s t h e plasticity t h r e s h o l d at e a c h o r o g e n i c p h a s e . ' T h i s is i n d e e d t h e m a i n c o n c l u s i o n o f this b o o k , w h i c h i n t e ­ g r a t e s in a satisfactory way c o n t i n e n t a l d e f o r ­ m a t i o n w i t h i n a b r o a d p l a t e t e c t o n i c f r a m e ­ w o r k . Its r e a d e r p r o g r e s s i v e l y realizes t h a t t h e g e o d y n a m i c e v o l u t i o n of t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e e a r t h is c o n t r o l l e d by t h e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e p l a t e s w h i c h , u n f o r t u n a t e l y , a r e still p o o r l y k n o w n , a l t h o u g h w e d o k n o w a g r e a t d e a l m o r e t h a n a few y e a r s a g o .

Xavier Le Pichon is with the Laboratoire de Geodynamique, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 75230 Pans.

Causes and Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Reduction: An Update

PAGE 67

C o m m i t t e e o n C h e m i s t r y a n d Physics o f O z o n e D e p l e t i o n a n d t h e C o m m i t t e e o n B i o ­ logical Effects of I n c r e a s e d S o l a r U l t r a v i o l e t R a d i a t i o n , N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y P r e s s , W a s h i n g ­ t o n , D . C . , xi + 3 3 9 p p . , 1 9 8 2 , $ 1 3 . 9 5 .

Reviewed by Guy Brasseur

I n 1 9 7 6 , t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s r e l e a s e d a r e p o r t e n t i t l e d Halocarbons: Effects on Stratospheric Ozone. T h e p u r p o s e o f this s t u d y was t o e v a l u a t e t h e likely effect o f

c h l o r o f l u o r o c a r b o n s (CFC's) o n t h e o z o n e layer in t h e a t m o s p h e r e .

A n u m b e r of p u b l i c a t i o n s o n t h e s a m e s u b ­ j e c t h a v e b e e n p r e p a r e d since t h e n by differ­

e n t official b o d i e s ( N A S A , W o r l d M e t e o r o ­ logical O r g a n i z a t i o n , E u r o p e a n c o m m u n i t i e s , t h e B r i t i s h g o v e r n m e n t , etc.). T h e o p i n i o n s e x p r e s s e d in t h e s e r e p o r t s w e r e n o t always in a g r e e m e n t a n d e v e n s h a r p l y d i f f e r e d in cer­

t a i n cases.

M o r e r e c e n t l y , at t h e r e q u e s t of t h e U . S . E P A a n d in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e C l e a n A i r Act, as a m e n d e d in 1979, t h e N a t i o n a l R e ­ s e a r c h C o u n c i l h a s p r o v i d e d a n a s s e s s m e n t of t h e s t a t e of k n o w l e d g e o n o z o n e d e p l e t i o n a n d its effects o n p u b l i c h e a l t h a n d w e l f a r e . T h e r e p o r t w h o s e p u r p o s e is to assess t h e m o s t r e c e n t scientific i n f o r m a t i o n h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d by N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y P r e s s .

T h e r e p o r t is d i v i d e d i n t o t w o p a r t s . T h e first p a r t , p r e p a r e d by t h e C o m m i t t e e o n C h e m i s t r y a n d Physics of o z o n e d e p l e t i o n c h a i r e d by C h a r l e s H . K r u g e r , J r . , r e v i e w s t h e p r o c e s s e s d e t e r m i n i n g t h e o z o n e c o n c e n ­ t r a t i o n i n c l u d i n g t h e p e r t u r b a t i o n s by c h l o ­ r i n e , o x i d e s o f n i t r o g e n , a n d o t h e r s p e c i e s . It d e s c r i b e s t h e c u r r e n t s t a t u s of s t r a t o s p h e r i c m o d e l s a n d d i s c u s s e s o u r ability t o d e t e c t t r e n d s in o z o n e in r e l a t i o n w i t h a n y a n t h r o ­ p o g e n i c a c t i o n .

I n its c o n c l u s i o n , t h e first p a r t of t h e r e ­ p o r t states t h a t 'if t h e p r o d u c t i o n of C F C s c o n t i n u e s i n t o t h e f u t u r e at t h e r a t e e x i s t i n g in 1 9 7 7 , t h e s t e a d y state r e d u c t i o n in t o t a l o z o n e , in t h e a b s e n c e of o t h e r p e r t u r b a t i o n s , w o u l d b e b e t w e e n 5 a n d 9 p e r c e n t . ' T h e s e n u m b e r s a r e l o w e r t h a n p r e v i o u s e s t i m a t e s , w h i c h s h o w s t h e necessity of u p d a t i n g f r e ­ q u e n t l y o u r k n o w l e d g e in s t r a t o s p h e r i c c h e m ­ istry. T h e r e p o r t also i n d i c a t e s t h a t ' o n t h e w h o l e t h e r e h a v e b e e n s u b s t a n t i a l i m p r o v e ­ m e n t in t h e a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n m o d e l p r e ­ d i c t i o n s a n d o b s e r v e d profiles of t r a c e s p e ­ cies.' T h e r e a r e a few e x c e p t i o n s , h o w e v e r , a n d , since t h e u n c e r t a i n t i e s c a n b e h a r d l y q u a n t i t a t i v e l y e s t i m a t e d , it is s u g g e s t e d t h a t ' t h e d i s c r e p a n c i e s s h o u l d b e r e s o l v e d in t h e f u t u r e by a n o r d e r l y a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e scien­

tific m e t h o d w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e i n t e r a c t i o n b e ­ t w e e n t h e o r y a n d o b s e r v a t i o n . ' Finally, t h e p r o b l e m o f s i m u l t a n e o u s p e r t u r b a t i o n s is c o n s i d e r e d . O z o n e m a y b e a l t e r e d n o t o n l y by C F C s b u t also by a n i n c r e a s i n g e m i s s i o n level of n i t r o u s o x i d e in association w i t h a g r i c u l ­ t u r a l p r a c t i c e s , d i s p o s a l of h u m a n a n d a n i m a l wastes, a n d p o s s i b l e c o m b u s t i o n . M o r e o v e r , t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g o z o n e r e d u c t i o n m i g h t b e p a r t l y offset by t h e i n c r e a s e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c a r b o n d i o x i d e o r m e t h a n e . I t is t h e r e f o r e r e c o m m e n d e d (1) t o m a i n t a i n a c o o r d i n a t e d r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e s p a t i a l a n d t e m p o r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e k e y t r a c e species i n c l u d i n g a t m o s p h e r i c o b s e r v a t i o n , l a b o r a t o r y m e a s u r e m e n t s , a n d t h e o r e t i c a l m o d e l i n g ; (2) t o m o n i t o r o z o n e , w a t e r v a p o r , a n d t e m p e r a t u r e , u s i n g b o t h satellite a n d g r o u n d - b a s e s y s t e m s ; a n d (3) t o assess t h e c o n s e q u e n c e f o r s t r a t o s p h e r i c o z o n e o f t h e e m i s s i o n in t h e a t m o s p h e r e o f all r e l e v a n t gases s u c h as C F C s , a n d C H3C 1 , C H3C C 13, N20 , C 02, a n d C H4. O t h e r vehicles s u c h as b a l l o o n s a n d a i r c r a f t will also c o n t r i b u t e t o this task.

T h e t e x t d e v o t e d t o t h e c h e m i s t r y a n d t h e physics o f o z o n e d e p l e t i o n is v e r y c l e a r a n d well w r i t t e n . I t is b a s e d o n six p a p e r s p r o v i d ­ e d by six c o n s u l t a n t s a n d p u b l i s h e d as a p p e n ­

d i x e s : (1) P e r t u r b a t i o n s o f t h e S t r a t o s p h e r e a n d O z o n e D e p l e t i o n , by R. J . C i c e r o n e ; (2) S t r a t o s p h e r i c P e r t u r b a t i o n s — t h e R o l e o f D y n a m i c s T r a n s p o r t a n d C l i m a t e C h a n g e s , by R. E. D i c k i n s o n ; (3) R e c e n t D e v e l o p m e n t s in S t r a t o s p h e r i c P h o t o c h e m i s t r y , by S. C.

Wofsy a n d J . A. L o g a n ; (4) T h e M e a s u r e ­ m e n t of T r a c e R e a c t i v e S p e c i e s in t h e S t r a t o ­ s p h e r e : A Review of R e c e n t R e s u l t s , by J . G.

A n d e r s o n ; (5) T r e n d Analysis o f T o t a l O z o n e , by H . A . P a n o f s k y ; a n d (6) D e t e c t i o n of T r e n d s in t h e V e r t i c a l D i s t r i b u t i o n o f O z o n e , by A. B . Pittock.

T h e l e n g t h of t h e six a p p e n d i x e s is q u i t e d i s p r o p o r t i o n a l , w h i c h r e d u c e s t h e o v e r a l l co­

h e r e n c e of t h e t e x t . H o w e v e r , t h e s e i n d i v i d ­ ual c o n t r i b u t i o n s a r e v e r y r e a d a b l e a n d c o n ­ tain m u c h u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n . T h e r e a d e r p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d by t h e s e q u e s t i o n s s h o u l d also r e f e r t o t h e r e p o r t p u b l i s h e d by W M O a n d e n t i t l e d The Stratosphere 1981: The­

ory and Measurements.

T h e s e c o n d p a r t o f t h e r e p o r t is d e v o t e d t o t h e biological effects of i n c r e a s e d s o l a r u l t r a ­ violet r a d i a t i o n . I t h a s b e e n d r a w n by a c o m ­ m i t t e e u n d e r t h e c h a i r m a n s h i p of R. B . Set- low. T h r e e t o p i c s a r e c o v e r e d : (1) m o l e c u l a r a n d c e l l u l a r s t u d i e s , (2) e c o s y s t e m effects, a n d (3) h u m a n h e a l t h effects. It is c o n c l u d e d t h a t D N A is p r o b a b l y t h e p r i m a r y t a r g e t in a n i m a l cells for m o s t d e l e t e r i o u s effects of U V - B a n d t h a t t h e m a j o r i n j u r y to D N A a p p e a r s t o b e t h e f o r m a t i o n of p y r i m i d i n e d i m e r s w h i c h d i s t o r t t h e n o r m a l D N A helical s t r u c t u r e . B o t h U V - A a n d U V - B a r e also d e t r i m e n t a l t o p l a n t g r o w t h , b u t t h e a d a p t a b i l i t y o f p l a n species a p p e a r s t o b e sufficient to m a i n t a i n food c r o p yields. U V - B r a d i a t i o n c a n also d a m a g e a q u a t i c o r g a n i s m s , b u t t h e r e is n o in­

f o r m a t i o n t o p r e d i c t t h e m a g n i t u d e o f s u c h a d v e r s e effects.

T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n i n c r e a s e d s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a n d t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f skin c a n c e r s h a s b e e n widely d i s c u s s e d in r e c e n t y e a r s since m o r e t h a n 9 0 % o f skin c a n c e r s o t h e r t h a n m e l a n o m a s e e m t o b e a t t r i b u t a b l e t o s u n l i g h t . T h e r e p o r t states t h a t a 1% i n c r e a s e in U V - B w o u l d give a 1 - 2 . 5 % i n c r e a s e in b a s ­ al cell skin c a n c e r s a n d a 2—5% i n c r e a s e i n s q u a m o u s cell skin c a n c e r s . T h e a p p e a r a n c e of skin m e l a n o m a is p a r t l y d u e to s u n l i g h t b u t p r o b a b l y also t o o t h e r f a c t o r s . A p r e d i c ­ tion of e n h a n c e d i n c i d e n c e d u e to i n c r e a s e d e x p o s u r e t o U V c a n t h e r e f o r e n o t b e m a d e . M o d e l s of l i g h t - i n d u c e d m e l a n o m a s a r e r e ­ q u i r e d t o g e t h e r w i t h e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s b a s e d o n clinical a n d histological s t u d i e s .

I n s u m m a r y , t h e r e p o r t a c c o m p l i s h e s its in­

t e n d e d p u r p o s e q u i t e well. It s h o u l d give t h e policy m a k e r s a g o o d a s s e s s m e n t of o u r p r e ­ s e n t k n o w l e d g e a n d o f t h e u n c e r t a i n t i e s o n t h e c a u s e s a n d effects o f o z o n e d e p l e t i o n .

Guy Brasseur is with the Space Aeronomy Institute in Brussels, Belgium.

Références

Documents relatifs

Je le fais quand les gens me disent qu’ils sont fatigués ou si je pense que les gens se nourrissent mal ou devant leur état de santé… Je le fais assez souvent chez les

La quasi-totalité des médecins généralistes (94,1%) avait prescrit au moins une sérologie VIH dans le mois précédent. Cependant le nombre de sérologie différait

En 2016, dans son rapport d’évaluation du plan national 2010-2014 de lutte contre le VIH et les IST (Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles), le Haut Conseil de

Nous avons réalisé une étude prospective comparant, à l'aide d'un questionnaire, les pratiques de prescription du dosage du brain natriuretic peptide (ou du NTPROBNP) de

Plusieurs facteurs prédictifs de réhospitalisation précoce ont été mis en évidence dans cette étude: une admission aux urgences dans les 6 mois précédent l'hospitalisation

Pour chacun des essais, j’ai relevé les informations suivantes : le nom du ou des premiers auteurs, le pays dans lequel l’étude a été réalisée, la date

Ils ont donc évoqué la possibilité d’un problème de transmission des informations par le clinicien dans des établissements sanitaires, alors qu’en libéral les échanges avec

119 que la date de la fin du congé maternité, la durée d’allaitement serait nettement plus longue chez les femmes Américaines (56). Le médecin généraliste étant le médecin