De nombreux travaux ont été consacrés à la mise au point d’appâts attractifs, mais c’est seulement depuis peu que l’on s’efforce d’identifier des produits ayant un puissant effet répulsif sur les glossines. On en a trouvé un certain nombre soit d’origine synthétique (34), soit issus d’animaux peu prisés comme hôtes comme le cobe onctueux, qui sont présents dans les habitats de tsé-tsé mais sur lesquels les mouches se nourrissent rarement. Lors d’essais sur le terrain avec ces répulsifs, on a constaté que l’incidence de la maladie était réduite de près de 90 % chez le bétail. On s’efforce d’optimiser ces produits pour qu’ils réduisent sensiblement le taux de piqûres de mouches non seulement chez les bestiaux, mais aussi chez l’Homme. L’utilisation de répulsifs peut être associée à d’autres techniques pour pouvoir disposer de meilleures stratégies de lutte intégrée moins dépendantes des médicaments. Ces produits pourraient aussi être utilisés pour mettre au point des barrières efficaces.
Récemment, de nouveaux écrans plus petits contre G. fuscipes et G.
palpalis ont été mis au point ; ils sont d’un meilleur rapport coût-efficacité (31, 83). Les informations dont on dispose maintenant au sujet du génome des tsé-tsé, de leurs symbiontes et des trypanosomes qu’elles transmettent ont considérablement accru le nombre de voies de recherche scientifique (43). Les banques de génomique actuelles comme GeneDB et Vector Base comportent des bibliothèques très complètes de marqueurs de séquence exprimée annotée relatives au genre Glossina et l’annotation de l’ensemble du génome de la tsé-tsé devrait être achevée en 2013. On va alors pouvoir développer des stratégies de lutte ciblant directement la mouche ou son aptitude à transmettre les parasites.
L’identification des gènes liés aux interactions hôte-parasite est d’une importance capitale pour manipuler génétiquement les mouches afin de les rendre inaptes à transmettre le trypanosome. La génomique des bactéries symbiontes des tsé-tsé est également intéressante car la longévité et la reproduction de ces mouches est fortement compromise en l’absence de leur flore intestinale (55,103,104). On a montré que deux bactéries pouvaient modifier la compétence vectorielle de leur hôte (Sodalis glossinidius et Wigglesworthia glossinidia) et qu’une troisième, Wolbachia, pouvait entraîner la stérilité des accouplements. Des mouches réfractaires para-transgéniques de ce genre pourraient être lâchées au milieu de populations naturelles pour qu’elles se substituent à leurs homologues sensibles et réduisent ainsi la transmission de la maladie. Elles pourraient également être immédiatement utilisées dans les programmes de lâchers d’insectes stériles, ce qui permettrait d’abaisser le coût des projets et d’améliorer leur efficacité dans les zones où la THA est endémique. On pourrait également tirer parti des gènes liés à l’olfaction pour élaborer des substances attractives ou répulsives plus actives.
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La campagne panafricaine d’éradication des tsé-tsé et de la trypanosomiase dont la mise en place résulte de la Décision AHG/156(XXXVI) prise à Lomé (Togo) en juillet 2000 par les Chefs d’État et de Gouvernement lors du 36ième Sommet ordinaire de l’Organisation de l’Unité africaine, en vue de débarrasser l’Afrique de la mouche tsé-tsé, a donné un grand élan à la lutte antivectorielle et à la maîtrise, à l’élimination et à l’éradication effectives de cette menace.
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5. La maladie
Le tableau clinique de la THA dépend de l’espèce du parasite, de la phase de la maladie et de l’hôte. Les signes et les symptômes qui caractérisent la maladie sont généralement les mêmes pour les deux formes, mais ils diffèrent par leur
Le tableau clinique de la THA dépend de l’espèce du parasite, de la phase de la maladie et de l’hôte. Les signes et les symptômes qui caractérisent la maladie sont généralement les mêmes pour les deux formes, mais ils diffèrent par leur