• Aucun résultat trouvé

Active monitoring of delays with asymmetric routes

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Active monitoring of delays with asymmetric routes"

Copied!
20
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: inria-00070372

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070372

Submitted on 19 May 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Active monitoring of delays with asymmetric routes

Joanna Moulierac, Miklos Molnar

To cite this version:

Joanna Moulierac, Miklos Molnar. Active monitoring of delays with asymmetric routes. [Research Report] RR-5635, INRIA. 2005, pp.16. �inria-00070372�

(2)

ISRN INRIA/RR--5635--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Active monitoring of delays with asymmetric routes

Joanna Moulierac and Miklos Molnar

N˚5635

Juillet 2005

Systèmes communicants

(3)
(4)

.0/2103+341657/98:<;>=@?A10BDC-103EF5F;<G&:>/9H-5F/9:>3410?'I

JLKNMPORQTSVUWMXTYZSVS\[^]`_aXWbc]@ORM

de YcfPUOhgjihkmlni

ihbco^o0Y e OhpNU e UWXq^U e Xq^Ur]tsvucwvxvuzy|{v[^_a}~}aUOjZ€Z€@uyƒ‚Aw@„…YZ]@ORUT]@ORMRM†UAX‡OR_~Yv]0ˆL‰Šo`bZ‹ZUAM

Œ-+ŽWT’‘^“ZZ”–•

q^U

e

U_aMhbZ]_a]`X

e

UAbZM—_~]^‹V_a]@O—U

e

UWM†O_~]˜]^UTOP™…Y

e—š

SVYv]^_›ORY

e

_~]`‹

e

UWXTUT]@O—}aKZ‰œ]`p^UTUWp&ž

š

]^Y’™}›Ÿ

UApN‹ZUYZ +}a_~]

š

Xq`b

e

bvX‡O—U

e

_¡M†O—_¡XTM(_aM¢YZ M—_a‹Z]^_~£¤XTbZ]@O¢_aSVo¤Y

e

Obc]`XTU_~]˜Y

e

pNU

e

O—Y!o

e

Y’¥L_apNUUT¦!XT_~UW]@O

e

Yv[NO—_a]^‹`‰

œ]O—q`_aM¢o`bZo¤U

e

žN™(UXYZ]¤M†_¡pNU

e

bvX‡O—_a¥ZUn]^UTOP™…Y

e—š

SVYZ]^_~O—Y

e

_a]^‹§Yc +}~_a]

š

pNUW}ab¨KNM(_a]bVJLU

e

¥L_aXTU

d©e Y’¥L_¡pNU

e Y e

ª ]vORU e o e _aM—Uœd ]^UOP™(Y eRš [`M—_a]^‹ e YZ[^]`ptO e _ao'pNUT}¡b¨KNMT‰4lj[ e o e YZo0YvM—_~O—_aYZ]V‹Z[`b e bZ]@O—UTUAMO—q`bcO…bc}a}^}a_~] š M…b e U

SVYv]^_›ORY e UWptXYZ]@O e b e KnO—Yno e UT¥L_aYZ[`M+o e YZo0YvM—_›OR_~Yv]`MW‰)œ]`pNUWUWp2žZo e UW¥L_~Yv[`M+o e Yvo¤Y@M†_~O—_aYZ]¤MbvM—M—[^SVU(M—KLSVS§UTO†Ÿ

e _¡X e YZ[NOR_~]`‹\_a]]^UTOP™…Y e—š M…™q^UT]o^}¡bZXT_~]^‹\O—q^USVYZ]`_›ORY e _~]^‹VM†ORb’OR_~Yv]`MW‰«¬_~O—qO—q`_aM¢bZMRM—[^SVoNO—_aYZ]&ž e YZ[`]`p

O e _ao`MjS!b¨K­0UtpN_~®9U e UT]@Oj™q^UW] e YZ[NORUWMb e UtbZM—K@SVSVUOe _¡X\bZ]`p˜}a_~] š pNUW}ab¨KNMjb e U]^YcOM†_a‹Z]`_›£¤XWbc]@OW‰j«mU

MRb¨K'ORq`b’On}~_a] š Mnb e U]^YcOjS§Yv]^_~O—Y e UWp˜_a]DORq^_aMnXTbvM†Uv‰ de UT¥L_aYZ[`Mo e Yvo¤Y@M†_~O—_aYZ]¤MhpNY']^YZOjSVYZ]`_›ORY e u^‰Š¯cw@°

YZ +}a_a] š M_~]±b¨¥vU e bc‹vUnbZ]`p²‚W€@°_~]˜™(Y e MPOhXWbZM—UWMhpN[ e _a]^‹!YZ[ e M†_aS\[^}¡b’OR_~Yv]`M™q^_a}aU™…USVYZ]`_›ORY e bZ}~™¢b¨KNM

‚A€Z€L°³Yc 4}a_~] š MW‰(k±Y e UTY’¥ZU e žL_a]DYZ[ e o e Yvo¤Y@M†_~O—_aYZ])žNO—q^UtbcSVYZ[^]@OhYZ O e bc¦!X_¡M e UWp^[`XUApbZ]`pO—q`USVUWb’Ÿ

M—[ e UWM(b e USVY e Uo eUAX_¡M†UnM†_a]`XUjO—q`Up^_aM†ORbZ]`XU e YvS#b\SVYZ]`_›ORY e _~]^‹§MPOb’OR_~Yv]z´µ­0UWbvXYZ]0¶4ORY\ORq^UUWpN‹vUWM…_aM

}a_aS§_~O—UAp'­LK!b‹v_~¥vUT]'­0YZ[^]¤p2‰œ]`pNUTUAp2žLo

e

YZ­0USVUWMRM—bZ‹ZUAM[`M—UjM—q^Y

e

O©o`bcO—q`MWž@O

e

b¨¥ZU

e

M—U}~UAM—M

e

YZ[NORU

e

M©bc]¤p

}aUWMRMn}~_a]

š

Mn™_›ORqmYv[

e o e

YZo0YvM—_›OR_~Yv]&‰·+_~]`bZ}~}aKZž&O—q^UV]L[^S\­0U

e

YZ ©­¤UAbZXTYZ]`Mn_¡Mj]`YcO_~]¤X

e

UWbZM—UWpzXYZSVo`b

e

UAp

ORY§O—q^Uo

e

UT¥L_aYZ[`M¢q`UT[

e

_aM†O—_¡Xbc]`pM—YtORq^U_a]`MPObc}a}abcO—_aYZ]˜bc]`pS!bc_a]@O—UT]¤bc]`XTUXTYvM†ORMb

e

USV_~]`_~SV_a¸TUWp&‰

¹Dº@»9¼R½\¾ ’¿+ŽZ” bvX‡OR_~¥vUnSVYv]^_›ORY e _~]`‹`ž^bZM—KLSVS§UTO e _aX e YZ[NOR_~]^‹¤žN­¤UAbZXTYZ]`MWžN]^UOP™(Y eRš M

À¡Á2—ÃÅÄWÆ¢ÂÇ+ÈaÃÅÉ<ÊË

Ì&Í>ÎÏШШÏAÑÒ·ӨԊՊÖP×<ÏؗÙ+Պ×ÚՊÛÅÏAÑÜ~×

Ý

ÒՊÞWԊ·ۆÑÒ·ԊВÏ×ÅÙ+Պ×ÚՊÛÅÏAÑÜ~×

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes

(5)

,'+ # &'()V,

Ž ” b'M†[ e ¥vUT_a}~}¡bc]`XTUpNUWM e M†UAbc[o¤U e SVUOnpNUSV_~UW[DXYZ]`]`b¡O e U}~UAMXWb e bZX‡O Te_aM†O—_@[^UWMp^[

e M—UWbZ[jUTOpNUo0U e SVUO—Oe Uo`b e }abM—[^_~O—U[^] e YZ[^ORbc‹vUo^}~[¤M&U¦'XWbZXUv‰nbc]`MXUO+b e O—_¡X}aUZžT]`YZ[`MXYZ]¤M†_¡p Te YZ]¤M

}¡bVM†[ e ¥vUT_a}~}¡bc]`XTUbZX‡OR_~¥vUpNUWMhp }¡bc_¡MpNUWM}a_aUT]`MUW]˜S§UAM†[ e bZ]vOhpNUAM¢O—UWSVo`MpNUo¤b e XYZ[ e M¢bc}a}aU e UO e UORYZ[ e

´e Yv[^]`pO e _~oVpNUT}¡b¨KNMR¶‰YcO e U(o e Yvo¤Y@M†_~O—_aYZ]t‹vb e bZ]vOR_›O@[^U©ORYZ[`M}aUWM+}a_~UW]`M4M—YZ]@O+SVUAM†[ e MXTYZ]@O e bc_e UWSVUT]@O

bZ[Do e YZo0YvM—_›OR_~Yv]`Mho e X pNUW]@O—UWM@[^_]^U\SVUWM—[ e UT]@Ojo¤bZMj}ab'O—YcObc}a_›O p^UWMj}~_aUT]`MnpN[ e M†UAbc[&‰ ª ]zUT®0UTOWž

}aUWMo e YZo0YvM—_›OR_~Yv]`Mo e X pNUW]vORUWMjbZMRM†[^SVUW]vOv[`U\}aU eYv[NORbZ‹ZUUAMPOM†KLS O e _@[^UUOno^}¡bZXUW]@O}~UAMjM†ORbcO—_aYZ]`M

p^U\M†[ e¥vUT_a}~}¡bc]`XTUM†Yv[`MhXUTO†ORU\XYv]vO e bZ_~]@ORU µY eO—UZ‰nbc]`MhXTU\XTbvMTž9uN‰¯’wL° pNU}a_~UW]`MhUW]DSVY’KZUT]`]^UUO\‚A€@°

p`bc]`M}~UAMho^_e UAMXWbZMh]`UtM—YZ]@Oo`bvMM—[ e ¥vUT_a}~} Mho¤UW]`p^bc]@O]`YvMM—_aS\[^}¡b’OR_~Yv]`MbZ}~Y e M @[^U\]^YZ[`MnM—[ e ¥vUT_a}~}aYZ]¤M

ORYZ[’fPYv[

e

Mj‚A€Z€L°³pNUWM(}a_~UW]`MT‰!jUo^}a[`MTž`}ab"@[`bc]@O—_~O

pNUnO

e

bc£¤X‹

] We

o`b

e

}¡bVM†[

e

¥vUT_a}~}¡bc]`XTUUAMPO

e pN[^_~O—U

XWb

e

]^Yv[`M¢}~_aSV_›ORYZ]`Mh}abVpN_¡MPObc]`XTUp$#[^]^UM†ORb’OR_~Yv]bZ[}a_aUT]%@[&#UW}~}aUM†[

e

¥vUT_a}~}aUZ‰

' ¾ AŽ ¼ “)( ” JN[ e ¥vUT_a}~}¡bc]¤XUbZX‡OR_~¥vUZž e YZ[NObc‹vUnbvM†KLS O e _@[^UZž^M†ORbcO—_aYZ]`MpNUM—[ e ¥ZUT_a}a}abZ]`XUvž e M—UWbZ[

(6)

( )

t)!,©

• q`U e Uh_aM(bc]!_a]`X e UAbZM—_~]^‹_a]@O—U e UAMPO(_~]']`UOP™(Y eRš SVYZ]^_~O—Y e _a]^‹ e UWXTUT]@O—}aKZ‰hUTOP™…Y e—š SVYZ]^_~O—Y e _a]^‹\XTYZ]`M—_aM†ORM

_a]'XYv}~}aUWXO—_a]^‹_a]N µY e S!b’O—_aYZ]!bZ­¤Yv[NO]^UOP™(Y eRš M†ORbcO—U_a]!Y e pNU e ORYS!bc]`bZ‹ZU e UWM—YZ[ e XUAMU¦'X_aUT]@O—}aKVbc]`ptO—Y

UW]`M—[ e U…U®9UWXO—_a¥ZU e Yv[NO—_a]^‹¤‰)k±bc]LKbZo^o e YvbZXq`UWM)b e U…o¤Y@M—M—_a­^}~U(_a]tY e pNU e ORYnSVYv]^_›ORY e O—q^U¢]^UTOP™…Y e—š M+*9O—q^U

OP™(Y\SVY@MPO¢XYZSVSVYZ]b e UhO—q`Ujo`bvM—M—_a¥ZUbZo^o e YvbZXq'bZ]`p!ORq^UbZX‡OR_~¥vUjbZo^o e YvbZXq)‰ • q^Uno`bZMRM—_~¥vUbco^o e Y@bZXq

XTYZ]`M—_¡MPOM_a]zo^}¡bZXT_~]`‹pNUW¥L_aXTUWMO—q`bcOSVYv]^_›ORY e O e b’¦'X\O—q`bcOn‹vY@UAMhORq e YZ[^‹vqmb'}a_a] š ‰ • q^_¡MnbZo^o e YvbvXqD_aM

YZ O—UW][`M—UWp- µY e ORYZSVYZ‹ e bZo^qLK!bc]`p- µY e ]^UTOP™…Y e—š M(M†UAX[ e _~OPKZ‰ • q^US!bc_a]p e b¨™­`bvX š YZ ORq^_¡M(O—UWXq`]^_@[^U

_¡M!ORq^UzU No¤UW]`M†_a¥ZUmXYvM†O-YZ p^UT¥L_aXTUWMW‰ kDY e UTY’¥vU e ž©ORq^U e U±_¡Mb O—UWXq`]^YZ}aYZ‹v_aXWbc}}a_~SV_~ORb’OR_~Yv]¬ µY e O—q^UAM†U

p^UT¥L_aXTUWM¢ORq`b’OnS\[`M†OjXWbcoNOR[ e U¥vU e K' ÚbvMPO_a]N µY e S!b’OR_~Yv]&‰ • q^U\bvX‡O—_a¥ZUbZo^o e YvbvXqXTYZ]`M—_aM†ORMWž^ µY e b'M—UOYZ 

SVUAbZM—[

e

UWSVUT]@O+o0YZ_a]@ORM4XWbc}a}~UApO—q`U­¤UAbZXYv]`MWž’_~]!M—UT]`pN_a]^‹M†YvSVU(o¤bZX

š

UTORMWž’bc}¡M†YXTbZ}~}aUWpto

e

YZ­0U(SVUAM—MRbc‹vUWMWž

_a]Y

e

pNU

e

O—YjpNUORUWX‡O+}~_a]

š

 Úbc_a}a[

e

UAM&Y

e

}a_~]

š o e YZo0U

e

O—_aUWMM†[`XqbvM)pNUW}ab¨KNM)Y

e

b¨¥’bc_a}¡bc­^}aU­`bZ]`pN™_¡pLO—q&‰ UTO[`M

]`YcO—_¡XU¢ORq`b’O©bvX‡OR_~¥vUS§Yv]^_~O—Y e _a]^‹_~]L¥ZYv}~¥vUWM4M—YZSVU(O e b’¦'X¢_a]`pN[`XTUWpV­LKORq^Uo e YZ­0US§UAM—MRbc‹vUWM+O e b¨¥vU e M†_a]^‹

ORq^U']^UTOP™…Y e—š ‰zlj]^U'YZ ¢O—q^U‹ZYvbZ}Yc ¢ORq^UbvX‡O—_a¥ZU-S§Yv]^_~O—Y e _a]^‹±pNUWM—_a‹Z] _¡MO—YzS§_a]^_aSV_~¸WU'O—q`U-bcSVYZ[`]vO

YZ O e bc¦'XO e b¨¥vU e M†_a]^‹tO—q^U]`UOP™(Y eRš O—Yv‹ZUORq^U e ™_~O—qORq^U]L[^S\­0U e Yc ­¤UAbZXYv]`MW‰4œ]`pNUTUAp2žNORq^U­0UWbZXTYZ]`M

_a]`pN[¤XUbVXY@MPO¢ µY e ORq^U_a]`MPObc}a}abcO—_aYZ]˜bc]`p-O—q`USVbZ_~]@ORUT]`bZ]`XUv‰

JLUW¥ZU e bZ}0M—YZ}a[NO—_aYZ]¤M©q`b¨¥vU­0UTUW]o e YZo0YvM—UWp'_~]O—q^Un}a_›ORU e b’O—[ eUj µY e bZXO—_a¥ZUnS§Yv]^_~O—Y e _a]^‹\[`M—_a]^‹ e YZ[`]`p

O e _ao\pNUW}ab¨KNMW‰ • q^U(bc[NORq^Y e M2_a]-,x.@SVUAbZM—[ e UORq^U©­¤bc]`pN™_¡pLORqtbc]¤p}abcO—UT]¤XKYc N}a_~] š M™_›ORq\bM—_a]^‹Z}aUo0YZ_a]vO

YZ hXYZ]@O e Yv}[`M—_~]^‹zUNo^}a_aXT_›OR}~K@Ÿe Yv[NO—UApmœ d o`bZX š UORMW‰/,0.(pNUW¥ZUW}~Yvo`MbDSVUORq^YNp  µY e }~YNXWb’O—_a]^‹DSt[^}›OR_~o`}~U

}a_a] š  Úbc_a}a[ e UAM[`M—_~]^‹bvX‡O—_a¥ZU¢SVYZ]`_›ORY e _~]^‹¤‰)œ]1,w.<ž@bpN_aM†O e _a­^[NO—UApVM†UTORMYc 0­¤UAbZXTYZ]`MYv]§bn]^UTOP™…Y e—š [^]¤pNU e

243nd ŸÅ}a_š U e YZ[NOR_~]^‹o¤Yv}~_¡XK˜_¡Mjp^UTo^}aY’KZUAp2‰ • q`Utbc[^O—q^Y e M_~]5,~‚v‚.4[`M†U e Yv[^]`p˜O e _aozSVUAbZM—[ e UWSVUT]@Ojbc]¤p

UW}~_aSV_~]¤b’O—UAMORq^U-XYLYvo¤U e bcO—_aYZ]² e YvS e UWXTUT_a¥ZU e MW‰-œ]6,Š7.Ş+q`UT[ e _aM†O—_¡XTMO—Y±SVYZ]`_›ORY e }a_~] š }¡b’ORUT]`XT_~UAMbc]¤p

 ÚbZ[^}~ORMb e UVo e UWM—UT]@O—UAp2‰1,8.(bc]`p5,9.…b e U§­`bZM—UWpmYZ]mO—q^UV e bcSVUW™…Y e—š o e YZo0YvM—UWpz_~]:,Š7.*M†Yv}~[NOR_~Yv]`MnO—Y

p^UWbc})™_›ORqzbZXO—_a¥ZUSVYZ]^_~O—Y

e

_a]^‹!_a]±pNKL]`bcSV_¡X]^UTOP™…Y

e—š

Mhb

e

Uo

e

YZo0YvM—UWp&‰ • q^UAM†UOP™(Y'}¡bZM†Obco^o

e

Y@bZXq^UAM

p^U£`]^Ujb]^YcOR_~Yv]§YZ 0[`]`b¨¥ZYv_ap^bZ­^}aU(UApN‹ZUAMT‰

ª

pN‹vUWMb

e

U[`]`b¨¥ZYv_ap^bZ­^}aU… µY

e

b]^YNpNU_~ 9O—q^UWKt­0UT}aYZ]^‹ORY\bc]LK

M—q^Y

e

ORUWM†O¢o¤b’O—qO

e

UTU

e

YLYcORUWp-bcOO—q^_¡M]^YNpNUv‰4œ]/,8.+bc]^YZO—q^U

e o e

Yv­^}~UWS _¡MpNUWMRX

e

_a­¤UAp-™q^Y@M†U‹vYvbc}2_¡M(O—Y

Xq`Y@Y@M†UbcSVYv]^‹!bc}a}9O—q^Uo0YvMRM†_a­^}aUM†q^Y e ORUWM†Oo`b’ORq`M(Oe UTUAM(O—q^U­0UO—O—U ee Yv[NO—_a]^‹§O e UTUn µY e UAbZXq­¤UAbZXTYZ]&‰

; Y’™…UW¥ZU e ž’bc}a}LO—q^UAM†UM†O—[`p^_~UAM+bvM—M—[^SVU(O—q`bcO e Yv[NO—_a]^‹n_aMM—K@SVSVUO e _¡X(™q^UT]§o^}¡bZXT_~]^‹jO—q`U(SVYv]^_›ORY e _~]`‹

M†ORbcO—_aYZ]`MW‰©«¬_~O—q±O—q^_¡MbvM—M—[^SVoNO—_aYZ])ž`M†YvSVU}~_a] š Mhb e U]^YZOhSVYZ]^_~O—Y e UAp™q`UT] e YZ[NORUWMhb eUbvM†KLSVSVUO e _¡X

bvM e YZ[^]¤p§Oe _~o`M©S!b¨Kt­0UjpN_~®9U e UT]@OW‰ hYZO—UO—q`bcO(xZ€L°rYZ  e Yv[NO—UAM©b e U]^YZO(M—KLS§SVUTO e _aX_a]'œ]@O—U e ]`UO,a‚W€.<‰

• q`_aM…o e YZ­^}aUTS³Yc )bvM†KLSVSVUO e _¡X e YZ[NORUWM_¡M(pNUObc_a}~UAp!_~],~‚.<‰ bvMPO(­^[NO(]^YcO(}~UAbZM†OWžL_~]bc}a}`ORq^UWM—UjM†O—[`p^_~UAMTž

b-­¤UAbZXTYZ]mXWbc]±SVYv]^_›ORY e UWpN‹vUWMn¥ZU e K Úb e ‰ • q^_¡M e UApN[`XUAMhORq^U eUW}~_¡bc­^_a}a_›OPKDYZ 4O—q^UVSVUWbvM†[ e UWM­¤UAXTbZ[`M†U

S!bZ]@K e YZ[^O—U e Mb e U§O e b¨¥ZU e M—UWpD­LKDORq^U!o e YZ­0U§SVUAM—MRbc‹vUWMW‰tkDY eUWY’¥ZU e ž0O—q^_¡M_a]`X e UWbvM†UAMORq^UVO e b’¦'XVbZM

S!bZ]@K}a_~] š Mjb e UO e b¨¥ZU e M—UWp2‰(«²UtbZMRM—[^SVUO—q`bcOj}a_~SV_~O—_a]^‹'ORq^Utp^_aM†ORbZ]`XUYZ ©b!SVYZ]^_~O—Y e bZ­^}aUUWpN‹vU\XTbZ]

]`YcOYZ]^}aK-_a]`X e UAbZM—UORq^U e UW}~_¡bc­`_~}a_›OPK-Yc +O—q^USVUWbvM†[ e UAM…­`[NOXTbZ]˜bZ}aM—YVpNUWX eUAbZM—UjORq^UbcSVYv[^]@O¢YZ O e bc¦'X

_a]`pN[¤XUWp­LK!ORq^USVYZ]^_~O—Y e _a]^‹`‰

œ]ORq^_¡M&o`bZo¤U

e

žA™…U…MPOR[`pNKbZX‡OR_~¥vUSVYZ]^_~O—Y

e

_a]^‹YZ L}a_a]

š

p^UT}¡b¨KLM&_~]bJNU

e

¥@_¡XU

de Y’¥L_¡pNU

e Y e)ª

]@ORU

e o e _¡M—U

œ d ]^UOP™(Y

eRš

[`M—_~]^‹

e

YZ[^]`p O e

_~opNUT}¡b¨KNM\™q`_~}aU-Ob

š

_a]^‹z_a]@O—Y XYZ]¤M†_¡pNU

e

b’OR_~Yv] O—q¤b’O!M†YvS§U

e

YZ[NORUWM§b

e U

bvM†KLSVSVUO

e

_¡X_a]

e

UAbc}2]^UTOP™…Y

e—š

MW‰

lj[

e

S!bc_a] XYZ]@O

e

_a­^[NOR_~Yv] b e

U'bvM µYv}~}aY’™hMT‰ ´†‚A¶«²U!ORb

š

U'_a]@O—YzXTYZ]`M—_¡pNU

e

b’OR_~Yv]zORq^UbvM†KLSVSVUO

e

_¡X

e

YZ[^O—UWMhO—YXYZSVo^[^O—UORq^UVM†UTOjYc SVYv]^_›ORY

e

bc­^}aUUApN‹ZUAMh µY

e

UWbvXq±­0UWbZXTYZ]&‰

2

KORq^_¡M™¢b¨KZž0YZ[

e

SVUO—q`YLp

‹v[`b

e

bc]@ORUTUWM+ORq`b’O(bc}a}^O—q`U}a_~]

š

M…b

e

US§Yv]^_~O—Y

e

UWp&‰

de

UT¥L_aYZ[`M©SVUO—q`YLp`M©pNY]`YcO©o

e

Y’¥L_ap^U¢O—q^_¡M©‹v[`b

e

bc]@OPKv‰

´<Z¶ • q^U©SVUWbvM†[ e UAM2Yc ^}a_~] š p^UT}¡b¨KLM)b e USVY e Uo e UWX_¡M—U©bc]`pO—q^U(bcSVYZ[^]@O)YZ NO e b’¦'X4_¡M e UWp^[`XUApM†_a]`XU©O—q^U

(7)

S!b L_aS\[`S p^_aM†ORbZ]`XU© e YvS b}~_a] š O—Yn_~ORM­¤UAbZXYv]_¡M)}a_~SV_~O—UAp­LKbh‹Z_a¥ZUW]­0YZ[^]`p&‰ • q^U(o e YZ­0U©SVUWMRM—bZ‹ZUAM

[¤M†UVM†q`Y e Ono`bcO—q`MWž2O e b¨¥vU e M†U}aUWMRM e Yv[NO—U e Mnbc]¤pz}aUWMRMn}~_a] š MT‰´Úx@¶j·+_a]`bc}a}aKZž9O—q`U§]L[^St­¤U e Yc ©­0UWbvXYv]`Mn_aM

]`YcO¢_~]`X eUAbZM—UWpXYZSVo`b e UApVO—YtO—q`Uno e UW¥@_aYZ[¤M(bZ}~‹vY e _›ORq^S _~]Y e pNU e ORYtSV_a]^_~SV_a¸TUnO—q`Un_a]`M†ORbZ}~}¡b’OR_~Yv]bc]¤p

S!bZ_~]@O—UW]`bc]¤XUXY@MPOM…YZ +SVYv]^_›ORY e _~]`‹§M†ORbcO—_aYZ]`MW‰

œ] JLUWXO—_aYZ] Lž&™(U\o e UWM—UT]@ObZX‡OR_~¥vU\SVYZ]`_›ORY e _~]^‹Yc ©}a_a] š pNUW}ab¨KNMW‰nœ] JLUAX‡O—_aYZ]²xNž2™(Uto e UWM—UT]@OYZ[ e

o eYvo¤Y@M†_~O—_aYZ]6O—q¤b’O‹v[`b e bc]@ORUTUWM§ORq`b’O˜bc}a}hORq^U±UWp^‹ZUWMb e UDSVYZ]^_~O—Y e UAp2‰rœ]7JLUWXO—_aYZ]68`žh™…Uzo e UAM†UW]@O

ORq^U e UAM†[`}›OMjYZ ©ORq^U!M†_aS\[^}¡b’OR_~Yv]`Mn™q^_a}~U!XYvSVo`b e _~]`‹Yv[ e o e Yvo¤Y@M†_~O—_aYZ]zO—YO—q^U!o e UW¥@_aYZ[¤M†}aK˜o e Yvo¤Y@M†UAp

bZ}~‹vY e _›ORq^S_a] ,Š.ʼn

(8)

!

«²U¢pNUT]^YZO—U©O—q^U(]^UOP™(Y

eRš

O—YZo0YZ}aYZ‹vKnbvMbjXYv]^]^UWXO—UAp‹

e

bco`q! )™q^U

e

U" _¡M&ORq^U¢M†UTO+YZ ^]^YNpNUWM

YZ ^O—q`U…]^UTOP™…Y

e—š

bZ]`p!7_aMO—q`U(M—UOYc `UApN‹ZUAMT‰

ª

bZXqt]^YNpNU$#&%' _¡MbZMRM†_a‹Z]^UApbM—UO()YZ `SVYZ]^_~O—Y

e

bZ­^}aU

UApN‹ZUAMh­LK*#¤‰ • q`_aMjM†UTO+)§_¡MpNUApN[`XUAp˜ 

e

YZS O—q^U

e

Yv[NO—_a]^‹!O

e

UWU,-)tYZ 4UWbZXqD]`YLp^UZ‰ • q^U§M†UTORMhYZ 4O—q^U

e

YZ[^O—_a]^‹§O

e

UTUWM",-)§XTbZ]­0U\pNUTO—U

e

SV_~]`UWp­LK@[^U

e

KL_~]`‹

e

YZ[^O—_a]^‹§ORbc­`}~UYZ +]^YNpNUAMhbZM¢SVUW]vOR_~Yv]^UWp_a]/,.<‰

• q`US§Yv]^_~O—Y e _a]^‹V]^YNpNUWMWžNO—q`U/. ž¤XWbc]˜pNUWp^[`XUo eYvo¤U e OR_~UAM¢Yc +O—q^U}a_~] š MhYc +O—q^U]^UTOP™…Y e—š ­LK

M—UT]¤pN_~]`‹10 $ . ! ' '+ ' ‰g XTUT]@O e bc}a_~¸WUWp˜UW]vOR_›OPK_¡Mh_a]zXq`b e ‹ZUYZ ©XYZSVo^[^O—_a]^‹!O—q`U\M†UTORMjYc 4­0UWbZXTYZ]`M

bZ]`pzO—YDbZMRM†_a‹Z]zUWpN‹vUWMnO—Y˜­0UWbvXYZ]¤MT‰ • q^UVSVbZ_~]²o e YZ­^}aUTS!MnYc ¢bZXO—_a¥ZUVSVYZ]^_~O—Y e _a]^‹b e U§ORYSV_a]^_~SV_a¸TU

ORq^U']L[^St­¤U e Yc ­0UWbZXTYZ]`M-´µ_a] Y e pNU e ORY±SV_~]`_~SV_a¸TU!ORq^U'_a]`MPObc}a}abcO—_aYZ] bc]¤p²O—q^U'S!bZ_~]@O—UW]`bc]¤XU'XY@MPOMR¶

bZ]`p§O—YSV_a]^_aS§_a¸TUO—q^UjXYvM†O©YZ 0ORq^Uho e YZ­0UhSVUWMRMRbc‹ZUAM´µ_a]!Y e pNU e O—YSV_a]^_~SV_a¸TUORq^UjbZSVYZ[^]@OYc 9O e bc¦!XA¶‡‰

23547698:;6(<=>?-@A;BCD>EFD>HGI6-JELK

•

q`U­¤UAbZXTYZ]D_a]±Xq`b

e

‹ZUYZ SVYv]^_›ORY

e

_~]`‹-bV}~_a]

šNM

PO5QL hM—UT]¤p^MOP™(Y']^UAb

e

}~KM†_aS\[^}~ORbZ]^UTYv[`Mœ—„(k

d

UAXq^Y e U@[^UAMPOV´µo e YZ­0U\SVUWMRMRbc‹ZUAMR¶¢O—Y/O bc]¤pNQDb’OOR_~SVUSRUT-bZ]`pNRUVL‰lj]^U\YZ O—q^UAM†Uto e YZ­0U\SVUWMRM—bZ‹ZUAM

O e b¨¥vU e M†UAM M ‰ • q^UOP™(Y!ULO e UTSV_~O—_aUWMOzbZ]`pWQ-YZ  M bc]`M—™(U e O—Y'O—q^U­0UWbvXYv]­LK˜M†UW]`pN_a]^‹!œ—„(k d UWXq`Y

e UTo`}~K˜SVUWMRM—bZ‹ZUAMT‰ • q^Ut­0UWbvXYv] e UAXUW_~¥vUWMORq^UWM—U\SVUAM—MRbc‹vUWMbcOOR_~SVUSRUXT bZ]`pNRUXV bZ]`p±pNUTO—U e SV_~]`UWMjO—q^U

p^UT}¡b¨K!Yc &ORq^U}~_a] š&M ­LK!S!b š _a]^‹tO—q^UpN_~®9U e UT]`XTUj­0UOP™(UTUW]-ORq^U e Yv[^]`p!O e _ao˜pNUT}¡b¨KNM…YZ &O—q`UjOP™(Y§o e Yv­¤U

SVUAM—MRbc‹vUWMh´Ú}~_a] šYM _aMO e b¨¥ZU e M—UWptOP™_aXTU­LK§YZ]^Ujo e Yv­¤U¨¶*pNUT}¡b¨K=POQL ?Z[]\P^_a`C\

_cb

`5[]\P^ de`f\

dcb

Z

g

‰©lj­L¥L_~Yv[`M†}aKZž

_~ +O—q^U eUb e US\[^}~O—_ao^}aUM†q`Y e O—UWM†Oo`b’ORq`MWž e Yv[^]`p-O e _~o`M¢S!b¨K'­0UpN_~®0U e UW]@OWž`M—UTU·+_~‹¤‰&‚c‰

h ij<f@LDlkm9n>HDl@AoBCD>pqD>r6q@s4tvuxw+ 6(Ey?6vwHwzBLo6(<{

gXO—_a¥ZUmS§Yv]^_~O—Y

e

_a]^‹ bZ}~‹vY

e

_›ORq^S!M-b

e

Uz[¤M†[`bZ}~}aK pNUT£`]^UWp7_~] b OP™(YcŸÅo^q`bvM†UAp bco^o

e

Y@bZXq_~] Y e pNU

e

O—Y

SV_a]^_aS§_a¸TUORq^U]L[^St­¤U

e

Yc ­¤UAbZXYv]`MhbZ]`p'ORq^U\bZS§Yv[^]@OYc +O

e

b’¦'X_~]¤pN[`XU­LK-O—q^USVYZ]`_›ORY

e

_~]^‹¤‰·+_

e

MPO

bVM—UOhYZ +­0UWbvXYZ]¤M¢_aMhM—UT}aUWXO—UAp-™_~O—q˜ORq^Ubc_aS YZ +SVYZ]`_›ORY

e

_~]^‹Vbc}a}2ORq^U}~_a]

š

MYZ ORq^U]^UOP™(Y

eRš

´µ­0UWbvXYv]

M—UT}aUWXO—_aYZ]'o

e

Yv­^}~UWS'¶bc]¤pVO—q^UW]-UAbZXq!UWp^‹ZU_¡M¢bZMRM†_a‹Z]`UWp!b­0UWbvXYv]!_~]-O—q^UM†UTO…YZ )­¤UAbZXTYZ]`M©™q^_aXq-_aM(_a]

Xq¤b

e

‹ZUnYc SVYv]^_›ORY

e

_~]`‹tORq^U}~_a]

š

´µo

e

YZ­0UM†UW}~UAX‡OR_~Yv]o

e

YZ­`}~UWS!¶‰

• q^U!M—UOMz ) Yc …SVYv]^_›ORY e bc­^}aU\UApN‹ZUAMjp^UO—U e SV_a]^UWMn™q^_¡XqzUApN‹ZUAMjb]^YNpNUS#D_aMbZ­^}~UtO—YSVYZ]^_~O—Y e ‰

·+_e M†OWž+ORq^U-‹vYvbc}©Yc ¢O—q^U 2 UWbZXTYZ] M—UT}aUWXO—_aYZ] o e YZ­^}aUTS–_¡MO—Y±£`]`p ORq^U-SV_a]^_~St[^S M†[`­`M†UTO1|}~ YZ 

­0UWbvXYv]`M…O—q`bcOhS§Yv]^_~O—Y e bZ}~}9ORq^U}a_~] š M+*

  ¾ (º €ƒ‚ " 0 $ . 'Y„†… $0 ‡‡ˆ ' )jŠ‹ Œ

$ . ‰ ;Œ' #/%N1Ž 4 = % . ' . |j}† ’‘“‘W”

)x•–

) — ‘

• q^_¡Mo e Yv­^}aUTS_¡M d Ÿ ; b e p¬bZ]`p¬b e UWpN[`XO—_aYZ] e YZS O—q^U²M†UTOXY’¥vU e o e Yv­^}~UWS XWbc]¬­0UmpNYv]^UZ‰

JNUWXYv]`p2ž)O—q^U'‹vYvbZ}+YZ ¢O—q^U!o e YZ­0U'M—UT}aUWX‡OR_~Yv]mo e Yv­^}~UWS*_¡MO—Y±bvM—M—_a‹Z]mO—YDUWbvXqmUApN‹ZU M b˜­¤UAbZXTYZ]F˜\YZ 

| ™q^_a}aUS§_a]^_aSV_~¸W_~]^‹VORq^UORYcORbZ})XY@MPOYZ +ORq^Uo e YZ­0USVUWMRM—bZ‹ZUWMW‰ • q^_¡Mo e YZ­^}aUTS _aM d Ÿ ; b e p˜bc]`p˜bZ]

bZ}~‹vY e _›ORq^S_¡MhpNUWMRX e _a­¤UAp-_a]DM†UAX‡O—_aYZ]˜x^‰xN‰

(9)

  ¾ (º $ . - " 0 $ . 1„… ': $ 0 ?ˆ Ž ' |q} .

)ˆŠj Œ$ . # ‰+ '(Œ' #/%N1ŽL =‰"Œ' ‰ M %* . ˜

% 1 ˜z%N| M %N =‰= Œ 0 $ . ! ' '+ '’‘

• q^U˜XY@MPOsµo eYv­¤U ˜eO= tYc bzo e YZ­0U-SVUWMRM—bZ‹ZU'o e Yv­¤Uy˜eOf  e YvS‡˜VO—Y OXTbZ] ­0UU v[¤bc}…O—Y ‚

´Ú™q^UT]!SV_a]^_aS§_a¸T_a]^‹\O—q^Uh]L[^St­¤U e YZ 9o eYv­¤UAM©M—UT]@O¶Y e O—YO—q^Ujq^YZo'pN_¡M†ORbc]¤XUh­0UOP™(UTUW]/˜¢bc]`p1O²´µ™q^UW]

SV_a]^_aS§_a¸T_a]^‹VORq^U]L[^S\­0U e YZ }a_~] š M¢O e b¨¥vU e M†UAp!­LK!O—q`Uo e Yv­¤UAMR¶‰

ֆÏØP·Ð

O Q

! #"%$'&)(*,+-*.#"*'/0! 21

/345 617! 68&(*4(*&59;:2+-*."*8"*4

·+_~‹v[ e Ut‚ * • q^Uo e YZ­0U e UTo`}~K'SVUAM—MRbc‹vUWM(pNY!]^YcO¢ µYv}~}aY’™ ORq^UM—bZSVUno¤b’O—q)‰

(10)

#V h! "#‡$ \ &' () ,-

ƒT‡

œ]!Y e p^U e ORYtXq^YLYvM—U¢O—q`USV_~]`_~S!bc}0M†UTO…YZ 9­0UWbvXYv]`M4ORYSVYZ]^_~O—Y e bc}a}`ORq^UhUApN‹ZUAMTž@™…UjpNUORU e S§_a]^UORq^UjM—UO

YZ SVYZ]`_›ORY e bc­^}aUjUApN‹ZUAM( µY e UWbvXq]`YLp^UZ‰œ]`pNUWUWp2ž^UAbZXq e Yv[NO—U e XTbc]SVYZ]^_~O—Y e YZ]^}aK-bVM†[`­`M†UTOYc }a_a] š MT‰

• q`UT]&žN™(Uo e Yvo¤Y@M†UnbVMPO e bcO—UT‹vK§O—Y!Xq^YLYvM—UjUT¦'X_aUT]@O—}aK!O—q`Un­0UWbvXYv]`M¢bc]`p-£`]`bZ}~}aKZžN™(UM†UW}~UAX‡O( µY e UWbvXq

UApN‹ZUb§­0UWbZXTYZ]˜bcSVYZ]`‹\ORq^U­¤UAbZXTYZ]`MXq^Y@M†UW]o e UW¥@_aYZ[¤M†}aKZ‰

h "-@ *>HDU@ BL6v8zUƒpo5E

«²U!pNU£¤]^Ut_a]mO—q^_¡MM†UAX‡OR_~Yv]±q^Y’™rORY˜p^UO—U e SV_a]^UtO—q^U!M—UO:)!Yc (SVYZ]^_~O—Y e bZ­^}~UtUWpN‹vUWM µY e UWbvXqz]^YNpNU

#/%W³YZ ORq^U]^UOP™(Y eRš qo ! (™q^UT]DXTYZ]`M—_ap^U e _~]^‹VbZM—KLSVS§UTO e _aX e YZ[NORUWMW‰

€ € ړ º ¿ º ŽV‘N º ¾ ڏ ¾ ’‘N(º

d©e

UW¥@_aYZ[¤MMPOR[`pN_aUWMp^UO—U

e

SV_a]^UpN_~®0U

e

UW]@Oh™(b¨KNM(O—Y'XTYZSVo^[NORUO—q^UtM†UTORMYZ ORq^USVYZ]^_~O—Y

e

bZ­^}aUnUApN‹ZUAM( µY

e

bt]^YNpNUv‰·^Y e U ^bcSVo^}aUZž ,.&o e YZo0YvM—UORYVp^U£`]^UnORq^UM†UTORM¢Yc +SVYZ]^_~O—Y e bZ­^}~UnUWp^‹ZUWM" )  µY e bt]^YNpNU #-bZM

ORq^U e YZ[NOR_~]`‹VO e UTUYc (#0‰ ,8^ž 9.+o e Yvo¤Y@M†UnORY-pNU£¤]^U! ) bZMO—q^U[`]`b¨¥ZYv_ap^bZ­^}aUnUApN‹ZUAM™q^_¡XqD­¤UW}~Yv]^‹VO—Y

bZ]LK-M†q`Y e O—UWM†O¢o`b’ORqO e UWU e YLYcORUWpb’O#0‰

«²UtbvM—M—[^SVUO—q`bcOhO—q`U£ e MPOo e Yvo¤Y@M†_~O—_aYZ]˜pNY']^YZO‹Z[¤b e bc]@O—UWUjORq`b’Onbc}a}&}~_a] š Mb e USVYv]^_›ORY e UWp˜bc]¤p

ORq`b’O§O—q`U˜M—UWXTYZ]`p o e YZo0YvM—_›OR_~Yv] _aM§ORYLY e UWM†O e _aXO—_a¥ZUbZMtO—q^UDM—UOMS ) XYv]vObc_a]  µUW™ UWp^‹ZUWM´µYv]^}aK O—q^U

_a]`XT_apNUW]@OUApN‹ZUAMbc]`pzO—q`U§UApN‹ZUAM­¤UW}~Yv]^‹Z_a]^‹O—Y˜[^]^_@[^U'M—q^Y eO—UAMPOo`b’ORq`Mn e YZS #˜ORYYZO—q^U e ]^YNpNUWMYZ 

]`UOP™(Y eRš M¶‡‰

·`Y e U^bcSVo^}aUZž0YZ]±·+_a‹`‰+‚Zž ,.£`]¤p^MhORq`b’OnUWpN‹vUOQL h_aMjSVYZ]^_~O—Y e bZ­^}~U\­@KORq^U\­0UWbvXYZ]D™q`U e UWbZM

_~O_aM]`YcOW‰§œ]`pNUWUWp2žQzM†UW]`p^MnORq^UVo e Yv­¤U e UTo^}aK±SVUWMRM—bZ‹ZUt[`M†_a]^‹DbpN_›®9U e UT]@Oo`bcO—qmO—q`bZ] O=*jORq^UVOP™(Y

e YZ[`]`p§O e _~o¤M…b e Up^_›®9U e UT]@OW‰©lj]'­0YcO—O—YvS³YZ )·+_~‹¤‰L^ž ,8^ž 9.0£`]`p'O—q`bcO…UWp^‹ZU!OQL ©_aM…]^YZO…SVYZ]^_~O—Y e bZ­^}aU

­LKzO—q^U­¤UAbZXYv] ­¤UAXTbc[¤M†UVORq^U e U-b e U!S\[`}›OR_~o^}aU-M—q^Y e O—UAMPOo¤b’O—q ­0UOP™(UTUW] O—q^U-­¤UAbZXYv] bc]`ptO bZ]`ptQ

bZ]`pDORq`b’O&OQL j_¡Mj]`YcO[`M—Ut­LK±bc}a}+O—q^U!M—q^Y e O—UAMPOo`bcO—q`MW‰ ; Y’™(UT¥vU e ž(POQL _¡MnSVYZ]^_~O—Y e bZ­^}~Ut­LKDO—q^U

­0UWbvXYv]_a]O—q^_¡M¢U^bcSVo^}aUbZM e YZ[^]¤p'O e _ao`Mhb eUnU@[^_a¥’bc}aUT]@OW‰

º µ

¾

€

M

POQL 4! $ . . # ΠOQA H. $%&$

,-) Œ # Œ 0 $ . $ 0 ! ' . O Q Œ' # 0 %{‰

M ‘

YcO—UORq`b’Oh_~ +O—q^UYv[NO—‹vYZ_a]^‹§_~]@O—U e ÚbvXUYc vQz´µO—q^U]`YLp^Uj µ[ e ORq^U e  e YZS‹#L¶… µY e pNUWM†O—_a]`bcO—_aYZ]W#'_¡M"O)ž

‘ x‘ Q-[`M—UWM¢}a_~] š PO5QL (O—YV‹vYtORY1#¤žNORq^Uo e YZ­0U e UWo^}~K-S§UAM—MRbc‹vUWM… µYZ}a}aY’™ O—q`UM—bZS§Uo`bcO—q&‰

«²UDpNYm]`YcO!bZMRM†[^SVU­@K ORq^_¡Mt™¢b¨K²O—q`bcO e YZ[^O—UWMVb e UM†KLSVSVUO e _¡Xc‰ œ]`pNUWUWp2ž©YZ] ORYZo Yc j·+_a‹`‰Nž

ORq^U e YZ[NORUWMb e UV]^YZOtM—K@SVSVUO e _¡XD´µo¤b’O—q5P, ) #fO= _aMtpN_~®0U e UW]vO e YZS–o`bcO—q,=TLO# —¶‡ž4­^[^OO—q^U-}~_a] š

_¡M]^UW¥ZU e ORq^UT}aUWMRMSVYZ]^_~O—Y e UAp2‰JNY`žO—q^_¡M\M—UWXTYZ]`p XYv]`pN_~O—_aYZ] _¡M}aUWMRM e UAMPO e _¡X‡ORUWpmO—q¤bc] bZMRM—[^SV_~]^‹˜ORq`b’O

e YZ[^O—_a]^‹V_aMM—KLS§SVUTO e _aXbc]¤p™(U‹Z[`b e bZ]@O—UTUO—q`bcObc}a}2O—q`Un}a_a] š Mhb e UjSVYv]^_›ORY e UWp2‰

(11)

֗ÏØP·Ð

ֆÏØP·Ð

O O Q Q

5"$ '&(*4499$ 5"*9;:7"*5*+-,&!"* (*)" . :+-+- "(

)" 5. 4:)+-+-"( "#"*9 5 ("*59 +-4;"*4(*

5 ! ) "%$'&)(*,+-*.#"*'/4! 21

/3! 6175 8&)(*(*&9;:6+-*4."* "*5

·+_a‹Z[ e Un * • q`Ujo e YZ­0U e UTo`}~KVSVUWMRM—bZ‹ZUAM µYZ}a}~Y’™ORq^UM—bZS§Ujo`b’ORqbZ]`p M qPO5QL …_aM…SVYZ]^_~O—Y e UAp!_~]-O—q^U

OP™(Y§£`‹Z[ eUAMT‰

(12)

€ µ º ¿ÚŽWW‘ “ º

œ]o e UT¥L_~Yv[`Mo e Yvo¤Y@M†_~O—_aYZ]`MWžvO—q^UpN_¡MPObc]`XTU e YZSbt­¤UAbZXYv]!O—YVbc]-UWpN‹vUjXTbZ]-­0Uj}¡b e ‹ZU *)ORq^U e UW}~_¡bc­^_a}a_›OPK

YZ ¤ORq^USVUWbvM†[ e UWM_¡MpNUAX e UWbvM†UAptbZ]`ptO—q^Uho e Yv­¤U¢SVUWMRM—bZ‹ZUAM+O e b¨¥ZU e M—U(bn}¡b e ‹ZU¢]L[^S\­0U e YZ 0}a_a] š MT‰+œ]!YZ[ e

o eYvo¤Y@M†_~O—_aYZ]&ž@ORq^UpN_aM†ORbZ]`XUn e YZS#b§­0UWbZXTYZ]-O—Y!b\SVYv]^_›ORY e bc­^}aUnUWpN‹vUn_¡M(}~_aSV_›ORUWp2‰ • q^_aM¢}aUWbvp^M…O—Y§OP™(Y

bvpN¥’bc]@ORbZ‹ZUAM*O—q^U!SVUWbvM†[

e

UAMnb

e

UVSVY

e

U§o

e

UAX_¡M†U!bZ]`p±ORq^U'XY@MPOYZ …o

e

YZ­0UWM_¡M

e

UApN[`XTUWp2‰Vœ]`pNUWUWp2ž™…U

š

]^Y’™F™_›ORqDo

e

UWX_¡M—_~Yv]ORq^U\pNUW}ab¨K-Yc bV}~_a]

š

™_›ORq±bV­¤UAbZXTYZ]DbZMU LO

e

UTSV_›OPKv‰…·`Y

e

UApN‹ZUAM( Úb

e  e YZS O—q^U

­0UWbvXYv]&ž@O—q^U

e

Ub

e

Ujbvp^pN_~O—_aYZ]`bZ} @[^UW[^_a]^‹tpNUW}ab¨KNM(_a]'O—q`U

e

YZ[^O—U

e

M4O

e

b¨¥vU

e

M†UApV­LKVO—q^Uo

e

YZ­0UjSVUAM—MRbc‹vUWMW‰

k±Y

e

UTY’¥ZU

e

ž…bZMV™(UD}~_aSV_›O'ORq^UzpN_¡M†ORbc]¤XUZž(}aUWMRM!}~_a]

š

M'b

e

UO

e

b¨¥ZU

e

M—UWp bc]`p ORq^UzbcSVYv[^]@OVYZ jO

e

bc¦'X˜_aM

e

UWp^[`XUAp2‰

«¬q^UW]O—q^UpN_¡MPObc]`XTUjYZ +btSVYZ]^_~O—Y

e

bZ­^}~UnUWp^‹ZUn_aM¢}a_~SV_~O—UAp'ORY‚vžLO—q^Uo

e

YZ­`}~UWS#XTbc]­¤U

e

UWp^[`XUAp!O—Y

ORq^U(¥ZU e O—U M—UOXY’¥vU e o e Yv­^}~UWS ,Š¯+.ʼn+œ]O—q`_aM+XTbvM†UvžWORq^U(o e Yv­¤U…SVUWMRM—bZ‹ZUWM&Oe b¨¥ZU e M—U4YZ]^}aKnO—q^U(SVYZ]^_~O—Y e UAp

}a_a] š *O—q^U!SVUWbvM†[ e UAMnb e UVSVY e U e UW}~_¡bc­`}~UVbc]`pmORq^U'XY@MPOYc (O—q`U!o eYv­¤UVSVUWMRMRbc‹ZUAMn_aMSV_a]^_~S!bZ}>‰lj]^U

p e b¨™­`bvX š _aM¢ORq^U_a]`X e UWbvM†UnYc O—q^U]L[^St­¤U e Yc +­¤UAbZXYv]`MW‰

g}~‹vY e _›ORq^S ‚pNUAM—X e_a­¤UAM(YZ[ e o e YZo0YvM—_~O—_aYZ]O—Y!XYvS§o`[NO—UORq^UM†UTOYc S§Yv]^_~O—Y e bc­`}~UnUWpN‹vUWMW‰

Œ( ¾  ڏ € „…YZSVo^[NOb’OR_~Yv]YZ SVYZ]^_~O—Y e bZ­^}aUnUApN‹ZUAM

)v” UOP™(Y eRš qˆ ‡ž e YZ[^O—_a]^‹\O eUWU:, )  µY e UAbZXq*#&%' bZ]`p­¤Yv[^]`p

Z” grM—UO ) Yc SVYv]^_›ORY e bc­^}aUUWpN‹vUWM… µY e UAbZXq*#&%'

 º ‘^“ #%W

 º ‘^“

UApN‹ZU

M

PO5QL "%*,-)

M

_aMhS§Yv]^_~O—Y

e

bc­`}~Un­LK&#z´jU£¤]^_›OR_~Yv] ‚W¶

‘ ¿

RcP#f

M  º

bZp^p

M

ORYY)

h t6v<=n>?E5U<f@LDUn>I6(UpoB{Dl@L H

• q`UM—UOtYZ SVYZ]^_~O—Y e bZ­^}aU'UWpN‹vUWM\_aMVXYvSVo^[NO—UAp  µY e UWbvXq ]^YNpNUYc O—q`U]^UTOP™…Y e—š ­LK g}~‹vY e _›ORq^S‚Z‰

• q`UT]&ž(b’OVUWbZXq MPORUTo&ž(bz­0UWbvXYZ] _aMVXq^Y@M†UW] [^]@OR_~}hbZ}~}(O—q`UUApN‹ZUAM\YZ ORq^U]`UOP™(Y eRš b e USVYZ]^_~O—Y e UAp

´>M†UWUgh}a‹ZY e _~O—q^S c¶‡‰ • q`U­¤UAbZXYv]Xq`YvM—UT]_aM¢ORq^UYZ]`UXTY’¥ZU e _a]^‹tO—q^US!b N_aS\[^S ]@[`S\­0U e YZ ]^YZOhKZUO

XTY’¥ZU

e

UApDUWpN‹vUWM§´µ™_~O—q )

0S!b N_~St[^S'¶bZ]`pm™q^_aXqmSV_~]^_aSV_~¸WUWMnORq^U!XYvM†OYc ORq^UVo

e

YZ­0U§SVUAM—MRbc‹vUWMW‰

•

q`UORYcORbZ}2XYvM†O…YZ &O—q`Uno

e

Yv­¤UjS§UAM—MRbc‹vUWM© µY

e

b\­0UWbvXYv]˜_¡M…O—q^UXY@MPO(Yc &ORq^Uo

e

YZ­0USVUWMRM—bZ‹ZUAM µY

e

bZ}~}

ORq^UUApN‹ZUAM_~]±M—UO+

´‘ ‘

[

TV b

• sÚo

e

YZ­0U ˜eOf "! sµo

e

Yv­¤Uy˜eQA †¶‰

•

q`_aM‹

e

UTUWp^K'q^UT[

e

_¡MPOR_aX

‹v_~¥vUWM(b #%$o &$ '!)(x žN™q^U

e

U& _¡M(O—q`UnM—_~¸WUYc &ORq^U­^_~‹v‹ZUAMPOM†[`­`M†UTO(YZ SVYZ]`_›ORY

e

bc­^}aUUApN‹ZUAM(bvM…XWbc]­¤U

p^UWpN[`XTUWp­LK ,Šu7.<‰

hh * BLo8:EyU<f@LD>~6(pooB{DU@A z

• q`U(M—UO+Yc `­0UWbvXYZ]¤M |±_aMXYvSVo^[NO—UAp­LKgh}a‹ZY e _~O—q^S N‰ ª bvXqUWp^‹ZU M %N _¡MSVYv]^_›ORY e UWp­LKbj­¤UAbZXYv]

_a] |bZ]`p˜ µY e UWbvXqDUWpN‹vU M % !ž9™(U\Xq^YLYvM—UO—q`U\]^UAb e UWM†O­¤UAbZXTYZ]D_a] |_a]±Y e pNU e O—Y'SV_a]^_~SV_a¸TUtO—q^U

XTYvM†O4Yc 0O—q^Uo e YZ­0U¢SVUWMRM—bZ‹ZUWMW‰&œÅ 0OP™…Y­0UWbvXYZ]¤Mo˜,+(bc]`p1˜

g b e Ub’OORq^UhM—bZSVU¢p^_aM†ORbZ]`XUYZ  M žZ™(UXq^YLYvM—U

­0UOP™(UTUW]*˜,+jbZ]`p˜

g

O—q`UnYv]^Un™q^_aXqSVYZ]^_~O—Y e M…O—q`Uj}aUWMRM(UWpN‹vUWM(_~]Y e pNU e ORYt­`bZ}abZ]`XUjO—q`Un}aYvbvp!Yc O—q^U

­0UWbvXYv]`MT‰ • q^Uo e YZ­0UM†UW}~UAX‡OR_~Yv]˜bZ}~‹vY e _›ORq^S‹Z_a¥ZUAM¢bc]Dbco^o e YN_aSVbcO—_aYZ]! ÚbvX‡ORY e Yc 4VbZM¢M—q^Y’™]_a]/,.<‰

(13)

Œ( ¾  ڏ ˜• q^U­¤UAbZXTYZ]˜M†UW}~UAX‡O—_aYZ]˜bc}a‹ZY e _~O—q`S

)v”

UOP™(Y

eRš

Z” grM—UOYc ­¤UAbZXTYZ]`M| SVYZ]`_›ORY

e

_~]^‹Y

|

„…YZSVo^[^O—U:)\ µY

e

UWbvXq]`YLp^U+#%W [`M—_a]^‹'gh}a‹ZY

e

_~O—q^S*‚

½ (º ¿ ¾

„…YZSVo^[NORUjORq^UM—UO Yc ­0UWbvXYv]`M¢™_›ORq ) NSVb N_~St[^S˜‰

ghSVYZ]^‹²ORq^UD­¤UAbZXTYZ]`MV_a] Xq`Y@Y@M†U˜b ­0UWbZXTYZ]—˜!ORq`b’OS§_a]^_aSV_~¸WUWMVORq^U˜O—YZORbc}hXTYvM†O'Yc no e Yv­¤U

S§UAM—MRbc‹vUWM

| |a˜

‡

 º ‘^“ #/%N!ž{ ) ) $

º ¿ ½ (º

,‡ # $ – T ,T

«²UXTYZSVo`b e U'Yv[ e o eYvo¤Y@M†_~O—_aYZ]  µY e bvX‡O—_a¥ZU-S§Yv]^_~O—Y e _a]^‹DO—Ymq^UT[ e_¡MPOR_aX 2 UPfPU e bc]`Y ' ‘ o e UWM—UT]@O—UAp

_a] ,.<‰ • q^_¡M!}abcO†ORU e o e YZo0YvM—_~O—_aYZ]6_aM!¥vU e K X}aYvM—UO—Y Yv[ e ™(Y eRš ž…q^Y’™(UT¥ZU e ž©O—q^U e U±b e UORq e UWUDS!bc_a]

p^_›®9U e UT]`XTUWM¢­0UOP™(UTUW]-ORq^UOP™…YVo e YZo0YvM—_~O—_aYZ]`M+*

·+_e M†OWžNq^UW[ e _aM†O—_¡X 2 U†fPU e bc]^Y ' ‘

bZMRM†[^SVUAMORq`b’O e YZ[NOR_~]^‹t_aMM—KLSVS§UTO e _aXj™q^UW]-o^}¡bZXT_~]^‹§­0UWbZXTYZ]`M

bZ]`p!pNUTO—U e SV_~]`UWM4ORq^USVYv]^_›ORY e bc­^}aUUWp^‹ZUWM µY e b]^YNpNUH#§bZMO—q^UjUWpN‹vUWMYv]VO—q^U e Yv[NO—_a]^‹O e UWUH,-)t´ÚYZ]^}aK

ORq^U£

e

MPOhXTYZ]`pN_~O—_aYZ]o

e

UWM—UT]@O—UAp-_a]%UT£`]^_~O—_aYZ] ‚A¶‰

JLUAXYv]`p2ž4q^UW[

e

_¡M†O—_¡X

2

UPfPU

e

bZ]^Y ' ‘ pNYLUWM\]^YcO§}~_aSV_›O!pN_¡MPObc]`XTU-­0UOP™(UTUW] UWpN‹vUWMtbc]`p ­0UWbvXYv]`MT‰

JNY`ž0O—q^U e UWM—[^}›OMYZ O—q`U§M—_~St[^}¡b’O—_aYZ]¤MpNY]^YcOn¥’b e K_a]± µ[`]`X‡OR_~Yv]zYc ©O—q^U§­¤Yv[^]`p FbZMnM—q^Y’™]±YZ]zO—q^U

e UWM—[^}~ORMW‰

·+_a]`bc}a}~Kvž^b’OUWbvXqM†O—UWoYZ )O—q`Un­0UWbvXYv]M—UT}aUWX‡OR_~Yv]bZ}~‹vY e _›ORq^S˜ž@q`UT[ e _aM†O—_¡X 2 UPfPU e bc]`Y ‘ Xq^YLYvM—UWM

ORq^U±­0UWbvXYZ]™q^_¡XqSVYZ]^_~O—Y e MVORq^U±S!b N_aS\[^S ]L[^S\­0U e YZ UWpN‹vUWM!]^YZO'KZUTOXY’¥vU e UWp2‰ «¬q`UT]OP™(Y

­0UWbvXYv]`MXTY’¥ZU e O—q^UVM—bZSVU\]L[^S\­0U e Yc UApN‹ZUAMTž¤O—q`UTKDXq^YvM—UtbZ]LKYZ 4O—q^UAM†UtOP™…Y-­¤UAbZXYv]`Mh™q`U e UWbZM™…U

Xq`YvM—UORq^UYZ]^USV_a]^_~SV_a¸T_a]^‹VO—q`UXYvM†OYc +O—q^Uo eYv­¤USVUWMRM—bZ‹ZUAMT‰

«¬q^UW] O—q^U'M—UOYZ …­0UWbvXYZ]¤M_aMXTYZSVo^[NORUWp2ž)O—q^UVOP™(Y˜o e YZo0YvM—_›OR_~Yv]`M[NO—_a}a_~¸WUVO—q^U!o e YZ­0U!M†UW}~UAX‡OR_~Yv]

bZ}~‹vY e _›ORq^S o e UAM†UW]@O—UWpz_~]²M†[`­`M†UAX‡OR_~Yv]zx^‰xN‰ • q^U§o^}aYcORMb e U\O—q^U e UAM†[`}›OMjYZ 'M—_~St[^}abcO—_aYZ]`M e bc]±Yv]

e bc]¤pNYZS ‹ e bco^q`Mh™_›ORq ‚W€v€V]^YNpNUWM‹ZUT]`U e b’O—UAp[`M†_a]^‹!ORq^U\« b NS!bc]±bZ}~‹vY e _›ORq^S!M,a‚A7.ʼnh«²U\XYvS§o¤b e U

ORq^UOP™…Y²q^UW[ e _¡M†O—_¡XTMV™_~O—q O—q^UD]L[^St­¤U e YZ j­0UWbvXYZ]¤MTž©O—q^U˜o0U e XUT]@O!Yc nUWpN‹vUWM§]^YZOVSVYv]^_›ORY e UWp2ž©O—q^U

S!b L_aS\[`S pN_¡MPObc]`XTUn­0UOP™(UTUW]Dbt­0UWbvXYv]bZ]`pbZ]˜UWpN‹vUbZ]`p-O—q^U]L[^St­¤U e Yc Y’¥ZU e }aYvbZp^UWp!}a_~] š MW‰

H Hq8:;Bj &8:;6(<=>HE

gjMXWbc]D­0UtM—UTUT]DYv]±·+_~‹¤‰¤x^ž¤O—q`U\}¡b e ‹ZU e ORq^U\­0YZ[`]`p2ž¤O—q^U§M†S!bc}a}aU e ORq^U\]L[^St­¤U e Yc 4­0UWbvXYZ]¤M µY e YZ[ e

q`UT[ e _aM†O—_¡Xc‰z«¬q^UT] ORq^U-­0YZ[`]`p _¡MU@[`bZ}ORY ‚Zž+ORq^U-o e YZ­`}~UWS _¡M e UWp^[`XUAp²O—Y±ORq^U-¥vU e O—U ²M—UO§XTY’¥ZU e

o eYv­^}~UWS bZ]`p§UT¥ZU e K\UWpN‹vUYc 0O—q^Uh]`UOP™(Y eRš q`bZMYZ]^UYZ 9_~ORMULO e UTSV_~OPK\_a]VO—q^UM—UOYZ 0­0UWbvXYv]`MT‰+œ]VO—q`_aM

XWbZM—UZž0O—q`U e Ut_¡Mn}~UAM—MO e b’¦'Xt­^[NOSVY e U\­0UWbZXTYZ]`M+*wv€'­0UWbZXTYZ]`MnY’¥vU e ORq^U‚W€Z€-]^YNpNUWMnYZ O—q^U§]^UTOP™…Y e—š

b e U¢]^UWUWpNUAp2‰«¬q^UT]§ORq^Uh­0YZ[^]`pV_¡M4U v[¤bc}NORYx^ž’ORq^Uh]L[^S\­0U e Yc 0O—q^Uh­0UWbvXYv]`M_aM…bc}aSVYvM†O+ORq^UMRbcSVU( µY e

Références

Documents relatifs

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST