Analysis of a tag-based branch predictor

HAL Id: inria-00070637

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070637

Submitted on 19 May 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents

Analysis of a tag-based branch predictor

Pierre Michaud

To cite this version:

Pierre Michaud. Analysis of a tag-based branch predictor. [Research Report] RR-5366, INRIA. 2004, pp.21. �inria-00070637�

ISRN INRIA/RR--5366--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Analysis of a tag-based branch predictor

Pierre Michaud

N˚5366

Novembre 2004

Systèmes communicants

'(*),+-+.)0/1(*2436587"9

:<;>=@?BADCE-=FDGHCCIJLKMF-NOJ,?B=

PRQ GOS@E?TVU P :

W NHXXYG Q ?[Z>E Q E-F]\LE Q F]\E^J_a`HbHcacedgf[G4haEDCi Q E&jOkakOl&dj>mnXLNOoaE-=

prqs-tDu4vwHtHx y \EzCE?{\LG<Z0CGa=|?}GO~?BEDJ€IY=|E.Z~‚G Q KƒJ<haEDJ,?{KMJo„JE-…^i Q NOJLF]\€X Q E.Z>KMF?{G Q =K†=}?{G=@?]N Q ?

~Q

GHC‡N0ˆ,JLG4…J‰X

Q

E.Z>K†FŠ?{G

Q

NHJLZ‹?

Q

;Œ?{GeKƒCX

Q

G4hHErK?.Ž‹G4…‘E-hHE

Q-’

?{\K†=“CE?{\LG<Z”oHKMhHE.=•MK?{?{•MEKMJL={Kƒoa\a?

KMJ–?B\E~

Q

E.—,IEDJ,?“F-NH={E…\LE

Q

Er…VEr~˜NHKƒ•V?{GŒKMC“X

Q

G4haE„?{\LEX

Q

E-ZKMF?{G

Q Ž y

\K†=“=|?{IYZ>;–X

Q

GHX8Ga={E-=zN0JE-…

NHXX

Q

GaNaF]\

’

…\KMF]\…VEn?{\KMJˆX

Q

G4h<K†Z>E-=N“i8E?{?{E

Q

IJLZ>E

Q

=|?BNHJLZ>KMJoLŽ6™ŒE=|?BN

Q

?~

Q

GHCNCG>Z>ED•šGO~"KMZ>E.NO•

X Q E.Z>KMF?{G

Q-’

NOJLZ‹KMJ,?

Q

G>Z>ILFE„={ILF-FE-=B={KƒhaE„Z>EDo

Q

NaZN4?BKƒGaJL=

’

IJ,?{KM•‘…VE›GHi?BNOKMJ–NœX

Q

E-ZKMF?{G

Q

?{\LNO?“FDNHJ‰iYE

KMCX•MEDCEDJ,?{E.ZKƒJœ\YN

Q

Z>…VN

Q

EaŽV}JœE-NaF]\œZ>EDo

Q

NaZN4?BKƒGaJ

’

K?}KM=XYG,={={KƒiL•ƒEn?BGr—,ILNOJ,?{Kƒ~‚;?{\E•MGa=B=

’

NOJLNH•ƒ;<ž-E

?B\E Q E-Na=|GaJL=n~‚G Q Kƒ? ’ NHJLZ‰=|GaCE?{KMCE-=zX Q GHX8Ga={E Q E-CE-Z>KME-=-Ž y \K†=XYNOX8E Q K†=“NOJ–KM•ƒ•MIL=|? Q N4?BKƒGaJ‰GO~?{\LKM=

CED?{\G>ZGHJ?{\En~˜NHCKƒ•M;rGH~š?BNHoOŸ iLNH={E-ZrX Q E-Z>K†FŠ?BG Q =VZE Q KƒhaE-Zr~Q GaC PRP%¡ Ž

¢œ£,¤¦¥B§¨ u4©sHx i Q NOJLF]\zX Q E-Z>K†FŠ?BKƒGaJzNOJYNO•M;<={K†= ’4PRP‘¡‰’ •MKƒCKƒ?{E-Z>Ÿ ={Kƒž-E‘X Q E.Z>KMF?{G Q-’ ={E-—,IE-JLFE‘~Q E.—,IEDJLFD; ’

ILX>Ÿ ZG4…J=BN4?BI Q NO?{KMJoFGHILJa?BE Q

ª†«­¬{® ¯-°±¬²³M® ´¶µ·

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes

s x NC?B\G>Z>E„•†NX•ƒIY==|GaIhHE-J,?nI?{KM•ƒK†=-E›XYGaI Q KMJ<hHEDJ,?BE Q Z>E›JGaIhHE.NOI0X Q .Z>KMF?{E-I Q =

ZEri Q NOJLF]\LEDCEDJ,?B=zE-=|?“ZEXLN Q?BKQ ZIJ”X Q -ZKMF?{EDI Q FDGHJJ<I–ED?“ZE-=B={N ;aE Q Z>Er•NHCD•MKƒG Q E Q Ž‰T‘EDX8EDJ>Ÿ

ZLNOJ,? ’ •MG Q =B—aILEFE?{?{E&C?B\G>Z>E.F]\GHIE ’ ED•M•ME=|E&X Q ?{EZ>K„FKM•ƒE-C“E-J,?IJENHJLNO•M;>=|EnX8E Q CE?|?]NOJ,?}Z>E

FDGHCX Q EDJLZ Q E“•ƒE.= Q NHKM={GHJY=ZE“•-F]\E.FOŽ›f[GaIL=nX Q GHX8Ga={GHJL=}IJE›JGaIhHE-•ƒ•MEC?{\LG<ZE ’ —,IKRJNXLNa=&FE?

KMJLFDGHJ<h -JKƒE-J,?-ŽfGHIL=RXLN Q ?{GaJL=6ZIJ›CG<ZAD•ME[Z>EX Q -Z>K†FŠ?BEDI Q K†Z.NO•’ E?%JLGHIL=6KMJ,?Q G>Z>IK†=|GaJL=6Z>E-=%ZDo Q NOŸ

ZLN4?{KMGHJY=%={ILFDFDE-=B=|KMhHE.=RFG Q{Q E-={XYGaJLZNHJa?RNHIFDGHJ,?Q NOKMJ,?{E.=6C›N4? Q KMED•M•ME-= ’ S@IL=B—,I!&GHi>?BEDJKQ IJ„X Q -Z>K†FŠ?BEDI Q

Q -NH•ƒK†=|?{EHŽ6T‘\LNH—,IE[Z"Do Q NHZLN4?{KMGHJzXYE-I>? ?Q E—aIYNOJ,?{K#$DE ’ NHJLNO•M;>=-E ’ ED?%XLN Q ~‚GHK†= ’ FG Q{Q Kƒo%DEaŽT‘E?{?{ED?{ILZ>E

E.=@?“IJEKƒ•M•MIL=@? Q NO?{KMGHJ”ZEFED?|?BEC?B\G>Z>E=|I Q •†Nœ~˜NOCKM•ƒ•MEZ>E-=zX Q -Z>K†FŠ?BEDI Q =Z Q KMh .=zZI”X Q -Z>K†FŠ?BEDI Q

K†Z.NO• PRP%¡ Ž

& ¨ t.s ¥ w ' x NHJLNO•M;>=|E›Z>E›X Q .Z>KMF?{KMGHJ‰Z>E„i Q NHJLF]\EDCE-Ja?]= ’šPRP%¡‰’ X Q -Z>K†FŠ?BEDI Q ZE?BNOKM•M•ƒE›•MKƒCKƒ?-E ’

~Q -—,IE-JLFE&Z>E=-—,IE-JLFE ’ FGaC“X?{EDI Q iKMZKQ E-F?{KMGHJJE-• ={NO?{I Q NOJ,?

+ ,

zš"› %

-VQ NOJLF]\rC“K†={X Q E.Z>K†FŠ?B=VN Q EnNOJ„KMCXYG Q ?]NOJ,?±={GHI Q FDEGO~XYE Q~‚G QC›NOJYFE•MGa=B=VKƒJCG<ZE Q JroHE-JE Q NO•8XI Q X8Ga={E

X QG>FE.={={G Q =-Ž y \EoHGaNH•LGH~ i Q NHJLF]\›X Q E-Z>K†FŠ?BKƒGaJ Q E-={E-N Q F]\KM=‘?BGX Q GHX8Ga={E[JE-… i Q NHJLF]\„X Q E-ZKMF?{G Q =6?B\LN4?

\YN hHE‘N•MG4…‘E Q CK†=|X Q E.Z>KMF? Q N4?BE ’ G Q ?B\LN4?RN Q E±=|KMCX•ME Q ?{GnKMC“XL•ƒE-C“E-J,? ’ G Q i8GO?B\ Ž y \E±•ƒKMCK?]="GO~Yi Q NHJLF]\

X QE.Z>KMF?{KMGHJ/.˜IJLZ>E Q FE Q ?BNHKƒJ0\,;<X8GO?B\E-={E-=%0[\YN hHEi8EDE-Je=|?{ILZKƒE.Z€KMJ/1j ’ `32’ iI>?n?{\E.=|E“X Q EDh<KMGHIL=•ƒKMCK?

=|?{IYZ>KƒE.=ZKMZJGO?6FGaJL=|K†Z>E Q X Q E-ZKMF?{G Q =@?BG Q NOoaER•ƒKMCK?]N4?BKƒGaJL= ’ …\LKMF]\K†="NOJKMCXYG Q ?]NOJ,?XYN Q NOCE?BE Q ŽšU[JLZ

KMJLZ>E-E-Z ’¦Q E-FDEDJ,?}i Q NOJYF]\œX Q E.Z>K†FŠ?{KMGHJ Q E.=|E.N Q F]\={\G4…[=[?{\LNO? ’ oHKMhHE-J€N„•MKƒCKƒ?{E.Z0=|?{G Q NOoaE ’ ?{\E Q EzKM=n=|?{KM•ƒ•

Q G<GHC ~‚G Q KMCX Q G4haEDCEDJ,?41MmDl ’65>’ m-k ’ m.b2’ NH•?B\GHIoa\„?B\KM=VGH~?{EDJ Q E-—,IKQ E.=RCG Q EFDGHCX•ME ›X Q E-Z>K†FŠ?BG Q =DŽ

7 ED? ’ K?&K†=nJGO?F•ME-N Q \G4… ={C›NO•M•"?{\ECKM={X Q E-Z>K†FŠ? Q N4?BEF-NOJeiYE~‚G Q N #">E.Z0\LN Q Z…VN QE“FGHCX•ME >Kƒ?@;HŽ

UJL={…‘E

Q

KMJon?{\LKM=±—,IE-=|?{KMGHJ›K†=VZ>K„FDI•?.Ž

-‘Q NOJYF]\›X

Q

E.Z>K†FŠ?{KMGHJ›K†=‘JGO?VE-NH={;?BG?B\EDG

Q

KMžDE[i8E-F-NOIL={ENHXX•MKŸ

F-N4?BKƒGaJL=nN

Q

E“Z>K„FI•ƒ?n?{GCG>Z>ED•¶Ž

¡ G Q EDG4hHE

Q-’

\LN

Q

Z>…±N

Q

EFDGHCX•ME >K?@;eFDNOJLJGO?niYE›—,ILNHJa?BK#YE-ZeE-NH={KM•ƒ;

…Kƒ?{\‹N=|KMJoH•MEJ<ICi8E

Q Ž y \E.=|EN

Q

E“X

Q

GaiLNOiL•ƒ;œ={GHCEzGH~%?B\E

Q

E.NH={GHJL=}…\<;œKƒJ<hHE-J,?{KMJoJLED… i Q NHJLF]\

X Q E.Z>KMF?{G

Q

=VK†=±C“G

Q

E&NHJN

Q

?V?{\YNOJœN={FDKƒE-JLFEaŽ

y \E}CE?{\LG<Z„C“G,=@?‘GO~?{E-J„IL={E-Z›F-NOJ›i8E}Z>E.={F

Q

KMiYE.Z›NH=R~‚GH•M•ƒG4…[=-Ž y ;<XKMF-NO•M•ƒ;

’

GaJE[\LNa=RNOJrKƒJ,?{ILK?BKƒGaJ

NHiYGaI>?NrXYG,={={KMi•ƒEz…VN ;?{GZ>E.F Q E-NH={E&?B\ECK†=|X Q E-ZKMF? Q N4?BEGO~‘Nrˆ<JG4…J€X Q E-Z>K†FŠ?BG Q Ž y \E-Jœ?{\LEzK†Z>E-N

K†=‘?{E.=@?BE-Z„i<; Q IJJKMJo=|KMCIL•MNO?{KMGHJL= ’ NHJLZ›?B\EnCG<ZK#LE.Z„X Q E-ZKMF?{G Q K†=VFDGHCXLN Q E.Z›…K?B\„?B\E Q ED~‚E Q EDJLFDE

X QE.Z>KMF?{G Q Ž98 ~Y?B\ECKM={X Q E-Z>K†FŠ? Q N4?BEVK†="JGH?%=|KMoHJK#YF-NOJ,?{•M;&KƒCX Q G4hHE.Z.˜…\K†F]\“K†=6N}~Q E.—,IEDJ,?%={K?BILN4?BKƒGaJ:0 ’

?B\E Q E&N Q E&=|E-hHE Q NO•8X8Ga=B=|KMiKM•ƒKƒ?{KME-= ’ NOCGaJoz…\LKMF]\<;

= y \E&KMJa?BIKƒ?{KMGHJ…VNa=V… Q GaJo>;6IJLZ>E Q =|?BNHJLZ>KMJoz…\<;K?[…±NH=V… Q GHJo=|\LGHI•†ZiYE&KMJL=|? Q ILFŠ?BKƒhaEHŽ

= y \EKMJ,?{IKƒ?{KMGHJ…VNa=RJGH?VFDGHCX•ME?{E-•ƒ;“… Q GHJo ’ iI?%?{\LE}K†Z>E-NCIL=|?‘i8EFDGHCziKƒJLE-Z…Kƒ?{\NHJGO?B\E Q

.‚;aE?[IJˆ<JG4…J#0%K†Z>E.N“~‚G Q Kƒ?B=±X8GO?{E-J,?{K†NO•­?BG“i8E&E >X8Ga={E-Z

= y \E Q E~‚E Q EDJYFEnX Q E-Z>K†FŠ?BG Q FDNHJJGO?i8E&KƒCX Q G4hHE.Z

8 ?VKM=‘Z>K›FDI•ƒ?‘?BGZ>K†=@?BKƒJoaIK†=|\„i8E?@…VEDE-J?{\E.=|E}XYG,={={KMiKƒ•MKƒ?{KME-= ’ X Q E-FDKM={ED•M;“iYE.FDNOIY=|E?B\ECK†=|X Q E.Z>KMF? Q N4?BE

ZG,E.=%JLGO?VF]\YNOJoaEHŽ 7 E? ’ …VEi8ED•MKƒE-hHE}K?VKM=‘KƒCX8G Q ?BNHJa?‘?{Gzˆ,JLG4… ?B\EnNH={J,…VE Q Ž y \LKM=‘XLNOX8E Q X Q GHX8Ga={E-=RN

CED?{\G>Z?{\YN4?ZG,E.=[JGH?\LN haEn?{\K†=Z

Q N …iLNaF]ˆ8ŽV™ŒEz=|?BN

Q

?~

Q

GHCN›CG<ZED•šGH~6KMZ>E.NO•X

Q

E.Z>K†FŠ?{G

Q

iLNa=|E.Z

GaJ N0~‚E-…iLNH={KMFX

Q

KMJLFKMX•ME-=-Ž

y

\E-J…VEœKMJa?

Q

G>Z>IYFEœ=|IYFDFE.={={KMhHEœZ>EDo

Q

NaZN4?BKƒGaJL=“IJ,?{KM•…VEœGHi>?]NOKMJN

X Q E.Z>KMF?{G

Q

?B\LN4?FDNHJ„iYEnKMCX•ƒE-CEDJ,?{E.Z„KMJr\LN

Q

Z>…±N

Q

EHŽ™ \E-J„?{\LE}KMCXLNHF?VGH~NzZEDo

Q

NHZLN4?{KMGHJ›K†=VCG

Q E

X Q

GaJGHIJYFE-Z‰?{\LNHJ E <X8E-F?{E.Z

’

…VEœFDNOJ oHGŒiLNHF]ˆ

’

NHJLNO•M;<žDE…\LN4?›\LNHXXYE-JE-Z

’

NOJYZ‰?

Q

;‰?BGei

Q

KMJoŒN

FDG

QBQ

E.FŠ?BKƒGaJ Ž y \K†=V=@?BILZ>;KM=VNOJ›KM•M•ƒIL=|?

Q

N4?BKƒGaJ„GO~¦?B\E}CED?{\G>Z›GaJ›?{\E~˜NOCKM•ƒ;GO~­?]NOoHŸ¶iLNa=|E.Z“X

Q

E.Z>K†FŠ?{G

Q =

ZE Q KƒhaE-Zr~Q GaC PRP%¡ 1j2 Ž

8 J‰:<E-F?{KMGHJ0b ’ …‘EZ>E.={F Q KMiYE“NOJeKMZ>E.NO•"X Q E-Z>K†FŠ?BG Q ?{\LNO?nF-NOJŒ=|E Q haENH=nN„CG>Z>E-•~‚G Q N„•†N Q oHEzFD•MNa={=

GH~?BNHoOŸ iLNH={E-ZŒX Q E-Z>K†FŠ?BG Q =DŽ‹:<E-F?{KMGHJ–leKƒJ,?Q G>Z>ILFDE-=z=|ILF-FE.={={KƒhaErZ>E-o Q NHZNO?{KMGHJL=&…\LKMF]\”N Q ENOJLNH•ƒ;<žDE.Z

={;>=@?BEDC›N4?BKMF-NO•M•ƒ;aŽ y \EnX Q E.Z>K†FŠ?{G Q #LJLNH•ƒ•M;„GHi?BNOKMJE.ZrK†=±?{\LEDJœFGaC“XYN Q E-Z„…Kƒ?{\<? ")* '@A Ž

B C

ED] $nnD

™ŒEZE #LJEr?{\EX Q GHo Q NHC FGaJa? Q Ga•GFLG4…H.P TJIK0Na=zN #YJK?BE={E-—,IE-JLFEML(NPORQS

OUT9V

GO~Z;,JYNOCKMFriLNH={K†F

iL•ƒG>F]ˆ>=WNOPXZY^…\E Q EY^KM=?B\Er={E?&GO~NO•M•%=|?BNO?{K†FziYNH={KMFi•MG>F]ˆ>=&FGHJY=@?BK?BI>?{KMJo?{\LE›X Q Gao Q NOC?BE <?-Ž

y ;<XK†FDNO•M•M; ’ ?{\LE P TJI FDG QBQ E.=|X8GHJLZL=[?BG?B\E›…\Ga•ƒEX Q GHo Q NHC E >E-FI?{KMGHJ ’ G Q ?{G?{\LE“E >E-FI?{KMGHJŒGO~VN

X Q Gao

Q

NOCi8E?@…VEDE-J0FGaJL={E-FI?{KMhHEzFDGHJ,?{E <?={…K?]F]\E-=-Ž y \E

P

TJI •MEDJoH?{\ KM=?@;<XK†FDNO•M•M;•†N

Q

oHE

’

EaŽoYŽ

’

={EDhaE

Q

NO•\,ILJLZ

Q

E-Z=GO~%?{\GaIL={NHJLZ=GO~VZ>;<JLNOCK†FiLNa=|K†Fzi•ƒG>F]ˆ>=-Ž&™eE›NH=B={ICE?B\LN4??{\EX

Q

E-ZKMF?{KMGHJ0GH~

iL•ƒG>F]ˆN 9VK†= iYNH={E-ZGHJ•M;GaJ?{\ERˆ<JG4…•ME-ZoHE"GO~<i•MG<F]ˆ>= NWV?BG NHŽ6}JE6C›N ;IL={E6KƒJ~‚G

Q

CNO?{KMGHJnGO?B\E

Q

?B\LNOJS@IL=|?&?{\LE P TJI ’ ~‚G Q E NOCX•ME“KMJL=|? Q ILFŠ?BKƒGaJL=&Z>E-XYE-JLZ>EDJYFKME-=1Mm`2 ŽrG4…‘E-hHE Q.’ CGa=|?&X Q E.Z>K†FŠ?{G Q =

X QGaXYG,=|E.Zr={Gz~˜N Q N Q E P TJIŸ¶iLNa=|E.ZrX QE.Z>KMF?{G Q = ’ NOJLZ…VE}~‚G>FDIL=GHJ?{\LE-={EHŽ

™ŒEzZ>E-JGO?BE L QV?{\E“=|ED?GO~RNH•ƒ•XYG,={={KƒiL•ƒE={E-—,IE-JLFE.=GO~‰FDGHJL={E-FDI>?{KMhHE&i•MG>F]ˆ>=DŽE8 JœXLN Q ?BKMFDI•MN Q-’

L3Q Y}ŽKMhHE-J‰NOJYZ?@…‘Gr={E-—,IE-JLFE.= X L QNHJLZ! X L Q ’ JGO?]N4?{KMGHJ"$#% CE.NOJL=

?B\LN4?={E-—,IE-JLFE& nE-JLZ=GaJ={E-—,IE-JLFE'ŽKIG Q E.NHF]\=|E.—,IEDJLFDE& ’ …‘E&Z>E #LJE&Kƒ?B= % ')(* !"!'+ L, Q±NH=

+ L- 3Q

J<ICi8E Q GH~G>F-FI QBQ E-JLFE.=VGO~. KƒJ?B\E P TJI

…\LKMF]\eKƒCX•MKƒE.= + L, Q/0aŽ ILG Q ={KƒCX•MK~‚;<KMJo?{\E›=|?{ILZ; ’ …VE“Na={={ICEz?{\LNO?E-NHF]\ei•MG<F]ˆ N X Y \LNH=

GaJ•M;?@…‘GX8Ga=B=|KMi•ME“={ILFDFDE-=B=|G Q iL•ƒG>F]ˆ>=KƒJŒ?{\LE P TJI ’ …\KMF]\ŒK†=nGO~?{E-J0?B\E›FDNa=|E“KƒJ‹X Q NHF?{K†FEaŽz[E-JLFE

?B\E Q EE <K†=|?B=[NO?CGa=|?21 L Q*13/%465X8Ga=B={Kƒi•ME={E-—,IEDJYFE-=GO~6•MEDJoH?{\6Ž y \ Q GHIoa\GHI>??B\K†==|?{ILZ>; ’ 7

NHJLZ98:7Z>E-JGO?BE Q E-={XYE.FŠ?BKƒhaED•M;z?B\EnCGa=|?‘~Q E-—,IE-Ja?NOJYZ„•ME-NH=|?V~Q E.—aILEDJ,?V={ILFDFDE-=B=|G Q iL•ƒG>F]ˆGO~"=|E.—aILEDJLFDE

rKMJ‹?{\E P TJIVŽ98 J‰XLN Q?BKMFDI•†N Q.’ ~‚G Q Nœi•MG>F]ˆMN ’ <; NOJLZ=8>; N Q E Q E-={XYE.FŠ?{KMhHE-•ƒ;eK?]=CGa=|?~Q E-—,IE-Ja?

NHJLZ€•ME-Na=@?n~Q E-—,IE-Ja?&={ILFDFDE-=B=|G Q =-Ž - ;0Z>E #YJK?BKƒGaJ ’@? XA L Q ’ …‘E“\LN hHE

+

L, >BC<7%QD

+

L- >B8:7Q ’ …\LE Q E

…VE}ZEDJGH?{EE >BC<7W.Q E.=|XšŽ. >B8>70R?{\En=|E.—,IEDJLFDE[~Q GHCF L&GH3Q6~‚G Q CE-Z„i<;›NOXLXYE-JLZ>KMJoi•MG>F]ˆ"<7 .Q E-={X Ž

8:70V?{G=|E.—,IEDJLFDE aŽ ¡ G Q E&oHE-JE Q NO•M•ƒ; ’ oaKƒhaEDJ?@…‘G=|E.—aILEDJLFDE-= X$ L>Q[NOJLZ! X L Q ’ …VEZ>EDJLGO?{E

IBJ ?{\E={E-—,IE-JLFE~

Q

GHCK L0GH Q‘~‚G

Q

CE-Zi,;NOXX8EDJYZ>KƒJLoL &?{GMŽ

™ŒEZ>E #LJE?B\E R '%N GH~­N&={E-—,IE-JLFEO }NH=6?{\E=|E.—aILEDJLFDEGO~ =|IYFDFE.={={G

Q

i•MG>F]ˆ>=6GO~P KƒJ?B\E

P

TJIVŽ

ILG Q E NOCX•ME ’ Kƒ~={E-—,IE-JLFE' KM=VEDJYFGHILJa?BE Q E-Z~‚GaI Q ?{KMCE-=VKƒJ?{\LE P TJI”NOJLZ„?{\E.=|E}~‚GHI Q G>FDFDI QBQ E-JLFE.=

N Q E}~‚GH•M•MG4…‘E.Z Q E-={XYE.FŠ?BKƒhaED•M;›i,;i•MG<F]ˆ>=E 7 ’ 7 ’ 8 7 NHJLZ 7 ’ ?{\LE=@? Q E.NOC GO~ nK†=Q6<8RaŽ

S T

›‹ ‹# %&

}I Q KMZE-NO•}X Q E-Z>K†FŠ?BG Q FDGHJL={KM=|?B=„GO~N–={E?9UGO~={E-—,IE-JLFE.=DŽ y \E€J<ICziYE Q GH~&={E-—,IE-JLFE.=›KMJVUKM=

ZEDJGH?{E-Z!1U1Ž":>E-—,IEDJYFE-=RKƒJWU C›N ;\YN hHE[N #">E.Z•ƒE-JoO?B\ ’ G Q C›N ;\LN haEh4N Q KƒGaIL=6•MEDJoH?{\L=-ŽG4…‘E-hHE Q

…VE›NH=B=|ILC“E?B\LN4?={E-—,IE-JLFE.=n•ƒE-JoO?B\L=N Q E=@? Q K†FŠ?B•ƒ;eo Q E-NO?{E Q ?B\LNOJ‹GHJLE ’ K¶ŽEHŽ’ UKX0Y

5[Z

V L QŠŽ™eE

NH•M={GNH=B=|ICE?{\YN4??{\LEFGHJ,?BEDJ,?GO~\U K†= #">E-Zr~‚G Q N“oHKMhHE-J P TJI‘Ž

ILG

Q

E-NaF]\/NKƒJ ?{\E

P

TJI

’

…VEFDGHJL={KMZE

Q

?{\Eœ={E-—,IEDJYFE-= N^]

5

9V`_*_a_'NGO~•MEDJLoO?{\A ~‚G

Q

NH•ƒ•

<X=b4dc-e6f Ž 8 ~6=|GaCE&GO~?{\E.=|E={E-—,IE-JLFE.=[N

Q

EnKƒJ"U

’

…VEZ>E #LJE zNH=V?{\LE•ƒGaJoHE.=@?GH~?B\E-={EC›N4?]F]\KƒJLo

={E-—,IE-JLFE.=.˜GHJEz…Kƒ•M•

Q

E-FDGHoaJKƒž-En?{\E

PRP%¡

G Q Z>E

Q

KMJo›GO~%={E-—,IE-JLFE.= 1b ’

j20Žn?B\E

Q

…KM={E

’

Kƒ~6?{\E

Q

EzKM=

JLGC›N4?]F]\KMJoœ=|E.—aILEDJLFDE ’ W N Žz™ŒEX Q E.Z>K†FŠ? N V ?{GiYE 7 Ž“EDJLFDE ’ Kƒ~ N 9V 08 7 ’ ?{\K†=nKM=&N

CK†=|X Q E.Z>KMF?-Ž™eE}Z>E #LJLE±?{\E N R&# '%*("!6% ')(* !"! <LUQ/g[NH=?B\E?{GH?BNH•J<ICi8E Q GH~8CK†=|X Q E.Z>KMF?B=

ZKƒh<K†Z>E-Zi<;›?{\LE P TJI–•MEDJoH?{\‰ŽKIG Q Dg ’ …VEn…Kƒ•M•šZ>E-JGO?BEQ L Q‘?{\E&—,ILNHJa?BK?@;

<L Qh i

7kj>lnm

5po

+ L- 6B8 7 Q .@m30

8J›XYN Q ?{K†FI•†N Q <L, L QQh L Q~‚G Q qg ’ NOJLZM<L

∅

Q Lr3QŠŽ 8 ?‘F-NOJiYE}=|\G4…J“?B\LN4? ’ ~‚G Qs Dt8 ’

LLG sQ/A<L Q .*j0

K¶ŽE ’

<L QK†=nJGaJ>Ÿ¶KMJLF

Q

E.NH={KƒJo…Kƒ?{\ 6Ž y \K†=&FGHCE.=~

Q

GaC ?{\E~˜NaFŠ?&?B\LN4?N={IC GH~‘CKƒJY=Z>G<E-=nJG

E FEDE.Z„?B\E&CKƒJGH~={IC›=W;

<LWG sQ i

7kj>lnm

5po

i

j>lnmUO

o

L+ LIB >BC 7 Q c + LIB >B8 7 QQ

/ i 7

L i + L\BJ >B 7 Q c i + L\BJ >B8 l QQ

L Q

…\LKMF]\X

Q

G,G4haE-= .*j 0ŠŽ y \K†=S@IL=|?{K#LE-=

PRP%¡

G Q Z>E

Q

KMJoLŽ

8 Jœ?B\E“oHEDJLE Q NO•šF-NH={EGO~%N Q NOJYZ>GHC U ’ NOJLZIJYZ>E QPRP%¡ G Q Z>E Q KƒJLo ’ ?B\ECK†=|X Q E.Z>KMF?[~Q E-—,IEDJYF;

K†=

<LUQ`V Lr3Qti

7kj L+ L- 6B8

Q + L, >B8 7 QQ .˜b 0

…\LE Q E €Z>E-XYE-JLZ=GaJ" NOJLZKM=V?B\En•ƒGaJoHE.=@?[={E-—,IE-JLFEKƒJ>Y9U1={ILF]\r?B\LN4?# aŽ >X Q E-=B=|KMGHJ .˜b 0

F-NOJ“iYEIJLZ>E Q =|?{G<G>ZzNa=~‚GH•M•ƒG4…[=-Ž"U[•M•>?{\ECK†=|X Q E.Z>KMF?B=RN Q EFDGHIJ,?{E.ZKMJ?{\LE[=|IC Lr3Q6G

7 + L, >B8 7 QŠŽ

™ŒE“CIL=|?

Q

EDCG4haE&~

Q

GaC?{\K†=n=|ILC?{\E@~˜NO•†=|EC“K†={X

Q

E.Z>K†FŠ?B=}GHJŒ=|E.—,IEDJLFDE-= ’ K¶ŽEHŽ

’

G<F-FI

QBQ

EDJLFDE-=[GH~

~‚Ga•ƒ•MG4…‘E.Z–i<;H8

iLI>?~‚G

Q

…\K†F]\–?B\E

Q

EE >KM=|?B=NŒ•MGHJoaE

Q

CNO?BF]\KMJo‹=|E.—,IEDJLFDEKMJtUŽ

y

\Eœ={IC

7 + L, >B8 Q±FDG

QBQ

E.=|X8GHJYZ=‘?{G“?{\E.=|En~˜NH•M={EnCKM={X

Q

E-Z>K†FŠ?]=DŽ

! #"%$'&($ )+*-,.&#*!/(01*'23*!/#4576

8 ~@UKM=#YJK?BE ’ …‘E±\LN haE<LUPQhDt<L Q ’ …\E Q E K†="?B\E•ƒE-JoO?B\GO~L?B\E•MGHJoaE-=|?6={E-—,IE-JLFEKMJMUŽ y \LKM=

F-NOJiYE&={EDE-JNa=%~‚Ga•ƒ•MG4…[=-Ž E?IL=NaZZ„?BGMU NH•ƒ•¦?B\E&=|E.—aILEDJLFDE-=‘~Q GaCK L QR?B\LN4?N QEJGH?NH•Q E-NaZ>;›KMJ

UŽ™ŒE&GHi?BNOKMJN“={E?(8'9AUŽ W ED~‚E QBQ KMJo“?{G“~‚G QCzI•MN>.*b 0VNOXXL•ƒKME-Z?{G›={E?(8 ’ …VE&\LN hHE

L:8WQ <LUQ i

7kj;I]<

L+ L, >B8

Q

+

L- 6B8>7%Q'Q

…\LKMF]\KMC“XL•ƒKME-=<L=8WQ /t<LUQŽRU=±?B\E•MGHJoaE-=|?±C›NO?BF]\KMJo›=|E.—,IEDJLFDEnKƒJ8^K†=[NH•ƒ…±N ;>=‘GH~•MEDJLoO?{\" ’

K¶ŽEHŽ’ L:8WQ <L Q ’ …‘E&\LN haE <LUPQD <L QŠŽ

:> ?@*-$BA!C#"/#4B&()+*-2*-)D)E)+*-,.&#*-/F01*-)

ILG Q N“•MKƒCKƒ?{E-Z=1U1’ …‘E&={EDEDˆNOJGHX>?BKƒC›NH• =|ED? U GO~6={E-—,IEDJYFE-=‘?B\LN4?[CKMJKƒCKMžDE.= LUQŠŽ

W ED~‚E QBQ KMJoNOoaNHKƒJn?BG[~‚G Q CzI•MN.˜b 0 ’ •ME?IY=Na={={ICE6?B\LN4??{\E Q E‘E >K†=@?]=NHJ2 X"U–={ILF]\?B\LN4?.8

%8 7 Ž

™ŒE\LN haE + L- 6B8 7 Q + L, >B8

QŠŽ 8 ~8…VE Q EDCG4hHE ±~Q GHC U ’ ?{\EGaJ•ƒ;zF]\LNOJoaE±GHJ2 LUQCN ;zFGHCEV~Q GHC

G

uIH#J:KMLONMPRQTSVUP\MLWH:U3QXH:KZY[H#J\U3PRU3]^H\_\M`aH\KbUcPRL\M`OU3J:H#d#Y[H:]eKM_\M`aJ\U3fgNMU\M]3Uh_RJ \MLWH#YWPijY3kbJH:KMUcSVU3J:H]\KMLO_R]3UlnmZLOo

U3pbYWdqMPRUOrsPRU3H NbJ]L\bJ\_RQMU3otHuivLFJ\U3fwNbU\b]U3Jyx{z|}Y%\bQ~z|J\NM]eKH:KZY[H x{€~Oly‚DU^H NMJ]3L\MJ\_RQMU3otH:KMU.J:NMJ\SbH:o=U%YWd

ƒ„LW…1~y]3LOo:o=U3J\qVL\MQM_\b`FH:L(Lg]3]3NMo:o=U\M]3U3J†LW…1~†YWJ-H\KMU†PRL\M`OU3J:Hd#Y[H\]eKb_\M`J\U3fgNMU\M]3UlIxJ!ƒ‡_RJ \MLWH!H\KbUyi-KMLOPRUyJ:H:o:UYWd

LW…1~tSMNwHL\MPkFY.J:NMSMJ:H:o=U%YWdcrbH\KMU dLOJ=Hv…o=U3fwNMU\HtSMPRLg]eˆ#_\‰ƒŠd#Yk(SVU ‹OŒ†_\bJ:H:U%YWQ‰LW…vŒwl uI…7H:KM_RJ-_RJ-H:KMU ]YWJ\UOrVY%\MQc_…

‹ ŒtŽ rM_Hj_RJjSVU^H:H:U3o!H:L.J\U3PRU3]^Hxc_\bJ:H:U%YWQFLW…<~lRu\‰LWH:KMU3o!i1LOo:QMJrVYWQMQM_\b`Y‘J\U3fgNMU\M]3UH\L‘|d#Y3k#_\M]3o:UYWJ:Uy’“”|t•el

={E-—,IE-JLFE.=›KMJ U ~‚G

Q

…\K†F]\ &KM=‘?{\LE•MGHJLoHE-=|?±CNO?BF]\KMJo=|ILiL=|E.—,IEDJLFDEHŽ6[G4…VEDhaE

Q.’

NO~?{E

QQ

EDCG4h<KMJo

’

?{\LE}•MGHJoaE-=|?VC›NO?BF]\KMJoz={IiL={E-—,IE-JLFE}GO~={E-—,IE-JLFEiYE.FGaC“E.=hŽ6U= 8 V8:7

’

?B\E&FGaJa?

Q

KMiI>?BKƒGaJ

GH~rZG,E.=±JGO?F]\YNOJoaEHŽ6[E-JLFE

Q

EDCG4h<KƒJoL &ˆaEDE-XL= LUQ‘IJLF]\LNHJoHE.Z­Ž

™ŒEVZEDJGH?{EhU XAU‹?B\EV={E?GO~L={E-—,IE-JLFE.= Q EDC›NOKMJKMJoNO~?{E QQ EDCG4h<KƒJo±~Q GHC U–NH•ƒ•a?{\E±={E-—,IEDJYFE-=

z={ILF]\?{\LNO? 8

g8 7 ’ …\E Q EQ€K†=?B\E•MGHJoaE-=|?=|E.—aILEDJLFDEKƒJ Y U ={ILF]\?{\YN4? #% aŽ‘ <X Q E.={={KƒGaJ

.*b 0‘i8E-FGaCE-=

<LUQ LU

Q .‚l 0

Lr3Q i

7kj

L+ L, >BC<7Qt + L, >B8>7Q'Q

8 ?r={\GaI•MZi8EœJGO?BE-Z ?{\YN4?WUU ’ …\K†F]\ CE-NHJL=?B\LN4?›~‚G Q NO•M• ZX UNOJLZt ?B\Eœ•MGHJoaE-=|?

={E-—,IE-JLFEnKMJ>Y 9U=|ILF]\?{\YN4?# ’ …‘En\LN haE7%8

Ž

: "/(4y23*„)s*!,‘&(*-/(01*'2*-/#4 56

E?›IL=#

Q

=|?„FGHJY=|K†Z>E

Q

?B\E€FDNa=|E…\K†F]\ FDGHJL=|?

Q

NOKMJL=={E-—,IEDJYFE-=“KMJ U?BGŒ\YN hHEN #$<E.Z•ƒE-JoO?B\A6Ž

<X

Q

E.={={KƒGaJM.*b 0Vi8E-FGaCE-=

LUQ`<LQtAi

7kj

L+ L, >B86; Q + L, >B8>7Q'Q

…\LE Q E N KM=?B\E±•MNa=@?"i•MG<F]ˆnKMJM aŽ IG Q N}•ƒKMCK?BE-Z"1U21’ GaJE‘F-NOJCKMJKMC“KMžDE <LUQši<;=|G Q ?BKƒJLo}={E-—,IEDJYFE-=

KMJL L QKMJ“Z>E.F Q E-Na=|KMJoh NH•ƒILE-=GO~ + L, >B8>; Qs + L- >B8:7Q ’ NHJLZXLI>?|?BKƒJo&KMJ2U–?{\LE # Q =|?1U1 ={E-—,IE-JLFE.=DŽU=

1U1aKMJLF Q E-Na=|E.= ’ LUQVZ>E-F Q E.NH={E-=%~Q GaC Lr3Q%?{G2<L QŠŽRfGO?BKMFDE}?B\LN4?<LUQ%K†=±JE-FDE-=B={N QKM•ƒ;›N“FGaJ,haE

~‚ILJLFŠ?BKƒGaJGH~ 1U1,KMJ?B\K†=[FDNa=|EaŽ

&(2^57"F23* )s*!,‘&(*-/(01*'2*-/#4 56F)

y \LEoHEDJLE

Q

NO•>FDNa=|E±…\K†F]\›FGHJY=|K†Z>E

Q

="CIL•?BKƒX•ME[={E-—,IEDJYFE±•ƒE-JoO?B\L=6KMJMU K†=RNnCG

Q

EZ>K„FDI•?‘GHX>?BKƒCKMž-N4Ÿ

?BKƒGaJ›X Q GHi•MEDCŽ"UV?R?{\K†=RX8GHKMJ,?%KMJ›?{\E}NOJLNH•ƒ;>={KM= ’ Kƒ?‘K†=RFGaJ,haEDJKMEDJ,?6?BGKƒJ,? Q G>Z>ILFDE[N&\<;<XYGH?{\E.=|K†= ’ …\K†F]\

…KM•M•6•ƒE.NHZ0?{GN={KMC“XL•ƒE\E-I Q K†=|?{K†FOŽ“™eEKMJa? Q G>Z>IYFE“?{\E "% $ &6*$ ’ …\LKMF]\Œ…‘EZ>E #LJE„NH=

~‚Ga•ƒ•MG4…[=P;

? Ick 6!#t >c + LIBC

Q + L\B8

QD + L- >B7Q + L- 6B8>7Q

E?‰i8E?{\E&={E?±GO~={E-—,IE-JLFE.=R?B\LN4?[N Q ENO•M•ƒG4…VE-Z?BGzi8EnKƒJ UŽ 8 ?[FDNOJiYE&={\G4…J„?B\LN4? ’ KƒJG Q Z>E Q ?{G

CKMJKMC“KMžDEO LUQ ’ …‘EGHJ•M;zJLEDE-Z“?BGFGaJL={KMZ>E Q ={E-—,IEDJYFE-=RKƒJ W.,EX ŒK†=RGai>?BNHKƒJLE-Z›NH=RX Q E-h<KƒGaIL=|•M; ’

i<; Q EDCG4h<KMJo“~Q GaCKNO•M• =|E.—aILEDJLFDE-= X ={ILF]\?{\LNO?& 7 ’ …\E Q E'œKM=±?B\E&•MGHJoaE-=|?=|E.—aILEDJLFDE

KMJ Y =|IYF]\e?B\LN4?2%# 0ŠŽ y \K†=F-NOJ‰i8Er={EDEDJ–Na=&~‚Ga•ƒ•MG4…[=DŽ E?IL=zFGaJL=|K†Z>E Q N"U X 1?B\LN4?

K†=JGH?KMJLFD•ƒILZE-ZKƒJ ’ NHJLZ X U={ILF]\”?B\LN4? X OŽ E?L i8E?B\Eœ•MGHJoaE-=|?={E-—,IE-JLFEKMJ

Y}!z={ILF]\€?B\LN4?QH# aŽ - E-F-NOIL={E2 XH ’ …‘E“CIY=@?&\LN haE9 7 Ž y \E-J ’ i8E-FDNHIL={EM X=U ’

‹FDNHJJGH?}i8EKMJ Y} U Ž

ED?}IL=nZ>E #LJE80 Uy<,Ž™ŒEz\LN haE X8

’

K¶ŽEaŽ

’

8KM=}GHi?BNOKMJE.Z

~Q

GHC Ui<;

Q

EDX•†NHFDKƒJoW …K?B\ Ž I Q

GaC ?{\EFDGHJ<hHE >K?@;„\<;<X8GO?{\LE-={KM=NHJLZ~

Q

GaC .‚l 0 ’

…VEnCIL=|?[\LN haE

<L=8`Q/A<LU!QŠŽ 8J={ICC›N

Q ; ’ …VEFDNOJ

Q

EDX•†NHFDE={E-—,IE-JLFE.=±JGO?[KMJ!}i<;r=|E.—,IEDJLFDE-=V?B\LN4?N

Q

EnKMJ

’

;aE?[…Kƒ?{\GaI>?[KƒJYF

Q

E-NH={KMJo<LU!QŠŽ

™ŒEœN

Q

ErJG4… ={E-N

Q

F]\KMJo0NHJ”GaX>?{KMC›NO• U ŽJLZ>E

Q

?B\EœFGaJ,haE >Kƒ?@;e\<;<XYGH?{\E.=|K†=

’

GHJEFDNHJ

CKMJKMC“KMžDE <LUQ ~‚G Q N}•MKƒCKƒ?{E-Z1U1-i<;=|G Q?BKƒJon={E-—,IEDJYFE-=` X"‘KMJZ>E-F Q E.NH={KƒJo}h4NO•MIE-=GO~ + L, >BC 7 Qs

+ L- >B8 7 QRNOJYZ›XI>?{?{KMJoKMJ9U ?B\E# Q =|?'1U1O={E-—,IE-JLFE.=DŽ"f[GH?{K†FE[?B\LN4?UVUKM=VNFDGHJL={E-—,IE-JLFE[GH~­?{\E

FDGHJ<hHE >K?@;œ\<;<XYGH?{\E.=|K†=-Ž„}J Q E-NH•…VG Q •MGaNHZL= ’ …VECN ;0GHiL={E Q hHE1Up1IK1U1ŽG4…‘E-hHE Q-’ …VE›=|\GaI•†Z

GaiL={E Q hHEQ1U61 1U1 Na="NOJEDCXKQ K†FDNH•>h4NO•MKMZNO?{KMGHJ“GO~Y?{\E[FDGHJ<hHE <Kƒ?@;&\<;<XYGH?{\E.=|K†= ’ K*ŽEHŽ’ ~‚IJYFŠ?{KMGHJM<LUQ

GH~ 1U1<={\GHI•†ZiYENHXX Q G <KMC›N4?BED•M;„FGHJ<haE ­Ž

C

&" ! ‰# %&

y \LKM==|?{IYZ>;œ~‚G>FIL={E-=GHJ‹FGHJYZ>K?BKƒGaJLNO•6i Q NHJLF]\E-= ’ …\K†F]\‰FGaJL=@?BK?BI>?{E?B\E›C›N4S@G Q Kƒ?@;€GO~VCKM={X Q E-Z>K†FŠ?]= ’

K¶ŽEHŽ’ …‘E›FDGHJL={KMZE Q GHJ•M;œ?B\E„=|E.—,IEDJLFDE-=…\K†F]\e•†NH=|?&i•MG<F]ˆ0EDJLZ=nGaJŒNFDGHJLZ>Kƒ?{KMGHJYNO•"i Q NOJLF]\ Ž - •ƒG>F]ˆ

7 FDG QBQ E.=|X8GHJLZL=?{G?B\EC“G,=@?n~Q E-—,IE-Ja?ni Q NOJLF]\ŒZ>KQ E.FŠ?{KMGHJ ’ EDKƒ?{\E Q )3@ G Q #*`@ ! Ž - •MG<F]ˆ!8 7

FDG QBQ E.=|X8GHJYZ=R?BG?{\E&GH?{\E Q Z>KQ E.FŠ?{KMGHJšŽ

U # Q =|?}Z>E-o Q NHZNO?{KMGHJ…VEKƒJ,? Q G>Z>ILFDEKMJœ?{\EzKMZE-NO•X Q E-Z>K†FŠ?BG Q K†=[KMJœ?B\E…±N ;={E-—,IE-JLFE.=N Q E Q EDX>Ÿ

Q E-={EDJ,?BE-Z­Ž›™ŒE Q EDX Q E-={EDJ,?N=|E.—aILEDJLFDE›…K?B\e?B\ErNaZZ Q E-=B=nGO~V?{\E„FDGHJLZ>Kƒ?{KMGHJYNO•Ri Q NOJYF]\eE-JLZ>KMJo?{\E

•†NH=|?‘iL•ƒG>F]ˆNOJLZ›…Kƒ?{\r?{\EoH•MGHiYNO•L\LKM=|?{G Q ;“GO~šFDGHJLZ>Kƒ?{KMGHJYNO•8i Q NHJLF]\„Z>KQ E.FŠ?BKƒGaJL= ’ K¶ŽEaŽ’ NiLK?±hHE.FŠ?{G Q%Q EDX>Ÿ

Q

E-={EDJ,?BKƒJo?B\EzZK

Q

E-F?{KMGHJL=GO~6?{\LE•†NH=|?O zFGaJLZ>Kƒ?{KMGHJLNH•ši

Q

NOJYF]\E-= .‚?{\E“FDNa=|E&=0FDG

QBQ

E.=|X8GHJLZL=

?BG?{\E›IL={ILNH•-@iKMCG>ZNO•”zX

Q

E-Z>K†FŠ?BG

Q

1Mm.`

’

mam20ŠŽ

y

\K†=nKM=\G4… ={E-—,IEDJYFE-=&N

Q E Q EDX

Q

E-={EDJ,?{E.Z0KMJŒC“G,=@?

X Q E.Z>KMF?{G

Q

=-Ž

y

\E

Q

E±K†=6=|GaCE[NO•MKMNa=|KMJoGHJ=|E.—aILEDJLFDE-=E1Mm.j32

’

;aE?RKƒ?RKM="E.NH={;&?{G&KMCX•ƒE-CEDJ,?RKƒJ\LN

Q

Z…VN

Q

EaŽ

y \LKM=[Na={={ICX>?BKƒGaJ€NO•†=|GE-Na=|E.=GHI

Q

=|KMCIL•MNO?{KMGHJL=-Ž%™ŒENH=B={ICEN›C›N >KƒCzIC ={E-—,IE-JLFE•ƒE-JoO?B\

NHJLZ

’

~‚G

Q

E-NaF]\–=@?]N4?BKMFri

Q

NHJLF]\‰EDJYFGHILJa?BE

Q

E-Z‰KMJ‰?B\E

P

TJI

’

…VErC›NOKMJ,?BNOKMJ”NœiLKƒJLN

Q

;Œ?

Q

E-E„GO~Z>E-X>?{\

„…\E

Q

EE-NaF]\œJG>Z>E

Q

EDX

Q

E-={EDJ,?]=[NrZ>K†=|?{KMJLFŠ?oH•MGHiLNH• \K†=@?BG

Q

;h4NO•MIE

’

…\K†F]\œ•MEDJoH?{\0FDG

QBQ

E.=|X8GHJLZL=

?BG“?{\EZ>E-X>?{\GH~?B\E&JG>Z>EnKƒJ?B\En? Q EDEaŽ y \ Q GaIoH\LGHI>?V?{\K†=[=|?{ILZ; ’ …VE&NH=B=|ICE' 3HŽ

%£ u £ t.v"'‘s £ t ¥ ™eE&~‚G>FDIL=|E.ZGHI Q N4?|?BEDJ,?{KMGHJGaJ€=|E-hHEDJi8EDJLF]\LCN Q ˆ>=-Ž±}JEKM= ’ ~Q GHC

?B\E„: P VT,`=|IKƒ?{E ’ NOJYZœ?{\LE„=|K€GO?B\E Q =nN Q E & ’ &# ’ "%" ’ " '%R ’ & % ! ’ NOJLZ A * ~Q GaC ?{\E

: P VT±jOkakHk}=|IKƒ?{EaŽš™ŒEVF]\LGa={ER?{\LE-={E‘i8EDJLF]\LCN Q ˆ>=šiYE.FDNOIY=|E‘GO~?B\EDKQ CK†=|X QE.Z>KMF? Q N4?BE ’ …\K†F]\K†=š•MKMˆHED•M;

?BGi8E›NrX8E Q~‚G Q C›NOJLFDEi8GO?{?{•MEDJE.F]ˆ8Žz™eEIL={E-Z€?{\E“? Q NHKƒJeKƒJXLI>?&GHJeNH•ƒ•"i8EDJLF]\LCN Qˆ>=-Ž™ŒE={ˆ<KƒXLXYE.Z

?B\E # Q =|?m-kak}CKM•ƒ•MKMGHJL=%KƒJL=|?Q ILF?{KMGHJL=‘NOJLZ›FDGH•M•ƒE.FŠ?{E.ZFGHJYZ>K?BKƒGaJLNO•Li Q NHJLF]\E.="~‚G Q ?{\E[JLE <?m-knCKM•ƒ•MKMGHJL=

KMJL=|? Q ILFŠ?BKƒGaJL=W.‚ILJ•ƒE.={=={X8E-FK#LE.ZGH?{\E Q …K†={E30ŠŽ y G„={N haE={XLNaFE ’ …VE&IL={E

NH=±GaI Q E NHC“XL•ƒE P TJIVŽ

( "$ "^5* /.&($! h*"@A$#X)s*!,‘&(*-/(01*'2*-/#4 56F)

8 Je?{\LE Q E-CNHKƒJLKƒJo ’ 1=@?BKƒ•M•%Z>E-JGO?BE-=?{\LE={E?GH~V={E-—,IE-JLFE.=&NO•M•ƒG4…VE-ZœKMJ UŽ™eE›Na={={ICE“?{\LNO?%

Y 5

j%

L Q ’ …\LE Q E'& X b4Rcr f Ž IKMoHI QE–mŒ=|\LG4…[=W<LUQ„GHJ Na=rN–~‚IJLFŠ?BKƒGaJ GH~ 1U16~‚G Q

&V (3#)+* s -,

OT.

’ ~‚G Q &% -/Rca6>ck4d>c03 ~‚G Q & >>6c1n NHJLZœ~‚G Q &V -n .?B\E“FDI Q hHE-=

={\G4… GaJ•M;›h NH•ƒILE-=±GO~ 1U1,FDG QBQ E.=|X8GHJLZKƒJo?{G›={E-—,IEDJYFE-=±={ILF]\„?B\LN4? + L- >B 7 Q + L, >B8 7 QD2 0Ž%}J

NH•ƒ•‘iYE-JLF]\C›N Q ˆ>= ’ ?B\EFDI Q haE„GO~<LUPQnKƒJ–~‚IJLFŠ?BKƒGaJ–GO~1U1 KM=“NOXX Q G >KMCNO?{E-•ƒ;ŒFGHJ<haE ­Ž€[G4…VEDhaE Q.’

…VEhHE Q K#LE-Z”?{\YN4?›?{\LED; N Q E•MG>FDNO•M•M;–JGO?rFDGHJ<hHE .‚E >FDEDX>?+& (n …\LKMF]\ K†=›NO•M…VN ;>=FGaJ,haE 0ŠŽ

y \LErFGaJ,haE >Kƒ?@;€\<;,X8GO?B\E-={K†==|E-EDC›=&?BGœX Q G4h,K†Z>E„NœoaG<G<ZŒ\E-I Q KM=|?{K†FKƒJ”X Q NaFŠ?BKMFDEHŽ€}Je?B\E„E >NHCX•ƒE

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 41-4*i

41,21,11,6 41,11 41

IKMoHI Q EŒm; >NHCX•ƒE P TJI ;` LUQ“NH=N€~‚ILJLFŠ?BKƒGaJ GH~M1U1’ ~‚G Q & -nh * s -,O

T.

’ ~‚G Q &F

/Rca66c)4d>c0n ~‚G

Q

&H >6>c03 NHJLZr~‚G

Q & -n aŽ

P TJI ’ ~‚GHI Q •ƒE-JoO?B\L= & -/nc*6>ck4R6c03 K†=={I„FKMEDJ,?.Ž…\Kƒ•MEN›={KƒJLoH•ME•ƒE-JoO?B\ &t -n &K†=FD•ƒE.N Q •ƒ;

KMJL={I„FKMEDJ,?-Ž"U[JYNO•M;,ž-KƒJLo}?B\EFDGHJ,? Q KƒiLI>?{KMGHJz?{G'<L3Q2<LUPQšGH~8E.NHF]\z•ƒE-JoO?B\“KMJ & /Rca66c)4d>c0n ’

…VE›~‚GaIJLZŒ?{\YN4?z•MEDJLoO?{\ n„FGaJ,? Q KƒiI?{E-=•ƒKƒ?|?B•ƒEGHJ‹?B\KM=XLN Q ?{K†FIL•MN QP TJIVŽ%}J‹?{\K†= P TJI ’ N€={KƒJLoH•ME

•MEDJLoO?{\2& 4d …‘GaI•MZ–iYEiYED?|?BE Q ?{\LNHJ N0={KMJoH•ME & (3 aŽe[G4…VEDhHE Q-’ ?B\EFDGHJ,? Q KƒiLI>?{KMGHJ–GH~

•MEDJLoO?{\)3“…±NH==|KMoHJK#YF-NOJ,?&GHJ‰FE Q?]NOKMJŒi8EDJYF]\C›N Q ˆ<= ’ E.=|X8E-FDKMNH•ƒ•M; & % Ž:<GaCE›X Q E.Z>K†FŠ?{G Q = ’ EaŽoYŽ’

¡ FILN Q•MKMJo$=iKMCG<ZLNO•

oa={\LN Q E 1ƒmam2G Q 7 U&:<1l*2’ IL={EN„={KMJoH•ME&oH•MGHiLNH• \K†=@?BG Q ;r•MEDJoH?{\ Ž y \EJEDE.Z

~‚G Q CzI•?BKŸ •MEDJoH?{\0FDGHJ#LoaI Q N4?{KMGHJY=\LNH=NO•Q E-NHZ;ri8EDEDJ0XYGaKƒJ,?{E.Z€GaI>?1Mm-c2 Ž y \LEGHX?{KMC“KMžDE.Z ?

%")* @ A

X QE.Z>KMF?{G Q 1MmDl ’ m!2 KM=±NOJE NHC“XL•ƒEGO~Z;,JYNOCKMF}oH•MGHiYNO•ƒŸ¶\K†=|?{G Q ;“iLNH={E-ZrX Q E.Z>K†FŠ?{G Q ?{\LNO?VIL={E-=VCzI•?BKƒXL•ƒE

\LKM=|?{G

Q

;›•MEDJoH?{\L=-ŽK8J?{\E

Q

EDC›NHKƒJKMJo

’

…VENH=B={ICE & -/nc*6>ck4R6c03 ,Ž

(:> (A / )s57& " !57"%/#4 01Ay&(/†5*" )

U Q E.NO•Yi Q NHJLF]\›X Q E-Z>K†FŠ?BG Q \LNH=%JG 4& ( ˆ<JG4…•ME-Z>oaE[GO~ 7 ~‚G Q N={E-—,IEDJYFE aŽ y \E Q E-NH•LX Q E-ZKMF?{G Q

ZKM=BFG4haE Q =?B\E€=@? Q E.NOC‡GH~' œX Q Gao Q E-=B=|KMhHE-•ƒ;‹NOJLZ C›NOˆaE-=“X Q E-Z>K†FŠ?BKƒGaJL=iLNH={E-Z GHJG>FDFDI Q{Q EDJYFE-=“GH~'

E-JLFGaIJ,?{E Q E.Z€=|Gr~˜N Q ŽW8J0?B\K†=}ˆ<KMJLZeGO~‘={K?BILN4?BKƒGaJ ’¦Q E.NO•"X Q E-Z>K†FŠ?BG Q =[GH~?{EDJŒIL={EzILX>Ÿ ZG4…J0={NO?{I Q N4?BKƒJLo

FDGHIJ,?BE Q NH=B={G<FDKMNO?{E.Zr…Kƒ?{\E-NaF]\œ=|E.—aILEDJLFDE 1Mm.` ’ ’ m 5 2 ŽR™ \E-J?{\Ei Q NHJLF]\E-JLZ>KMJo?{\LE=|E.—aILEDJLFDE&KM=

?]NOˆaEDJ ’ ?B\E›FGHILJa?BE Q K†=nKƒJLF Q E-CEDJ,?{E.Z ’ GO?B\E Q …KM={E“K?&K†=&Z>E-F Q E-C“E-J,?{E-Z ŽIG Q X Q E.Z>K†FŠ?{KMJo?{\LE“i Q NHJLF]\

ZKQ E-F?{KMGHJ ’ …VEr•MG,GaˆŒNO??{\LEFDGHIJ,?{E Q h4NO•MIEr={KMoHJ ;Kƒ~[?{\EFGaIJ,?{E Q h4NO•MIE„K†=X8Ga={K?BKƒhaE ’ …VE„X Q E-Z>K†FŠ?

`@

’ GO?{\LE Q …KM={E…‘EX Q E.Z>K†FŠ?

R)3@

Ž 8 ?VF-NOJi8E}={\G4…J?{\LNO?%Kƒ~­?{\E=@?Q E.NOC GO~P [i8ED\YN hHE-=R•ƒKMˆHEN

- E Q JGaI•M•ƒK<?

Q

K†NO•

’

NHJ›IX>Ÿ Z>G4…J“=BN4?BI

Q

N4?{KMJoFDGHIJ,?{E

Q

…K?B\„N&=|C›NH•ƒ•J<ICziYE

Q

GO~­iKƒ?B=%KM=%NH={;,CX>?BGO?BKMF-NO•M•ƒ;

FD•ƒG,=|E?BG–GHX?{KMCNH•*Ž^U}={={ICKƒJLo”N‰X

Q

GHiLNHiKM•ƒKƒ?@; /8nB e~‚G

Q

?{\LE0G>FDFDI

Q{Q

EDJYFEœGO~&8:7NO~?{E

Q ’

?{\E

i8ED\YN h,KMG Q GO~N4}Ÿ =|?BNO?{Er=BN4?BI Q NO?{KMJo€FGaIJ,?{E Q FDNHJ‰iYECG>Z>ED•ME-Z‹i<;Œ?{\E ¡ N Q ˆHG4heF]\LNOKMJ”Z>E-XKMF?{E.Z

i8ED•MG4… ;