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Elementary Algorithms for Reporting Intersections of Curve Segments

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HAL Id: inria-00072833

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072833

Submitted on 24 May 2006

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Elementary Algorithms for Reporting Intersections of Curve Segments

Jean-Daniel Boissonnat, Antoine Vigneron

To cite this version:

Jean-Daniel Boissonnat, Antoine Vigneron. Elementary Algorithms for Reporting Intersections of

Curve Segments. RR-3825, INRIA. 1999. �inria-00072833�

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a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

THÈME 2

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Elementary Algorithms for Reporting Intersections of Curve Segments

Jean-Daniel Boissonnat — Antoine Vigneron

N° 3825

Novembre 1999

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Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis

2004, route des Lucioles - B.P. 93 - 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France)

Unité de recherche INRIA Lorraine : Technopôle de Nancy-Brabois - Campus scientifique 615, rue du Jardin Botanique - B.P. 101 - 54602 Villers lès Nancy Cedex (France)

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes : 655, avenue de l’Europe - 38330 Montbonnot St Martin (France)

Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt - B.P. 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)

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