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Cell-based Multicast Grouping in Large-Scale Virtual Environments

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HAL Id: inria-00077113

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00077113

Submitted on 29 May 2006

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Cell-based Multicast Grouping in Large-Scale Virtual Environments

Emmanuel Léty, Thierry Turletti, François Baccelli

To cite this version:

Emmanuel Léty, Thierry Turletti, François Baccelli. Cell-based Multicast Grouping in Large-Scale Virtual Environments. [Research Report] RR-3729, INRIA. 1999, pp.25. �inria-00077113�

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a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

THÈME 1

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Cell-based Multicast Grouping in Large-Scale Virtual Environments

Emmanuel Léty — Thierry Turletti — François Baccelli

N° 3729

Juillet 1999

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