HAL Id: inria-00070244
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070244
Submitted on 19 May 2006
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Using Overlay Networks to Build Operating System Services for Large Scale Grids
Emmanuel Jeanvoine, Louis Rilling, Christine Morin, Daniel Leprince
To cite this version:
Emmanuel Jeanvoine, Louis Rilling, Christine Morin, Daniel Leprince. Using Overlay Networks to Build Operating System Services for Large Scale Grids. [Research Report] RR-5776, INRIA. 2005, pp.16. �inria-00070244�
ISRN INRIA/RR--5776--FR+ENG
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Using Overlay Networks to Build Operating System Services for Large Scale Grids
Emmanuel Jeanvoine and Louis Rilling and Christine Morin and Daniel Leprince
N˚5776
Novembre 2005
Systèmes numériques
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