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How do we perceive the Eye Intrinsic Parameters ?

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HAL Id: inria-00072609

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072609

Submitted on 24 May 2006

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How do we perceive the Eye Intrinsic Parameters ?

Thierry Viéville, Jacques Droulez, Chin-Hwee Peh, Alexandre Négri

To cite this version:

Thierry Viéville, Jacques Droulez, Chin-Hwee Peh, Alexandre Négri. How do we perceive the Eye Intrinsic Parameters ?. [Research Report] RR-4030, INRIA. 2000, pp.39. �inria-00072609�

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ISRN INRIA/RR--4030--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

THÈME 3

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

How do we perceive the eye intrinsic parameters ?

Thierry Viéville, Jacques Droulez, Chin-Hwee Peh and Alexandre Négri

N° 4030

Octobre 2000

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