HAL Id: inria-00070172
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070172
Submitted on 19 May 2006
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Consequences of compromised zone keys in DNSSEC
Gilles Guette
To cite this version:
Gilles Guette. Consequences of compromised zone keys in DNSSEC. [Research Report] RR-5854, INRIA. 2006, pp.13. �inria-00070172�
ISSN 0249-6399 ISRN INRIA/RR--5854--FR+ENG
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Consequences of compromised zone keys in DNSSEC
Gilles Guette
N˚5854
Mars 2006
Systèmes communicants
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OQMB_PH\PR V H:M7BZ£:JKMNHBE_PRzBRSLABE_NHGMTBEOQI:RzBH@ZR&¡7HG?tJK¬B_NHI`_PO^1£GJ7MNHK 3%RK@OQI:RSQ?7«PR~> [Z[ IGJKMTBERKOMP@
Rp¡7HG?O^AHGMTBEO®PH V RSM]^R_PR7@_JS¬RI`_NOQQ^£GJ7MNH\NLNNQOI¡KH:?K } _NH~> [Z[ OQ@Z@OQqKMNH^t=?\PR V H:MTB%£:JKMNH
¡7HG?A@:
Y ~> V H@J7L V IH V H:IJ V ^I V HRzBEH:@R@HIL V HtQOQMN¡]HGBC¤H:HGM¥R \PR V HGMTB£:JKMNHRSMP^¥OB`@I`_NOQ^£GJ7MNHK«
BEJKq7HB_PH V ¤OB_Rt^NHG\HGMP^AH:MPI?7³MP^AHGH^À«À¤_NH:MR¡7HG?O@ V HGMNH:¤H^1OQMjB_PHpI`_NOQ^j£GJ7MNHK«]B_PHp~> [¯[
FLP@BZ]H
V
HGMNH:¤H^OQMB_NH\PR
V
H:MTB%£:JKMNH7
}
_NO@%OF\NQOH@ZRIJ7FpFLNMNOIGRSBOQJKM]HGBC¤H:HGMB_NHI`_PO^t£:JKMNH
RKMP^1BE_NHp\PR
V
HGMTB£GJKMPHK
}
JFOQMNOFOQ£GHpB_PHNL
V
^AH:M^ALPHBEJtBE_NO@RK^N^AOBOQJKM]RS^NRzB`RtHGAI`_]RSMNq7HK«À@J7FH
¡7HG?A@p^AJMPJSB_PR;¨KHRSMR7@@JAIORzBEH:^~>
[Z[
}
_PH~HGQHGqTRzBEOJ7M>=OQqKMNH
V
4~>NpFJA^AH:OQMTB
V
JA^ALPIH@R
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>H:?A@ñÀ>$>NY >>$> _PR7@%RSMRK@E@JAIORzBEH:^~>
[Z[
OMBE_NH\PR
V
HGMTB£GJ7MNHRKMP^@OQqKM]@J7MNQ?t~>$>@?
V H:@JKL V IGH V H:IGJ V ^N@:vY ±ª>$>a^AJ=H:@MNJSB_]R;¨KH¯RKMT?pRK@E@JAIGOQRSBH:^&~> [Z[ RSMP^&@Oq7MP@RK V H@J7L V IH V H:IJ V ^P@
OQMB_NH£:JKMNH®PQHK
W¨7HGMBE_NJKLPqK_¥~>O^AHGMTBO®PH@BC¤J V J7H@¬¦J V ¡KH:?A@G«@>>$> RSM]^¥±À>$>«ªBE_NH V HtO@MNJ V H:°TLNOV H:FpH:MTB
BE_PRzB£GJ7MNHLP@H:@ZBC¤Jt^NO¹H V HGMTB¯¡7HG?A@¬¦J V B_PH:@H V J7H@GÃBOQ@¯HA\H:IÍBEH:^BE_PRzBF&RSM=?@F&RSQ£:JKMNH@Z¤OQ
J7MNQ?LP@HJ7MNH¡KH:?K«A¤_NOQHR V qKH V £GJKMPH:@%¤OQÀFJ V HOQ¡KH:?tLP@HFLNBOQ\NH¡7HG?A@ +:LPMPlKo03
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} J^NH:I
V
H:R7@HBE_NH@OQ£GHJS¬B_PH£:JKMNH1®]H7«
V
H:@JKL
V
IH
V
H:IGJ
V ^ RK@E@JAIORzBEH:^BEJB_PHg@ERSFHjMPRKFHRSM]^
_]R;¨TOQMNq&BE_NH@ERSFHBC?T\HR
V
Hq
V
JKLN\H:^1RKMP^j@Oq7MNH:^1BJKq7HBE_NH
V
6PJ
V
HGNRSF\NQHK«¹O¬Rt£GJ7MNHJz¤MP@ZB_
V
HGH
~> >@? [¯[ @G«ZB_NH@H B_ V HGH [Z[ @R V Hjq V JKLN\H:^ OQM R~>$>@? [Z[ @HBgJ V ¡KHG?A@HBÍÍ } _PHGMª«
HRKI`_j¡7HG?1q7HGMNH V RSBH:@R@OQqKMPRSBL V H¬¦J V B_NO@~>$>@? [Z[ @HGB:,+¯HGMPIGHK«ª¤H_]R;¨KHBE_ V HGH@OQqKMPRSBL V H:@
R7@@JAIORzBEH:^BJ B_NH~>$>@? [¯[ @HGB: } _NH¨KH V O®]I:RzBOQJKMJK¬ZJKMNQ?J7MNHt@Oq7MPRzBEL V HOQ@@L.-&IGOH:MTBBJ
B V L]@CB%B_PH~>$>@? [Z[ @HGB¯RSMP^_NHGM]IHB_PHB_ V HGH¡KH:?A@%OB¯IGJKMTBERKOMP@:
~L V OMNqR@HIL V H%MPRSFH V H:@JKQLABOQJKMª«TR V H@J7¨7H V NLNOQ^N@RI`_PRKOMpJS¬¹B VLP@B:«KB_PRSBO@BJ@ER;?OB@BER V BE@
¬V JKFRgB V LP@BH:^ ¡7HG?RSMP^¬¦J7QJz¤Z@pB_NH\PRzBE_BJBE_NH °TLNH V OQH:^ V H@J7L V IH V HIJ V ^N@¤_POQHj¨KH V O¬¦?=OMPq
@OQqKMPRSBL V H:@JS¬ V H@J7L V IH V HIJ V ^N@%RSM]^@H:IGL V HQOMP¡ V HG\ V H:@HGMTBH^=?t~>T³~>$>@? V H:IGJ V ^N@G
6vOQqKL V H%k@_NJz¤Z@^AO¹H V HGMTB@CBEHG\P@R~>N>=%IQOQHGMTB:«S_]R;¨TOQMNqJKMNQ?B_PH V J=JSBv£GJKMPH¡7HG?IJ7MA®Pq7L V H^
R7@@HIL V HHGMTB V ?\JKOQM7B3>= U «N¬¦J7QJz¤Z@BJpB V LP@B¯R V H@J7L V IGH V H:IGJ V ^JK¬B_PH ^1_^.`9a*b c._fb£:JKMNH7
ghgji@kFlCmClIn
SEP DNSKEY RRset DS
DNSKEY
DNSKEY DNSKEY RRset
DNSKEY RRset DS
RR : authenticates
: verifies
RRSIG RRSIG
RRSIG RRSIG
RRSIG RRSIG
rootzone
fr. zone
zone irisa.fr.
6OQqKL V HkA©_PRKOMJS¬vB V LP@BH:@BERSPO@_PFpH:MTB:
YB¯HRKI`_j@BH:\ª«P¤H_PR;¨KHBE_NH@ERSFH@EI`_NHGFHK©R~> V H@J7L V IGH V HIJ V ^RSQJz¤Z@BEJ&B V LP@BR >>$>«PR
>> > RKQJz¤Z@BEJB
V
LP@BRK]B_NH£GJ7MNHZ¡KH:?>>$>aRSM]^±À>$>RKMP^±À> > RKQJz¤BJB
V
LP@CBJSBE_NH
VV H@J7L
V
IGH
V
H:IGJ
V
^N@JS¬B_NH£:JKMNH7
YZ¬BH
V
_PR;¨=OQMNq\
V
H:@HGMTBEH:^B_PH\
V
OQMPIOQ\NQH:@JS¬~> @H:IGL
V
OBC?H=BH:MP@OJ7MP@G«¤HRKMPRSQ?=£GH IGJKMP@H
°TLNH:MPIH@JS¬RIJKF\
V
JKFO@H^&¡KH:?&OM~>N>= RSM]^&B_
V
HRzBE@OQMP^ALPIGH:^tT?BE_NH~>N>= B V
HGHG3PR7@H^
R V I`_POBEH:IÍBEL
V
HK
"%$
>H:?
V
H:¨KJAIGRSBOQJKMO@RSMHA\HGMP@O¨7H@H
V
¨=OIHZBE_PRzBZRSB%QH:R7@CBJ7MNH\]R
V
BC?&¤OQÀ_PR;¨KHBJp\PR;?¬¦J
V
³M@J7FH
IGO
V
ILPF@BERKMPIH@OB&F&R;?]HH:IGJKMNJ7FOQI:RSQ?\
V
H¬¦H
V
RKNHtBJRKI:IH:\ABBE_NH
V
O@¡JS¬¯MNJKB&_PR;¨=OMNqgRj®]MNH
q V RKOMPH:^ V HG¨KJAI:RzBOQJKM@H V ¨=OQIGHRKMP^BEJ V H:°TLNOV Ht¡KHG?_NJ7Q^NOMNqg\PR V BEOH@BEJgR7^AH:°TLPRSBHGQ?\ V JSBHIÍBB_NH:OV
\ VOQ¨zRzBH¡7HG?A@R V JKLNBHpB_PRSB~>N>= \ V JSBEJ=IGJK^AH@OQqKMNH V @_PR;¨7H\PL V @LNH^À } _NH V H&R V HpIGL VV HGMTBE?
MPJp\ V R7IÍBOIGRK V H:¨KJAIGRSBOQJKMt@H V ¨=OQIGH:@\ V Jz¨=OQ^AH^t=?t~>P>= @LP\N\]J VBEOMPqpOQMA¬V RK@B V LPIÍBEL V H:@ +Ï_]RKlKo03
} _NH V H1R V H@H:¨KH V RK¤%R;?BJIJ7F\ V J7FOQ@HRg¡7HG?K } _NH® V @CB&J7MNHO@&I V ?=\ABERKMPRSQ?A@O@:Y F&RSQO
IGOJ7LP@Z\H V @JKMjq7HBE@¯B_PH\ V O¨zRSBH\]R V BJS¬Rt\NLNNQOI¡7HG?JKMNQ?¤OBE_ F&RzBE_NHGF&RzBEOQI:RSv¡=MNJz¤H^AqKH@ZRSM]^
I V ?=\ABEJKq V RK\N_NOIGRS%F&RzBEH V OQRKqKH:MNH V RzBEH:^=?B_PHj¡KH:?¥J V L]@OQMNq¨=LNQMNH V RSNOQQOBEOH@&OM ¡7HG?A@&J V ^AOq7OB`RS
@OQqKMPRSBL V H:@%q7HGMNH V RSBJ V } _NOQ@¯¡=OMP^JK¬WRzBB`RKI`¡OQ@^AO-IGLNB]HIGRKLP@HI V ?T\NBJKq V RK\N_NOIRSQqKJ V OB_NF&@RSM]^
\ VJKBJAIJ7Q@¤H V H^AH@OQqKMNH^BJ V H:@O@CBZBEJtI V ?=\ABERKMPRSQ?A@O@:f6PJ V OQMA¬¦J VF&RzBEOJ7Mª«NBE_NHBE_NHGJ V HGBOIGRKÀBOQFHBJ
I V ?=\AB`RSMPRK?=£:HR [ >AY.¡7HG? LP@LPRSQ?tLP@H^OM1~>N>=% BEJA^NR;?NO@%qKOQ¨KH:MOQMBERKNHn+^A4Tc10Ã
3%RK@OIGRSQQ?K«\ V OQ¨zRzBEHW\PR V BE@ªJS¬P~>N>=%£GJKMPHW¡KH:?=@R V HW@CBEJ V H:^JKMR¯@HIL V HWQJ=I:RzBEOJ7M^NOQ@EIJ7MNMNH:IBH^
JK¬RSM=?MNHBC¤J
V
¡¹Ã¬ÀBE_NO@O@MNJSBB_NHIGR7@H7«TR@HIJ7MP^&¤%R;?BEJIJ7F\
V
J7FOQ@H¯R¡KHG?pO@BEJR7IGIH@@WBJB_NH
\ V
OQ¨zRzBH¡7HG?&¬
V
JKF BE_NHMNHGBC¤J
V
¡&=?=\PRK@E@OMNqRSQª@H:IL
V
OBC?K
} _NHBE_NO
V
^\]JT@@OQNOQOBC?OQ@¯@OQF\N?t¤_NHGMB_PHRzBB`RKI`¡7H
V
_PRK@Rp\N_=?A@OIGRKªRKI:IH:@E@B_NH\
V
OQ¨zRzBH¡7HG?A@G
} _PHRSBB`RKI`¡KH
V
IJKLPQ^]H7«A¬¦J
V
HNRSF\NQHK«NR^AO@_PJKMNH@CBJ
V
^NOQ@E@RSBO@C®]H:^£GJKMPHR7^AFOMPOQ@B
V
RzBEJ
V
%'&=g%(
[
>AY.¡KH:?t@OQ£GH&NOB`@E h1
U
>À?7H:R
V
cNnk
-SmKd
n:lTkze
nkKdKl
ncKoKm
kSlKe7d
}
RSNQH&nK©
[
>AY.¡7HG?&BE_NHGJ
V
HGBOIGRKªI
V
?T\NBERSM]RSQ?=@O@BEOFH^AH:\]H:MP^AOQMNqJKMB_PH¡KHG?@OQ£GH7
3H:I:RSLP@HpJS¬BE_NH&~> BV HGHÃPR7@H^jR V I`_NOBH:IBL V HK«À¤_PHGMRt£:JKMNHO@IGJKF\ V JKFO@H^À«ªRSQ£GJ7MNH:@OQM
BE_NH@LN¹^AJ7FRKOMJS¬B_NHIJ7Fp\ V J7FpO@H:^£:JKMNHR V Ht\JSBEHGMTBORSQ?BE_ V H:RzBEHGMNH^À¥Y¯MRzBBER7I`¡KH V ¤OB_R
IGJKF\ V JKFO@H^£GJ7MNH¡KH:?tIGRKMt¬¦J V q7H V H:@JKL V IGH V H:IJ V ^P@I V ?=\ABEJKq V RK\N_NOIGRSQQ?IGJ VEV HIÍB
´gH@LP\N\]JT@HB_]RzBR£GJKMPHJz¤MP@BE_NJ7@HBC¤JBC?T\H:@JK¬¡7HG?A@%>>$>RSM]^g±À>$> } _POQ@^AO@BOQMPIÍBEOJ7M
RKQJz¤Z@BEJtHRK@HB_NH@BLP^A?¤OB_NJ7LABJT@@¯JS¬q7HGMNH V RKOBC?KZìJKMNH¡KHG?O@L]@H^jRK@ >>$> RSMP^g±À>$> RzB
BE_NH@ERSFHBOQFpH7«PRSQÀ\ V JK\H V BOQH:@RK\N\NQ?&BJpB_POQ@¡7HG?7
LKAM TAW OeQ O*Q TAW.]<Y K
´ _PHGMR±À> > OQ@IGJKF\ V JKFOQ@H:^ª«:BE_NHRzBBERKI`¡7H V B_PRSBJz¤M]@ªBE_NH%\ V OQ¨zRzBEH\PR VBJS¬PB_NH%¡KH:?IGRSMqKH:MNH V RzBEH
^NOq7OB`RS@Oq7MPRzBEL V H:@¬¦J V RSM=?¬¦J V q7H:^ V H@J7L V IH V HIJ V ^N@:´gHIGRKMMNJSBEOQIGHB_PRSB@OQqKM]RzBL V H@%qKHGMPH V RzBH^
=?pB_PHRzBBER7I`¡KH V IGRSMt]H¨KH V O®PH:^¤OB_tB_NHIJ7Fp\ VJ7FpO@H:^t±À>$> } _NO@%±ª>$> OQ@OBE@HG¬RSLABE_NHGMTBOIGRSBH^
=?7>> >@JK¬BE_NH£GJ7MNH]HIGRKLP@HJK¬B_PHHAOQ@BOQMNq&I`_PRKOMJS¬B V LP@CBZHBC¤HGH:MtBE_NH£GJ7MNHRSMP^OBE@\PR V H:MTB
£:JKMNH7 } _NHGMª«NB_NHRSBBER7I`¡KH V _]RK@%MNJMNH:H:^BJ&IJ7F\ V J7FOQ@HR>>$>JS¬vB_NH£:JKMNH7
LKJ TAW OeQ O*Q TAW.]<Y K
´ _PHGMR)>>$>.O@IGJKF\
V
JKFOQ@HK«7B_PHRSBBER7I`¡KH
V
IGRKMtI
V
H:RSBH¯RKMP^t@OQqKMP@~>$>@?
[Z[
AZH:¨KH
V
BE_NHGQH:@E@G«
R7@QOFOBOQMNq&B_PH@EIJK\HJS¬WR£:JKMNH¡7HG?OQ@¯MNJSBR\ VJKBJAIJ7 V H°TLNOV HGFH:M7B«AB_PHRzBBERKI`¡7H V I:RSM1LP@HB_POQ@
>> >BEJt@Oq7MjJSBE_NH V BC?T\H:@¯JS¬ V H:@JKL V IH V H:IGJ V ^N@:%Y@ZBE_NO@>>$>²_PR7@¯RKMjRK@E@JAIORzBEH:^1~> [Z[ OQMjOBE@
\]R V HGMTB£GJKMPHK«=B_POQ@ZIGJKF\ V JKFO@H^7>>$>OQ@RKLAB_NH:MTBOIGRzBEH:^=?tRI`_PRSOQMJS¬vB V LP@CB
LK LR@Q "!d]8O#OeQ O*Q TAW.]<Y$#]&% R $R #
Y@@LNFOQMNq¥BE_NHRzBB`RKI`¡7H
V
_PRK@IJ7Fp\
V
J7FpO@H:^ R¡KH:?K«¯¤H@LN\P\]JT@HB_NHq7HGMNH
V
RKI:RK@H ¤_NH
V
HB_NH
RSBB`RKI`¡KH
V
_PR7@WMNJ¤
V
OBH¯R7IGIGH:@E@BJB_NH£GJ7MNH®PQHKWY@WBE_NHRSBBER7I`¡KH
V
IGRKM&MNJSB
V
HRKI`_B_PH@JKL
V
IHZJK¬ÀB_NH
~>t^NRzB`Rt¦B_NH£GJ7MNHZ®PQH«AOB`@WB`R
V
qKHGB¤OQ]HBJp\NLAB¬¦J
V
qKH^
[Z[
@OQMtIGR7I`_NH@H
V
¨KH
V
@:+¯HGMPIGHK«TB_NH@H
¬RKQ@HOQMA¬¦J
V
F&RzBEOJ7MP@Z¤OQQvH@HGMTBBJ
V
H@J7¨7H
V
@=?I:RKI`_NH@H
V
¨7H
V
@G } _POQ@IGR7I`_NH\JKQLNBOQJKMjH:IGJKFH:@
R7@¯HRK@?1RK@¤OBE_ BE_NHp~> \
V
JSBEJ=IGJK3«]H:I:RSLP@HRSQBE_NHpI
V
?=\ABEJKq
V
RK\N_NOIF&RzBH
V
ORSv\
V
Jz¨=OQ^AH^1=?B_NH
RSBB`RKI`¡KH V O@ZIGJ VEV HIÍB%+ hjhjhjl7lA«5:lKo03
ghgji@kFlCmClIn
³MP^NHGH:^ª«NRI:RKI`_NH@H
V
¨7H
V
R7IGIGHG\AB`@~>N>A
V
H:@JKL
V
IGH
V
HIJ
V
^N@JKMNQ?&O¬OBO@%IGRS\]RSNQH¯JK¬NLNOQQ^NOMNq
RI`_]RSOQM&JS¬¹B
V
LP@BRSMP^¨7H
V
O¬¦?=OQMNq@OQqKM]RzBL
V
H@G$+ZJz¤HG¨KH
V
«SB_NH¯I`_]RSOQMpJK¬¹B
V
LP@CBHAOQ@BE@RSMP^pBE_NH¯RSBBER7I`¡KH
V
I:RSMqKH:MNH
V
RzBEH@Oq7MPRzBEL
V
H:@JS¬v¬¦J
V
qKH^
V
H:IJ
V
^P@¤OB_BE_NHIJ7Fp\
V
J7FpO@H:^¡7HG?7
~>FH:@E@RKqKH@¯R V HpOQ^AH:MTBO®PH:^=?jR nmtNOBE@O^AH:M7BEO®]H V OMB_PHp_PH:RK^NH V JS¬BE_NHFH:@E@RKqKHK } _POQ@
O^AH:M7BEO®]H V OQ@p@HGBOQMB_PH°TLNH V ?RSMP^gBE_NHRK@E@JAIORzBEH:^RKMP@¤H V _PR;¨KH&BE_NH@ERSFH7 [ H@J7¨7H V @_PR;¨=OMPq
FLNBOQ\NHp°TLNH V ?¤%RSOBOQMNqRzB¯BE_NH@ERSFHBEOFH7«]BE_NO@O^AH:M7BEO®]H V RKQJz¤Z@BEJR7@@JAIORzBHRKM RSM]@¤H V ¤OB_
Rp°TLNH V ?KW>=J]«=B_NHJ7MNQ?^AO-IGLNBC?¬¦J V B_PHRSBB`RKI`¡KH V O@BJp¬¦J V IGHRIGR7I`_NHBJ&@H:MP^R°TLNH V ?tRKMP^&BE_NHGM
BEJp®PMP^B_NHq7J=J=^O^AHGMTBO®PH V BJRSM]@¤H V
} J¬¦J V IGHZBE_NHI:RKI`_NH@H V ¨7H V BJ@H:MP^Rp°7LPH V ?K«7B_NHRzBBER7I`¡KH V XCLP@B_PR7@WBEJp@HGM]^&B_POQ@%°TLNH V ?pBJB_NH
I:RKI`_NH7 } _NHGMª«B_PHIGRKI`_PHpHG_]R;¨TOQJ V O@BJ¬¦J V ¤%R V ^1BE_NHt°TLNH V ?1BEJBE_NHRS\P\ V J7\ V OQRSBHRSLABE_NJ V OB`RzBEO¨7H
@H V ¨KH V NBERSOQMNOQMNq&BE_NHq7JTJA^1O^AH:M7BEO®]H V O@MNJSBR&\ V JKNQHGF H:IGRKLP@HJS¬RtNOV B_]^NR;?\]R V RK^AJ;t¤OB_
O^AH:M7BEO®]H V @GÃBWOQ@\ V Jz¨7H:^BE_PRzB¤OB_JKMP?poKl7k¯FH:@E@RKqKH@ªBE_NHZRzBBERKI`¡7H V _PR7@FpJ V HBE_PRSM&cSl.I`_PRSM]IH:@
BEJp®PMP^B_NHq7J=J=^O^AHGMTBO®PH V
´ OB_BE_NOQ@¡=OQMP^gJS¬%RzBB`RKI`¡¹«RKMgRSBBER7I`¡KH
V
I:RSMg\NLABOQMgRI:RKI`_NH&@H
V
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V
¬¦J
V
qKH^
V
H:IGJ
V
^N@RSMP^ ¬¦J
V
HGNRSF\NQHpRSBB
V
OQNLABH¬RS@H
U
RK^N^
V
H@@H:@¯BJRt¤HGg@H
V
¨7H
V
RPRSMP¡TOQMNqRKIGIGJKLNMTBIJ7MP@LPB`RzBOQJKM ¤H:
@H
V
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V
QQ
³MBE_NHZMNHGTB%>=H:IBOQJKMª«T¤H\ V H@H:M7BBE_NH¯¤%R;?RKMRK^AFOQMNOQ@BV RzBEJ V @_NJKLPQ^¬¦JKQQJz¤¥BEJ^AH¬¦H:MP^&RSqTRSOQMP@B
IGJKF\ V JKFO@H^¡KH:?tRzBBER7I`¡
tv ( z \( "%$ %( ( "&
} _PH®
V
@CBB_NOQMNq¤H¯IGRKM&MNJSBEOQIGHZBEJ^AH¬¦H:MP^RKq7RSOQMP@BRIGJKF\
V
JKFOQ@H:^p¡7HG?pOQ@WB_PRSBB_PHRK^NFpOQMNO@CB
V
RSBJ
V
FLP@B¡=MNJz¤J7MNHJS¬ÀOBE@¡KHG?A@O@IGJKF\
V
JKFO@H^À } _NO@WO@WMPJSBWJK=¨=OQJKLP@H:I:RSLP@HZRK@W¤HZ_]R;¨KHZ@HGHGM«SBER
V
q7HB`@WJS¬ªRSBBER7I`¡A@WR
V
H¯IGR7I`_NHZ@H
V
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V
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V
OB`RzBEO¨7HZ@H
V
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V
@FRKMPRSq7HZ=?BE_NH¯R7^AFOMNO@B
V
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