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Consequences of compromised zone keys in DNSSEC

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HAL Id: inria-00070172

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070172

Submitted on 19 May 2006

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Consequences of compromised zone keys in DNSSEC

Gilles Guette

To cite this version:

Gilles Guette. Consequences of compromised zone keys in DNSSEC. [Research Report] RR-5854, INRIA. 2006, pp.13. �inria-00070172�

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ISSN 0249-6399 ISRN INRIA/RR--5854--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Consequences of compromised zone keys in DNSSEC

Gilles Guette

N˚5854

Mars 2006

Systèmes communicants

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