• Aucun résultat trouvé

Transparent Message-Passing Parallel Applications Checkpointing in Kerrighed

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Transparent Message-Passing Parallel Applications Checkpointing in Kerrighed"

Copied!
17
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: inria-00070265

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070265

Submitted on 19 May 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Transparent Message-Passing Parallel Applications Checkpointing in Kerrighed

Matthieu Fertré, Christine Morin

To cite this version:

Matthieu Fertré, Christine Morin. Transparent Message-Passing Parallel Applications Checkpointing in Kerrighed. [Research Report] RR-5755, INRIA. 2005, pp.13. �inria-00070265�

(2)

ISSN 0249-6399 ISRN INRIA/RR--5755--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Transparent Message-Passing Parallel Applications Checkpointing in Kerrighed

Matthieu Fertré and Christine Morin

N˚5755

Novembre 2005

Systèmes communicants

(3)
(4)

*,+

&-. )/1023

+

4

57698:8:;<>=@?BAC=ED'8FDHG

6JIKMLN;DH<>O'8F<>I=P57QRD:<SI

TVUXWZY\['].^HW_'`a].]"bdcef_HghcEY\W

ikj `hlZ^'Y\W inmporq T

o gasds9` j YrtX^ j ^H_vu^ j _vud^wc"x@yEzhy@yP{}|r`~@^']"€ j ^h‚@‚@yƒ{1„H…Nsgh†@^HW

‡‰ˆŠH‹'ŒdŽa‹a |p`‘g@tdgFUXW'’_“fbWZY\^ j Wg j ^.eftX^H“”UbW•^Ht–Y•`—^'˜X^H_bdY•^™W\_ef^'cEY•e”š9_›ghssd“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acWH‰ž3ud^:WŸ^

gasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@cW g

j

^r`a¡¢Y•^Hc‰].^HW\W•ga†a^'£>sg@W•W•efcd†(sg

j

gh“f“”^H“9gasdsd“fef_HgY•ef`ac9W e”Y•u¤“”`@cd†^˜X^:_bXY\e”`@c›Y•ef].^a TVefc_^

Y\ud^—cVbd]"€J^

j

`a¡¥cd`XtX^:W›efc¦_'“”b9WZY\^

j

WeœW›†

j

`efcd†’kY•ud^—s

j

`a€9gh€def“”e”YZU§`h¡gcd`XtX^¡¨ghef“”b

j

^©tXb

j

efcd†Y•ud^

^'˜X^H_bdY•ef`acª`a¡ƒgac«ghssd“”eœ_'ghY•ef`ac«e”c_

j

^:gaW•^HWNghctªY•u^gasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@cª^˜X^:_bXY\e”`@c$Y•ef].^—]›gFU§€9^†

j

^HghY•^

j

Y\ughc¤Y•u^_“fbWZY\^

j

].^:ghc¤Y•ef]N^€J^YZ‘^'^Hc¡¨ghef“”b

j

^HW¬S­©ž®3¯C°±ž`›gF~a`aeœt

j

^HWŸY\g

j

Y\e”c†Ngasdsd“fef_HgY•ef`ac¤¡

j

`a]

Y\ud^(€9^H†aefcdcdefcd†’XW•`a].^¥¡¨ghbd“”Y3Y•`a“f^

j

ghcEY‘]N^:_vughcefW•]›WW•b_vu¤g@W3_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefc@Y³

j

^HWŸY\g

j

Yg

j

^¥cd^'^:tX^Ht´b

j£

j ^'cEY\“”U@’_vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEY±³ j^:WZYvg j Y"].^H_vugacdefW•]›W.g j ^^HeµY\ud^ j ef].sd“”^H].^'cEY•^:t¶tdej ^H_Y•“fU$e”c«Y•u^©ghsdsd“feœ_'gY\e”`@c

W•`ab j _'^¥_`XtX^ƒ€VU™ghsds“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acWs j `a† j gh].].^ j Wk` j g j ^pefc@Y\^'† j ghY•^Ht™e”c_`@]N]bdcdeœ_'ghY•ef`ac™^HcE~Vej `@cd].^'cEY\W

W•b_vu›gaW ­ ikq ` jki · ­§@¸–^rs j`@s9`EWŸ^3efc.Y•udeœWksgas9^ j g(cd^H¦gasds j `@g@_vu"efc›udef_vu™_vu^H_v²Vs9`@e”cEY³ j ^HWŸY\g j Y

].^:_vughcdeœW•].Wp¡¹` j sg j ga“”“f^'“ghsdsd“feœ_'gY\e”`@cWƒg j ^"ef]Ns“”^H]N^HcEY•^HtPe”cg¤_'“”b9WZY\^ j WŸefcd†a“f^W•UXWZY\^']ºef]›gh†a^`asX£

^ j ghY•efcd†›WŸUXWŸY•^H]‘¸»udef“”^Y•udeœW²a^ j c^'““f^'~@^'“gasds j `@ga_vu¤efWp].` j ^_`a].sd“f^˜¤Y•`›ef].sd“”^H].^'cEYrY•u9ghc—`hY\ud^ j

gasds j `@g@_vud^HWH’VeµYpeœW].` j ^(†a^Hcd^ j gh“n€J^H_HghbW•^eµYptd`E^:Wcd`aY j ^:¼Ebdej ^ghcVU™].`XtXe”š9_'ghY•ef`ac’_'`a].sdef“fghY•ef`ac` j

j ^'“fefcd²Ve”cd†`a¡Y\ud^™ghsds“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acW(ughY•^H~a^ j Y\ud^™_`@]N]bdcdeœ_'ghY•ef`ac^'cV~Vej `acd].^Hc@Y(Y\ud^'U j ^H“”U©`@c½¥b j

gasds j `@g@_vu"ug@W€9^H^'c›ef]Ns“”^H]N^HcEY•^HtNefc‰¾›¿dÀnÀnÁ¹ÂÿdÄW•e”cd†@“”^rW•UXWZY\^']Åe”]›gh†@^3`asJ^ j gY•efcd†W•UVWŸY•^H],€g@WŸ^:t

`@cÆÁ¢ÇÈnÉC

i ^ j

¡¹`

j

]›ghc9_^

j

^:WŸbd“”Y\Wg

j

^ƒs

j

^HW•^'cEY•^:t‰efcY•udeœWsgas9^

j 

ʗËEÌRÍ\Î"Ï ŒЊa WŸefcd†a“f^pW•UXWZY\^'],ef]›gh†@^a’@_vu^H_v²Vs9`@e”cEY\e”cd†9’hsg j ga“”“f^'“gasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@c’a†@“”`@€gh“d_'`E` j tde”cghY•ef`ac’

Ñ(ÒoroqŸÓ(ÔrÒÕ ’J_“fbWZY\^ j

֜×nؕÙÛÚHÜ3ØÝÞfÙÛß>àá

ârã\äSäSåFæèçZéEêë”çŸì¹äSìSç•íæèì¨æèîÛã:êë”ì

ïåFì¨æèîSäSæèðFç±êâñ±ìSæèðhíæèì¨æèîÛã:êë”ì

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes

IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex (France) Téléphone : 02 99 84 71 00 - International : +33 2 99 84 71 00

Télécopie : 02 99 84 71 71 - International : +33 2 99 84 71 71

(5)

!!!&) ¤ 0 3 + 4

Š  ^:W† j ghsdsJ^HWtX^3_'ga“f_'bd“fghY•^Hb j WW•`acEYY j [:WbXY•ef“”eœW'^HWsJ`ab j “f^HWgasdsd“fef_HgY•ef`ac9WW\_ef^'cEY•e”š9¼Ebd^:W'

´^:W›ghsds“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acW›W•`acEY™WŸ`@bd~a^HcEY.tX^:W™ghssd“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acW.s9g j gh“f“”[H“”^:WNtd^“f`ac†abd^—tXb j '^©_'`a].]"bcdef¼EbgacEY

s9g j ]N^:W•W\gh†@^a ´`a].].^–“f^–c`a]"€ j ^Ptd^–cb9tdW¤tghcW“f^HW¤† j ghsdsJ^HWtX^–_Hgh“œ_bd“œgY\^'b j Wghbd†@]N^HcEY•^a’

“œgs j `a€ga€def“”e”Y›tX^‰t¡¨ghef“f“fgac_^™tbdc§cb9tgabd†a].^Hc@Y\^›^'“f“”^™gabW\WŸek^'Y“fg—tdb j H^™t^˜H_'bXY•ef`ac$tbdcd^

gasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@c¶sJ^'bdY Y j ^PW•bds! j e”^Hb j ^©ghb¶Y•^H]Ns9W™].`Ua^Hc¶^HcEY j ^©t¡¨gae”“f“fgac_^:W™tX^—“œg§† j ghss9^@ Õ ghcW

_'^›_`acEY\^˜VY•^@’s9`@b j '~Ve”Y•^ j tX^ j ^H“fgac_^ j “”^:Wghsdsd“feœ_'gY\e”`@cW(tX^'sbdefW“”^™tH€dbXY^Hc_HgaWtX^›t'¡¨ghef“”“œghc_'^a’

td^HW.]H_HghcdeœWŸ].^tX^Y•`@“" j gac_^ghbX˜§¡¨gabXY•^:W›_`@]N].^“œgW\ghb~a^'†Eg j tX^™^'Y.“œg j ^:WZYvghb j gY\e”`@cªtX^sJ`aefc@Y

td^ j ^'s j eœWŸ^:W(tgasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@cW•`acEYgY•Y j gFU@ghcEYvW' Ó 'c j ga“”^H]N^HcEYH’“f^HW]:_'ghcefW•].^HW(tX^™W\ghbd~@^'†@g j td^"^Y

j

^HWŸY\gab

j

gY•ef`ac»tX^–s9`@e”cEY—tX^

j

^'s

j

eœWŸ^–WŸ`@c@Y¤]NeœW^'c#b~

j

^PtXe

j

^H_±Y\^'].^'cEYtdghcW¤“f^–_`XtX^WŸ`@b

j

_^PtX^

“$ghsdsd“feœ_'gY\e”`@c§`ab$W•`acEY"efcEY'†

j

:WtdgacW“f^HW"^'cV~Ve

j

`acdc^'].^'cEY\W"tX^¤_'`a].]"bdcef_HgY•ef`ac§_'`a].].^‰­

ikq

`@b

i ·

­§ |p`abW.s

j

`@s9`EWŸ`@cWtghcW›_'^Y™g

j

Y•eœ_“f^bdcd^cd`ab~a^'“f“f^gasds

j

`V_vu^¼Ebder_'`acW•efWŸY•^&%–e”cEY''†

j ^ j

“f^HW

]:_'ghcefW•].^HW(tX^™W\ghbd~@^'†@g

j

td^^Y

j

^HWŸY\gab

j

ghY•ef`acPtd^›s9`@e”cEYtX^

j

^'s

j

efW•^.tgasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@cPsg

j

ga“”“f['“f^NtghcW

bcWŸUXWŸY•['].^©t^˜Xsd“f`ae”Y\ghY•ef`ac(% ef].ga†a^—bdcef¼Ebd^©sJ`ab

j † j

ghsdsJ^©tX^P_Hgh“œ_bd“œgY\^'b

j

WHB´^Y•Y•^Pgasds

j

`V_vu^

W•UXWZY\['].^^HWŸYpsd“fbWƒ_`@]Ns“”^'˜V^%™]N^'YŸY

j

^^Hc&bd~

j

^¼Ebd^"“”^:WpghbdY

j

^HW]›gheœW^H“”“f^^HWŸYpsd“fbWp†)'c*

j

gh“f^_'g

j

^H“”“f^™cd^¤cH_'^HW\WŸe”Y•^¤sgaWtX^‰].`XtXe”š9_'ghY•ef`ac’ j ^H_'`a].sdef“fghY•ef`ac `ab j +:tXe”Y•ef`ac$tX^¤“”ef^'cWtX^HWNghssd“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acW

¼Ebd^H“f¼Ebd^—W•`ae”Y›“,^'cV~Vej `accd^'].^'cEY›tX^©_`@].]"bdcdeœ_'ghY•ef`ac¶WŸb j “f^H¼Ebd^H“r_^:W›tX^ j cdef[ j ^HW j ^Hs9`EWŸ^HcEYH¦|r`hY j ^

gasds j `X_vud^gY'N].eœWŸ^.^Hc-bd~ j ^tdgacWƒ“”^›W•UXWZY\['].^Nt.^'˜Vs“”`@eµYvgY•ef`ac/%e”]›gh†@^"bdcef¼Ebd^™¾›¿dÀnÀnÁ¹ÂÿdÄ

¡¹`@ct›W•b j Æ Á¢ÇÈnÉC Õ ^:W j HW•bd“µYvgYvWtbcd^0'~gh“fbghY•ef`ac tX^›s9^ j ¡¹` j ]›gac_^:WƒW•`acEYs j HW•^'cEY:Wtdghc9W_^Y

g jY\ef_'“”^@

1,Ï

‹:Š

Í

Ž)2

 W•gabd~a^H†@g

j

tX^(^Y

j

^:WZYvghb

j

gY\e”`@ctd^"sJ`aefc@YvWptX^

j

^Hs

j

efW•^a’gasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@cWrsg

j

ga“”“f['“f^HWH’_'`E`

j£

tde”cghY•ef`ac©†@“”`@€gh“f^a’ Ñ(Ò ororqŸÓ(ÔrÒ Õ ’W•UVWŸY•[H].^t^˜Xsd“f`ae”Y\ghY•ef`ac3%‰e”]›gh†@^"bdcef¼Ebd^@’n† j ghsdsJ^HW¥tX^N_Hgh“œ_bX£

“œgY\^'b j W

(6)

8 9

)›4 ¤& )

Td_ef^'cEY•e”š9_‰gasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@cWg j ^™`a¡¢Y•^'cª]N^:W•W\gh†@^£ÛsgaW\W•e”cd†sg j ga“”“f^'“ghsdsd“feœ_'gY\e”`@cWe”Y•uª“”`@cd†©^˜X^:_bXY\e”`@c

Y\e”].^@–ž`P†ab9g j ghcEY•^H^.Y•ud^HejNj ^H“”eœgh€“”^™^'˜X^H_bdY•ef`ac’¡¨ghb“µYY•`a“f^ j ghc9_^™].^H_vu9ghcdeœWŸ]›Wg j ^™cd^'^:tX^HtªWŸefc_^

gasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@c^'˜V^:_bXY\e”`@cNY•ef]N^p].gFU€9^† j^:gY\^ j Y•u9ghcNY•ud^p]N^:ghcNY•ef].^r€J^¡¹` j ^3¡¨ghef“fb j ^¬S­©ž®3¯°C`h¡RY•ud^

_'“”b9WZY\^ j 

m Y j gatXe”Y•ef`ac9gh“@gasds j `@g@_vuƒeœW_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefc@Yghct j ^HWŸY\g j Y].^:_vughcdeœW•].WHž3u^WŸY\gY\^ `a¡XY•ud^s j `@† j gh]7efW

sJ^ j ef`Vtdef_Hgh“f“”U(W•gF~@^Htƒ`acWZYvgh€d“f^WŸY•` j ga†a^ktXb j efcd†r^˜X^:_bXY\e”`@c;:ud^'cg¡¨ghef“fb j^ `V_H_b j WH’HY\ud^_'`a].sdbXYvgY\e”`@c

eœWW•uEbdYptX`cgact‰Y•ud^s j `a† j ga] efW j ^HWŸY\g j Y\^Ht‰¡j `@] Y•u^“fg@WZYr_vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEYH

q c»Y\ud^Pg j ^:g `h¡W•_'e”^HcEY•e”š9_©_`@].sdbXY•efcd†9’‘s j `@† j gh].].^ j W.bWŸb9gh“f“”U«e”].sd“f^'].^'cEYghsdsd“feœ_'gY\e”`@c»WŸsJ^£

_'eµšJ_—_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefc@Y³

j

^HWŸY\g

j

YN]N^:_vughcefW•]›W.udef_vu¦g

j

^e”cEY\^'†

j

gY\^Ht«e”c¶Y\ud^©ghsds“”eœ_'ghY•ef`ac¦WŸ`@b

j

_'^_'`XtX^a

ž`

j

^'“f^HgF~a^›tX^H~a^H“”`@s9^

j

Wƒ¡

j

`a] Y•ud^™€b

j

td^'c Y•`P].gacgh†@^N¡¨ghbd“”YY•`@“”^

j

gacEYefW\WŸb^HWH’ghc$gasds

j

`@g@_vu–eœW(Y•`

ef].sd“f^'].^'cEY_vud^:_v²Vs9`@e”cEY±³

j

^:WZYvg

j

Y(WŸY

j

gY\^'†@e”^:W(e”c Y\ud^™_`@]N]bdcdeœ_'ghY•ef`ac ^'cV~Ve

j

`ac]N^HcEY\WW•b_vu§gaW­

i q

gact

i ·

­2`ac‰uef_vu¤]N^:W•W\gh†@^£ÛsgaW\W•e”cd†€9gaW•^Ht‰gasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@cWg

j

^¥€gaW•^Ht

Ô

`^H~a^

j ’ j

^:_`@]Nse”“fe”c†"`

j

j

^'“fefcd²Ve”cd†NY\ud^ghsdsd“feœ_'gY\e”`@c¤eœW`a¡¢Y•^'ccd^H^HtX^:tn

¸^‰s j `asJ`@W•^™g—cd^H ghsds j `@g@_vu–uef_vuª_'`acW•eœWZYvWe”c§ef].sd“f^'].^'cEY•efcd†_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefc@Y³ j ^HWŸY\g jY(].^H_vuX£

gacdeœWŸ]›W(¡¹` j sg j gh“f“”^H“ ghssd“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acWg@Wsg j Y`h¡rg—_'“”bWŸY•^ j TVefcd†a“f^‰TVUXWŸY•^'] q ]›gh†a^©¬>TdT q °"½¥sJ^ j gY\e”c†

TXUVWŸY•^H] ¬>½(Td° m TdT q `asJ^ j gY\e”c†‰WŸUXWŸY•^H]†@e”~@^HWY\ud^"ef“f“”bW•ef`ac—Y\ugY(g™_“fbWŸY•^ j efWƒg™W•e”c†a“f^"]"b“µY\e”s j `h£

_'^HW\WŸ` j ]›ga_vudefcd^a qYs j `~VeœtX^HWY\ud^¥W\gh].^efc@Y\^ j ¡¨ga_'^pgaWkgY j gatXe”Y•ef`acga“d`asJ^ j gY\e”c†WŸUXWŸY•^']Å¡¹` j ghc‰TX­ i

]›g@_vude”c^‘e”Y•u.W•`a].^gatdtXe”Y•ef`ac9gh“V¡¹bdc_Y•ef`acga“”e”Y•ef^HWCW•b_vu.gaWs j `X_^:W•W].e”† j ghY•ef`ac¾›¿dÀnÀnÁ¹ÂÿdÄ=<f„>ghc9t

½¥sJ^'cJTdT q <è6>Xg j ^kYZ‘`r^˜dgh].sd“f^HW`h¡W•b_vu"W•UXWZY\^']›W€gaW•^Ht`@cÆ Á¢ÇÈnÉC½¥b j _`@cEY j e”€dbdY•ef`aceœWgac^˜VY\^'cX£

W•ef`ac`h¡Y\ud^(e”cEY\^ j ¡¨ga_^(`a¡ghc—TdT q `asJ^ j gY\e”c†NW•UXWZY\^'] ¡¹` j _'“”b9WZY\^ j W3eµY\u_vu^H_v²Vs9`@e”cEY³ j ^HWŸY\g j YW•UXWZY\^']

_Hgh“f“fW‘¡¹` j sg j ga“”“f^'“gasdsd“fef_HgY•ef`ac9W'k¸»ue”“f^(Y•ud^"e”].sd“f^'].^'cEYvgY•ef`ac`a¡_vud^:_v²Vs9`@e”cEY±³ j ^:WZYvg j Y‘].^:_vughcdeœW•].W

eœW].`

j

^_`@]Ns“”^'˜gY¥²a^

j

cd^H“n“”^H~a^'“Y•ugacghYrbW•^

j

“f^'~@^'“>’XY•udeœWpgasds

j

`@g@_vu‰s

j

`~VeftX^:W‘¡¹bd“f“Y

j

ghc9WŸsg

j

^Hc_U

¡¹`

j

gasdsd“fef_HgY•ef`ac9Wpghc9t]N^:W•W\gh†@^£ÛsgaW\W•e”cd†›_'`a].]"bdcef_HgY•ef`ac^HcE~Ve

j

`@cd].^'cEY\WrY•ud^HU

j

^'“fU`acr¸»e”Y•u–`ab

j

gasds

j

`@g@_vu’“”^H†@g@_U"gasdsd“fef_HgY•ef`ac9W'’hu9gY•^H~a^

j

Y•ud^p_'`a].]"bc_'ghY•ef`acN“”ef€

j g j

UY•ud^HUb9WŸ^@’@_`@bd“œt€J^r_vud^:_v²@£

sJ`aefcEY•^:t¤e”Y•u`abXYr_vugacd†aefcd†NY•ud^€e”cg

j

U@

q

cY\udefWrsghsJ^

j

’d‘^ƒs

j

`@s9`EWŸ^(cd^HBW•UXWZY\^']_Hgh“f“fW¡¹`

j Y j ghc9WŸsg

j

^HcEY3].^:W•W\gh†@^£ÛsgaW\WŸefcd†sg

j

gh“f“”^H“ghsX£

s“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acW3_vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEY•efcd†Ne”cY•u^¾›¿ÀnÀnÁ¹ÂÿħTVe”c†a“f^TXUVWŸY•^H] q]›gh†@^ƒ_'“”bWŸY•^ j ½¥s9^ j ghY•efcd†›TVUXWZY\^']

<…6>۝kž3ud^ps j `@s9`EWŸ^:t›e”cEY\^ j ¡¨ga_^ƒgh“f“”`rWWŸUXWŸY•^H] efcde”Y•eœgY\^Ht‰_vu^H_v²Vs9`@e”cEY\e”cd†9­©` j ^'`~a^ j ’a¡j `@] Y•ud^ƒeftd^'cX£

Y\eµš9^ j `h¡ *& s j `X_'^HW\W`a¡Jg¥sg j gh“f“f^'“Vghsdsd“feœ_'gY\e”`@c’hgh“f“VY•u^‘`@€XlZ^H_Y\W3¬¹s j `X_^:W•W•^HWH’htdghY\gƒWZY j^:gh]›W\°cd^H^HtX^:t

Y\`.€9^_vud^:_v²Vs9`@e”cEY•^:t™¡¹` j Y•ud^u`a“f^ƒs9g j gh“f“”^H“Rgasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@cg j ^tXeœW•_'`~a^ j ^:tn

ž3ud^ j^H]›ghefcde”c†©`h¡Y\udefWsgas9^ j eœW"` j†Eghcde@?'^:tg@W¡¹`@“”“f`rWA›TV^:_±Y•ef`acª©s j ^HW•^'cEY\Wg—€ga_v²V† j`@bdct

`@cª].^H_vu9ghcdeœWŸ]›W"¡¹` j _vud^H_v²VsJ`aefcEY•efcd†Psg j ga“”“f^'“3ghssd“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acWNghc9t§¡¹` j _vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEY•efcd†Ps j `X_^:W•W•^HWefc

ÆÁ¢ÇÈnɉ`asJ^ j gY•efcd†ƒWŸUXWŸY•^']CTV^H_Y•ef`acN…¥tX^:W•_ j ef€J^HWY•ud^3tX^:WŸef†ac`h¡9].^:_vughcdeœW•].W‘^ugF~@^ efcEY•^'† j ghY•^:tefc

¾›¿ÀnÀnÁ¹Âÿęefc` j td^ j Y\`¥ef].sd“f^'].^'cEYkgp_'`E` j tde”cghY•^:t_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefcEY•efcd†¥WŸY j gY\^'†aUƒ¡¹` j ].^HW\W\gh†a^'£>s9gaW\WŸefcd†

€9gaW•^Ht™s9g j gh“f“”^H“Jgasdsd“fef_HgY•ef`ac9W'kTV^:_±Y•ef`ac3BNs j ^:WŸ^HcEY\W‘s j ^'“fe”].efcg j U.s9^ j ¡¹` j ]›ghc9_^ j ^:WŸbd“”Y\W‘`@€XY\gae”cd^:t™`@c

Y\ud^s j `hY\`hYZUVs9^ƒ‘^ugF~a^ƒe”].sd“f^'].^Hc@Y\^Htnk¯efcgh“f“fUa’9TV^:_±Y\e”`@cy._'`ac_'“”btd^HWH

CDC

ðFEGHGG

(7)

"&-›)¤4

ž3u^ j ^pg j ^rWŸ^H~a^ j ga“WZY j ghY•^H†aef^HWH’h“”ef²a^¥_`V` j tXefcgY\^HtN` j bdc_`V` j tXefcghY•^Ht._vud^:_v²Vs9`@e”cEY•efcd†s j`aY•`X_`@“fWH’h“f`a†h£

€9gaW•^Ht©s j `aY•`X_`@“fWH’Y\`—gh“f“”` j `a“f“”€9ga_v²³ j ^H_'`~a^ j U›`h¡]N^:W•W\gh†@^£ÛsgaW\W•e”cd†‰sg j gh“f“”^H“gasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@cW'ž3u^'U

tdeR^ j `ac©Y•ud^.3gFU¤Y\ud^'U—]›gacgh†@^"tX^'sJ^'c9tX^'c_'e”^:W(e”c9_b j\j ^:t—€VU©_`@]N]bdcdeœ_'ghY•ef`acWp€9^'YZ^H^'c©Y\ud^›ghsX£

s“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acs j `X_'^HW\WŸ^:W Y\`.†abg j gac@Y\^'^¥Y•ughYpgN†a“f`a€ga“R_'`acW•eœWZY\^'cEYrWZYvgY•^_Hghc€9^ j ^HWŸY•` j ^:t <B>۝

o ^:_^Hc@Y\“”U›g“f`hY‘`h¡‘` j ²"ug@Wk€J^'^Hc‰tX`ac^rY•`"e”cEY j `XtXb_'^r¡¨ghb“µYY•`a“f^ j ghc9_^].^H_vugacdeœWŸ]›Wkefc™sg j ga“”“f^'“

s j`@† j gh].].e”cd†p^'cV~Vej `acd].^Hc@YvW'’hW•b_vuNgaW­ ikq ghct ik· ­$’bWŸ^:t"efcY•ud^tX`@].gae”c`h¡Jude”†@u"sJ^ j ¡¹` j ]›ghc_'^

_'`a].sdbXY\e”c†

ž3ud^.†@“”`@€gh“C_`V` j tXefcghY•^Ht–_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefcEY•efcd†¤WŸY j gY\^'†aU—u9gaWƒ€9^H^'ce”].sd“f^'].^Hc@Y\^Htefc¯9ghef“fW\g¡¹^ ik· ­

<èy >ےV´`X´ud^H_v² < 6>ےETEYvg

j

š9W•u1<z >ے@­

i q

´ Ô £· ´ <>ے@¯žp´ £Ÿ´ug

j

] <6>9ghc9t

m

­–³h­

ikq

<”„:‚>۝ž3ud^

i g j

eœWTVb9t™bdcdef~a^

j

W•e”YZUug@Wkef].sd“”^H].^'cEY•^:t™`hY\ud^

j

W W\_vud^H]N^ƒWŸb9_vu‰gaW s9^:W•W•e”].eœWZY\ef_ <”„@„>ghct‰_'ghb9W•ga“.<f„: >

“f`a†@†aefcd†

Ô

`‘^'~@^

j

’k_`a].sg

j

efcd†–Y•ud^:WŸ^—tXeR^

j

^'cEY™WZY

j

ghY•^'†@e”^:WY•ud^HU$ugF~a^W•ud`cªefc <”„F >Y•ughY›Y•ud^

_'`V`

j

tXe”c9gY•^:t™_vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEY3W\_vud^H]N^ƒ`R^

j

WY•ud^(€J^HWŸYr_`a].sd“f^˜Xe”YZU›s9^

j

¡¹`

j

]›gac_^pY

j

gatX^'£>`efc_“fbWZY\^

j

W'

WŸefcd†Y\ud^HW•^¥_'`a].]"bcdef_HgY\e”`@c›“”ef€

j g j e”^:W'’

j

^H€dbdef“ftXefcd†`

j j

^'“fe”c²Eefcd†Y\ud^ps9g

j

gh“f“”^H“9ghssd“”eœ_'ghY•ef`ac›eœW `a¡¢Y•^Hc

c^'^Htd^Htn

ž3ud^:WŸ^^HcV~Eej `acd].^'cEYvW j ^'“fU™`@c¤s j `X_^:W•W_vud^:_v²Vs9`@e”cEY•efcd†N].^H_vugacdefW•]›W‘Y•`™W\gF~a^¥Y•ud^WŸY\ghY•^(`h¡^Hg@_vu

s j`X_^:W•W`h¡ƒgPsg j ga“”“f^'“gasdsd“fef_HgY•ef`ac$ž`§_vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEYNg–s j `V_'^HW\WghY›`asJ^ j gY•efcd†WŸUXWŸY•^'] “f^'~@^'“ghc9t

e”Y•u`abXYp].`XtXe”š9_'ghY•ef`ac`h¡Y•u^"WŸ`@b j _^_`XtX^@’dY•u^ j ^efWrg.eœtX^ j ghc†a^(`h¡CgF~ghef“fga€d“”^“fef€ j g j ef^HWW•b_vu—gaW

´`@ctX` j <”„:…6>3` j"Ò sJ_v²VsXY <”„B>۝ q c$` j tX^ j Y•`W•gF~@^™ghct j ^:WZY\` j ^.Y•ud^WZYvgY•^¤`h¡rg©s j`@† j gh]’gPeftX^

j ghc†a^—`h¡W•UXWZY\^'] _'gh“f“œW™g j ^—e”cEY\^ j _^'sdY•^Ht¦efc` j tX^ j Y•`ª²a^'^Hs¶Y j ga_v²ª`a¡(Y•ud^–s j`@† j gh] WŸY\ghY•^ª¬SWŸb9_vu

g@W(].^'].` j U©]›ghsdsJ^Ht j ^'†@e”`@cWghct–`asJ^'cš“f^›ugactX“f^HWv°±¤TV`@].^™WŸUXWŸY•^']›W_Hgh“f“fW_Hghc €9^.¡¹` j €eftdtd^'c

q c¶gatdtdeµY\e”`@c’CbW•^ j £>“f^'~@^'“_vu^H_v²Vs9`@e”cEY³ j ^HWŸY\g j Y].^H_vugacdeœWŸ]›WN_'ghccd`hY j^:WZY\` j ^›¡¹` j ^˜dgh].sd“f^‰s j`X_^:W•W

W•^HW\W•e”`@c‰eœtX^'cEY•e”š^

j 

® ´ o

<f„:y>efW g(s

j

`alZ^H_Yk`h¡R²a^

j

cd^H“µ£Û“”^H~a^H“Xs

j

`X_'^HW\WC_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefc@Y\e”c†¥¡¹`

j

Y•u^¥Æ Á¢ÇÈɤ²@^

j

cd^'“>®

´ o

_Hghcª_vu^H_v²Vs9`@e”cEY"€J`hY\u

j

^'†@bd“fg

j

ghc9t$]"b“µY\eµY\u

j

^:gatX^:t¬¹sdY•u

j

^Hg@tdW\°s

j

`a†

j

gh]›Wu`^H~a^

j

eµY›tX`V^HWcd`hY

W•bdsdsJ`

j

Y¤_vud^:_v²Vs9`@e”cEY•efcd†$gact9³F`

j›j

^:WZY\`

j

e”c†§`h¡s

j

`V_'^HW\W›bW•e”c†$`asJ^'cžp´

i ³ q i ` j

ÇÁœÉMtX`@]›ghefc

W•`X_v²a^'Y\WH|r^H~a^

j

Y\ud^'“f^HW\W'’@® ´ o WŸbdss9`

j

YvWkgatdtde”cd†0_'ga“”“f€g@_v²VWFY•`b9WŸ^

j

£Û“”^H~a^H“d_`XtX^a’@udeœ_vu.g

j

^_Hgh“f“”^:t

u^'c›g_vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEYCefWgh€J`abXYCY\`€9^ps9^ j¡¹` j].^Ht’@ghc9tu^'c›e”Y efW j ^:WZYvg j Y•^Ht¬¹` j _'g j•j ef^HW`ac›gh¡¢Y•^ j Y•ud^

_vu^H_v²Vs9`@e”cEY±°±ž3uefWpefWu`B­ i q _`a].]bdcdeœ_'gY\e”`@c—_'ghc€J^ugactX“f^Ht€VU™Y\ud^¡¨ghb“µYrY\`a“f^ j ghcEYr~a^ j W•ef`ac

`a¡ m ­–³h­ ikq 

TVefcd†@“”^¥TXUVWŸY•^H] q ]›ga†a^`asJ^ j gY\e”c†WŸUXWŸY•^']›WtX^HtXeœ_'ghY•^:t"Y\`"_“fbWŸY•^ j W ugF~a^ j ^H_^He”~@^Ht.g“f`hY `a¡ne”cEY•^ j£

^:WZYCefcNY•ud^r_'“”bWŸY•^ j _`@]N]bdcde”YZUaž3ud^HW•^3`asJ^ j gY\e”cd†W•UXWZY\^']›W†a“f`a€ga“”“fU]›ghcga†a^gh“f“X`asJ^ j gY\e”c†ƒW•UXWZY\^']

j ^HW•`ab j _'^HWkW•b_vu‰g@W s j `X_^:W•W•^HWH’a].^'].` j U›W•^'†a].^Hc@YvW'’VtdghY\g"WŸY j ^Hga]›W'’@š“f^HWH’aY\uEb9W^:gaW•e”c†"_“fbWŸY•^ j bW\gh†@^

gactNs j `a† j gh].].efcd†½¥sJ^'cJTdT q <>9ghct›¾›¿dÀnÀnÁ¹ÂÿdÄ <”„>9g j ^‘YZ`(^˜dga]Ns“”^:WC`h¡nWŸb9_vu.W•UXWZY\^']›WC€g@WŸ^:t

`@c©Æ Á¢ÇÈnÉk ^H†@ga_'U‰­ ikq ghssd“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acWptX^HW•e”†@cd^Ht‰¡¹` j ]"bd“”Y•efs j `V_'^HW\WŸ` j ].g@_vudefcd^HWr_Hghc€9^"^˜X^H_'bXY•^:t

`@c_'“”b9WZY\^ j W3eµY\ud`abXYpgacVU™].`Vtdeµš9_HgY\e”`@c` jj^:_`@]Nse”“œgY\e”`@c ½¥b j †a`Egh“RefWY•`.e”cEY\^'† j gY\^(sg j gh“f“”^H“ghsX£

s“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acW3_vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEY±³ j ^:WZYvg j Y ].^H_vugacdefW•]›W‘e”cWŸb9_vu¤ghc¤`asJ^ j gY\e”cd†.W•UVWŸY•^H] ¡¹` j ¡¹bd“f“RY j ghc9WŸsg j ^Hc_U

gact¤e”ctd^'sJ^'ctX^Hc_^(¡j `a]%ghsds“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acW3ghc9t¤_'`a].]"bdcef_HgY•ef`ac“fe”€ j g j ef^HWH

C

(8)

! #"%$"'&( ) %

(*+ ! (,+ & " -. /103245

(*+ 67

(,

&8$

-. /103245

" *( ! +9 &8$ 6 -.: 6

; ::9./ 1 <= >& (*+

?

@&

¯e”†@b

j

^N„A

o

^HWŸY\g

j

YbW•^

j

£>efcEY•^

j

¡¨g@_^ƒ^˜dgh].sd“f^

A B

3 ›DC

½¥b j ‘` j ²—ghef].W(ghYƒ]›gh²Vefcd†_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefc@Y\e”c†¤ghc9t j ^HWŸY\g j Y•efcd†¤]N^:W•W\gh†@^£ÛsgaW\W•e”cd†™gasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@cWƒ^HgaW•Ua

q c_`@c@Yj g@WZYY•`^˜XefWŸY•efcd†Ns j `hlZ^H_Y\WH’aY\ud^ƒ¡¨ghbd“”Y‘Y•`a“f^ j ghc9_^p].^:_vughcdeœW•].W‘g j ^p^HcEY•ej ^H“”U.ef]Ns“”^H]N^HcEY•^Ht¤efc

Y\ud^½(T™¡¹` j ghssd“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acWgact¤“”ef€ j g j e”^:WefctX^Hs9^HctX^Hc_^@

¸^.ugF~a^"td^šcd^:tPgact©ef].sd“”^H].^'cEY•^:tPg_`a].]›ghc9tV£>“fefcd^"bW•^ j efc@Y\^ j ¡¨ga_'^a’ng‰3gFU¤Y•` j ^'Yj e”^H~a^"ga“”“

s j`X_^:W•W•^HW3`a¡kg›sg j gh“f“f^'“ghssd“”eœ_'ghY•ef`ac¡j `a] *& `a¡Y\ud^']’J†a“f`a€ga“_`V` j tXefcghY•^Ht_vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEY•efcd†™ghc9t

j ^HWŸY\g j Y\e”c†s j `hY\`X_`a“œWH¯efcgh“f“”U@’XY•u^ j ^:WZY\` j gY•ef`ac‰`h¡`asJ^'cWZY j^:gh]›W3ugaW3€J^'^Hc j ^:gh“fe"?H^Htn

EGFIH JLKNMPORQTSVUXWZY\[^]_M.`aKNb c3deKNfhgDijUTOkST`ml5noKNM.`aYqpa`9r.S^`aKphWYsftK

ž3u^_vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEY±³ j ^:WZYvg j Yre”cEY•^ j ¡¨g@_^]bWŸYƒ€J^W•e”].sd“f^.ghct—^:gaW•U‰Y\`‰bW•^a(ž3uVbW¥^ugF~a^"_vu`@W•^'cY•`

b9WŸ^ƒY•u^W•ga]N^(efcEY•^ j¡¨ga_'^ƒ¡¹` j sg j ga“”“f^'“nghssd“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acWgactWŸ^:¼@b^'cEY•eœgh“ns j `X_^:W•W•^HWH

ž`r_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefcEYghcghsds“”eœ_'ghY•ef`ac’H^kW•bd†a†@^HWŸYnY•ud^¡¹`@“”“f`efcd†_`a].]›ghc9tV£>“fefcd^Ce”cEY\^ j ¡¨ga_^Duvxwxuy.zx{}| ~a

€{zat|{~t‚ƒzt|„J’z'|„€J^'efcd†(Y•u^ps j `X_^HW\WeœtX^'cEY•e”š^ j `h¡ *& `h¡RY•ud^psg j gh“f“”^H“dghsds“”eœ_'ghY•ef`ac.s j `V_'^HW\WŸ^:W'

½¥sdY•ef`ac†… za‡h{xuwxPa…{~}ˆ‰ª¬¨` j … zd°Nga“”“f`rWY\`§_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefc@Y.`ac“”UªgW•^H¼Ebd^'cEY\efga“‘s j`X_^:W•WHª¸»e”Y•u`abXY

Y\ud^`asdY•ef`ac’XY\ud^sg

j

ga“”“f^'“gasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@c¤¡

j

`acEY\e”^

j

efWr_Hgh“œ_bd“œgY\^HtgaWrtd^HW\_

j

e”€J^Htefc—TX^H_±Y\e”`@c©…dèX‘½pY\ud^

j

`@sXY•ef`ac9W^'cga€d“f^Y•`‰_vu`E`EWŸ^ƒY\ud^"WŸY•`

j

gh†@^(]N^:tXeœg©¬R…Štw„}|‹ŒsŽ„}|y_ŠmwŠt{‡‰m‘h°±’aY•`‰g@tdtg™_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefcEY

td^HW\_

j

e”sXY\e”`@c–¬I…„@’ „PwxPu‡t|1zat|{~’F°ghc9t™Y\`._

j

^:gY\^ƒgN_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefcEY‘udeœ_vuefW3^'˜VsJ`

j

Y\ga€d“f^pY\`.gacd`hY\ud^

j

_'“”b9WZY\^

j

¬R…w.“zx{‡Ph‹”}ˆ.wV°

m

3gFU¡¹`

j

sJ^

j

e”`XtXeœ_'ga“”“fUP_vud^:_v²Vs9`@e”cEY•efcd†ghc ghsds“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acefW(Y\`“fgabdc_vueµYe”Y•uY•uefWefcEY•^

j

¡¨g@_^ A

‡hwaˆx|‹”}ˆwa•‡.–P~ €{zat|{~t‚—… zhw.‡t|{„}|ua|P‰PŒh˜™u{ŠPŠt‹~h„J’

€9^He”c†ƒg¥sgY•Y•^

j

c`h¡sJ^

j

e”`XtXeœ_e”YZUghc9t

u{ŠPŠt‹~h„p€9^He”cd†pY•ud^‘bdcd].`XtXe”š^HtN_`@].].gact(Y\`p“œghbdc_vu"Y•ud^3ghssd“”eœ_'ghY•ef`ac qYga“”“f`rW š6› 0)7

(-(/*0 

ž3ud^‘bW•^ j _'ghc_vud`V`@W•^CY•ud^3_vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEY¡j `a]Mudeœ_vuY•` j ^:WZY\` j ^CY•u^ghssd“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acefcgp“”eœWŸYW•ud`e”c†

e”Y\WpW•gF~Vefcd†NtgY•^gact¤td^HW\_ j e”sXY\e”`@c¬SWŸ^H^¯e”†@b j ^.„F°gh¡¢Y•^ j ^˜X^H_'bXY•efcd†.Y•u^j‡awxh‹.‡._`@].].gactn

CDC

ðFEGHGG

(9)

EGF U7`aU@n<K`Pp}ORKTK =phUGftKNMPMKNM UXWZYsSoiei kOIftY `hORUTS

ž3u^½(Tcd^'^:tdWY•`(tX^Y\^H_±Ykga“”“Vs j `X_^HW\W•^HW`a¡Jgacghssd“”eœ_'ghY•ef`ac¡j `a]MY\ud^3sdeœt`h¡ *& `h¡dY\ud^'] €VU“f`V`a²Ve”c†

ghY3š“”eœgY\e”`@c“”efcd²XWghct_`@].]"bdcdeœ_'ghY•ef`acWZY j ^:gh]›W3efc¤` j tX^ j Y•`›_vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEYrgs9g j gh“f“”^H“Rgasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@c

q cªg–TdT q _“fbWŸY•^ j ½(T W•b_vu$gaWN¾›¿dÀnÀnÁ¹ÂÿdÄC’Cs j `X_^:W•W•^HWgact$WŸY j ^Hga].W"_'ghc§€J^‰].ef† j gY\^Ht <f„ 6>

¡j `a] `@cd^ƒcd`XtX^ƒY•`.ghcd`aY•ud^ j kTV`Y•ud^tXeR^ j ^'cEYs j `X_'^HW\WŸ^:W `a¡gNsg j gh“f“”^H“Jgasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@c¤_'gac‰€J^WŸs j ^Hg@t

`@c‰]›ghcVU›cd`XtX^:W'’X^H~a^Hc‰e”¡Y•u^ j ^ƒg j ^¥š“fefghY•ef`ac‰“fefcd²XW3€9^'YZ^H^'c™Y\ud^(s j `V_'^HW\WŸ^:W' m s j `V_'^HW\W’d_ j ^:gY•^:t

€VU‰Y•ud^a{.‡Py‰W•UVWŸY•^H]_Hgh“f“n¡j `@] s j `X_^:W•W # ’deœWpg * `h¡s j `X_'^HW\W #  q¡ # gact g j ^cd`hY j bdcdce”cd†

`@cPY\ud^›W•ga].^Nc`Vtd^a’eœWg

› *

W•`ac`h¡‘s

j

`X_'^HW\W

#

^H“fW•^ eœWg

!"* (!

W•`ac–`h¡3s

j

`V_'^HW\W

#  q

¡‘g

s j

`X_^:W•W

+

eœWrg.WŸ`@c¤`a¡r’

+

efWg

7($7

`h¡s

j

`V_'^HW\WŸ^:W,gact

# 

ž`gF~@`aeœt—_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefcEY•efcd†›Y•u^ud`@“”^NWŸUXWŸY•^H]’g¤WŸ`@“”bdY•ef`ac©eœW¥Y•`¤_vu^H_v²Y•ud^¥Ã¿Á¢Ç! #"$E¿

_Hghsga€def“”e”YZUa

m s j

`X_^:W•W¤_'ghs9gh€def“”e”YZU <”„z>(efWg$s

j

`X_^:W•W¤gY•Y

j

e”€dbdY•^©Y\ugY—_'gac€J^W•^Y:’rbdcW•^Y:’¥ghc9t

efcdud^

j

e”Y•^:tnr®‘U¤tX^'¡¨ghbd“”YH’Rg›s

j

`X_^:W•Wrtd`E^:Wrcd`aYpugF~@^(Y•ud^¥Ã¿%Á¢Ç& #"$@¿_Hghsga€de”“fe”YZU‰udeœ_vu©_'gac

€J^^Hcgh€d“f^Ht€VUg™_`@]N]›gact“”efcd^¡¹` j ^Hg@_vus j `X_^:W•Wr`h¡kghsds“”eœ_'ghY•ef`acW“œghbc_vud^Ht“œgY\^ j ¡j `a] g›WŸu^'“f“S

q¡CgNs j `V_'^HW\W3tX`V^HWcd`aYugF~a^¥Y•ud^'¥Ã¿Á¢Ç& #"%$E¿_'gasgh€def“feµYZU™e”Yref“”“c`hY€9^_vu^H_v²Vs9`@e”cEY\^Htn

m s j `X_^:W•Wudeœ_vu.cd^'^:tdWY•`€J^r_vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEY•^:t"€dbdYkud`@W•^‘¡¨gY•u^ j s j `X_^HW\WeœWCcd`hYk_vud^:_v²Vs9`@e”cEY\ga€d“f^

eœW g - 7 ** ¬¢¡¹` j ^˜dga]Ns“”^@’@s j `X_^:W•W•^HWp„pghct4Be”c¤¯ef†ab j ^¥udef_vu¤WŸud`rWgsg j ga“”“f^'“Jghsdsd“feœ_'gY\e”`@c

Y\`€9^™_vud^:_v²Vs9`@e”cEY•^:t°± m s j `X_^:W•Wƒud`EWŸ^¡¨gY\ud^ j eœW j ^'].`hY\^.gact–cd^'^:tdWƒY•`—€J^›_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefc@Y\^Ht–efWg

!@*(!$* * ¬¢¡¹` j efcWZYvghc_'^a’Vs j `X_^HW\Wze”c¯ef†ab j ^¥d¸–^ƒ_'gh“f“f^Ht )(* $!')( )* g“”`X_'ga“ j `V`hY s j`X_^:W•W

gactgh“f“neµYvW“”`X_Hgh“tX^:W•_'^'ctdgacEY\WH

¯ j `@] *$ `a¡¥Y\ud^Pgasdsd“fef_HgY•ef`ac¶s j `X_^HW\W•^HWH’kYj gF~a^ j W•efcd†–“f`X_'ga“pghct j ^'].`hY\^š“”eœgY\e”`@c¶Y j ^'^©ghc9t

_vu^H_v²Ve”c†Y•ud^¥Ã¿Á¢Ç+! #"$@¿™_'ghs9gh€def“”e”YZUa’E‘^ršct *& `a¡nY•ud^¥sg j gh“f“f^'“9gasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@c - 74**

ž3u^'c’V‘^ƒg@tdt‰ga“”“JY•u^¥“f`X_'gh“ngact j ^'].`hY\^¥tX^:W•_'^'ctghcEY\W`h¡Y\udeœW3s j `X_'^HW\WkY\`"Y\ud^¥“feœWZY`h¡s j `X_'^HW\WŸ^:WCY•`

€J^_vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEY•^:tn

¸»ud^Hc«g—s

j

`X_^:W•W"`h¡Y\udefW“fefWŸYeœW"ghYŸY\g@_vud^Ht§Y•`Pg–WZY

j

^:gh]-, ^_vud^H_v²e”¡Y•ud^¤`hY•u^

j s j

`X_'^HW\WŸ^:W

ghYŸYvga_vud^:tƒY•`.,g

j

^ gh“

j

^HgatdU¥efcY•u^“fefWŸYH

Ò

“œWŸ^@’eµ¡ds

j

`X_^:W•W•^HWugF~a^kY•ud^/¥Ã¿%Á¢Ç& #"$@¿"_'ghs9gh€def“”e”YZUa’

‘^p†@`"bds¤e”c‰Y•ud^ƒ“f`V_Hgh“Rghct

j

^H].`hY•^pš“fefghY•ef`ac›Y

j

^H^¥“f`V`a²Ve”c†¡¹`

j

ghc`hY•u^

j

u^Hgat

j

`V`aYs

j

`X_^HW\WH

q

¡e”Y3efW

Y\ud^W•ga].^¥ud^:gat j`V`hY:’XWZY j ^:gh]0,$_'gac‰€J^ƒef†ac` j ^Ht™efc¤Y•ud^(sg j ga“”“f^'“Rghsds“”eœ_'ghY•ef`ac™¡j `acEY\e”^ j _Hgh“œ_bd“œgY\e”`@c

€J^H_HghbW•^ke”YeœW j ^HtXbctdghcEYe”Y•uš“”eœgY\e”`@c qc¯ef†ab j ^d’WZY j ^:gh]1,32"efWe”†@cd` j ^Htƒefc¡j`@cEY•ef^ j _Hgh“œ_bd“œgY\e”`@c

efc—_`@c@Y j g@WZY3e”Y•u—WZYj ^:gh],4a

EGFE —ORKNphYqpxfxd OIftY c%UDUXp%5eOISeY `PK5 c d_KNfxg ijU^OIS^`,YsS/5 noKNM.`aYqpa`

6#786#7:9 ; ÏÏ ŒÐ<:=X‹ Ë Ð¦Ž?> Ë ŽA@B Ï <:=R‹

ž3u^_vud^:_v²Vs9`@e”cEY•efcd†s j `hY•`X_'`a“‘efW.tXef~VeftX^:tªefc«Y•u j ^'^WZY\^'sW3A ¬Z„F°Y\` j ^Y j ef^'~@^¤ga“”“3s j `X_^HW\W•^HW`h¡¥gac

gasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@c¶gactª]›ga²a^Y•ud^H]W•“”^H^'sdefcd† efc¶` j td^ j Y•`$WŸY•`@s¶_'`a].]"bdcef_HgY•ef`ac9W'’ƒ¬Sa°Y\`$_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefcEY

Y\ud^']’¬S…@°Y\`._'`a].].eµYY\ud^_vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEY‘e”¡kWŸb9_'_^:W•WŸ¡¹bd“f“S

|p`s j `X_^:W•Wƒug@Wg_`a].sd“f^Y\^.²Ec`“”^:tX†a^N`h¡‘s j `X_'^HW\WŸ^:W¥efcV~a`@“”~@^Ht—efcY•ud^™_vud^:_v²Vs9`@e”cEYH.¯ j `a] g

j `V`hY‘s j `X_'^HW\W'’V‘^ƒ_Hg j ^¥gh€J`abdYgud`@“”^(WŸb€X£Ûgasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@c‰ghct j ^H].`hY•^(W•`acW‘`h¡Y•ud^W•bd€X£ghsdsd“feœ_'gY\e”`@c

s j`X_^:W•W•^HWƒ€dbdY^›tX`cd`aY²Ec` eµ¡ j ^'].`hY\^.W•`ac9W(ugF~a^.tX^HW\_^Hctdgac@Y` j cd`hY:™ž3ud^.e”cX¡¹` j ]›ghY•ef`acefW

tdefWŸY j e”€bXY•^:tn

C

(10)

Node A Node B

3 2

1 4

5 6

7

S2 S1

8

9

Process

Remote filiation Local filiation

Parallel application frontier Communication stream Process without Checkpointable capability

¯e”†@b j ^A m s9g j gh“f“”^H“Rgasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@c j bdcdcdefcd†.`ac©¾›¿dÀnÀnÁ¹ÂÿdÄ

¯e

j

WŸY`h¡‘ga“”“>’Y\ud^.sg

j

gh“f“f^'“Cghsds“”eœ_'ghY•ef`ac–¡

j

`@c@Y\e”^

j

efW_Hgh“œ_bd“œgY\^Htn’nY\ud^'c gh“f“Y•u^™ghsdsd“feœ_'gY\e”`@cPs

j

`h£

_'^HW\WŸ^:WugF~@^C€9^H^'cNWZY\`asdsJ^Ht

j

^H_'^'ef~Ve”cd†¥grWŸef†ac9gh“>ž3ud^'c’F¡¹`

j

Y\ud^3W•ga²a^C`h¡_vu^H_v²Vs9`@e”cEY\e”cd†ps9^

j

¡¹`

j

]›ghc9_^a’

grs j `X_'^HW\Wghc9t(eµYvW“f`X_'gh“EtX^HW\_^Hctdgac@YvWg j ^ _vu^H_v²Vs9`@e”cEY\^Htƒe”c"sg j gh“f“”^H“ae”Y•u j ^'].`aY•^ tX^:W•_'^'ctghcEY\W¬¨ghc9t

Y\ud^'ejj ^'“œgY•ef~a^(“fe”c^ƒ`a¡td^HW\_^'cEY±°±

¸»ud^Hc j ^H_^He”~Vefcd†$g$W•bd€X£ghsds“”eœ_'ghY•ef`ac»_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefcEY j ^:¼@b^HWŸY™¡¹` j g “”`X_'ga“ j `V`hY™s j `X_^HW\W ’‘cd`@c

€“”`X_v²Ve”c†Ns j `X_^:W•W3_vud^:_v²Vs9`@e”cEY j ^:¼Ebd^HWŸY\Wg j^W•^'cEY¡¹` j ga“”“ne”Y\W“f`X_'ga“tX^HW\_^Hctdgac@YvWghct¤cd`@c€“”`X_v²Ve”c†

W•bd€X£ ghssd“”eœ_'ghY•ef`ac"_vu^H_v²Vs9`@e”cEY j ^:¼@b^HWŸY\W¡¹` j gh“f“EY•ud^ j ^'].`hY\^‘W•`acW`h¡Y•ud^:WŸ^‘s j `V_'^HW\WŸ^:W'¸»ud^'cs9`EWŸe”Y•ef~a^

j ^'s“”ef^HWƒ¡j `a] ga“”“kY•ud^™tX^:W•_'^'ctghcEY\W(ugF~@^€J^'^Hc j^:_^'ef~a^:tn’gsJ`@W•eµY\e”~@^ j ^Hsd“”UPefWW•^'cEY(¡j `a] Y•`—e”Y\W

W•`a“feœ_e”Y•` j ¬¹“f`X_'ga“k_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefc@Y(_`@]N].e”Yv°¸»ud^Hcga“”“Cu^Hgat j `V`aYƒs j `X_^:W•W•^HW¥ugF~a^N“f`V_Hgh“f“”U©_'`a].].eµY•Y•^:t

Y\ud^'ej _vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEYH’VY\ud^_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefcEY3eœW‘¡¹bd“f“”U_`@]N].e”YŸY\^Htn

m Wp“f`X_'gh“ j `E`aYps j `X_^HW\W•^HWpg j ^_`V` j tXefcgY\` j W‘¡¹` j Y•ud^Hejƒj ^:WŸsJ^H_Y•ef~a^"W•bd€gasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@c’Y\ud^_'`V` j tXeµ£

c9gY•ef`aceœW3ude”^ j g j _vuef_Hgh“>

6#786#7 ‰Ë Š'‹:XŒF‹

¯` j ^Hg@_vu j ^:WZYvg jY•^:t—s j `V_'^HW\W ’J‘^N].ga²a^cd`ac–€d“”`X_v²Vefcd† j ^H¼Ebd^:WZYvWrY\` j ^HWŸY•` j ^"ga“”““f`X_'gh“W•`acWƒ`h¡

gact$W•^'ct$cd`ac$€“”`X_v²Ve”c† j ^:¼Ebd^HWŸY\W"Y•` j ^:WZY\` j ^›Y•ud^WŸb€X£Ûgasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@cW`a¡rudef_vu$Y•ud^“”`X_Hgh“ j `V`hYefW

g j ^'].`aY•^™W•`ac`h¡ ž3u^.¡¹`a“f“”`efcd†—WZY\^'s$_'`acW•efWŸY\We”c 3ghe”Y•efcd† j^Hsd“fe”^:W(¡j `@] Y\ud^™tX^HW\_^Hctdgac@YvW(Y•`

_'`a].].eµYY\ud^ j ^:WZY\` j gY\e”`@c o ^HWŸY\g j Y•efcd†.€J^'†aefcW3e”Y•uY•u^ghsdsd“feœ_'gY\e”`@c¤u^Hgat j `E`aY\W3s j `X_^:W•W•^HWH

®‘^¡¹` j ^_vud^H_v²VsJ`aefc@Y\e”c†’'s j `X_^:W•W•^HWugF~a^C€J^'^Hc"tX^'s“”`U@^Htƒ€VUpY\ud^‘¾›¿dÀnÀnÁ¹Âÿdę†a“f`a€ga“Y\g@WŸ²(W\_vud^HtV£

b“”^ j ` j €VU™Y\ud^s j `a† j gh].].^ j Cž3ugYeœWuVU‰s j `X_^:W•W•^HW3g j ^ j ^:WZYvg j Y•^:t‰`@c‰Y\ud^'ej ` j ef†aefcgh“R^˜X^:_bXY\e”`@c

c`Vtd^a’e”¡sJ`@W\WŸef€d“f^a’RY\` j ^HW•sJ^H_±YƒY•u^N` j ef†aefcga“tX^Hsd“f`UE].^Hc@Y: Ô `^H~a^ j ’ngYƒY•ud^NY\e”].^.`h¡ j^:WZY\` j gY•ef`ac’

s j`X_^:W•W•^HWH’hudeœ_vu.^ j ^s j^H~Eef`ab9WŸ“fU j bdcdcdefcd†`ac›g(¡¨gae”“f^HtNcd`XtX^@’Eg j ^ j ^HWŸY\g j Y\^HtN`acNY•u^rcd`XtX^rud`EWZY\e”c†

CDC

ðFEGHGG

(11)

A B C 1

2 3 4

5

6

A B C

1

2 3 4

5

6

¯ef†ab

j

^›…A

i g j

gh“f“”^H“kghsds“”eœ_'ghY•ef`ac€9^'¡¹`

j

^.gact g¡¢Y\^

j g j

^:WZY\`

j

gY\e”`@cPe”Y•u¡¹^'‘^

j

cd`XtX^:W›¬¨|p`Vtd^efW

`@bXY`h¡` j tX^ j °

Y\ud^'ej sg j ^HcEYrs j `X_'^HW\W' ¯ef†ab j ^…›W•ud`rWghc—^'˜Xga].sd“”^`a¡gac—ghsdsd“feœ_'gY\e”`@cs j ^H~Ve”`@bWŸ“fU j bdcdcdefcd†›`@c…

c`Vtd^HW3udeœ_vuefW j ^HWŸY\g j Y\^Ht™`@c`acd“fU¤cd`XtX^HWH

EGF 9ijKNS [ `aphKYsb\M noKNM.`PUTphY `aOIUTS

¾›¿ÀnÀnÁ¹ÂÃ¿Ä s j `~EeœtX^:WtdgYvg›WZY j ^:gh]›W3eµY\u—^˜VY j ^'].e”Y•ef^HWuef_vu—_'gac€9^].`~@^Ht¤¡j `@] `@cd^cd`XtX^(Y•`

gacd`hY\ud^ j ghc9tPg j ^"eœtX^Hc@Y\eµš9^Ht©€VU©g‰bdcdeœ¼@b^NcVbd]€9^ j <f„ >>"ž3uefWƒeœtX^'cEY•e”š^ j ]›gFU€J^Nga“j ^Hg@tXUe”c–bWŸ^

ghY¥Y\ud^.Y•ef].^.`h¡ j ^HWŸY•` j ghY•ef`ac¸^.bW•^.gW•ug j ^HtPugaW•uEY\gh€“”^N`ac–udef_vu–Y•u^N²@^'U—eœWƒY•ud^.`@“ftWZY j ^:gh]

eœtX^Hc@Y\eµš9^ j ghct–tdgYvg‰eœW¥Y•ud^.cd^HÅWŸYj ^Hga]%eœtX^Hc@Y\eµš9^ j ¸»ud^'c j ^HWŸY\g j Y•efcd†9’Je”¡‘g¤s j `X_^HW\W¥cd^'^:tdW¥Y•`€9^

€e”ctd^HtY•`g›WZY j ^:gh]’e”Y¥“f`V`a²XWrghYrY•ud^`a“œt—WZY j ^:gh]eftX^HcEY•e”š^ j e”c—Y\ud^ug@WŸuEYvgh€d“f^"ghc9teµ¡Ce”YƒtX`V^HWpcd`hY

^'˜XefWŸYH’3gcd^' WZYj ^:gh] eœW™_ j ^HghY•^:tn m Y›Y•ud^—^Hct¶`h¡ j ^HWŸY•` j ghY•ef`acªY•ud^—ug@WŸuEYvgh€d“f^_Hghc¦€J^©tX^'“f^Y\^Htn

­©^Y•u`VtWpbW•^Ht©Y•`¤€de”c9tPghc9tPtX^'Y\ga_vu–g™s j `X_^HW\WY\`¤g¤WZY j ^:gh] e”c_'g@WŸ^`a¡ ].e”† j ghY•ef`ac©g j ^"Y•ud^.W•ga].^

¡¹` j _vud^:_v²Vs9`@e”cEY±³ j ^:WZYvg j YH m,j^:WZY\` j ^Ht—_`@].]"bdcdeœ_'ghY•ef`ac©WŸY j ^Hga]%tX`V^:Wpcd`aY¥ef].sd“”U—gacEU`~a^ j u^Hgat`@c

_'`a].sdbXYvgY\e”`@cW•e”c9_^ƒY•ud^

j

^eœW3cd`.].^HW\W•ga†a^¥¡¹`

j

‘g

j

tde”cd†9

¥"!¤)

m s j `hY\`hYZUVsJ^ug@W(€9^H^'ce”].sd“f^'].^Hc@Y\^Htefc ¾›¿dÀnÀnÁ¹ÂÿdÄ»TT q ½(T <…>>.ž3udeœW(s j `hY•`aYZUVs9^Ne”c9_“fbtX^HWg

_vu^H_v²Vs9`@e”cEY³ j ^HWŸY\g j Y¥b9WŸ^ j £Ûe”cEY\^ j¡¨ga_^¬¨W•^'^™TV^:_±Y\e”`@c …”„F°±’s9g j gh“f“”^H“gasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@cP¡j `acEY•ef^ j _Hgh“œ_bd“œgY\e”`@c

¬SWŸ^H^TX^H_±Y\e”`@c¶…@°uef_vu¦tX`V^HWNcd`aY.U@^YNY\ga²a^_'g j ^`h¡¥WŸYj ^Hga].WH’k`@s9^Hc¶WŸY j ^Hga].W j ^HWŸY•` j gY\e”`@c ¬¨W•^'^

TX^H_±Y\e”`@c$…dBE°¥¡¹` j {xuyhw–WZY j ^:gh]›W'’†a“f`a€ga“kudef^ j g j _vudeœ_'gh“k_'`V` j tXe”c9gY•ef`ac _vud^:_v²EsJ`aefcEY•efcd†©ghc9t

j

^HWŸY•`

j

ghY•ef`acP¬SWŸ^H^"TV^H_Y•ef`ac…d…@°

ž3udeœWNWŸ^:_±Y•ef`ac§s

j

^:WŸ^Hc@YvW^˜XsJ^

j

e”].^Hc@YvW

j

^Hga“”e@?'^:tPY\`P^H~Fga“”b9gY•^‰`ab

j

ga“”†@`

j

eµY\ud]›W'’Y•`P]N^:gaW•b

j

^›Y•ud^

WŸY•`

j

ga†a^kef].sga_YC`ac"sJ^

j

¡¹`

j

]›ghc_'^a’FY\`ƒ~ga“”eœtdgY\^‘gasdsd“fef_HgY\e”`@c

j

^HWŸY•`

j

gY\e”`@ce”Y•ud`@bXYCcd`XtX^ ¡¨gae”“fb

j

^HWghc9t

Y\`.~a^

j

e”¡¹U‰WZY

j

^:gh]

j

^HWŸY•`

j

ghY•ef`ac

C

Références

Documents relatifs

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST