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Scheduling Issues on Thermally-Constrained Processors

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HAL Id: inria-00110085

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00110085v2

Submitted on 30 Oct 2006

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Scheduling Issues on Thermally-Constrained Processors

Pierre Michaud, Yiannakis Sazeides

To cite this version:

Pierre Michaud, Yiannakis Sazeides. Scheduling Issues on Thermally-Constrained Processors. [Re- search Report] RR-6006, INRIA. 2006. �inria-00110085v2�

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a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Scheduling Issues on Thermally-Constrained Processors

Pierre Michaud , Yiannakis Sazeides

N˚6006

Octobre 2006

Systèmes communicants

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(7)

conductance h2 (W/m K)2

conductance h1 (W/m K)2

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(8)

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(9)

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(11)

5mm

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