Il s'agit essentiellement de la metformine, bien que ce produit n'ait pas l'AMM chez les sujets non diabétiques en France. Cet antidiabétique de la famille des biguanides a l'avantage, de par son action insulinosensibilisante, de ne jamais provo-quer d'hypoglycémies.
Son bénéfice en termes d'augmentation de réponse aux traitements et de diminution du risque de fausse couche spontanée reste controversé [62–64].
Ainsi, l'analyse de la littérature indique que la pres-cription de metformine ne se justifie chez les patientes ayant un SOPMK que dans deux situa-tions [5,65] :
• en cas de diabète de type 2 avéré ;
• en cas de perturbations du bilan glucidique (hors diabète) si – et seulement si – l'indice de masse corporelle (IMC) est supérieur à 25 kg/m2.
C onclusion
Le SOPMK est la pathologie gynécoendocri-nienne la plus courante. La physiopathologie du SOPMK est à l'heure actuelle mieux com-prise et les recherches visent maintenant à comprendre sa génétique. L'hyperandrogénie d'origine ovarienne apparaît comme étant l'élément « fondateur » du SOPMK. Elle est à l'origine des signes cliniques d'hyperandrogé-nie et serait également impliquée dans les troubles de la folliculogenèse. Quant à l'hype-rinsulinisme du syndrome métabolique associé chez près de la moitié des femmes ayant un SOPMK, il ne serait pas le facteur causal, mais plutôt un élément aggravant. Les critères de la conférence de consensus de Rotterdam de 2003 ont levé le flou diagnostique préexistant, bien qu'une réévaluation des critères échogra-phiques soit probablement nécessaire (valeur seuil du nombre de follicules de 2–9 mm) en raison de l'évolution des performances techno-logiques des échographes récents. Enfin, les stratégies thérapeutiques pour une prise en charge adaptée sont bien codifiées, que ce soit sur le versant de l'hyperandrogénie ou de l'infertilité (conférence de consensus de Thessalonique). Quoi qu'il en soit, le SOPMK
est encore loin d'avoir livré tous ses mystères…
Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques complexes de ce syn-drome si hétérogène sur le plan clinique devrait permettre dans l'avenir d'optimiser encore davantage la prise en charge des si nombreuses patientes ayant un SOPMK.
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C
hapitre14
À côté des causes fréquentes d'hyperandrogénie que sont le syndrome des ovaires polymicrokys-tiques (SOPMK) et les blocs en 21-hydroxylase, il ne faut pas oublier d'éliminer les autres patholo-gies, certes beaucoup plus rares mais pouvant être bien plus graves et nécessitant une prise en charge spécifique. Les causes d'hyperandrogénie pen-dant la grossesse donneront lieu à un chapitre particulier présenté dans la partie V.