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HAL Id: inria-00073353

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073353

Submitted on 24 May 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Circular-arc Graph Coloring and Unrolling

Christine Eisenbeis, Sylvain Lelait, Bruno P Marmol

To cite this version:

Christine Eisenbeis, Sylvain Lelait, Bruno P Marmol. Circular-arc Graph Coloring and Unrolling.

RR-3336, INRIA. 1998. �inria-00073353�

(2)

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Circular-arc Graph Coloring and Unrolling

Christine Eisenbeis , Sylvain Lelait , Bruno Marmol

N ˚ 3336

Janvier 1998

TH ` EME 1

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