HAL Id: inria-00073198
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073198
Submitted on 24 May 2006
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub-
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
Coca: A Debugger for C Based on Fine Grained Control Flow and Data Events
Mireille Ducassé
To cite this version:
Mireille Ducassé. Coca: A Debugger for C Based on Fine Grained Control Flow and Data Events.
[Research Report] RR-3489, INRIA. 1998. �inria-00073198�
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Coca: A Debugger for C Based on Fine Grained Control Flow and Data Events
Mireille Ducass´e, IRISA/INSA
N ˚ 3489
Septembre 1998
TH `EME 2
!$./10 &23,-54761 ,-
8:9<;>=?9<@A@A=B&CEDGFIHJHLKIMON/PQN%R-SUTVN/WXR-SZY
[\^]J_a`bdcfehgLikjl`3monqp?jor%jl`Lm
`Ls1r%tumvr%wkmyx{z^_|Vnqmojv}Gwk`
~nu`%s *1
htqkVn?s^`{`Jr\^`Lr\^`i-u??cfG`Lks{`L_|k`aJq?3cbqatupq`Jx
*L% ¡k¢qq£¥¤ `{`Jx{`Ji?s§¦n¨rLtk©ªtqiUt?w^s{nG_atqs{`JU^`L|kwkpqpq`J«¬nG¦h©I1\^`L`s\k`|k`Lt?®GVnqjviGs1_a`Lr\¨¯
t?i^jvx_°jvx|kt?x{`J±n?i±`L²q`Ji?sx`%mvtus`L³s{n´mot?i^p?wtupq`&r/n?ix{swkr%sxLµ¶O²?`LiGsxa\kt>²q`&x{`J_at?iGs{jvr%x1\k`L`Ltqx
xn?wr%`mljvi^`Lxwkx`L|Gza_anGx{sk`L|kw^p?pq`JxE^ni^nqs\t>²q`1tqiGz?µ*:stqr/`jvxtx{`J}Gwk`Likr%`1nu«·`%²?`LiGsxLµ*¸¹sr%t?i
|V`x`%`Lit?xtqiXn?^`L`LX`%mvtus{jon?i&jviXttust?|ktqx`qµ»ºx{`Jx1rLtqiXxV`Lr%j¼«¬zk`Lr%jox`%mozQ1\^jvr\X`%²q`JiGsx s\k`%z
tqiGss{nx`%`|GzQxV`Lr%j¼«¬z¨jvi^p²tumvw^`JxO«¬nG`L²q`LiGs½tus{s{jv|kw^s`LxLµO s`Jtqr\`L²q`LiGsL©G²¨jvx{jv|^mo`²tqjvtq|^mo`Lxr%tqi&|`
}¨w^`J{jo`Lyµ½[\^`stqr/`}¨w^`J{z&mot?i^p?wtupq`§jvx1~nqmonqp¾jos\UtQ\tqik¨«¿wkmnu«Okjv_jos{jo²q`Jx%µ [\^`st?r/`}¨w^`J{z
_a`Jr\ktqi^jvx_Àx{`Jtqr\^`Lxs\kn?w^pG\Qs\^`§`/Á^`LrLw^s{jon?istqr/`Jx wkx{jvi^p¾|n?s\Xr/nGi?s{n?mÂVn:tqik&ktust1\k`L`Ltqx
k`L|kw^p?pq`Jx1wxwktqmlmozUx{`Jtqr\tqr%r%n?^jvi^ps{n&`%jos\^`Jhr%n?iGsnqm·ÂVnÃn?tustµxhn?nGx{`JUs{n«¿w^mlmozQÄ{`/¯
mvtusjlnGiktum¼Å&^`J|kw^pqp?`Lxa1\^jor\Æwkx`kmotqjoi$ktustq|kt?x{`X}¨w^`Lz¨joi^p³_a`Lr\kt?i^jvx_¾xL©½¦n^r%t´stqr/`}¨w^`Lz¨joikp
_a`Jr\ktqi^jvx_°knG`Jxiknqs¾{`J}Gwkjo`tqiGz±xs{n?tup?`qµÇ[\^`Xt?iktumoz^x{jvxjvx¾^n?ik`n?iÈs\^`&Âzq©x{z^ikr\kn?ikn?wkxmlz
jos\Ès\^`Xstqr%`L³`/Á^`Jr%w^sjlnGi·µ³¦n^r%t¶joxs\^`J{`%«¬n?`_an?`Vn`J«¿w^ms\kt?iÉÄx{nGwkr%`Qmojoi^`/Å^`L|kwkpqpq`Jx
t?ikX_nG{`§`%Êr%jl`JiGss\kt?i&`%mvtusjlnGiktum·^`J|kw^pqp?`Lx%µ
ËÌGͪÎÏÐ Ñ*q£
Gnq«¬s¹½t?{`¾`Ji^pqjvi^`%`J{jvi^pV©y~nqp?tq_¾_ajvi^p`LiG²¨jon?ik_a`Ji?sL©wks{n?_¾tqs{`L±k`L|kw^p?pqjvi^p©
[*tqr/`1}¨w^`J{z¾_a`Lr\kt?i^jvx_X©Gh`J|kw^pqp?joikpmot?i^p?wtupq`?©q~nqpGt?_|V`L\kt>²¨jon?Owik^`Lxstqi^joikp©Gh`J|kw^pqp?joikp
sn¨nqmAµ
ÒÔÓ·ÕÖØ×LÙ ÕÚ*ÛoÖØÜØÝ/Þ
ß3àªáâ¿â<ãäAåuáæ>ç>èéæ>êãèéç>ç>â¿ã{ä<äë1ì¬í*îLï-ðñ*ãåJò½ìÔæJóláâ<ô1èò<õ÷öLøJã/ùªúéûè{üaç>ãäýªøJò¿òAãä ç>ãàªáLþä<ôã{ä{ùVÿ^ðéûyãæ>æ>ãä
à·ãç>ã ãô1èéõkë§õ÷â¿ãõ÷ãñ*ø>ê{èéäAä<ã*õ÷â¿õ÷äØèólâùJë%ò¿ò<åGëõ÷â¿õ÷äØèólâèéæJç>ãç>ø>ê{èéäAä<ã
Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes
§, & ½ ,-*./ ½, X X X *#%
£ hn?wkx¾kgLx`LiGs{nGikx¦n¨rLtk©wiÆ^gJ|n?p?w^`Jwkatqw^sn?_¾tusjoxgXVn?w¦h©»nÈmo`X_agLrLtqi^jvx_`
k`LxVnqjviGsxht?%s`Jx{sh|ktqxgxwk^`Jx1gL²qgLik`L_a`LiGsx{`Lmotqs{jl«¿xQ^`Jxr%n?ikxswkr/sjlnGikx1kwmvtqikp?tup?`qµ1¦`Lx
gL²qgJi^`L_a`LiGsxn?iGs1wki^`x{gJ_at?iGs{jv}Gwk`q©tqmlnGx}¨w^`3mo`Lxmljop?i^`Jx1kwUr%n¨k`x{nGwkr%`w^s{jomojoxg%`Jx1ktq1mot^mvwkkt?{s
k`Lx^gJ|n?p?w^`Jwkxi`JinGi?s1tqxLµ
ºi^`st?r/`Q`Jx{sawki^`&xgL}¨w^`Jikr/`&gL²qgJi^`L_a`LiGsx%µUOmomo`&V`Lw^s%s{`Q²^w^`&r/n?_¾_a`&wi^`&`%mvtusjlnGi´nG¯
kn?iki^gL`3^`3|ktqx`3^`3^n?ikikg%`LxLµE`Jxw^s{jomojoxtus`Lwkx `Jw^²q`Ji?s1xVgLr/j `J `/Áktqr%s{`L_a`Ji?s}¨w^`Lmox gL²qgLik`L_a`LiGsx
jomvx§²q`Lwkml`Ji?s²qn?jo`Ji´kgLr%joxtqiGs§^`Lx²tumo`Lwx§Vn?wk§mo`Lx3tqs{sjv|kw^sx3k`Lxg%²?gLi^`J_`JiGsxLµ! r\kt?}Gwk`gL²qg/¯
ik`L_a`LiGs%©^mo`Lx1²>t?{jvtq|kml`Jx²¨jvx{jv|^mo`LxV`Lw^²?`LiGs"%s{`§jvi?²?`Lxs{jop?w^gL`LxLµ--`3mot?i^p?tqpq`jviGs{`JnqpGtus{jon?i^`3stqr%`
`Jx{s ~nqmonqpt?w^p?_a`LiGsgkt?wki^`Vnqjop?i^gL`3^`kjo_ajos{jo²q`LxLµ
-`_agLrLtqi^jvx_`§joiGs`L{n?p?tusjlnGi¾^`hst?r/`r\^`Lr\^`htqikx½mvtstqr%`h`/Á^gJr%w^sjlnGiQ`Li&w^s{jomojoxtqiGs ^`Lx
jvi¨«¬nG_¾tusjlnGikx#ÇmotÇ«¬n?joxxwk¾mo`&ÂVnqsQ^`Ur/nGiGs$qmo`&`LsQxwk¾mo`Lxkn?iki^gL`LxtqmlnGx¾}¨w^`Umo`Lx^gJ|n?p?w^`Jwkx
`&%I`Jr/sw^`LiGs\kt?|^jlsw^`%momo`L_a`LiGs§ml`Jwk3`Lr\^`Jr\^`?©yx{n?jls§`Ji¶«¬nGikr/sjlnGi´kw³r%n?iGs$qmo`q©yxnqjos§`LiÉ«¬n?ikr%s{jon?iÇ^`Lx
kn?iki^gL`LxLµ
¦nGi?stqjo`L_a`Ji?s§tqw^Á´^gL|VnqpGw^`Lwx§snqstqml`J_a`LiGs{`Lmotqs{jon?ikik`%mvx}¨w^jw^s{jomljvx`LiGs3²^tqjo_a`LiGs3wki^`Q|tqx`
k`¶^n?ikikg%`LxL©mo`¶_agLrLtqi^jvx_a`UjoiGs`L{n?p?tusjlnGi ^`Ust?r/`U^`´¦n^r%t³i^`Ui^gJr/`Jxxjls`¶tqwkrLwki$x{sn¨r®>tqpq`qµ
't?iktumoz^x{``Lxs «¿tujos{`(amvt¾²qnqmog%`?©^x{z^ikr\kn?ik`t>²?`Lrhm)`/Á^gLrLw^s{jon?iyµ
¦n^r%t`Lxs^n?ir^mvwkxw^joxxtqiGs}¨w^`mo`Lx^gL|VnqpGw^`LwxOkn?iGsOmo`Lx½n?joiGsxtq*Lsx{nGiGsO^`Lxmljop?ik`Lxw
r%n^^`3x{nGwkr%`h`Ls1^mvwkx`/ÊQrLtqr/`3}¨w^`§mo`Lx1^gJ|n?p?w^`Jwkx½`%mvtusjlnGiki^`LmoxLµ
+Ð
J
Î
¢-,
£
ehgJi^jo`3mln?pqjvr/jo`%mA©k`LiG²¨jon?ii^`L_a`LiGs1^`k{n?p?tq_¾_¾tusjlnGi·©^^gL|VnqpGtupq`3t?w^s{nG_atqs{jvx{g?©_ag/¯
rLtqi^jvx_`3jvi?s`L{n?p?rLtus{jon?i&^`3stqr%`q©^mvtqi^pGwktup?`k`^gL|VnqpGtupq`?©kr/nG_a{gJ\^`Likxjon?iwUr/n?_¾Vn?s{`J_`JiGs
k`LxknqpGt?_a_a`Jx%©¨n?wks{jomy^`^gL|VnqpGtup?`qµ
! #"
$%"&
¨stus`/¯Ønu«Ô¯Øs\^`%¯Øt?r/s{jvr/`a^`L|w^pqp?`Lx('<`qµpµaeh*),+l%-Ø©yº~ .+b-0/hk{n²¨jv^`¾wkx{`Jxhjos\ÇtXx`%snu« r/nG_¯
_¾t?ikkx1\^jvr\X`Likt?|^mo`3s\^`J_ snQ}Gwk`LzQs\^``/Á^`LrLw^s{jon?iXnu«EknqpGt?_ax½jviXn?^`L snQwkik^`Jxst?ikXs\^`Ljo
|V`L\t>²Gjon?xLµ
mls\^n?w^pG\Èwkx`/«¿w^mt?ik±jviÈktujomoz³wx{`Qs\^`Lx`Xs{n¨nqmvxr%n?w^mvÈ|V`&ktq_¾tusjorLtumomlzÇjv_a{n²?`L·µ¶¸i^`%`J
s\^`%z´tq`a|kt?x{`J¶nGi´t|k`Lt?®GVnqjviGs_a`Jr\ktqi^jvx_ jlsr\´`%mvtus`Lxs{nUxn?wkr/`¾r/n^^`214365 7 µ8) wks§xn?wr%`
r%n^^`§mljvi^`Lx\kt>²q`§i^nx{`J_¾tqiGs{jvr%xLµ
9 ;:<:=>7?*<@A:B 365DCFE GH= 5D37 E!I H 3H 37J>7KL 5 M 5DC 7< 1 C GK C 1 5 DN 5 7 CAD C7O
¦nGikr%wk`LiGs&t?ik:kt?tqmlmo`%mmvtqi^pGwktup?`É^`L|w^pqp?`LxtumvxnÆwkx`´s\^`³i^nqsjlnGi nu«`%²q`JiGsxX|kw^ss\^`Jx{`
`L²q`Ji?sxOtq`1_an?xs{moz`%mvtus`Las{ns\^`xz^ikr\kn?i^jQPLtqs{jon?inu«·s\^`h^j%ª`L`LiGsx`L}¨w^`JiGs{jvtumkn^r/`Jxx`Lx'Ax{`L` «¬n?
`%Áktq_¾^mo`8+lA-nGR+S-T/µ
9
*:U<A:B7VRW
5
X0S<
365 KY7
C
Z8M
5UC 7 I H 3
H[
5\E K
1]C
HD7G^D
5DC_3 1
:U<A77
365
`ZY
:<GS<
E
7O
a ikr%`¾`/Á^`LrLw^s{jon?ikx§t?{`a_n^^`Lml`JÉjviGs{nUx`L}¨w^`Lir/`Lxnq«`%²?`LiGsxL©ytx{`Jr/n?iÉtqxV`Lr/snu«½s\^`xstqs{`/¯Ønu«Ô¯
s\^`/¯¹ktqr%s{jvr/`§^`L|kwkpqpq`Jx½r%t?i|V`§jo_¾kn²q`J·©^iktq_a`%mozs\k`§}¨w^`J{z¨jvi^p_a`Jr\ktqi^jvx_Àtuswkx`Lx½kjoxnGxtqm<µ
¸ikk`%`Ly©^s\^`3^`J|kw^pqp?joikpkn^r/`Lxxjox }¨w^jos{`3r/nG_akmljvr%tqs{`L&tqik&_¾tqiGzQx{z^xs{`J_axs{`Jik&s{n¾k{n²¨jv^`ht
\¨w^p?`x`%snq«ytqQ\^n^rhr/n?_¾_¾tqikx%µOeh*)©?«¬n?`/Áktq_¾^mo`q©¨\kt?x_an?`1s\tqibqqkµ*O²?`Li¾jl«s\^`Jx{`hx{`Lsx½tq`
Vn½`L{«¿w^m<©s\^`Lz&r%t?i|`²?`Lz&\kt?&s{n&r/n?V`3jos\·µ½¸in?^`L snQt>²qn?jo&s\^jvx{nG|^ml`J_X©ti¨wk_|V`Lnq«
xstqs{`%¯Anq«Ô¯As\^`/¯¹tqs½k`L|kw^p?pq`Jx kn²¨jo^`§t¾x{`Lsnu«»|ktqxjor§kjv_jos{jo²q`Jx jls\tp?`Li^`J{jvrmot?i^p?wtupq`?µ
GnG_a`½xz^x{s`L_¾x»k{n²¨jv^`wx{`Jx-jls\xn?\^joxs{jvr%tqs{`J_a`Lr\kt?i^jvx_¾x-s{njoiG²q`Jx{sjlpGtus`ktqstx{swkr%swk`Lx
t?ik`/Á^`Jr%w^sjlnGiUx{stus{`JxR'¬«¬nG1`%Á^t?_¾^ml`hºhOb+-Ø©Ihr/jv\+¼c>-»n? aRa [ed,+¼J>-0/éµ1[\^`Jx{`_a`Jr\ktqi^jvx_ax
t?{`²q`J{zUwkx`/«¿w^m»«¬nGhwx{`JxLµgfn½`%²?`LL©VnGi^`anu«s\^`a_anGx{s§jv_aVn?st?iGshkn?|^mo`L_ jviÇ^`L|kwkpqpqjvi^p&joxs{n
x`Lt?r\ s\kn?wkp?\ t±\¨w^p?`Xt?_an?wkiGs¾nu«§`%²?`LiGsx|V`/«¬nG{`U|V`%jvi^p³joi$s\k`¶x{joswktqs{jon?iÆs{n³jvi?²?`Lxs{jop?tqs{`s\^`
`%mo`%²t?i?s3ktqstµihE`LzÉnq«¬s{`Li³wkx`Lx®¨i^nx{nG_`kt?{sjotqmOjvi¨«¬n?_¾tus{jon?iÇtq|Vn?wks3s\^`tustXs\^`%zǽt?iGs
sn¾joiG²q`Jx{sjlpGtus`t?ik½n?wkmo&`/ÁkV`Lr/ss\^`3^`L|w^pqp?`L½s{nstq®u`§tqk²>t?iGstup?`hnq«-s\^jox1joi¨«¬nG_¾tqs{jon?i·µ»¸iXs\^`
{`L²Gjon?wx{moz&_a`LiGsjlnGi^`L¶xz^x{s`L_¾xL©Vjvi¨«¬n?_¾tusjlnGiUtq|Vn?w^shs\^`aktustQr%t?i¶\ktq^mozpGw^jok`s\k`x`Ltqr\&«¬n?
`%mo`%²t?i?s jvi¨«¬n?_¾tusjlnGi·µ
9 g:<:=>7j CGk^DAl E GH= 5D37 EmI H=<j 5UCG 1Dn I 5 K`K Co 5 k CH\p7K 365
7Al 5 ql C7GS<H CHp<SH CHDrGsp C_3 5tC<G7O
GnG_a`Xn?s\^`Jx{z^xs{`J_ax¾wkx`Lx`%mvtusjlnGiktum }¨w^`Lz¨joikpÇ_a`Lr\tqi^jvx_¾xajvikxkjo`L «¿{nG_(ktqstq|tqx`&mvtqi¨¯
pGwktup?`LxLµ±[\^jox¾jvxa²q`J{z±Vn`J«¿w^mt?ikÈs\^`U}Gwk`Ljl`Jxa\t>²q`&tÇi^jvr/`^`Lr%mot?tqs{jo²q`ÂVt>²qnG%µ±[\^`nqs\^`L
t?^²tqiGstqpq`Qjvxs\^`&Â`/Á^jv|^jomljos¹zqµÇ¸ik^`L`L·©Ojosajox²q`J{zÇ`Lt?x{z³s{nÇ^` Ii^`&i^`Ls¹z^`Jxnq«`%²?`LiGsx1{wkxsa|Gz
jviGsn^kwkr/jvi^pXt&i^`L`%mvtus{jon?iyµ[n&n?wk§Vnqjvi?snu«²Gjo`%s\^jvxs{`Lr\i^jo}¨w^`ajvx%©y\^n½`%²?`LL©IrLwk{`Ji?smlzsnGn
r%n?xs{mozqµ&¸i^jlsjotqm½n?®¨xhjvi³s\kjox^jo`Lr%s{jon?iǽ`L`¾wx{jvi^pÉ`LtqmOktustq|kt?x{`Jx8'¬«¬n?`/Áktq_¾^mo` a _a`%p?t\+lJb>-A©
uOn^ktv+-0/éµ [\^`r/nGx{sanu«§r%`Ltqs{jvi^p´tÇktustq|kt?x{`&jox¾kn?\kjo|^jos{jo²q`?µ±¸ik^`L`L·©joiÆs\^`QÄr/nG_akjlmo`q©Os`Lxs%©
k`L|kw^pV©`J^jlsÅr%z^r/mo`Qk{n?p?tq_¾x§r\ktqikpq`¾²q`J{zU«¿`L}¨w^`JiGs{mozqµifh`Likr%`s\^`Q^`J|kw^p?pqjvi^pUktustU\ktqx3sn¶|`
p?`Li^`Jtqs{`J¶nu«¬s`Li·µVwVwks\^`J_anG{`?©tqiÇ`/Á^`Jr%w^sjlnGi´rLtqi³|``JtqxjlmozÉr%n?_¾nGx{`JÉnq« _ajomlmojon?ikx3nq«½`L²q`Ji?sx%µ
ºx{`JxL©kwki^mo`Lxx^`JxV`Ltus`q©kr%t?iki^n?s½ tujos½«¬n?t¾ktqstq|tqx`sn|`rL{`Jtus{`J·µ
x¶nG{`§`Lr/`JiGs½½n?®¨x\tqik^mo`3^`LkjorLtus{`J&_a`Jr\ktqi^jvx_ax½jos\^nGw^spqn?joikps{nt¾`Ltum·ktqst?|ktqx`q©¨s\k`%z
`Ljls\^`Lhwkx`mo`Lx('¿`%p&[-tqr%`%²¨jl`Ly+lq-A©zf?uL{!+-T/n?1_¾tqjoi¶_a`J_nG{zXx{sn?tup?`'¿`%pVw*-|+>-0/}/µ
a
wk
`%Ák`J{jo`Likr%`x\^n1xs\ktqstqiGzQ®Gjoiknu«»x{sn?tupq`hr%tqiX|V`Lr/nG_a`takn?|^mo`L_ jos\¾Ä{`LtqmIxjQP%`ŧk{n?p?tq_¾xLµ
9 :UG:=>7L
C
<e^DAl
365 E
H=
5U3 7 E I H 3
GHYKA7
5 C
<^
3
< 5 lL7
C
GNOHDL
5 1 l>7
37
3
77Al
5
Hp<
5
Sp7
I]36C H C
HD
C
<KjGsN
Cq3 5
OzH=
C
G
1 5
DNrH=7j<
1 C_3
5
1Dn
MO
C?3
7
5 C 7(K
1
<
Cq3 M8
5 K n Gs
3 1
r7Re
161
<
1 C_3
5 1 5 (
C36C 3 7gVG
E
:<
E3 7
I H 3 GH:UGM
3
K7
GG7 5 1 3 5 lO
[\^`§st?r/`h}¨w^`J{zmvtqikp?wktqpq`jvx½~nqmonqpjos\Xta\ktqik^«¿w^m·nu«»k{jv_ajlsjl²?`LxLµ¦½tqxwktumªwkx`Lx%©^\^n½`%²?`LL©
knÈi^nqsQi^`L`L snÈ®Gikn _wr\$t?|nGw^sQ~nqmonqp³jvi$n?^`L¾snÈ|`Ji^` s«¿{nG_(s\^`¶tq^²t?i?stup?`Lx¾mojoxs{`J
t?|n²?`qµO[\^`LzX|tqxjorLtumomlzQnGi^moz&i^`L`LXs{nQwki^`Lx{stqikX1\ktqsjoxhtk`L^jvr%tqs{`q©kt?iks\tuss\k`x{`Jtqr\^jvi^p
{jv_ajlsjl²?`LxEr%t?i¾x{`Jtqr\3«¿wks\^`JEjl«·xwk|kx`L}¨w^`JiGs»{`J^jorLtus`Lx*«¿tujomAµ*OÁ^V`LsOwkx`Lx%©?r%tqianq«ªr%n?wkx{`?©q_¾tq®q`
«¿wkmlm·wkxtup?`1nu«y~nqmonqpV©qjvikt?{sjorLw^mvtqEsn1jls``/Á^s`LikxjlnGikxLµ»[\k`htqk{nGtqr\ajvx}¨w^jos{`x{jv_ajlmvtqs\^`hn?i^`
nq«·_¾tqr%x +¼J>-V1\k`L`1r%tqxwktqmwkx`LxEn?i^moz¾®GiknÆs\^`x`%sOnq«·r%n?_¾_¾tqikxE1\^`L`Lt?xE`/ÁkV`Lswkx`LxO®¨i^n
\kn:s{nknqpGt?_Ài^`%r/nG_a_¾t?ikkx jvi&-jox·µ
[\^`akn?Vn?x`L&«¿t?_a`%½n?®¾«¬n?§¦ jvxt?iUtqkt?^stqs{jon?iXnu« a kjowk_ ^`Jx{jop?i^`JX«¬n?~{n?mln?pt+cS-Aµ1[\^`
Vn½`L½nu«»~nqmonqp¾tqxtastqr%`/¯¹}Gwk`Lzamvtqikp?wktqpq`§\ktqx|V`%`Ji&jomomowkxstus`LXjvi`+>-ص
[\^`§tqtq^stus{jon?i¾sn¾¦$ tqxi^nqs½x{stqjlpG\Gs«¬n? tq«¬nGs¹½n_¾tujviQ`Lt?x{nGikx%µ w»joxs%©G~{n?mln?p\kt?xi^n
p?mlnG|ktum*²tqjot?|^mo`LxtqikÇi^nk{nG|^mo`L_¾xjls\ɲtqjvtq|^mo`xr/nG^joikp&jviÉp?`Li^`Jtqm<µ[\k`¾tust&jvi?²?`Lxs{jop?tqs{jon?i
tqxi^nqsxwkr\7tÈ{nG|^ml`J_Zt?xQjvi:¦hµ G`Jr/n?i·©~nqmonqpÈk`L^jvr%tqs{`JxQ\kt>²q`¶t _wkr\7_an?`¶wki^jl«¬n?_
xswkr%swk`3s\kt?i¶¦7«¿wikr/sjlnGikx%µEÁ^stqr%s{jvi^p`%²?`LiGsx tqx s\^`L`/«¬nG{`_wkr\X`Lt?x{jo`L½«¬nG~nqmonqp¾s\kt?ijls
jvx½«¬n?¦hµ ¤ `t?kk`Lxxs\^`3s¹½n¾{nG|^ml`J_¾x joi&s\^`§«¬n?mlmonjvi^pµ
¸iUs\^`3«¬n?mlmonjoikp©½`(Vxs^`%stujom-t?i`/Áktq_¾^mo`3nu«^`J|kw^p?pqjvi^pQx{`Jxxjon?iXs{nQjomomowkxstus`s\k`n½`L
nq«Es\^`s{n¨nqmAµ1`%Á^s½``/Ák^mvtujvi1\ktqstq``%²?`LiGsx1«¬n?§¦ `/Á^`LrLw^s{jon?ikxLµ ¤ `^`JxrL{jv|`s\^`ak{jv_ajlsjl²?`Lx
t?ik&s\^`Ji&s\^`tqr\^jos{`Jr/sw{`nu«»s\^`xz^x{s`L_Xµ
4 ' '
' ¾4
"&
¤ `jomlmvwkxstus{`jvi³s\kjoxx{`Jr/s{jon?i´s\k`«¿wkikr%s{jon?iktqmljos{jo`Lx3nq«h¦n¨rLtXs\kn?w^pG\³tqiÇ`/Áktq_¾^mo`nu«^`J|kw^pqp?joikp
x`LxxjlnGi·µ ¤ `&pqjo²q`QjviGsw^jos{jo²q`Q`%Ák^mot?iktusjlnGikxLµ s\^nG{nGw^p?\³^`JxrL{jv^sjlnGi³nu«1s\k`&kjo_ajos{jo²q`Jxr%t?iÈ|`
«¬nGwkikx`Lr/sjlnGikµ
! !"$#%'&! !%'(*)
[\k`´^`J|kw^pqp?`L:¦ knqpGt?_(s{jo`Lxs{nÆxnqmo²q`És\^`´1¯¹}Gwk`%`Lix&kn?|kml`J_&µd[\^`ɯØ}¨w^`L`LikxXkn?|^mo`L_
`L}¨w^jv`LxOs\^`§^mot?r/`J_`JiGsnq«y^jo`Lr%`Lx½n?it¯Ø|GzG¯A¯Ø`Lr%st?i^p?w^mvtqE|Vn?t?x{ns\ktqs½i^nas¹½n^jo`Lr%`Lx½tq`
nGis\^`xtq_a`§mljvi^`,+O\kn?jPLn?iGstqm<©¨²q`J{sjorLtumªn?kjotqpqn?itumAµ%wVn? .-ht¾xnqmvw^s{jon?i&joxL©^«¬nG `/Áktq_¾^mo`,+
/ 0 1 2
/ 3
0 3
1 3
2 3
-`%s½wkxt?xxwk_a`1s\tus½`h\t>²q`s{`Jx{s`Ls\^`h{n?p?tq_ë¬nGO4-hµ ¤ `\kt>²q`iknqs{jvr/`J¾s\ktqstiGw_|V`LOnq«
jvikr%n?{`Jr/s1xnqmvw^s{jon?ikxh\kt>²q`|V`%`Ji¶kn^kwkr/`JUtqik¶s\ktqs1s\^`ar/nG`Lr%s1n?i^`Jx1\kt>²?`i^nqsh|`L`Li¶kn^kwkr%`L·µ
¤ `UxwxV`Lr%s¾xsn?ikpqmozÇs\^`X«¿wkikr%s{jon?i658789':;5É1\^jor\Æs{`Jx{sxas\ktqs¾t³i^`LmlzÈt?k^`JÆ}¨w^`L`Li$^n¨`Lx¾i^nqs
tqs{stqr®}¨w^`%`Jikx1tqmo`Lt?^zn?i&s\^`|Vn?t?yµ
5 789': 5 : 5 7 5
"!
#
$
&%'
%(!
)*
5
,++- !.0//1
#
: 2
%%
5
7
1433
:
15
: 2 76,5
7
%%
:
85
6 5
%'9!
:
:
;7
;
< !
:
-`%sEwkxEt?xxwk_a`s\ktusE½` tq`q©«¬nG-`%Áktq_¾^mo`q©q^`J|kw^p?pqjvi^pxn?_a`J|n^^z`Lmox`-x»knqp?tq_ t?iks\ktus»½`tq`
iknqsE«¿t?_jomojot?Ejls\¾s\^`knqp?tq_Xµ ¤ `rLtqiwkx`r/n^rLt§s{npGtujviaxn?_a`1wki^`Lx{stqikkjoi^p3nq«·s\^`|V`L\t>²Gjon?
nq«*5 789': 5µ
=&">? @>A*B&">DC
¸is\k`«¬n?mlmonjvi^p©9 :hjox»s\^`kn?_¾^s»nu«Is\^`^`J|kw^pqp?`LLµyO²?`LzGs\^jvi^p3|`Ls¹`L`Li`Jtqr\n¨rLr%wk`Likr%`
nq«E :Ètqik s\^`¶«¬n?mlmonjvi^pÉÄ/µÅ jvxt ^`L|kwkpqpqjvi^p }¨w^`J{z?©s¹z^`J joi |Gz tÈwkx`LLµ}¨w^`Lz$jox
tÇx`L}¨w^`Lir/`Xnu«hk`LkjorLtus{`Jx%µ.wnqmomonjoi^p´s\^`~nqmonqp³r/nGiG²q`LiGsjlnGi·©Ejok`LiGs{j `Lx¾|`Lpqjviki^jvi^pÇjls\Æt?i
wk`J¯¹r%t?x{`Umo`%ss{`J&t?{`¶monqp?jorLtum1²t?{jvtq|^mo`Lxwki^mo`Lxxs\^`%z tq`Éxwkn?wik^`L7|Gz }¨w^nqs`LxLµÃ¸^`LiGs{j `Jx
|V`%p?joii^joikpÉjos\ t¶mln½`L{¯ØrLtqx`ml`Ls{s`Ln?xwk{nGwkik^`J±|Gz³xjv_akml`}¨w^nqs`Lxt?{`&tus{nG_¾x%µ´¸^`LiGs{j `Jx
xwk{nGwkik^`J|Gz^nGwk|^mo`}¨w^nqs`Lxtq`§x{s{jvi^p?xLµ
¤ \^`Ji^`%²?`Lhwkx{`Jxtqikx`JGF'7
5
s{ntIH ;7JÈ{nG_aks%©V«¿wk{s\^`Lhx{n?mowks{jon?ikx1t?{`x`Lt?r\k`L&«¬n?Lµ wn?
`%Áktq_¾^mo`q©Ejl«htÉ}¨w^`J{z±tqx®¨x3«¬nGt?i±`%²?`LiGsjos\Æx{nG_`Xr\ktqtqr%s{`J{jvx{sjorLxtqi$¦n^r%t Vikkxn?i^`Xxwr\
`L²q`Ji?sL©Vt?x®Gjvi^p¾«¬n?1_anG{`jomom-kn?_¾^s¦n^rLt¾s{nx`Lt?r\&«¬n?1s\^`ai^`/Á^sxwkr\`%²?`LiGs%µ ¸Ø«OtQ}¨w^`J{zXtqx®Gx
«¬nG§²tqjot?|^ml`ajvi¨«¬n?_¾tus{jon?iy©tqikȦn^r%tVikxtqiÇtqrLr%wktus`a²¨jvx{jv|^mo`¾²>t?{jvtq|kml`?©tqx®Gjoi^p&«¬n?3_anG{`¾jomlm
{nG_aks¦n^r%t´s{n±x`Lt?r\³«¬nGas\^`Ui^`%Á¨s¾tqrLr%wktus`&²¨jvx{jv|^mo`&²t?{jvtq|^mo`qµ ¤ \^`LiÆs\^`Ux`Lt?r\Èxkt?r/`Xjox
`%Ák\ktqwkxs{`J¦n^rLtat?ikx`Jx K ;7
L5
5
;8M
µ
ON =& ) ) @>A;"PC @CCB&">
-`%s1wkxtqxxwk_a`3s\ktus1½`\kt>²?`st?r/`Js\^``/Á^`Jr%w^sjlnGiXwi?sjlm-`%²?`LiGsiGw_|V`L3J¾1\^jor\r%n?{`JxVn?ikx
sn`LiGs{`J{jvi^pX«¿wkikr%s{jon?i 5 7,9':;5µ¸Ø« `¾ tqiGss{n¶x`%`¾1\^jvr\ɲtqjvtq|^mo`Lx§tq`¾²¨joxjo|kml`tus§s\^joxn?joiGs§`
rLtqiÈwx{`&s\^` ; ;7 QR :Uk{jv_ajlsjl²?`&t?x®Gjvi^pU«¬n?aikt?_`Jx%©E²tqmow^`Jxt?ik±s¹z^V`LxL©Owkx{jvi^p´s\^`&mln?pqjvr%tum
²t?{jvtq|^mo`Lx2Sª©T&t?ikVUtqx½«¬n?mlmon1x%µ
(W7
7
7
# ;8&8&
5 789;:;5
:
0;
;7
QR : 9XS"
R
:;5
% T :
FY 7 % U
Z
S %
T %<'
U % H ;7J F'7 5
S
%<
T
%<'
U %
H ;7J F'7
5
S
% 5
T
%<'
U %
H ;7J F'7
5
S % 5
7
T
%<'
U %
H ;7J F'7
5
S % :
T %
:;:F
' 6 ( E6
(
,6
(
U %
:;:F
H 7JF'7
5
K ;7
L5M
5
;8& GZ
[\^`¦Ã²tqjvtq|^mo`Lx © ©
M 5
tqi5
7
t?{`¾jviGs{`%p?`L31\kjor\³r%t?i³|`Q`Jtqxjlmoz¶jviGs{`Lk`%s`L·µ
a ias\^`1nqs\^`L\ktqiky© : 3jvxOxn?_a`L\knÆr%z^^s{jvruµ ¤ `r%t?i`Jtqxjlmoz1jos{`1t3x_atqmlm~{n?mln?pk`L^jvr%tqs{`q©
5 Y 58: F
QM
: ©¨s{nX^jvx^mvt>zUt|Vn?t?UpGt?k\^jvr%tqmlmozqµ[\^joxk`L^jvr%tqs{`ar%tqiÉ|`¾r/nGiki^`Lr%s{`JUs{nXs\^`
st?r/`aÐ Ì *Í jos\´s\^`
0;
;7
*QR
:Qkjo_ajos{jo²q`?µ¸i¶s\^`a«¬nqmomlnjvi^p&}¨w^`J{z?©·`¾`%sjo`%²q`s\^`
rLwk{`Ji?s*²tumvw^`Lx»nq« :t?ik 5
7
©>t?ikar%tumom*
5 Y 5 : F
Q&
: jos\as\k`1k{nG`JEktqtq_a`Ls{`LxLµ
:
0;
;7
QMR :9
*
: R
:;5
%
0;
;7
QMR :9 5
7
R
:;5
%7
5 Y 5 : F
Q&
:
Z
-%
:;:F
' 6 ( E6
(
,6
(
<%<'
¤ `Qr%t?i¶«¬nG{`Jx{`L`as\ktus3s\^`Qk`%²¨jon?wkx§}¨w^`Lz¶jomlmO|V`²q`J{z´wkx{`%«¿w^mt?ik´_¾t?®u`ti^`%r/n?_¾_¾tqi
nGw^s nu«»jlsL©r%tqmlmo`L
5 Y 5 : F
Q&
: ' µ
:
7
Q*M KK : Z
5 Y 5 : F QM : 6
0; ;7 QMR :9 * : R :;5 %
0; ;7 QMR :9 5 7 R :;5 %7
5 Y 5 : F
Q&
:
Z
hx½`xwkx`Jr/s58789':;5§sn`%swi1n?ikp{`JxwkmlsxO½`htqx®s{nx`%`hs\^`§i^`%Á¨s 7
0
nu«ys\^`1«¿wkir/s{jon?i
1\k`L`XtÇ|nGtqÈ^jvxVn?xjos{jon?iÈ tqx¾t?r%r/`J^s{`J·µ [\^`&«¬nqmomonjoi^p³}¨w^`Lz±{`Jtqkxatqx«¬n?mlmon1x+¾Ä{`%s{jo`%²?`
s\^`¾i^`/Á^s`L²q`Ji?shnu«s¹z^V`
# ;808M
©k1\^n?x`«¿wikr/sjlnGi¶jvx45 789':;5k©V1\^n?x`Vn?sjvx.7
0
©It?ik¶1\k`L`
²t?{jvtq|^mo`
\ktqx²tumvw^`
(
'¿jo`s\^`akjoxnGx{jos{jon?i¶jox§tqrLr/`J^s{`JU/驪s\k`Li´pqjo²q`s\^`¾²>tqmowk`nu«
tqi
kjox^mvt>zs\^`t?r%r%`L^s`LQ|Vn?t?·µ»[\^`J{`tq`x{`L²q`JtqmVxwkr\¾`%²?`LiGsxL©?s¹z^^jvi^p F;7
5
tqx®¨xO«¬nGOs\k`«¬n?mlmonjoikp
nGi^`qµ¨w|kx{`J}¨w^`LiGs{mozq©s\^`3`%Á¨`Jr%w^sjlnGip?n¨`Lx n?iXtumon?ikpjos\Xs\k`3stqr/`?µ
:
#
9'7
FY 7 % # ;8&7M
: # ;8M%
5 7,9':;5 :
Y
% 7
:
%
0;
;7
QR : 9
R : 5
%(
5 Y 58: F QM : Z
%
H ;7J F'7
5 3
%
H ;7J F'7
5
ZZZ
-5M 5 ;8& 85 7 0 7 ; F :
%4(
H ;7JF;7
5 333
% W H ;7JF;7 5
[\k`Vx{sh^joxVn?xjlsjlnGi¶\ktqxn?i^mozn?i^`a}¨w^`%`Ji·µ1¸¹sjoxtqrLr/`Lkstq|kml`?µ[\^`x`Lr%n?iknGi^`\tqx1s¹½n}¨w^`L`Likx
jvi&s\^`3xtq_a`r%nqmvwk_¾i·©¨jlsx\^n?wkmoXi^nqs |V`§t?r%r%`L^s`L·µ ¤ `§\t>²q`§tqx®u`LQs{nx{`L`tai¨wk_|V`L½nq«*xnqmvw^s{jon?ikx
snUs\^`Q}¨w^`J{z´wkiGs{jomO`Qt?{`xwk`as\ktus3s\^`L`jvxtumvx{nUtkn?|^mo`L_jls\³^jotqpqnGiktumvx+3}¨w^`L`Likx§jvi³s\^`
xtq_a`kjotqpqn?itumrLtqitumvxn|`tqrLr/`Lks{`Lyµ9
?H=SM>gK
36C K
C K 3
7_:
1
lKYGGK>7
I
HD<
C
HDR^D
5 7
I
HDG
365`C HDR7
E
G
1 E5µ
hnd½`½t?iGs3s{n¶r\^`Jr®U1\^`Li 5 789': 5U{`{`Lr/sxtU^jvxVn?xjos{jon?i·µ
¤
`x`Jr/jl«¬z´tqmo_an?xs3s\k`xt?_a`
}¨w^`J{z&tqxs\^`k`%²¨jon?wkx nGi^`q©k`%Ákr/`Lkss\ktqs1s\^jvx1sjo_a`3½`tqx®QsnQx{`L`3s\^` 7
0
nu« 5 789;:;51\^`Jis\^`
R
:;5nu«
jvx
'
'¿jo`3s\^`|Vn?t?&jvx{`{`Lr/s`LU/µ
:
#
9'7
FY 7 % # ;8&7M
: # ;8M%
5 7,9':;5 :
Y
% 7
:
%
0;
;7
QR : 9
R : 5
%'7
5 Y 58: F
QM :
Z 333
%4(
H 7J F'7
5
[\k`1mot?x{stqk^`J}¨w^`%`JijoxjoiQs\^`xtq_a`kjotqpqn?itumt?xOs\k` Vx{s}Gwk`%`Liy©G\^`Jikr/`s\^jvx``Jr/sjlnGi¾jox²>tqmljv·µ
[\kjox_a`Lt?ikx s\tuss\k`§«¿wkikr/sjlnGiXjox1iknqstumo½t>z^x½1n?i^pVµ
¤ `h tqiGsOsnr\^`Jr®1\k`%s\k`Lr%n?{`Jr/skjoxnGx{jos{jon?ixtq`t?r%r/`J^s{`J·µ ¤ `hs\^`J{`%«¬n?`tqx®s{nx`%`hs\^`
`Lxw^mosnu« 5 7,9':;52'<jl`s\^`
R
:;5¾nu«
tqss\^` 7
0
/OnGit^joxVn?xjlsjlnGis\ktqs`®¨i^njox1²>tqmljv·µ C
CH=(p7(}TX C C 161;CH= C 5 lM 1D 5 BO
:
#
9'7
FY 7 % # ;8&7M
: # ;8M%
5 7,9':;5 :
Y
% 7
:
%
0;
;7
QR : 9 5
7
R
:;5
%(
0;
;7
QR
: 9 :
R
:;5
%
:;:F
' 6 6
5 Y 58: F
QM :
0;
;7
QR : 9
R : 5
%8 Z 3
% 8(
%<'
H ;7JLF;7
5
[\k`^jvxVn?xjlsjlnGiXjoxh{`{`Lr/s`L·µ[\^`s{`Lxs1jvikxjo^`s\^`
#
Qmon¨n?nq« 5 789':;5ax{`L`L_¾x1mvwkiktqs{jvruµ fn½`%²?`LL©
1\k`LiXtqiktqmlzpP%jvi^p¾josxxn?wkr/`3r/n^^`?©^`3rLtqiki^n?swkik^`Jxst?ikX1\^`L`§s\^`kn?|kml`J_ÀjoxLµ
¤ `r%t?i³tqx®¶s{n¶x`%`s\^`²tumvw^`Qnq«½s\^`Q²tqjot?|^mo`Lx§1\^`Ji´s\^`
#
s`Lxs3jox`J«¬nG_a`J·µ[-nUpq`%st
{`Jr/jvx{`¾jv^`Lt½`tqx®Us{n¶x`%`s\^`L_`%jos\^`J31\^`Li³tUi^`L
#
monGnGÇjox3`JiGs{`L`L´n?§1\k`Li³s\k`
#
jox
`%Á^jls`L·µ ¤ `&t?x®´s{nÉx`%`s\^`&²>tqmowk`Qnu«1s\^` : É1\^`Li³`Ji?s`LjoikpÉt
#
Étqi³s\^`&²>tqmowk`Lxnq«1s\^`
²t?{jvtq|^mo`Lxtus`Ltqr\x{s`L·µE¸inGk`LOsnp?`%s½tr/mo`Lt?jv^`Jt½` Vx{s `/¯¹wkit?ik`/¯Østqr%`s\^``/Á^`Jr%w^sjlnGi
«¿n?_s\^`|V`%p?joikikjoi^pVµ
: ;7 ;: 7 Z
:
#
9'7 #
;8M% 5 789':;5:
FY 7 % # : Y % 7 7 .
FY 7
%7 # : Y
% 7
08
# ;
;7
FY'7
% #
7
5 Y 5 :F
QM :
;
;7
QR : 5
7
R : 5
%18
;
;7
QR
: 5M
R
:;5
% 5
7;5
5 7
;
;7
QR
: R
:;5
%
;
;7
QR
: : R
:;5
%
;
;7
QR
:
R
:;5
%8Z
333
1<%
5 % ' H 7JF'7
5 333
1<%
5 %4( H 7JF'7 5
% '
% '
%4(
H 7JF'7
5
[\^`Q`Lxw^mos3nu«½s\^jvx}¨w^`Lz¶jvx3jvik^`%`J³xwkkjoxjvi^pµ«¬s`L3s\^`#Vx{s|Vn?t?Ç\kt?x3|`L`Li³^jvx^mvt>zq`J
s\^`L`hx\^nGw^mo\kt>²q`|`L`Litqsmo`Lt?x{sn?i^`
#
s`Lxs%µE[\^`mot?x{s½nGx{jos{jon?i^`JQ}¨w^`%`Jitqs{st?r®¨xOs\k`}¨w^`L`LinGi
s\^`3s\kjoXmljvi^`qµ¸ikx{s`Lt?·©kti^`% |Vn?tq&jox^jvx^mot>z?`L&joi^jorLtusjoi^p¾s\ktus *Ð Ì L Ï ¡k Ì Ð Ì Ñ µ
¦nGw^mvjos1|`3s\ktus s\^`3mln¨nGjvxjos{`LtusjoikpnGi 5
jvikxs{`Jtq&nu«*5
7
1`Lswki^jvi^p¾s{n¾s\^`xn?wr%`
r%n^^`3`3rLtqiXs\^`Jii^nqsjor%`3s\ktqss\^jvxjvxjoi^`%`J&s\^`rLtqx`qµOr%swktqmlmoz 5
tqik 5
7
\ktq|V`%`Ji
x tqkV`L¾jviQs\^``Ji?sjo`1«¿wikr/sjlnGi·©¨s\^`Lza½`L`hiknqsr%n?ikxjvx{s`LiGsOjos\Qs\^` t>zas\^`§|nGtq¾½t?xr%n¨k`L·µ
") ( %GC
²q`LiGsx3tq``Jtqxjl`Jhsn¶\ktqi^ml`¾s\ktqiÇx{nGwkr/`¾mljvi^`Jx%µ8wnG§`/Áktq_¾^mo`q©-{`J}Gwk`Lxs{jvi^p&snUx{`L`as\^` 7
nq«
«¿wikr/sjlnGi 5 789': 5Qjvxxstujop?\Gs{«¬n?½t?jviǦn^r%tµºhxjvi^pX|{`Jtq®¨n?joiGsxnGiÉmojoik`LxL©·n?i^`anGw^mvÉ\kt>²?`s{n
Vp?wk`3n?w^s1\^`L`3s{nQkwksht|k`Lt?®GVnqjviGsjoinGk`L s{n&x{`L`31\ktus1jvx\tqkV`Li^jvi^p§{wkxsh|V`/«¬nG{`'<n?»{wx{s
tu«¬s{`J/s\k`§«¿wkikr/sjlnGiX`/Á^jlsx%µE¸ixn^nqjvi^p¾n?i^`§jvx^jvx{st?r/s{`JQ«¿n?_ \^jox_atqjoixs`Lt?_ nu«»s\^nGw^p?\Gs%µ
¨z¨iGstÁ O²q`Ji?s1itq_a` ++- O²q`Ji?sr%n?_¾nGi^`LiGsx
«¬nG.'<~X~O
~O/ ) a ¦
w a
h ++- '¿`LiGs`LL© «¬nG/ ¸¹¸[
h [ ½¨[
h
) a ¦
h ¸¹§¦
h [ ½^[
h
'¿`/Á^jos%©^«¬nG/
jl« '<~/.)
a
¦
`Lmox`L)
a
¦
¸w h ++- '¿`LiGs`LL©uj¼«A/)[ ½¨[
h [ fhO
»G
h '<`/Á^jlsL©
j¼«/
[ fO
O»G
h ++- '¿`LiGs`LL©^s\^`JiU/ )
a
¦
h '¿`/Á^jos%©ks\^`Li/
'¿`LiGs`LL©^`%mvx{`/ )½
a
¦
h '<`/Á^jlsL©k`%mvx`>/
~O ~O
h ++- '¿`LiGs`LL©^`/ÁkkA/ '¿`/Á^jos%©k`%Ákk/
w»jop?wk`¾,+»EÁ^stqr%snu«-s\^`3p?tq_¾_¾tq½nq«-`%²?`LiGsx
hxx\^n1i¶|GzUs\^`ar%n?i>{wikr/sjlnGi¶nu«
#
9'7 tqik ; ;7 QR :V©Vx{`Jtqr\^joikpQjoiÉs\^`astqr%`jvx§^n?i^`
t?r%r%n?^joikpsn¾r%n?iGsnqmIÂn ¡ Ñ ktust¾r%jls`Ljotµ
wVn?`%Á^V`Ljo`Likr%`L$wkx{`JxL© tqi tumos{`Jiktqs{`Utqi$_anG{`¶r%n?_¾ktqr%sx{z^iGstuÁÆr%t?i$|V`Un %ª`L`LÆ«¬nGs\^`
«¿`L}¨w^`JiGsyr%tqx`»1\^`L`Es\k`tussjo|kwks{`Lxtq`»tqmlm?r/n?ii^`Lr%s{`L§jos\4:
Iµ;wnG·`/Áktq_¾^mo`
#
9'7
FY'7
% # ;1&1M &
: # ;8&%
5 789': 5 : Y
% 7
:
%
r%n?w^mv§|`xV`Lr%j`J
#
9;7
# ;8&8M M 7
0
5 789':;5 6@ 9 6@ 6@ 6@ 6
Z
[\^`a`/Ák\^jv|^jos{`J´x`Lxx{jon?iUr%n?w^mvÉ|V`^n?ik`jvi¶s¹½nXkt?xx`LxLµ§[\^joxjomlmvwkxstus`Lxs\^`«¿tqr%shs\ktus§_wr\
rLtqiX|`kn?i^`§jos\^nGw^s1x{sn?joikpas\^`§stqr%`qµ
4)4
st?r/`jvx3tXx{`J}Gwk`Likr%`nq«`%²?`LiGsxL©·1\^jvr\Ér/nG`LxVn?ikUsnɦ r/nGikx{swr/sxLµ[\^`LzUs\^`J{`%«¬n?`a\t>²q`t
|V`%ss{`J1x{`J_¾tqiGs{jvr%x½s\tqix{nGwkr/`mljvi^`LxLµ
N % ( ) ) ( %& ? @>A*C
pGt?_¾_at?½nu«E`%²?`LiGsxx`Jr/j `Lx11\^jor\X`L²q`LiGsx1tq`3tqxx{n^r/jvtus`L&s{n&¦:r/nGikx{swr/sxLµw»jop?wk`¾x\^n1x
`%Áktq_¾^mo`Lxhnu«O`%²?`LiGsxtqxxn¨r%jotqs{`JUs{n&s¹nXr/n?ix{swkr%sx + #
&t?ik
#
µ
#
X\tqx«¬n?wk§r/nG_¾nGi^`LiGsx
+ tqiXjvi^jos{jvtumojPJtus{jon?iy©Vts`Lxs%©ªtqiXjls`LtusjlnGiXt?ikUtQ|^mon^r®Qnq«Et?r/sjlnGi·µ[\^`r/nG`LxVn?ik^jvi^p¾`%²?`LiGsxtq`
/E`JiGs{`Ljvi^ps\^`
#
V©^b/s\^`3x{`J}Gwk`Likr%`hnq«-`%²?`LiGsx `%mvtus`LQsn¾s\^`§`%²tqmowktqs{jon?inu«-s\^`§joikjlsjotqmljQPLtqs{jon?i·©
p/s\^`x`L}¨w^`Jikr/`§nu«*`%²?`LiGsx `%mvtus{`Jsn¾s\^`3s`Lxs%©kB/Os\^`'<Vn?xxjo|^mozQ`J_aks¹z=/½x`L}¨w^`Jikr/`nu«Ex`L}¨w^`Lir/`Lx
`%mvtus`L±snÉs\^`&`%Á^`Lr%wks{jon?i±nq«s\^`|^mon^r®V©Es\^`Xjls`Ltus{jon?i tqik±s\^`Xs{`Lxs%©tqik N/3`%Á^jlsjoi^p´s\^`
#
Vµ
hi`/Áktq_¾^mo`x`L}¨w^`Lir/`§nu«O|kt?x{jvr§`%²?`LiGsx p?`Li^`Jtqs{`L«¬n?tqiXn^r%r%w`Likr%`§nu«
#
Qmln¨n?Xjvx1^`Lstujomo`Ljvi
¨`Lr/sjlnGiYcµO[\^`«¿w^momp?tq_¾_¾tqjvx1tq|Vn?w^s nGi^`3ktup?`mon?ikpµ
EÁkk`LxxjlnGikxt?{`Xi^nqs¾^`Lstujomo`L·µ[fhn`L²q`Jr/nG_¾^mljvr%tqs{`J±s\^`Lz tq`q©EnGi^moz±s¹n´`%²q`JiGsxjlmom1|`
p?`Li^`Jtqs{`J +±n?i^`³|V`/«¬n?`ÉjosxX`L²>tqmowtus{jon?iy©n?ik`Çtu«¬s{`LLµ ¸Ø«awkx`LxXtq`´kwBPP%mo`L |?z s\^`³`%²tumvwktusjlnGi
nq«t±ktqs{jvr%w^mvtqQ`/Ákk`Lxx{jon?i·©½s\k`L`¶`/Á^jvx{sxQtqi `%Á^{`JxxjlnGi `L²tumvwktusjlnGi7x{jv_w^mvtusn?¾1\^jvr\7r%t?i7|`
k`Lr/nG_¾nGx{`J¶tushjlmom<µ[\kjoxx{jv_wkmotqs{jon?iUjvx§tqr/swktumomozxstujop?\Gs{«¬n?½t?&s{nXjo_¾^mo`L_a`Ji?sjos\¶~{n?mln?p
t?ik
;
;7
QR :Vµ
N ? @>A
A % 1A'%'
tqr\`L²q`LiGsOjvx½txswkr/swk{`r/nGi?stujvi^jvi^pxmonqsx{`%«¬`L{`J¾s{na|?z¾s\^`
#
9'7
t?ik
0;
;7
kjo_ajos{jo²q`Jx%µ
hnqs`s\tusht?xi^n?s\^jvi^p&joxx{sn?`Ls\^joxxswkr/swk{`^n¨`Lxi^nqstqkV`Lt?tqxhxwr\Ujoi¶s\^`ar/n^^`nq«½¦n^r%tkµ
¸¹sjvxt 5 Z: CD 1^xswkr/swk{`?µ
Í Ì £ itq_a`nu«·s\k`r/nGikx{swr/sOs\^`1`%²?`LiGsEjvxtqxxn¨r%jotqs{`Jjos\·µ»¸¹s½r%tqi¾|V`1n?ik`1nu«
# ©
7 © 7;5
5
7V©
#
I©
587V©
Q
5 7©
5 01
© : 5 7© ;7
# : ; 5 © 5 &
© # ;808M
©2;7
; ©
;7 : ©
M8;
7V© 9
*
© 7 :
7V© 7Y*V©;7;5©
7 5&
©
8 I©
0
µ
[\^`
;7 :
7V© 7Y*I©;7;5©
7 5&
©
1 I©
80
r%n?{`JxVn?ikQs{nQktqst¾\ktqi^mljvi^pVµ
Ð >q£
jvik^jvr%tus`Lx1\k`%s\k`Ls\^``/Á^`Jr%w^sjlnGi&jvx`Ji?s`LjoikpanG`/Á^jos{jvi^ps\k`r/n?ix{swkr%s%µO¸¹shr%tqi|V`3n?i^`
nu«!7
7I© 7
0
©
5µ
[\^`
5anG{s jvx{`Jx{`J{²?`L¾«¬nGr/n?ix{swkr%sx«¬n? 1\kjor\ 7
7¾tqik 7
kn¾iknqs_¾tq®u`§x`Likx`q©
iktq_a`Lmlz
;7 : ©
1;
7V©,9
©
;7 :
7¾tqiV;7;5µ
¢k£ ikt?_a`nq«*s\^`§«¿wkikr%s{jon?iXjvi&1\kjor\&s\^`r%n?ikxswkr%s½jvx1^`&Vi^`J·µ
¢ Ð -Ð £ s\^`r\{nGi^nqmonqp?jorLtumªiGw_|V`L nu«*s\^`3`L²q`Ji?sL'At¾s{jv_`xst?_¾U/éµ
¢qÑ Ì - £ rLtumom*^`J^s\Énu«s\^`a`Likr%n?_¾ktqxxjoi^pQ«¿wkikr/sjlnGi·µ[\^jvxs{`%momvx\kn_at?iGz&«¿wikr/sjlnGikx§tq`jvi
s\^`xst?r®nu«»r%tqmlmvx%µExV`Lr%jotqmlmozwkx`/«¿w^my«¬n?`Lr%wxjl²?`rLtumomoxLµ
,-Ì £ joiXs\k`x{nGwkr%`Vml`31\^`J{`§s\^`3`%²?`LiGs jox1k` Vi^`J·µ
,Ì £ jviX1\^jvr\s\^`3`Likr%n?_¾kt?xxjoikp«¿wkir/s{jon?iXjvx1^`&Vi^`Lyµ
wVn?`/Áktq_¾^mo`q©·s\^`r/nG_akml`Ls{`¾{`Jk{`Jx{`JiGstusjlnGiUnu«s\^`¾`%²?`LiGs§r/n?`LxnGik^jvi^psn&s\^`¾mot?x{s§|nGtq
kjox^mvt>zq`LjoiXs\^`k`%²¨jlnGwkx ^`L|w^pqp?joi^px`Lxx{jon?ijox +
: Y*
*Q
7
R2Z
F Y 7 # Y 7
7
# ;8
58789':;5
;7Y
5
7
# 5 7 : ;70K ;7
7 5 ZX
[\^`3`%Á^`Lr%wks{jon?i&jox`JiGs{`Ljvi^pat
#
monGnGjvi&«¿wkikr%s{jon?i 5 7,9':;5µ
¤ `XknÉi^nqsar/mvtujv_°s\ktqss\kjoxax{swr/sw{`Qjvxar/n?_¾^mo`%s`q©Ejos_¾t>z³|`&s\ktqs½`&\kt>²?`s{n´t?kÈi^`L
xmonqs joiXnG^`J s{nr/n²?`L i^`Lt?iktumoz^x{`Jx%µ»¸iktqs{jvr%wkmot?½xn?_a`r%nGnGkjoiktqs{`s{nQ|V`tq|^mo`§s{nQ^jvxs{jvi^p?w^jvx\
|V`%s¹½`%`Ji&kj%ª`L`LiGs1r/nGikxswkr/sx nu«-s\^`xtq_a`§s¹z¨V`3jvikx{jv^`3ta«¿wkikr%s{jon?ir/nGw^mv&|V`}¨w^jls`wkx`/«¿w^mAµ