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HAL Id: inria-00073339

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073339

Submitted on 24 May 2006

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Fault Tolerant Software Architectures

Titos Saridakis, Valérie Issarny

To cite this version:

Titos Saridakis, Valérie Issarny. Fault Tolerant Software Architectures. [Research Report] RR-3350, INRIA. 1998. �inria-00073339�

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a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Fault Tolerant Software Architectures

Titos Saridakis and Val´erie Issarny

No 3350

TH `EME 1

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Ok

Incompatibilities

Transactions Nonfunctional X Fault Tolerance Security

Refinement Verification Compatibility

Elaborated Architecture

Software

.

More refinement

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