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A Software Toolbox to Carry-out Virtual Experiments on Human Motion

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HAL Id: inria-00073385

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073385

Submitted on 24 May 2006

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A Software Toolbox to Carry-out Virtual Experiments on Human Motion

Franck Multon, Jean-Luc Nougaret, Gérard Hégron, Luc Millet, Bruno Arnaldi

To cite this version:

Franck Multon, Jean-Luc Nougaret, Gérard Hégron, Luc Millet, Bruno Arnaldi. A Software Toolbox to Carry-out Virtual Experiments on Human Motion. [Research Report] RR-3303, Inria. 1997. �inria- 00073385�

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a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

A Software Toolbox to Carry-out Virtual Experiments on Human Motion

Franck Multon, Jean-Luc Nougaret, G´erard H´egron, Luc Millet and Bruno Arnaldi

N ˚ 3303

Novembre 1997

TH `EME 3

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