HAL Id: inria-00070496
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070496
Submitted on 19 May 2006
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Ghost Process: a Sound Basis to Implement Process Duplication, Migration and Checkpoint/Restart in
Linux Clusters
Geoffroy Vallée, Renaud Lottiaux, David Margery, Christine Morin, Jean-Yves Berthou
To cite this version:
Geoffroy Vallée, Renaud Lottiaux, David Margery, Christine Morin, Jean-Yves Berthou. Ghost Pro- cess: a Sound Basis to Implement Process Duplication, Migration and Checkpoint/Restart in Linux Clusters. [Research Report] RR-5510, INRIA. 2005, pp.16. �inria-00070496�
ISRN INRIA/RR--5510--FR+ENG
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Ghost Process: a Sound Basis to Implement Process Duplication, Migration and Checkpoint/Restart in Linux Clusters
Geoffroy Vallée , Renaud Lottiaux , David Margery , Christine Morin , Jean-Yves Berthou
N˚5510
Mars 2005
Systèmes communicants
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