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3

SUMMARY / TABLE DES MATIÈRES

INTRODUCTION / INTRODUCTION... 7

THEORETICAL APPROACHES – REVISITED AND NEW PERSPECTIVES / APPROCHES THÉORIQUES – RÉÉVALUATIONS ET OUVERTURES

Kouadio DJEBANYEBOUA

L’insulte dans le discours professoral au cours du rituel communicatif de

la classe ……….. 11

Emil LAZĂR

Learning in virtual environments, expression of educational efficiency and quality………...

Oprea-Valentin BUȘU, Andreea-Denisa BUȘU, Mădălina CUC The potential of using imitation as learning in enhancing the social behavior of children with ASD………..

25

35 EDUCATIONAL PRACTICE – PERSPECTIVES / PRATIQUES ÉDUCATIVES-NOUVELLES OUVERTURES

Euphrosyne EFTHIMIADOU

Multimodalité et espace numérique : facteurs cognitifs et socioaffectifs dans la communication en ligne………..

Moustapha MBENGUE, Djibril DIAKHATE, Mohamed LatSack DIOP

Formation ouverte et à distance (FOAD) et stratégie numérique de continuité pédagogique en contexte COVID-19 : retour d’expériences……….

Florentin Remus MOGONEA, Florentina MOGONEA

From traditional classroom communication to communication in the virtual space………

47

59

77

RESEARCH LABORATORY/ LABORATOIRE DE RECHERCHE Nadia EL OUESDADI

Vers une nouvelle métamorphose des pratiques scripturales à l'ère du e- learning. Cas des dispositifs de l’Université Mohammed Premier d’Oujda………..

Russel Ponty ZAMBO, Sonia Carelle MENGUE

Exposer et debattre des difficultés enseignantes dans l’espace socionumerique Facebook. Revelations autour des « situations de vie » dans la plateforme les enseignants du Cameroun………

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