• Aucun résultat trouvé

RISRVWPRGHUQSHGDJRJ\VRXUFH,QVWLWXWHRI(GXFDWLRQDO6FLHQFHVS 7UDGLWLRQDOSHGDJRJ\ 3RVWPRGHUQSHGDJRJ\

Dans le document 36<&+2/2*<3('$*2*<  (Page 26-35)

7DEOH7KHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWUDGLWLRQDOSHGDJRJ\DQGWKRVH

RISRVWPRGHUQSHGDJRJ\VRXUFH,QVWLWXWHRI(GXFDWLRQDO6FLHQFHVS 7UDGLWLRQDOSHGDJRJ\ 3RVWPRGHUQSHGDJRJ\

´(GXFDWLRQ SURPRWHV XQLYHUVDO YDOXHV RV7HDFKHUVKHOSVWXGHQWVWRXQGHUVWDQG DQG VXSSRUW WKHP $PRQJ WKH LPSRUWDQW YDOXHV WKHUH DUHUDWLRQDOLW\ DQG SURJUHVV RV´

´(GXFDWLRQ KHOSV VWXGHQWV WR FUHDWHWKHLU RZQYDOXHVRVWKDWDUHXVHIXOZLWKLQWKH FRQWH[W RI WKHLU RZQ FXOWXUH ,PSRUWDQW YDOXHVWKHUHDUHFRQVLGHUHGWREHWROHUDQFH ILJKW IRU GLYHUVLW\ DQG IUHHGRP WKH SURPRWLRQ RI FUHDWLYLW\ 3RVWPRGHUQ SHGDJRJ\ DGPLWV WKH H[LVWHQFH RI GLIIHUHQFHV RI SHUVSHFWLYH LGHDV DQG FRQFHSWV PDWHULDOL]HG LQ YDULRXV ZD\V RI VHHLQJIHHOLQJDQGOLYLQJ´

´&XOWXUHV DUH UHVSHFWHG QRWRQO\ EHFDXVH WKH\ KDYH HTXDO YDOXH EXW DOVR EHFDXVH WKH\ DUH GLVWLQFW LPSRUWDQW UHDOLWLHV LQ WKHPVHOYHV6WXGHQWVEHORQJLQJWRFXOWXUDO PLQRULWLHVDUHVWLPXODWHGWRSUHVHUYHWKHLU RZQ YDOXHV ILJKWLQJ DJDLQVW WKH SKHQRPHQRQRIDFFXOWXUDWLRQ´

´7UDGLWLRQDO VFKRRO SUHSDUHV VWXGHQWV WR PDVWHURQHRUPRUHILHOGVFXOWLYDWLQJWKHLU VHOIHVWHHP DQG KHOSLQJ WKHP WR GLVFRYHU WKHPVHOYHV´

´3RVWPRGHUQVFKRROFRQVLGHUVVHOIUHVSHFW DVDSUHUHTXLVLWHWROHDUQLQJ(GXFDWRUVKHOS WKHLU VWXGHQWV PRVWO\ WR EXLOG WKHLU LGHQWLWLHVRVUDWKHUWKDQGLVFRYHUWKHP´

´(GXFDWRUV DUH WKH WUDQVPLWWHUV RI NQRZOHGJH WKH WHDFKHU LV WKH PDLQ PHGLDWRU RI NQRZOHGJH .QRZOHGJH LV SRZHURV3HGDJRJLFDOUHODWLRQVKLSVDUH EDVHG RQ WHDFKHU¶V DXWKRULW\ DQG RQ VWXGHQW¶VGRPLQDWLRQ!!´

´(GXFDWRUVDUH IDFLOLWDWRUV RI NQRZOHGJH DQGSDUWLFLSDWHWRNQRZOHGJHFRQVWUXFWLRQ .QRZOHGJH LV DFKLHYHGZKHQ LW LV XVHIXO 7KH HGXFDWRUHGXFDWHG UHODWLRQVKLSV DUH RSHQ RV EDVHG RQ PXWXDO VXSSRUW RQ FRQVWUXFWLYHGLDORJXHDQGFRRSHUDWLRQ7KH WHDFKHU LV DQ DQLPDWRU D PRGHUDWRU D IDFLOLWDWRU´

´7KHLQIRUPDWLYH LQVWUXFWLYH IXQFWLRQ LQ UHODWLRQZLWKWKHIRUPDWLYHHGXFDWLRQDORQH LVKLJKO\YDOXHG´

´,W¶V LPSRUWDQW KRZ VWXGHQW XVHV ZKDW KH KDV OHDUQHG WKH HPSKDVLV EHLQJ RQ IRUPDWLYHRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIFRJQLWLYH SURFHVVHV´

´7KH GLVFLSOLQHV DUH VWUXFWXUHG

PRQRGLVFLSOLQDU\LQWKHFXUULFXODUSODQ´ ´7KHUH DUH IDYRUHGWUDQVGLVFLSOLQDU\ DQG PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\ FRQQHFWLRQV DQG DSSURDFKHV´

´:LWKLQWKHWHDFKLQJDFWLRQVWKHWHDFKHULV WKH RQH ZKR GHFLGHV KRZ DQG ZK\ WR WUDQVPLWNQRZOHGJH6WXGHQWV¶PRPHQWVRI LQLWLDWLYHDQGDXWRQRP\DUHUHGXFHG´

´7KH WHDFKHUVWXGHQW UHODWLRQVKLS LV UHVL]HGWKHHPSKDVLVEHLQJRQGLDORJXHRQ QHJRWLDWLRQ SURFHVVHV $XWRQRPRXV OHDUQLQJ LV IDYRUHG 6WXGHQW LQWHUYHQHV LQ KLV GHFLVLRQV DERXW KLV RZQ OHDUQLQJ DQG DVVHVVPHQWPHWKRGV´

´7KHIRFXVLVRQWKHLQVWUXPHQWDOGLPHQVLRQ

RIHGXFDWLRQDOSURFHVVWKHUHEHLQJWKHULVN ´,W WDNHV LQWR DFFRXQW WKH VWUXFWXUDO GLPHQVLRQ RI WKH HGXFDWLRQDO SURFHVV DLPLQJ DW DGDSWLQJ WKH SHGDJRJLFDO

$11$/62)7+(81,9(56,7<2)&5$,29$3V\FKRORJ\3HGDJRJ\\HDU;,;QR

RI ULJLGLW\ RI URXWLQH DQG H[WUHPH

UDWLRQDOL]DWLRQFRPLQJIURPWKHWHDFKHU´ UHVRXUFHV RV HPSOR\HG WR LQFUHDVH WKH TXDOLW\ RI WHDFKLQJ ,W SURPRWHV FORVH FROODERUDWLRQV RI VFKRRO ZLWK HGXFDWLRQDO FRPPXQLW\´

´7KHOHVVRQLVGHVLJQHGDVDVXFFHVVLRQRI VWDQGDUGL]HG PRPHQWV UHVXOW RI WKH GHWHUPLQLVWLFPHFKDQLVWLF SHUVSHFWLYH EHWZHHQ WKH REMHFWLYHV DQG WKH FUHDWHG OHDUQLQJVLWXDWLRQ´ IRUPDO ZD\V ZLWK WKRVH IURP QRQIRUPDO DQGLQIRUPDOVRXUFHVLQWHUFRQQHFWLQJWKH OHDUQLQJ H[SHULHQFHVRV WKURXJK WULSV YLVLWV WR PXVHXPV ZDWFKLQJ PRYLHV UHFRQQHFWLQJ WKH VWXGHQWV ZLWK WKH ZRUOG SURPRWLQJ LQYHVWLJDWLRQV LQWHUURJDWLRQV GLVFXVVLRQV´

´7KH DVVHVVPHQW IDYRUV QHJRWLDWLRQ SURFHVVHV ZKLFK LQYROYH WKH GHFLVLRQDO FRRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQVWXGHQWVDQGWHDFKHU 7KHZRUNGRQHDQGUHDOHIIHFWVRIWUDLQLQJ DUHMRLQWO\HYDOXDWHG/HDUQLQJDVDSURFHVV LVHVSHFLDOO\YDOXHG´

:LWKLQWKLVFRQWH[WVKRXOGOHDUQLQJDVSURFHVVDQGOHDUQLQJDVGLPHQVLRQRID SHGDJRJLFDOFXOWXUDOUHDOLW\XVHIXOWRWKHLQGLYLGXDOEHXQGHUVWRRG7KHFRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQSHGDJRJLFDOSRVWPRGHUQLVPDQGWKHOHDUQLQJSURFHVVLVPHGLDWHGE\WKH LGHDRINQRZOHGJHWKDWPXVWEHDFKLHYHGLPPHGLDWHO\TXLFNO\RQLQGLYLGXDOXQLW ZLWKUHSUHVHQWDWLYHQHVVYDOXH7KDW¶VZK\NQRZOHGJHLVWKHUHVXOWRIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQWKHLGHDVDQGH[SHULHQFHVRIWKHOHDUQHU

7KH DULVLQJ TXHVWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH FRQWH[W RI WKLV GHEDWH LV UHODWHG WR WKH FRQFRUGDQFHEHWZHHQVFKRROOHDUQLQJDQGVWXGHQWVUHDOOLIHXWLOLW\DQGFRQFRUGDQFH ZLWKWKHLQGLYLGXDOLW\WKHGLPHQVLRQVRIVWXGHQWVSHUVRQDOLW\7KHLVVXHLQFOXGHV PXOWLSOHWRSLFVRIGLVFXVVLRQ

:HVWLFNWRIHZRIWKHPVWXGHQWV¶DFWLRQW\SHVLQFOXGLQJZKDWLVLGHQWLILHG IURP WKH HGXFDWLRQDO ILQDOLWLHV RI WKH VFKRRO ZLWK WKHLU VSHFLILF YDOXHV KRZ SRVWPRGHUQVFKRROUHVSRQGVWRVWXGHQWV¶VWUXFWXUHDQGSV\FKRLQGLYLGXDOGRZU\

WKHFRQWH[WXDOL]DWLRQSURPRWHGE\VFKRROWKHJLYHQOHDUQLQJVLWXDWLRQVVWUXFWXULQJ IOH[LELOLW\WKHLUGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ

/HDUQLQJOLNHDVSHFLILFDOO\KXPDQDFWLYLW\

- 6 %UXQHU VWDWHG DERXW OHDUQLQJ WKDW ´WKH RQO\ FRPSOHWHO\

FKDUDFWHULVWLFWKLQJWKDWFDQEHVDLGDERXWKXPDQEHLQJVLVWKDWWKH\OHDUQ/HDUQLQJ LVVRGHHSO\URRWHGZLWKLQKXPDQEHLQJWKDWLWKDVEHFRPHDOPRVWLQYROXQWDU\

RXUVSHFLDOL]DWLRQDVVSHFLHVLVWKHVSHFLDOL]DWLRQLQOHDUQLQJ´1HDF܈XS /HDUQLQJLVDVSHFLILFDOO\KXPDQDFWLYLW\DQGWKHPHFKDQLVPVDQGVWUXFWXUHV LQYROYHGWKHDFKLHYLQJFRQGLWLRQVLQWKLVSURFHVVDUHLQFRQWLQXRXVLGHQWLILFDWLRQ

DQGPRGLILFDWLRQ+XPDQOHDUQLQJLVWKHLQGLYLGXDODQGVRFLDOVWUDWHJ\´LQWHJUDWLYH JOREDODGDSWLYHDQGDQWLFLSDWRU\LQWHUGHSHQGHQW´1HDF܈XSWKDWJDWKHUV

´H[SHULHQFHVDQGLQQRYDWLRQVSRWHQWLDOLWLHVDQGFU\VWDOOL]DWLRQVRIEHKDYLRU´

/HDUQLQJLVWKHSURFHVVWKDWGHWHUPLQHVDFKDQJHLQNQRZOHGJHDQGEHKDYLRU

´WKH JHQHUDO LQGLFDWRU RI OHDUQLQJ LV FKDQJH FKDQJH FDQ PHDQ OHDUQLQJ RU QRW OHDUQLQJDGDSWDWLRQRULQDGDSWDWLRQWKHH[SHULHQFHVRQZKLFKOHDUQLQJUHOLHVRQDUH UHODWHGWRWKHSHUFHSWLRQVDQGLQIRUPDWLRQFRPLQJIURPWKHHQYLURQPHQWDQGRQWKHLU SURFHVVLQJE\WKHLQGLYLGXDO´6FKDXE=HQNHSLQ,(6S 2QO\ FKDQJHV WKDW DUH VHOHFWLYH SHUPDQHQW DQG RULHQWHG WRZDUGV DQ HVWDEOLVKHG GLUHFWLRQFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGFKDQJHVGHWHUPLQHGE\OHDUQLQJ

1HXURVHPLRWLFVDQGIXQFWLRQDODV\PPHWU\RIKXPDQEUDLQDWWHVWWKHIDFWWKDW

´HYHU\ FHUHEUDO KHPLVSKHUH KDV LWV RZQ FRQVFLRXV XQLYHUVH EHLQJ SRWHQWLDOO\

VSHFLDOL]HG IRU WKH SURFHVVHV RI UHFHLYLQJ DQG SURFHVVLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ´ 1HDF܈X SS7KHULJKWFHUHEUDOKHPLVSKHUH(&'´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܈XSHVWDEOLVKHVDVVRFLDWLYHOLQNV EHWZHHQ WKH REMHFWV RI WKH VXUURXQGLQJ ZRUOG DVVRFLDWLYH FRUWH[ SURFHVVHV LQIRUPDWLRQ´

7KH OHIW FHUHEUDO KHPLVSKHUH (&6 ÄJRYHUQV DQDO\WLFDO DELOLWLHV LV UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHHODERUDWLRQRIDSROORQLDQFDWHJRULHVRUGHU PHDVXUHEDODQFH KDUPRQ\ FODULW\ OXFLGLW\ LW LV GRPLQDQW IRU WKRXJKW SURFHVVHV FRRUGLQDWLQJ V\PEROLFRSHUDWLRQVLWLVHIIHFWLYHLQDQDO\]HVIRUORJLFDOVWLPXOLIRUVHTXHQWLDODQG OLQHDUVWLPXOLZKLFKDUHFKDLQHGLQVLPSOHSURJUHVVLRQDOORZVFRQWURORILQWHUQDO VWUXFWXUHVPHFKDQLVPVDQGFRUUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQLQSXWVDQGRXWSXWVWRDQGIURPWKH SV\FKLF V\VWHP DFFXUDWHO\ DQWLFLSDWHV WKH VROXWLRQV RI D VHULHV RI RSHUDWLRQDO WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV IDFLOLWDWHV WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ DQG ZRUGV OLQNV UHDOL]HV WKH ZRUGFRQFHSWFRUUHODWLRQHQVXUHVWKHRYHUODSRIFRQFHSWXDOORJLFDODVSHFWVRYHUWKH FRQFUHWHLPDJHVIRUPHGLQWKHULJKWFHUHEUDOKHPLVSKHUHGLVWLQJXLVKDQGFRPSDUH´

,W LV D SURYHQ IDFW WKDW VWLPXOL WKURXJK ZKLFK LQIRUPDWLRQ LV UHFHLYHG

´GHWHUPLQHDSUHIHUHQWLDOZD\RISURFHVVLQJGDWDE\RQHKHPLVSKHUHRUWKHRWKHURU E\ERWK´1HDF܈XS)URPWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHYLVXDOLQIRUPDWLRQLVWUHDWHG ZLWK SULRULW\ E\ WKH RSSRVLWH FHUHEUDO KHPLVSKHUH FRQWUDODWHUDO WR WKH YLVXDO KDOIILHOGLQZKLFKWKHYLVXDOKDOIILHOGLQZKLFKWKHVWLPXOXVDSSHDUHG.LPXUD DSXG1HDF܈XS7KHVDPHTXRWHGDXWKRUFODLPVWKDW´WKHSRVLWLRQ RIVWLPXOLLQWKHYLVXDOILHOGLQIOXHQFHVSHUIRUPDQFHLQPHPRUL]LQJWKHPDV WKHUH LV WKH K\SRWKHVLV RI FRQFRUGDQFH EHWZHHQ WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH JODQFH DQG KHPLVSKHULFVSHFLDOL]DWLRQ´RIDSHUVRQ

$11$/62)7+(81,9(56,7<2)&5$,29$3V\FKRORJ\3HGDJRJ\\HDU;,;QR

7KHPDLQDUHDVRIOHDUQLQJWKHRUL]LQJIRFXVRQOHDUQLQJÄZLWKWKHVWUXFWXUHV GLPHQVLRQVW\SHVDQGREVWDFOHVPDLQHOHPHQWVLQXQGHUVWDQGLQJDQGDFKLHYLQJLW´

WKHRUHWLFDOEDVHV´WKHLQYROYHGSV\FKRORJLFDOELRORJLFDODQGVRFLDOFRQGLWLRQV´

LQQHUFRQGLWLRQVHPRWLRQDOVWDWHVDJHVXEMHFWLYHVLWXDWLRQ´DQGH[WHUQDOFRQGLWLRQV

´OHDUQLQJ VSDFH VRFLHW\ REMHFWLYH VLWXDWLRQ´ GLUHFWO\ LQYROYHG LQ OHDUQLQJ DQG SRVVLEOHDSSOLFDWLRQV´SHGDJRJ\HGXFDWLRQDOSROLFLHV´,OOHULVS

,QWKHYLVLRQRI.,OOHULVSWKHOHDUQLQJPRGHOLVDFRQVWUXFWLYLVW RQHLQZKLFK´WKHVWXGHQWDFWLYHO\EXLOGVKLVRZQPHQWDOVWUXFWXUHVGLVSRVLWLRQV IRUOHDUQLQJ´IXOILOOLQJWKHQHHGWR´RUJDQL]HWKHHIIHFWVSURGXFHGE\OHDUQLQJ´DQG ZKLFK LQYROYHV IRXU W\SHV RI OHDUQLQJ UHDOL]HG GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH FRQWH[W FXPXODWLYH OHDUQLQJ DVVRFLDWHG WR FRQGLWLRQLQJ LQ EHKDYLRUDO SV\FKRORJ\

PHFKDQLF DXWRPDWHG LVRODWHG LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW LV QRW SDUW RI DQ\WKLQJ HOVH D FRQWHQWWKDWFDQEHUHDFWLYDWHGDQGDSSOLHGRQO\LQVLWXDWLRQVVLPLODUWRWKHOHDUQLQJ FRQWH[WOHDUQLQJE\DVVLPLODWLRQ´DFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQDQHZHOHPHQWDQGDQ DOUHDG\ HVWDEOLVKHG SDWWHUQ VFKHPH´ OHDUQLQJ WKURXJK DFFRPPRGDWLRQ WUDQVFHQGHQFHEUHDNLQJVRPHSDUWVRIDQH[LVWLQJVFKHPHVRWKDWDQHZVLWXDWLRQ FDQEHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKLW´OHDUQLQJ´SHUFHLYHGDVDWUXO\LQWHUQDOL]HGXQGHUVWDQGLQJ RUDFTXLVLWLRQ´DQGFRPSUHKHQVLYH PHDQLQJIXOOHDUQLQJ5RJHUV H[SDQVLYH(QJHVWURPWUDQVLWLRQDO$OKHLWWUDQVIRUPDWLYHOHDUQLQJ 0H]LURZÄLQYROYLQJFKDQJHVRISHUVRQDOLW\LQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQRIVHOI´

,OOHULVSS

7KHLQWHOOHFWXDOWUDLQLQJRI\RXQJSHRSOHWKHLQIRUPDWLRQDOPHWKRGRORJLFDO FRPSHWHQFHLQWHUPVRIVWXGHQWVEXWDOVRWKHSHGDJRJ\RILQWHOOHFWXDOZRUNZKLFK UHIHUVWRWHDFKHUV'DYLHVDSXG1HDF܈XSDUHLQWKHIRUPRIDQ LQYHQWRU\RIFDSDFLWLHVPHDQWWRGLUHFWDQGGHYHORSVWXGHQWV¶PHQWDOVSHFLILFLWLHV LQYROYHGLQWKHWUDLQLQJSURFHVVEXWDOVRWRPHWKRGRORJLFDOO\IDFLOLWDWHWKHWHDFKHUV¶

DSSURDFK

. 6WHLQEXFN DSXG 1HDF܈X SS IRUPXODWHG D QXPEHU RI SULRULWLHV

ƒWRKDYHWKHQHFHVVDU\WUDLQLQJSRWHQWLDOLW\DQGDYDLODELOLW\PRWLYDWLRQDQG WKHDELOLW\WROHDUQFRQVWDQWO\WRUHVSHFWWKHVSHFLILFVRIWKHDFWLYLW\DQGWKHIUHHGRP RIWKHRWKHUWRPDNHDSHUVRQDOFRQWULEXWLRQ

ƒWRVKRZWKHFRQVFLRXVMR\RIEHLQJDEOHWRVROYHSUREOHPV

ƒKDYHWKHFDSDFLW\WRWKLQNORJLFDOO\DQDO\WLFDOO\FULWLFDOO\DQGVWUXFWXUDOO\

WRWKLQNRSHUDWLRQDOO\WRSODQWLPHDQGPHDQVWRRUJDQL]HWRVHWJRDOVDQGFKRRVH WRFRRSHUDWHWRSHUVHYHUHWREHVWHDGIDVWLQKHDY\GHPDQGVWRFRQFHQWUDWHDQGEH SUHFLVH

)URP D SHGDJRJLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH RI OHDUQLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ UHIHUV WR WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQDQGHYDOXDWLRQRIOHDUQLQJVRXUFHVLQDOHDUQLQJVLWXDWLRQVHOHFWLRQDQG DQDO\VLV RI UHOHYDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ DV ZHOO DV WKH FRUUHFW XVH RI LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU SUREOHPVROYLQJDQGPHWDHYDOXDWLRQ7KHDZDUHQHVVRIRQH¶VRZQOHDUQLQJVW\OH NQRZOHGJHRIWKHODZVSULQFLSOHVWKDWJRYHUQRQH¶VRZQOHDUQLQJSURFHVVWKHQHHG IRUNQRZOHGJHLQFXUUHQWVRFLHW\DQGRIWKHW\SHZD\RINQRZOHGJHWKDWRQHQHHGV

WKH VSHHG HIILFLHQF\ DQG XVHIXOQHVV RI NQRZOHGJH DUH SULRULWLHV DQG KRUL]RQV RI GHYHORSPHQWIRUWKHVWXGHQW

,Q RUGHU WR OHDUQ D VWXGHQW QHHGV FODULILFDWLRQV UHODWHG WR WKH VRXUFHV DQG UHVRXUFHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ XVHG LQ OHDUQLQJ PHWKRGRORJ\ RI OHDUQLQJ VWXG\LQJ DWWHQWLRQFRQWUROVHOIFRQWUROOHDUQLQJPRWLYDWLRQGLIIHUHQWFRUUHODWLYHYDULDEOHV LQWKHOHDUQLQJKRUL]RQ´WKHV\PPHWU\DQGDV\PPHWU\RIWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKH OHDUQLQJVXEMHFWDQGOHDUQLQJFRQWHQWWKHQHFHVVDU\OHDUQLQJWLPHXQLW\DQGGLYHUVLW\

ZLWKLQ WKH UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH VXEMHFW ± OHDUQLQJ W\SH XVHIXOQHVV QHHG IRU UHSHWLWLRQUHGLVFRYHU\DPRQJROGNQRZOHGJHDQGLQWHJUDWLRQRIQHZNQRZOHGJH´

1HDF܈XSS

7KH LQIRUPDWLRQ SURFHVV LV EDVHG RQ WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI GRFXPHQWDWLRQ GDWD JDWKHULQJRIHGLILFDWLRQEXWZLWKLQDVXEMHFWLYHDSSURDFKLWUHIHUVWREHLQJDZDUH RIWREHFRPLQJDZDUHRI/HDUQLQJDVDSURFHVVLVEDVHGRQEHLQJDZDUHRIWKHVWHSV WDNHQDQGSXUVXHGSHUVRQDOLQWHUHVW,QOHDUQLQJLWPDWWHUVKRZWKHLQIRUPDWLRQLV UHFHLYHGDQGWKHSURFHGXUDOSHUVSHFWLYHWKURXJKZKLFKLWLVSURFHVVHG

7KLV UHTXLUHV WKH LQYROYHPHQW RI WKH OHDUQHU LQ SODQQLQJ PRQLWRULQJ WKH SURJUHVV DQG WKH OHDUQLQJ DVVHVVPHQW ,Q WKH OHDUQLQJ GHVLJQ VWDJH EH\RQG WKH FRQWHQWSURSRVHGDVVXPHGWREHOHDUQHGLWLVLPSRUWDQWWREHLQIRUPHGDERXWWKH ILHOG RI LQIRUPDWLRQ WKH SRVVLELOLW\ WR FRQQHFW ZLWK ZKDW KDV EHHQ DFTXLUHG SUHYLRXVO\DQGWKHQWRVWUXFWXUHWKHLQIRUPDWLRQFRQFHSWV

7KLV VWDJH LQYROYHV DVVHVVLQJ WKH DPRXQW RI WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ UHTXLUHG WKH HIIHFWLYHO\DFFHVVLQJWKHQHHGHGLQIRUPDWLRQFULWLFDOO\DVVHVVPHQWRILQIRUPDWLRQ DQGLWVVRXUFHVDQGHIILFLHQWXVHRIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQWRDFKLHYHDVSHFLILFJRDO

$SRVVLEOHJXLGLQJV\VWHPFRQVLVWVRIWKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQV

ƒ :KDWGR,NQRZDERXWWKHVXEMHFW"

ƒ :K\GR,QHHGPRUHTXHVWLRQVDERXWWKHVXEMHFW"

ƒ :KDWW\SHRIDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQLVUHTXLUHG"

ƒ ,VWKHUHTXLUHGLQIRUPDWLRQFRQWH[WXDORUJHQHUDO"

ƒ :KDWGR,EHOLHYHIHHOZKDWLVP\SRLQWRIYLHZRQWKLVPDWWHU"

ƒ +RZFXUUHQWROGQHZLVWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ"

ƒ +RZGR,HVVHQWLDOL]HWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ"

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

7KHOHDUQLQJDELOLW\LVLQIOXHQFHGE\H[HUFLVHE\SUDFWLFH7KHUHIRUHLQ WKH VWDJH RI VWUXFWXULQJ WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ LW LV QHFHVVDU\ SHUKDSV PRUH WKDQ DW DQRWKHU PRPHQW RI WKH LQVWUXFWLRQDO SDWK WKH SUDFWLFH WKH H[HUFLVH WKHLU UK\WKPLFLW\DQGFRQVWDQF\)RUDQHIIHFWLYHOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]LQJDQGVWUXFWXULQJ WKHLQIRUPDWLRQLVLPSHUDWLYH

$11$/62)7+(81,9(56,7<2)&5$,29$3V\FKRORJ\3HGDJRJ\\HDU;,;QR

$GGHGWRWKLVLVWKHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ´WKHUHDUHWKUHHPDLQ OHYHOV RI DFTXLVLWLRQV WKDW WHDFKHUV QHHG WR FRQVLGHU ZKHQ WKH\ SUHSDUH WHDFK RU HYDOXDWH WKHLU OHVVRQV ±WKH VXUIDFH NQRZOHGJH QHHGHG E\ VWXGHQWV WR XQGHUVWDQG FRQFHSWVVXUIDFHXQGHUVWDQGLQJDGHHSXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIKRZLGHDVELQGWRJHWKHU DQGGHYHORSLQRWKHUPHDQLQJVFRQFHSWXDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHRUHWLFDOWKLQNLQJWKDW DOORZVGHHSDQGVXUIDFHNQRZOHGJHWREHWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRK\SRWKHVHVDQGFRQFHSWV RQZKLFKWREHEXLOWQHZDJUHHPHQWV+DWWLHS

$EDODQFHLVUHFRPPHQGHGLQWKHGHVLJQRIHGXFDWLRQDOREMHFWLYHVZKLFKDLPV DWWKHVHOHYHOVRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJIRUVWXGHQWVHVSHFLDOO\VLQFHWKHHGXFDWLRQDOSUDFWLFH SURYHV WKDW WKH OHYHO RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ VRXJKW WR EH DFKLHYHG WKURXJK GD\WRGD\

GHVLJQ LV WKH VXUIDFH RQH OHVV D GHHS DQG UDUHO\ D FRQFHSWXDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ HPHUJLQJIURPRWKHUFRQVWUXFWLRQV

7KH WKUHH OHYHOV RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DUH LPSRUWDQW WR EH SXUVXHG ZLWKLQ HGXFDWLRQDO SODQQLQJ WKH\ EHLQJ FRUUHODWHG ZLWK IRUPDWLYH DVVHVVPHQW VHOI DVVHVVPHQWDQGPHWDHYDOXDWLYHGLVSRVLWLRQRIVWXGHQWVGXULQJWKHOHDUQLQJSURFHVV

&UHDWLQJQHZOHDUQLQJVLWXDWLRQVEDVHGRQGLJLWDOHGXFDWLRQ

&UHDWLQJ QHZ OHDUQLQJ VLWXDWLRQV RSSRUWXQLWLHV EDVHG RQ GLJLWDO HGXFDWLRQ UHTXLUHVIHDWXUHVVXFKDVTXLFNFRQWHQWXSGDWHVGDWDVKDULQJQHWZRUNLQJ

(OHDUQLQJDLPVDFFHVVWRWKHODWHVWLQIRUPDWLRQDFTXLULQJQHZNQRZOHGJH FRQWLQXRXVOHDUQLQJQHZDQGHIIHFWLYHOHDUQLQJPHWKRGV

´9LUWXDOOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWV´LVDVHWRIWHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJDQGHYDOXDWLRQ WRROV GHVLJQHG WR H[SDQG OHDUQLQJ H[SHULHQFHV WKURXJK WKH XVH RI ,&7 WRROV :H XQGHUVWDQGDQLQWHJUDWHGFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHGLIIHUHQWHOHPHQWVWKDWFRQVWLWXWHWKH YLUWXDOOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQW

$WWKHVDPHWLPH´WKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIWKHFRPSXWHULQWRWKHOHDUQLQJSURFHVV OHDGVWRIXQFWLRQDODQGUHODWLRQDOIROGVWKDWDOVRUHYHUEHUDWHLQWHUPVRIFXUULFXOXP VWUXFWXULQJRQRSHUDWLRQDODOLJQPHQWV´&XFR܈DSXG&HREDQXS

7KHIROGLQJPD\EHXQGHUVWRRGWRWKHUHJDUGRIOHDUQLQJDVDUHVWUXFWXULQJRIWKH VWXG\LQJJURXS´ZKLFKLVQRORQJHUFODVVLFDOO\GHILQHGDORQJWKHOLQHRIRIVWULFWO\

SK\VLFDODVVHPEO\EXWE\DV\QFKURQRXVDVSDWLDOYLUWXDOFRQQHFWLYLW\´LELGHP

$PRQJWKHDGYDQWDJHVWKDWFDQEHLGHQWLILHGLQGHSHQGHQWOHDUQLQJOHDUQLQJ LQWKHGHVLUHGSODFHDQGWLPHUHVSHFWLQJWKHOHDUQLQJVW\OHVLQWHJUDWLQJDYDULHW\RI OHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQWV WH[W JUDSKLFV LPDJH VRXQG WZRZD\ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ RIIHUVWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIV\QFKURQRXVOHDUQLQJFROODERUDWLRQDQGH[FKDQJHRILGHDV LQWHUDFWLYHOHDUQLQJFUHDWLRQRIYLUWXDOFODVVHVLVQRWFKURQRSKDJHWLPHVDYLQJD KLJKSHUIRUPDQWOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWUHTXLUHVWHFKQRORJLFDOUHVRXUFHVWKDWDOEHLW KLJKFRVWRQFHSURFXUHGFDQEHXVHGIRUDORQJWLPHFRQQHFWSHRSOHWHDFKHUVDQG VWXGHQWVVWXGHQWVIURPDGLVWDQFHRYHUFRPHFKDOOHQJHVDVLQWKHFDVHRIWKH&29,' SDQGHPLF

/HDUQLQJ LQ YLUWXDO HQYLURQPHQWV FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG DQ LQYHVWPHQW WKH DFFHVVLELOLW\LQWHUDFWLYLW\IOH[LELOLW\RUSURYLGLQJVSHFLILFDQGGLUHFWIHHGEDFNDUH VRPHRIWKHDVSHFWVWKDWFDQFKDUDFWHUL]HWKHLQYHVWPHQWYDOXHRIWKHQHZOHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQWV

%\SURSHUO\RUJDQL]LQJYLUWXDOOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWV´WKHUHDUHEHLQJFUHDWHG OHDUQLQJVLWXDWLRQVWKDWHQFRXUDJHGHHSVWXG\LQJ´%RWQDULXF7KLVLVEHFDXVH WKH\´SURPRWHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQVWXGHQWVDVNLQJWKHPWRH[SUHVVWKHLULGHDV ZKLFKDUHWKHQFULWLFDOO\HYDOXDWHGE\WKHPHPEHUVRIWKHJURXSREOLJLQJWKHPWR FOHDUO\ FRQYH\ WKHLU LGHDV WR RWKHUV´ 3DOLQFVDU %URZQ DSXG9HUEXUJK 0XOGHU

5HVHDUFKVKRZVWKDWWKHIRUPXODWLRQDQGH[SUHVVLRQLQZRUGVRIRQH¶VRZQ LGHDVKDYHDSRVLWLYHHIIHFWRQWKHSURFHVVHVRIOHDUQLQJEHFDXVH´LQRUGHUWRFRQYH\

RQH¶V RZQ NQRZOHGJH DQG PDNH LW LQWHOOLJLEOH E\ RWKHUV LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WKDW WKH DVVXPSWLRQVDQGLPSOLFLWPHWKRGVRIDUJXPHQWDWLRQEHUHQGHUHGH[SOLFLWO\WKLV SURFHVVWHQGLQJWRKLJKOLJKWWKHPLVFRQFHSWLRQVDQGODFNRIFODULW\LQRQH¶VRZQ WKLQNLQJDQGLQDGGLWLRQGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHFRJQLWLYHIDFXOWLHVRIDVLQJOH SHUVRQDUHOLPLWHGDQGFRPSOH[K\SRWKHVHVFDQEHEHWWHUH[DPLQHGE\DJURXSRI SHRSOHVLQFHWRJHWKHUWKH\FDQKDYHDEURDGHUSLFWXUHRIWKHSUREOHPWKDQHDFK LQGLYLGXDO´3DOLQFVDU%URZQDSXG9HUEXUJK0XOGHU

)6FKHXHUPDQQDQG00XOGHUDSXG%RWQDULXFGLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ WZR ZD\V RI XVLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV LQ HGXFDWLRQ DVD SODWIRUP IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW DQG RIIHULQJ RI SURGXFWV IRU WHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJDQGDVDWRROIRURUJDQL]LQJOHDUQLQJFRQWHQWDQGUHVRXUFHV

,Q ERWK FDVHV DULVHV WKH TXHVWLRQ ´ZKHWKHU RSHQ DQG IOH[LEOH OHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQWVEXLOWZLWKLQIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVZLOOOHDGXVWRDPRUHTXDOLWDWLYH HIIHFWLYHDQGHIILFLHQWHGXFDWLRQDQGKRZWKHVHQHZHGXFDWLRQPRGHOVVKRXOGEH LPSOHPHQWHG´

7KHVXSHULRULW\RIWKHQHZHGXFDWLRQPRGHOVLVLQGLVSXWDEOHSURYLGHGWKDWD VHWRIQHZUHTXLUHPHQWVLVPHW

x ´WKHGHYHORSPHQWDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDQHOHDUQLQJFRXUVHPXVWFRQWDLQD VSHFLILFGLGDFWLFFRQFHSWLRQZKLFKUHTXLUHVPXFKPRUHLQWHQVLYHZRUNWKDQ DIDFHWRIDFHFRXUVHWKURXJKWKHSULRUSUHSDUDWLRQRIGHWDLOVLQWHUDFWLRQDQG OHDUQLQJVHTXHQFHV

x WKH GLGDFWLF FRQFHSWLRQ KDV WR EH VXSSRUWHG E\ DFRQFHSWLRQ RI WHFKQLFDO DFKLHYHPHQW ZKLFK UHTXLUHV SULRU SODQQLQJ DQG WHVWLQJ ± RUJDQL]DWLRQDO DFWLYLW\ LQYROYHV D ODUJH DPRXQW RI ZRUN UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU UHTXHVWV FROOHFWLRQRILQIRUPDWLRQDERXWSDUWLFLSDQWVHWF

x WKHQHFHVVLW\RISURYLGLQJDVVLVWDQFHWRSDUWLFLSDQWVWKURXJKRXWWKHWUDLQLQJ SHULRGHYHQRQZHHNHQGV

x WHFKQLFDO GLGDFWLF DQG FRQWHQW GHYHORSPHQWV UHTXLUH WHDPZRUN DQG FOHDU GHVLJQDWLRQ RI UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV FUHDWLRQ RI QHZ VSDFHV DQG DSSURSULDWH FRRUGLQDWLRQ´6FKHXHUPDQQ0XOGHUDSXG%RWQDULXF

&RQFOXVLRQV

)LQDQFLDOO\QHZOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWVUHTXLUHLPPHGLDWHEXWHFRQRPLFDOO\

DGGUHVVHG LQYHVWPHQWV SURYLGH HIILFLHQF\ DQG HGXFDWLRQDO SHUIRUPDQFH ,QYHVWPHQWVLQWKHFUHDWLRQRIYLUWXDOOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWVFDQQRWRXWZHLJKWKH

$11$/62)7+(81,9(56,7<2)&5$,29$3V\FKRORJ\3HGDJRJ\\HDU;,;QR

DGYDQWDJHVRIIHUHGE\WKHLUXVHHVSHFLDOO\LQVSHFLILFVLWXDWLRQVDGXOWHGXFDWLRQ GLVWDQFHVODFNRIWLPHRULPSRVHGSDQGHPLFVFDODPLWLHV

5()(5(1&(6

%RWQDULXF 3 5HSHUH vQ RUJDQL]DUHD FRPXQLWăаLORU YLUWXDOH GH vQYăаDUH(OHDUQLQJ5RPDQLD5HWULHYHGDWKWWSZZZHOHDUQLQJURUHSHUHQ RUJDQL]DUHDFRPXQLWLORUYLUWXDOHGHQYDUHDFFHVVHGRQ

&HREDQX&/HDUQLQJLQWKH9LUWXDO(QYLURQPHQW*XLGHWR&RPSXWHU 8VHLQ(GXFDWLRQ,DVL3ROLURP

+DWWLH - 9LVLEOH /HDUQLQJ 7KHDFKHU¶V JXLGH%XFKDUHVW 7KUHH 3XEOLVKLQJ+RXVH

,OOHULV.&RQWHPSRUDU\WKHRULHVRIOHDUQLQJ7UDGE\=LQDLGD0DKX

%XFKDUHVW7KUHH3XEOLVKLQJ+RXVH

,QVWLWXWXO GH ܇WLLQ܊H DOH (GXFD܊LHL &XOWXUD HOHYLORU ЮL vQYăаDUHD

%XFKDUHVW

1HDF܈X,0HWKRGVDQG7HFKQLTXHVIRU(IIHFWLYH/HDUQLQJ%XFKDUHVW 0LOLWDU\3XEOLVKLQJ+RXVH

6WDQ(3RVWPRGHUQ3HGDJRJ\,DVL(XURSHDQ,QVWLWXWH

9HUEXUJK $ 0XOGHU 0 &RPSXWHU6XSSRUWHG &ROODERUDWLYH /HDUQLQJ DQ ,QGXFHPHQW WR 'HHS /HDUQLQJ" (XURSHDQ -RXUQDO 9RFDWLRQDO 7UDLQLQJ1R0D\$XJXVW

35

THE POTENTIAL OF USING IMITATION AS LEARNING

Dans le document 36<&+2/2*<3('$*2*<  (Page 26-35)