Article
Reference
Sur un nouveau caractère des rivières à régime glaciaire
BUFFLE, Jean-Philibert
BUFFLE, Jean-Philibert. Sur un nouveau caractère des rivières à régime glaciaire. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 1935, vol. 5e période, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 121-129
DOI : 10.5169/SEALS-741553
Available at:
http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:148755
Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.
1 / 1
9RO
0DUV$YULO
685 81 1289($8 &$5$&7Ê5(
'(6
5,9,Ê5(6 $ 5e*,0( */$&,$,5(
3$5
-HDQ %8))/(
$YHF XQH SODQFKH
$\DQW
pWXGLp DYHF OH 3URIHVVHXU &ROOHW OH WUDQVSRUW GHV DOOXYLRQV GDQVO$UYH
HQMHQ
DL SURILWp SRXU GpWHUPLQHU OHV PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV GDQV OHV HDX[ GH FHWWH ULYLqUH -H VDLVLV FHWWH RFFDVLRQ SRXU UHPHUFLHU OH 3URIHVVHXU &ROOHW GHPDYRLU
GRQQp OLGpH GH FHWUDYDLO
-H IDLVDLV GHX[ SULVHV GHDX SDU
MRXU
j OD SDVVHUHOOH GX ERLVGH OD %kWLH GRQF j SHWLWH GLVWDQFH GH VRQ FRQIOXHQW DYHF OH 5K{QH GDQV OD SDUWLH OD SOXV UDSLGH GX FRXUDQW j K HW j K (OOHV pWDLHQW HQVXLWH ILOWUpHV SRXU GRVHU OHV PDWLqUHV HQ VXVSHQVLRQ FP GX
ILOWUDW
GH OD SULVH GXPDWLQ
pWDLHQW UpVHUYpV SRXU rWUH pYDSRUpV j VHF GDQV XQH FDSVXOH GDUJHQW&HOOHFL pWDLW DORUV VpFKpH j SRLGV FRQVWDQW j OpWXYH j
&H
WUDYDLO IXW
HQWUHSULVWRXW
GDERUG GDQV OLGpHGpWDEOLU
OHV UHODWLRQVTXLO
SRXYDLW\
DYRLU HQWUH OHV PDWLqUHV HQ VXVSHQVLRQHW OHV PDWLqUHV HQ GLVVROXWLRQ 3DU OD VXLWH DSUqV DYRLU
OX
OHWUDYDLO
GH -RXNRZVN\ VXU OH © 5pJLPH DQQXHO GX 5K{QH GH /pRQ:&ROOHW
HW -%XIIOH
/H WUDQVSRUW GHV DOOXYLRQV HQVXVSHQVLRQ GDQV OHV HDX[ GH O$UYH j *HQqYH HQ &RPSOHV UHªG©V GH D 9RF 3$\V HO GLGLVO UDD *HQqYH YRO S $UF$]YHV P L
>@ YRO VXSSOpPHQW
$UFKLYHV 9RO ² 0DUV$YULO
O$UYH
GHO(OEH
HW GH OD 0HXVH ªMDL
pWp DPHQp j FRPSDUHU OD FRXUEH GHV PDWLqUHV HQ GLVVROXWLRQ j FHOOHV GHV WHPSpUDWXUHV GHODLU
HW GHV GpELWV FH TXL PD FRQGXLW j GHV FRQFOXVLRQV LQWpUHVVDQWHV%DHIw HQ HVW OHSUHPLHU DXWHXU TXL
DLW
pWXGLpOHV PDWLqUHV HQ GLVVROXWLRQ GDQV OHDX GHO$UYH
&HW DXWHXU DYDLW GpMj REVHUYp XQ FHUWDLQ QRPEUH GH IDLWV LQWpUHVVDQWV4XH OH PD[LPXP GH PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV VH UHQFRQWUH HQ
KLYHU SULQFLSDOHPHQW SHQGDQW OHV PRLV GH MDQYLHU HW IpYULHU 4XHQVXLWH FHV PDWLqUHV GpFURLVVHQW MXVTXj DWWHLQGUH XQ PLQLPXP HQ DRW DSUqV TXRL HOOHV UHFRPPHQFHQW j DXJPHQWHU MXVTXH YHUV OD
ILQ
GHOKLYHU
%DHII DMRXWH HQ RXWUH TX© HQ pWpODFWLRQ
GHV WRUUHQWV JODFLDLUHV FRPPH DJHQWV GDOLPHQWDWLRQ HVW SUpSRQGpUDQWH WDQGLV TXHOOH HVW SUHVTXH QXOOH HQ KLYHU 2U FHX[FL GpYHUVHQW GHV PDVVHV GHDX[ WUqV SHX FKDUJpHV GH PD WLqUHV GLVVRXWHV HW FRQWULEXHQW SDU VXLWH j GLOXHU OHV HDX[ GH OD ULYLqUH4XHQ SpULRGH GH FUXH j XQ PD[LPXP GH PDWLqUHV HQ VXVSHQVLRQ FRUUHVSRQG XQ PLQLPXP GH PDWLqUHV HQ GLVVROXWLRQ PDLV VDQV H[SOLTXHU OD FKRVH GXQH IDoRQ VDWLVIDLVDQWH %DHIw
GLW
j FH VXMHW TXH © DFFURLVVHPHQW TXH VXELW OD YLWHVVH SHQGDQW OD FUXH ª
IDLW
© HQ VRUWH TXH OHV PDWpULDX[ VROXEOHV UHVWHQW XQ WHPSV PRLQGUH DX FRQWDFW GX GLVVROYDQW ª %DHIw QH SDUOH TXXQH VHXOH IRLV GH OLQIOXHQFH GH OD WHP SpUDWXUH VXU
OD
TXDQWLWp GH PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV GDQV OHV HDX[GH
O$UYH
FHFL j SURSRV GH OD ORL GH VROXELOLWp GX FDUERQDWH GH FKDX[ 3DUWRXW DLOOHXUVLO
PHW HQ UHJDUG OHV PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV HW OHV GpELWV,O
DGPHW GRQF VDQV GRXWH LPSOLFLWHPHQW HW GDXWUHV DXWHXUVORQW IDLW
DSUqVOXL
TXH OHV PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV VRQW HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW IRQFWLRQ GX GpELW,O
QH IDXW SDV RXEOLHU SDU DLOOHXUV TXH ODSOXSDUW
GH FHX[ TXL RQWIDLW
GHV PHVXUHV GH FH JHQUH VLQRQ WRXV DYDLHQW SRXU SULQFLSDOH SUpRFFXSDWLRQ GpYDOXHU OD TXDQWLWp WRWDOH GH PDWpULDX[
HQOHYpH DQQXHOOHPHQW VRLW PpFDQLTXHPHQW VRLW SDU GLVVROXWLRQ GDQV OH EDVVLQ GDOLPHQWDWLRQ GX FRXUV GHDX pWXGLp&HV DXWHXUV VLQTXLpWDLHQW SHX GX PRGH GpURVLRQ VHXO OH SRLGV
WRWDO
GDOOXYLRQV WUDQVSRUWpHV OHV LQWpUHVVDLW&HVW HQ PH SODoDQW j XQ SRLQW GH YXH TXHOTXH SHX GLIIpUHQW
$ 5e*,0( */$&,$,5(
TXH MH GpVLUH LQVLVWHU LFL VXU OHV UHODWLRQVTXLPH VHPEOHQW H[LVWHU HQWUH OD WHPSpUDWXUH HW OD FRQFHQWUDWLRQ HQ VHOV GLVVRXV GDQV OHV HDX[ GH
O$UYH
-DGPHWV MXVTXj SUHXYH GX FRQWUDLUH TXH OD PDMHXUH SDUWLH
GHV PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV FRQWHQXHV GDQV OHDX GXQH ULYLqUH SURYLHQW GHV HDX[
GLQILOWUDWLRQ
&HV GHUQLqUHV VH FRQFHQWUHQWVRXV IRUPH GH QDSSHV SKUpDWLTXHV ORUVTXHOOHV UHQFRQWUHQW XQ QLYHDX LPSHUPpDEOH DUJLOH PDUQHV HWF &HV QDSSHV VRQW HOOHVPrPHV HQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ SOXV RX PRLQV pWURLWH DYHF OD ULYLqUH VXLYDQW OD QDWXUH GX
OLW
GH FHOOHFL4XDQW j ODULYLqUH HOOHQH GRLW DYRLU TXXQ SRXYRLU GLVVROYDQW WUqV IDLEOH SRXU GHX[ UDLVRQV SULQFLSDOHV
(OOHUHVWH
IRUW
SHX GH WHPSV HQ FRQWDFW DYHF OHV PDWpULDX[GH VRQ
OLW
HQ XQ SRLQW GRQQp 6RQ HDX HVW FRQVWDPPHQW EUDVVpH FH TXL D SRXU HIIHW GH
FKDVVHU SDUWLHOOHPHQW OH &2J GRQF GH GLPLQXHU VRQ SRXYRLU GLVVROYDQW j OpJDUG GHV FDUERQDWHV
,O
UpVXOWH GH FHFL TXH OH GpELW HW OHV HDX[ GH UXLVVHOOHPHQW GRQWLO
GpSHQG GLUHFWHPHQW QH GRLYHQW MRXHU TXXQ U{OH HIIDFpGDQV
ODSSRUW
GHV VHOV GLVVRXV WDQGLV TXH OHV HDX[GLQILOWUDWLRQ
GRLYHQW IDLUH VHQWLUIRUWHPHQW OHXULQIOXHQFH VXUFH PrPH DSSRUW&RPPH HQ GpILQLWLYH FHV HDX[
GLQILOWUDWLRQ
VRQW HQ UDSSRUWpWURLW
DYHF OD WHPSpUDWXUH FHVW FHWWH GHUQLqUH TXLGRLW
DYRLUGHV UpSHUFXVVLRQV VXU OD FRQFHQWUDWLRQ GHV HDX[ GXQH ULYLqUH
HQ PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV
&HWWH LQIOXHQFH GH OD WHPSpUDWXUH UHVVRUW GH OH[DPHQ GHV TXDWUH FRXUEHV VXLYDQWHV YRLU SODQFKH
&HOOH GHV PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV H[SULPpH HQ JUDPPHV SDU P
HW &HOOHV GHV WHPSpUDWXUHV /HV FKLIIUHV XWLOLVpV VRQW OHV PR\HQQHV TXRWLGLHQQHV pWDEOLHV SDU O2EVHUYDWRLUH GH *HQqYH HW SDU OD VWDWLRQ GX *UDQG 6DLQW%HUQDUG P
-H UHJUHWWH GH
QDYRLU
SDV HX j GLVSRVLWLRQ GHV REVHUYDWLRQV WKHUPRPpWULTXHVSRUWDQW
VXU OHQVHPEOH GX EDVVLQ GHO$UYH
&RPPH VD VXSHUILFLH HVW DVVH] FRQVLGpUDEOH NP OHV VHXOV FKLIIUHV GH *HQqYH HW GX *UDQG 6DLQW%HUQDUG QH VDXUDLHQW GRQQHU XQH LPDJH DEVROXPHQW H[DFWH GHV YDULDWLRQV GH WHP SpUDWXUH GDQV FH EDVVLQ &HSHQGDQW PDOJUp OD GLVWDQFH HW
ODOWLWXGH
TXL VpSDUHQW FHV GHX[ VWDWLRQV HW ELHQ TXH OH *UDQG6DLQW%HUQDUG VRLW VLWXp j NP HQ OLJQH GURLWH HQ GHKRUV GXEDVVLQ GH
O$UYH
OHV GHX[ FRXUEHV GH WHPSpUDWXUH FRQFRUGHQW GXQH IDoRQ UHPDUTXDEOH -HQ H[FHSWH XQH LQYHUVLRQ GHODOOXUH
GHV FRXUEHV GX GpFHPEUH DX
MDQYLHU
&HVW FH SDUDOOpOLVPH IUDSSDQW TXL PD GDLOOHXUV HQJDJp j SRXUVXLYUHFH
WUDYDLO
&HOOHV GHV GpELWV HQ PAVHF FRQVWUXLWH GDSUqV OHV FKLIIUHV FRPPXQLTXpV SDU OH 6HUYLFH IpGpUDO GHV (DX[ j %HUQH
(Q H[DPLQDQW FHV FRXUEHV QRXV YR\RQV TXH
/D FRXUEH GHV GpELWV HW FHOOHV GHV WHPSpUDWXUHV VRQW DS SUR[LPDWLYHPHQW SDUDOOqOHV GDQV OHQVHPEOH &HWWH FRQVWDWDWLRQ QD GDLOOHXUV ULHQ GpWRQQDQW OH GpELW GH
O$UYH
GpSHQGDQW VXUWRXW GH OD IRQWH GHV QHLJHV HW GHV JODFLHUV /D FRXUEH GHV PDWLqUHVHQ GLVVROXWLRQ YDULH HQ VHQV LQYHUVH GH FHOOHV GHV WHPSpUDWXUHV 9RLFL SRXUTXRL
/D PDMHXUH SDUWLH GHV VHOV GLVVRXV GDQV OHDX GH
O$UYH
HVW IRUPpH GH FDUERQDWHV VXUWRXW GH FDUERQDWH GH FKDX[ /D VROXELOLWp GH FHX[FL pWDQW IRQFWLRQ GLUHFWH GH OD WHQHXU GH OHDXHQ &&!
LO
HQ UpVXOWH TXH FHWWH VROXELOLWp GRLW rWUH IDLEOH HQ pWp HW IRUWH HQ KLYHU OD WHQHXU GH OHDX HQ &2JYDULDQW
GDQV OHPrPH VHQV ORL GH 6FKORHVLQJ 4XDQW j ORULJLQH GX &2J HOOH HVW SUREDEOHPHQW GXH HQ ERQQH SDUWLH j OD UHVSLUDWLRQ GHV SODQWHV HW DXVVL j OD GLVVROXWLRQ SDU OHV HDX[ GH FH JD] FRQWHQX GDQV ODWPRVSKqUH $LQVL VH[SOLTXH OD YDULDWLRQ DQQXHOOH PLVH HQ pYLGHQFH SDU
ODOOXUH
GH OD FRXUEH GHV PDWLqUHV HQ GLVVROXWLRQ 6L QRXV H[DPLQRQV FHWWH GHUQLqUH GH SOXV SUqV QRXV SRXYRQV IDLUH HQFRUH GDXWUHV FRQVWDWDWLRQV (Q SUHPLHU OLHX XQH IRUWH pOpYDWLRQ GH WHPSpUDWXUH VH WUDGXLVDQW SDU XQH IRQWH GH OD QHLJH HVW PDUTXpH DYHF TXHOTXHV MRXUV GH UHWDUG SDU XQ PD[L PXP UHODWLI VXU OD FRXUEH GHV PDWLqUHV HQ GLVVROXWLRQ 9RLFL TXHOTXHV H[HPSOHV SDUPL OHV SOXV PDUTXDQWV'DWHV 7HPSpUDWXUHV 'DWHV 0DWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV
,9 ,9
,99 9
9,, 9,, HW
9,,,
HW
9, ,,
9,,, 9,,,HW
O,;
HW$ 5(*,0( */$&,$,5(
1RXV SRXYRQV IDLUH OD PrPH FRPSDUDLVRQ DYHF OD FRXUEH GHV GpELWV
-DL
PRQWUp FLGHVVXV TXH FHWWH GHUQLqUH pWDLW HQ JURV SDUDOOqOH j OD FRXUEH GHV WHPSpUDWXUHV (OOH SRVVqGH ODYDQWDJH VXU FHOOHFLGDYRLU
GHV PD[LPD WUqV DFFXVpV OHV FUXHV TXL VH SURGXLVHQW VDXI GH UDUHV H[FHSWLRQV DSUqV FKDTXH SpULRGH FKDXGH&HW H[DPHQ QRXV PRQWUH TXH GDQV OD
SOXSDUW
GHV FDV j XQ PD[LPXP GH GpELW FRUUHVSRQG DYHF XQ UHWDUG YDULDEOH XQ PD[LPXPUHODWLI
GH PDWLqUHV HQ GLVVROXWLRQ 1RXV DYRQV SDU H[HPSOH'DWHV 'pELWV GLVVRXWHV0DWLqUHV /H 5HWDUG HQMRXUV
IpYULHU IpYULHU
PDUV PDUV
PDUV PDUV
HW PDL HW PDL
MXLQ MXLOOHW
MXLOOHW HW MXLOOHW HW
MXLOOHW DRWMM
MDRW
HW DRW HW
DRW
VHSWVHSW VHSW
VHSW RFWREUH
RFWREUH RFWREUH
RFWREUH QRYHPEUH
/HV GpELWV VRQW GRQQpV HQ PVHF HW OHV PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV HQ JU SDU P
-DL
LQGLTXp GDQV OD GHUQLqUH FRORQQH OHV UHWDUGV VpSDUDQWOHV PD[LPD GH GpELWV GH FHX[ GHV PDWLqUHV HQ GLVVROXWLRQ OD UpJXODULWp GH FHV UHWDUGV VL
ORQ IDLW
DEVWUDFWLRQ GHV FKLIIUHVGHV HW
MXLOOHW
HVW DVVH] UHPDUTXDEOH -H WHQDLV j VRXOLJQHU OD FKRVHVDQVHQWLUHU
DFWXHOOHPHQWGHV FRQFOXVLRQV TXLSRXUUDLHQW rWUH SUpPDWXUpHV-H IHUDL VHXOHPHQW REVHUYHU j FH SURSRV TXH OHV HDX[
GLQILO WUDWLRQ PHWWURQW
XQ WHPSV SOXV RX PRLQV ORQJ SRXU DUULYHU MXVTXj OD ULYLqUH VXLYDQW OD QDWXUH JpRORJLTXH GX VRXVVRO jOHQGURLW
GH OD SUpFLSLWDWLRQ RX GH OD IXVLRQ'DXWUH SDUW OD GLVWDQFH TXL VpSDUH OD UpJLRQ UHFHYDQW OD
SUpFLSLWDWLRQ GX SRLQW R
ORQ IDLW
OHV SUpOqYHPHQWVGRLW
DXVVLLQWHUYHQLU
SRXU IDLUH YDULHU OH UHWDUG VLJQDOp SOXV FHWWH GLVWDQFH HVW JUDQGH SOXV OH UHWDUG VHUD FRQVLGpUDEOH HQWUH OHV GHX[PD[LPD
/D QDWXUH GLIIpUHQWH GHV FUXHV GRLW DYRLU pJDOHPHQW XQH UpSHUFXVVLRQ VXU OD TXDQWLWp GH PDWLqUHV SDVVDQW HQ VROXWLRQ (QILQ GDQV OHV PrPHV FRQGLWLRQV GH WHPSpUDWXUH HW GH SUpFL
SLWDWLRQ
RXGH IXVLRQ FHWWH TXDQWLWp GRLW YDULHU VXLYDQW TXHOHDX WRPEH RX TXH OD QHLJH IRQG HQ XQH UpJLRQ FDOFDLUH RX FULV WDOOLQH'DQV XQH QRWH SUpOLPLQDLUH SDUXH GDQV OHV &RPSWH UHUHHIXV
GH D 6RFW&p GH 3IDVLLSWH MH UHOHYDLV OH
IDLW
TXH ORUVTXH OD PR\HQQH TXRWLGLHQQH GH WHPSpUDWXUH GHVFHQGDLW HQ GHVVRXV GH GDQV OHQVHPEOH GX EDVVLQ GDOLPHQWDWLRQ GXQH ULYLqUH OD WHQHXU HQ VHOV GLVVRXV GLPLQXDLW DXVVL DYHF XQ FHUWDLQ UHWDUG VXU OH JHO 'HSXLV ORUV TXHOTXHV IDLWV QRXYHDX[
PRQW
ODLVVp YRLU TXH OD FKRVH HVW PRLQV FHUWDLQH TXH MH QH ODYDLV FUX DX SUHPLHU DERUG -H PH UpVHUYH GH UHYHQLU VXU FHWWH TXHVWLRQ ORUVTXHMDXUDL
SX H[DPLQHU XQ SOXV JUDQG QRPEUH GH FKLIIUHV FRQFHUQDQW OHV PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV TXH FHOD QD pWp OH FDV MXVTXj SUpVHQW-H VLJQDOHUDL SRXU rWUH FRPSOHW XQH DQRPDOLH SDUWLFXOLqUH PHQW PDUTXpH HW TXL pFKDSSH SRXU OH PRPHQW j WRXWH LQWHU SUpWDWLRQ
XWLOLVDQW
GHV IDFWHXUV FRQQXV,O
VDJLW GX PD[LPXP GX MDQYLHU &H MRXUOj OD WHQHXU HQ PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV VHVW pOHYpH j JU SDU P &H FKLIIUH H[FHSWLRQQHOOHPHQWIRUW
QH FRUUHVSRQG j DXFXQ PD[LPXP PDUTXp GH WHPSpUDWXUH HW HQFRUH PRLQV GH GpELW 3HXWrWUH DYRQVQRXV Oj XQH SHUWXUEDWLRQ SXUHPHQW ORFDOH GXH jOLQWHUYHQWLRQ
KXPDLQH$YDQW
GH FRQFOXUH MH FLWHUDL HQFRUH TXHOTXHV FKLIIUHV PRQWUDQW
ELHQ TXH OH GpELW QH MRXH TXXQ U{OH VHFRQGDLUH GDQV OD FRQFHQWUDWLRQ GHV VHOV GLVVRXV& U L6RFLHvH GH 3IDVMoUXH VpDQFH GX MXLQ $UFX9HV >@
YRO VXSSO
$ 5e*,0( */$&,$,5(
'DWHV 'pELWV
HQ PVHF
0DWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV HQ JU S
7HPSpUDWXUHV HQ GHJUpVSS
&
PDL
MXLOOHW
PDL
RFWREUH
PDL
PDL
VHSWHPEUH
MXLOOHW
MXLOOHW
RFWREUH
PDL
PDL
MXLQ
DRW
QRYHPEUH
RFWREUH
PDUV
PDL
VHSWHPEUH
/H[DPHQ GH FHV WDEOHDX[ QRXV PRQWUH VHPEOHWLO TXH OD WHPSpUDWXUH HVW ELHQ OH IDFWHXU OH SOXV LPSRUWDQW VLQRQ OH IDFWHXU GpWHUPLQDQW GH OD WHQHXU GHV HDX[ GH
O$UYH
HQ PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV5HSRUWRQVQRXV PDLQWHQDQW DX
WUDYDLO
FLWp GH -RXNRZVN\1RXV YR\RQV FRPPH
LO
OHIDLW
UHPDUTXHU OXLPrPH VDQV HQ GRQQHU GLQWHUSUpWDWLRQ TXH OLQIOXHQFH GH OD WHPSpUDWXUH HVW EHDXFRXS PRLQV DSSDUHQWH SRXUO(OEH
HW OD 0HXVH TXH SRXUO$UYH
HW OH 5K{QH2U
LO
FRQYLHQW GREVHUYHU TXHO$UYH
HW OH 5K{QH HQ 9DODLV FRXOHQW HQ EHDXFRXS GH SRLQWV GH OHXUV SDUFRXUV VXU GHV JUDYLHUV FRQWHQDQW GHV QDSSHV SKUpDWLTXHV j OHXUV EDVHV &HV QDSSHV FRQVWLWXHQW OD SULQFLSDOH VRXUFH GHV PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV 9RLUj FH VXMHW : .RHKQH *UZUHGHUDVVHU$DQGH
6WXWWJDUW
,O
QH IDXW SDV RXEOLHU QRQ SOXV TXH FHV ULYLqUHV RQW HQ FHUWDLQV HQGURLWV GH OHXUV FRXUV XQ UpJLPH WRUUHQWLHO FH TXL QHVW MDPDLV OH FDV SRXUO(OEH
HW OD 0HXVH OHVTXHOOHV RQWDWWHLQW
OHXU SURILOGpTXLOLEUH HW FRXOHQW VXU XQ
OLW
SOXV FRPSOqWHPHQW FROPDWp GRQF HQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ PRLQV IDFLOH DYHF OHVQDSSHV SKUpDWLTXHV GX EDVVLQ GDOLPHQWDWLRQ-H SHQVH SRXU FHWWH UDLVRQ TXH OD GpSHQGDQFH HQWUH OD WHPSpUDWXUH HW OHV PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV VH WURXYH rWUH SOXV PDUTXpH SRXU OHV ULYLqUHV j UpJLPH JODFLDLUH FRPPH
O$UYH
HW OH 5K{QH TXH SRXU OHV ULYLqUHV j UpJLPH SOXYLDO &HWWH GpSHQGDQFH FRQVWLWXHUDLW GRQF XQ FDUDFWqUH QRXYHDX GHV ULYLqUHV j UpJLPH JODFLDLUH
(Q UpVXPp
MDUULYH
DX[ FRQFOXVLRQV VXLYDQWHV /HV HDX[ GHV ULYLqUHV j UpJLPH JODFLDLUH RQW XQH FRQFHQ
WUDWLRQ
HQ PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV GRQW OHV YDULDWLRQV VRQW HQ VHQV LQYHUVH GH FHOOHV GH OD WHPSpUDWXUH /D SpULRGH GH FHWWH
YDULDWLRQ
HVW DQQXHOOH /HV HDX[ GHV ULYLqUHV j UpJLPH JODFLDLUH RQW XQH FRQFHQ
WUDWLRQ
HQ PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV TXL DXJPHQWH DSUqV FKDTXH FUXH DYHF XQ UHWDUG VXU OH PD[LPXP GH GpELW&H UHWDUG YDULH VXLYDQW OHV VDLVRQV HW OD QDWXUH GHV FUXHV
/D UHODWLRQ
OLDQW
OD WHPSpUDWXUH HW OD FRQFHQWUDWLRQ HQ PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV HVW FDUDFWpULVWLTXH GHV ULYLqUHV j UpJLPH JODFLDLUH 9RLU OHV FRXUEHV GH -RXNRZVN\*HQqYH OH
MXLQ
/DERUDWRLUH GH *HRORJLH GH 3LUHLRHUVLLH
%,%/,2*5$3+,(
%DHII
%RQp /HV HDXDL GH =$UHH 7KqVH *HQqYH%RLVVLHU 5DRXO /H FKDUULDJH GHV DOOXYLRQV HQ VXVSHQVLRQ GDQV OHDX GH O$UYH +UF$ $F S$\V Hv UHDO
SpU W;/,
S j
%RLVVLHU 5DRXO (WXGH GX FROPDWDJH GX 9DO GHV 'L[ 0pPRLUHV
$RH 3$\V HL G0LV© UHDv *HUHqFH YRO IDVF S j
&ROOHW
/: /H FKDUULDJH GHV DOOXYLRQV GDQV FHUWDLQV FRXUV GHDX GH OD 6XLVVH $UHUHDLHV VUHLVVHV G$LGURJUDS$LH YRO,,
S j %HUQH
&ROOHW
SS /: /HV LDFV SDJHV j 3DULV
&ROOHW
/: HW %RLVVLHU 5DRXO /H WUDQVSRUW GHV DOOXYLRQV GDQV O$UYH HQ & 3 $RH 3$V Hv G7LVv UHDv *HUHYRO S j
&RVVD /|VOLFKNHLW GHV NRKOHQVDXUHQ .DONHV LQ PLW .RKOHQVlXUH JHVlWWLJWHP :DVVHU =HLWVF$ULw
U
DQDO &KHP YRO S'HOHEHFTXH $ 6XU OD YDULDWLRQ GH OD FRPSRVLWLRQ GH OHDX GHV ODFV DYHF OD SURIRQGHXU & W $F $F 3DUW© W S
'HOHEHFTXH $ 6XU OD FRPSRVLWLRQ GHV HDX[ GH OD 'UDQVH GX
&KDEODLV HW GX 5K{QH j OHXU HQWUpH GDQV OH ODF GH *HQqYH
&
LW
$F $F 3DULV W S'HOHEHFTXH $ 6XU OH FDUERQDWH GH FKDX[ GH OHDX GHV ODFV
& 3 $F $F 3DULV W S
9RQ (VVHQ 7WHF$HUF$HV H[SpULPHQWDOHV VXU LD VRODqLLLOp GHV FDUERQDWHV HW GHV ELFDUERQDWHV GDQV OD VpULH LVRPRUSKH 5&2 7KqVH *HQqYH
(ULNVVRQ - 9 'HQ NHPLVND GHQXGDWLRQHQ L 6YHULJH 0HGG U
$WDI $IHWHRURORJKLGURJUDSK $QVWDOW %G 1U 6WRFNKROP
S
+DOEIDVV : 'LH FKHPLVFKH 'HQXGDWLRQ GHU (UGREHUIOlFKH GXUFK GLH *HZlVVHU 3HWHUP 2HRJU 0LWW +
S
-RXNRZVN\ ( /H UpJLPH DQQXHO GX 5K{QH GH O$UYH GH O(OEH HW GH OD 0HXVH $UFK $F SKSV HW QDW SpU YRO
S
-RXNRZVN\ ( 9DULDWLRQ SpULRGLTXH GH OD WHQHXU HQ PDWLqUHV GLVVRXWHV HW HQ PDWLqUHV HQ VXVSHQVLRQ GDQV OHDX GH O$UYH j
*HQqYH & 3 $RF SKMV j *HQqFH YRO S .RHKQH : *UDQGLYDVVHUKDUHGH 6WXWWJDUW
.UHMFL*UDI
=XP/|VXQJVJHKDOW GHU 2EHUIOlFKHQZDVVHU &KHPLH GHU "UGH YRO S
.XUULV
) - - + 3FHQFLFKIHQ FDQ FDVW FDOFLXP HW PDJQHVLXP FDUERQDDv PHW KRROVQDURSORVVLQJHQ 7KqVH 'HOIW 8LWJHYHUV 0LM YK *O &RIILQ 0DDVWULFKW3OXPPHU DQG 6DUJHQW 5HODWLRQVKLS RI FKORULGH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LQ XQGHUJURXQG ZDWHUV WR VXEVXUIDFH WHPSHUDWXUH JUDGLHQWV 3XOO JHRO VRF $P YRO S
6SULQJ: HW3URVW ( (WXGHVXU OHVHDX[ GH OD 0HXVH $QQDOHV
GH OD $RHLpWp JpRORJLTXH GH 3HOJLTXH W
;,
/LqJH
8HWUHFLLW
( 'LH $EODWLRQ GHU 3KRQH LQ LKUHP ZDOOLVHU 7wGQVXJV JHELHW LP -DKUH 7KqVH %HUQH
8OOLN
) %HULFKW EHU GLH %HVWLPPXQJ GHU ZlKUHQG HLQHV-DKUHV
LP 3URILO YRQ 7HWVFKHQ VLFK HUJHEHQGHQ 4XDQWLWlWV 6FKZDQNXQJHQ GHU %HVWDQGWHLOH GHV (OEHQZDVVHUV $EK GHU KRQ E|KP *HV G -)LVV
9,
)ROJH %DQG 3UDJXH:DOODFH
%DNHU DQG :DUG 7KH 5HG 5LYHU DV DQ HURVLYH DJHQW 7UDQVDFW 3RM $RF &DQ YRO ;; SDUW,,
S
:HOOV
5 & 7KH VROXELOLW\ RI FDOFLWH LQ ZDWHU LQ FRQWDFW ZLWK WKH DWPRVSKHUH DQG LWV YDULDWLRQ\ZLWK WHPSHUDWXUH -RXUQ :DVK $F $F YRO Q QRY