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Submitted on 24 May 2006
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Efficient Dense Matching for Textured Scenes Using Region Growing
Maxime Lhuillier
To cite this version:
Maxime Lhuillier. Efficient Dense Matching for Textured Scenes Using Region Growing. RR-3382,
INRIA. 1998. �inria-00073307�
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Efficient Dense Matching for Textured Scenes Using Region Growing
Maxime Lhuillier
N ˚ 3382
Mars 1998
TH ` EME 3
. 0/!! 213 45
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The propagation result : texture portions without good seed point matches are not matched.
164 seed points matches (usually only one good seed point match per texture portion suffices).
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Unit´e de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technopˆole de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS L ` ES NANCY
Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rhˆone-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST MARTIN Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex
Unit´e de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex
Editeur ´
INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France)