Programming Languages for Mobile Code

HAL Id: inria-00073555

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073555

Submitted on 24 May 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub-

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,

Programming Languages for Mobile Code

Tommy Thorn

To cite this version:

Tommy Thorn. Programming Languages for Mobile Code. [Research Report] RR-3134, INRIA. 1997.

�inria-00073555�

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Programming languages for mobile code

Tommy Thorn

N ˚ 3134

Mars, 1997

TH `EME 2

&')(*(,+-&/.0')132

46587

93:/9<;=>@?93ACBD9FEDGIHJBDKBL93E

9MNKOEPKQRE8SUTV:WXGIEDBPYJQR9

Z\[

G]^9M_`OAbac9

d

OeCeXG

[

Mac9

[

93K 5 9 [ K 5

9fAgIhCijhkl=nm@O

[

SopijqIqsrF=nhsreROIHI9jS

tvuxw3yz|{C}IyI~€

QCA`S/OARACGIQCAbK9:/93AJM/G‚NM

5

9ƒe

[

GIH

[

O:/:/BDACH„EPOACHJQROHJ9v…JO‡†|O :/G

[

9ˆM

5

OIA‰OIAsTsM

5

BLARH

eXGIeRQCEDO

[

BDŠ9ja‹M

5

9lARGMŒBDGIA-G‚:/GIWRBLED9lKGcac9IoM

5

OMƒBPS3oNe

[

GIH

[

OI:/S%M

[

O‡†I93ELEDBLARH*GIAŽO

5

9MŒ9

[

GJHI9AR9GIQbS

AR9M^G [’‘

OAba“OQcM’GI:”O|M’BDK3OEDELT,9•c93KQcMŒ9jSQCeXGIA*O [Œ[

BD†‡OIE–O|MM

5

9ˆac93SUMŒBDARO|M’BLGJA8—„˜l9ˆac9jSŒK

[

BDWX9vSU93†I9

[

OIE

KEDOJSŒSŒ93SG‚™:GJWCBDEL9/KGcac9”OAba„99•sM

[

OJKšMM

5

93B

[

KGI:/:/GIA@K 5 O [

OJKšM’9

[

BDSUMŒBPKS3o)

5 9 [

9SŒ93KQ

[

BLM^T e

[

G|†I9jS

M’GWX9FGIAC9G‚8M

5

9:”O]^G

[

KGIAbK9

[

ARS3—›˜œBLM 5 M 5

93SŒ9FK 5 O [

OJKšM’9

[

BDSUMŒBPKS\OJS

[

9‚9

[

9ARK9NeXGIBDAJMžSoV9N9•cOI:/BLAC9

SŒBL•

[

93e

[

9jSU93AsM’O|M’BL†J9EPOACHJQROHJ93Se

[

GIeXGJSŒ93a‚G

[

:GJWCBDEL9/KGcac9J—

465

9”KGJARKEDQRSŒBLGJA@GI‚–M

5

BDSSUMŒQRaCT„EL9jOIaCS

M’G/GIQ [#[

93KGI:/:/9ARaCOMŒBDGIARS™‚G

[

‚QcMŒQ

[

9G [’‘

ocBDEDELQRSUM

[

O|M’93aˆWVT%9•CO:/eCED93S6GI‚xGJACHIGJBLARH

[

93SŒ93O [ K 5 —

Ÿ  s¡)¢’£¤ z|¥xwI~

:/GIWRBLED9vKGcac9JoacBDSUM

[

BDWCQcMŒBDGIA`oxAR9M^G [’‘

e [ GIH

[

OI::/BDACHRo›ebG

[

MžOWCBDEDB¦M^TJoxS’O|‚9M^TIoSU9jKQc§

[

BLM^TIo6GIWc]^9jKšM%G

[

BD9AsM’OMŒBDGIA8o™‚G

[

:”OE:/9M

5

GcaCS3o…JO‡†|ORo#¨WCEDBPYbo_`BL:WbGbo



O|‚9§

4

KE©oN¨Wc]^9jKšMŒBD†I9,ªOI:/E©o

4

9ED93S’K

[

BDecM3—

«P¬­

®Œ¯±°j²

­

®³x´D¯¶µ±·¸

  w   ~

_\OARACGIARK9ˆacQ‰EDOIACHJOIHI9vaC9ve

[

GIH

[

OI::”OMŒBDGIA*…sO‡†‡O@ac9



QCA‰O,KGIAsM

[

BDWCQ6?9%‚G

[

MŒ9:/93AJM

7

OeXGIeRQCEDO

[

BPSŒ9

[

EPO ACGM’BLGJA“ac9vKGcac9”:/GJWCBLED9IoKI9jS^MŒ§

7

O§¶acB

[

9/aC9”e

[

GJH

[

O:/:/93SFM

[

OIARSU:/BPS

7

OƒM

[

O‡†I9

[

S<QRA

[ ?9jSU9jOQ 5 ?9MC?9 [

GIH

7

9AR9N9MF9•?9jKQcMC?9

7

O”EPO”†JGIE?99C—GIQbSNa?9jK

[

BL†JGIARSeCELQbSUBD9Q

[

SNKEDOJSŒSŒ93SNac9KGVaC9:/GIWCBDEL9

9MFARGIQRSF9•VM

[

O‡TJGIARSNEL93Q

[

SFKO

[

OJKšMC?9

[

BDSUMŒBPYsQC93SKGJ::QCAC9jS—_›OvSc?93KQ

[

BLMC?9OIQ,SŒ9ARS<ac9/KGJAbac93AJM’BDOIELBLMC?9

9M/a8BDAsMC?93H

[

B¦MC?9%ACGIM’O:/:/9AsM9jS^M/QCAC9 ac9jSe

[ ?9GcKKQCeRO|M’BLGJARS:”O]^9Q

[

93SebGJQ

[

K9MUMŒ9 KEDOJSŒSŒ9ˆac9ƒEPOAc§

HsOHJ93S3—†I9jK”K9jSKO

[

OJKšMC?9

[

BDSUMŒBPYsQC93SFKGJ::/9”eXGIBDAsM’Sac9 [ ?9‚j?9 [

9AbK9IopARGIQRS9•CO:/BLARGIARSSŒB¦•lEDOIACHJOIHI9jS

[

9e

[ ?9jSU93AsM’O|M’B¦‚Se

[

GJebGsSc?93SeXGIQ

[

ED9ƒKGcac9v:/GIWRBLED9I—“_`OlKGJARKEDQRSŒBLGJA ac9ƒK9MŒMŒ9€?9M’QRac9ƒACGIQbSOI:

7

9AC9

7

O

aC93S

[

93KGI:/:”OARaCOMŒBDGIARS<eXGIQ

[

ac93SeCBDSUMŒ9jSac9

[

93K 5 9 [ K 5

9‚QCMŒQ

[

93S3o›BDEDELQRSUM [ ?9393S<eRO

[

ac93S9•CO:/eCED93Sac9

M [

O‡†|OIQc•%9A KGJQ

[

S—

¤ yjw ¢ }  ~

KGVaC9:GJWCBDEL9JoRacBPS^M

[

BDWCQcM’BLGJA8obSc?93KQ

[

B¦MC?9Ios: 9M?

5

Gcac93S6‚G

[

:/93ELED93S3oCeXG

[

M’OWRBLEDB¦MC?9IocEPOARHJOHJ9

7

O

GJWc]^9MžSoC…sO‡†|OCoR¨WCEDBDYXoR_`BL:WbGbo



O|‚9§

4

KE©ob¨WC]^93KšM’BL†J9ªO:/E©o

4

93EL9jSŒK

[

BDecM3—

h

& ' (#) "!#%$

465

99•ce

[

93S’SUBDGIA+*:/GIWRBLED9KGcac9IRBDS#QbSU9jav#BLM

5

†|O

[

BLGJQRS#acB,X9

[

93AsM:9jOACBDACHsS6BLAƒM

5

9ELBLMŒ9

[

OMŒQ

[

9I—…JQRS^M

M’GM’O

‘

9FM 5C[

999•cOI:/eCEL9jSocED9M#QRSNKBLMŒ9-

.

465

9M’9 [ :

!/"01%

aC93S’K

[

BLWX93SFOAVTe

[

GIH

[

O: M 5

OM<K3OA„WX9/S

5

BDeCeX93a@QCARK

5

OIAc§

HJ93aM’GˆO

5

9M’9

[

GIHI93AC9GJQRSKGIEDEL9jKšMŒBDGIA@G‚–e

[

GcK9jSŒSŒG

[

S#OARa@9•c93KQcMŒ9ja32

46578%!498"0

!!# 498":

GJAˆ9jOIK 5 e [

GcK93S’SUG [<;

4

_`_J˜€q= >±—

. —3——

# "01%

opOA@OIeCe

[

GJOJK 5  5 9 [

9e

[

GIH

[

O:”S#O

[

9KGIARSŒBPac9

[

93a OJSNacGcKQR:93AsM’S3o

OIARa„S

5

GIQREDaƒM 5 9 [

9‚G

[

9WX9OJKK93S’SUBDWCED9IoCM

[

OIARSŒ:BLMUM’93a„OIARa acBPSUeREDO‡TJ93a 8?1?

op9†|OIELQRO§

M’93a 6OJS#OAVT%GIM 5 9 [

acGcKQC:/9AsM

;d

GIQbq=W>¶—

. @ OHJ9AsM’SxO

[

9™KGcac9§KGJAJMžOBDACBDACHNGJWc]^93KM’S›M

5

OM:/O‡TWX9M

[

OARSŒBD:BLMUM’93aWb9M^™939A

KGI:/:QRACBDK3O|M’BLACH/eRO

[

M’BDKBLebOAsM’SBDAO/acBPSUM

[

BLWCQCMŒ93a SŒTcS^M’9:

;A

AROJq=1>¶—

B

A,M

5

BPSSŒQ

[

†J9T9#BDELE

[

9‚9

[

M’G:GJWCBDEL9/KGcac9/OIS<SŒG‚M^6O

[

9M

5

O|M<M

[

O‡†I93EDSGIAlO

5

9MŒ9

[

GJHI9AR9GIQbS

AR9M^G [’‘

o\K

[

GsSŒSŒBDACH@e

[

GM’93KMŒBDGIA‰aCGI:”OBDARS3o™OAba BPS/OQcM’GI:”O|M’BDK3OEDELT“9•V9jKQcM’93a‰QCeXGIA‹O [’[

BD†|OE6O|M/M 5 9

aC93SUMŒBDARO|M’BLGJA8—

Z\[

GM’93KMŒBDGIA“acGI:”OIBLARSKOIA*Wb9ƒOISWCBLHlOISO„KG

[

eXG

[

O|M’9”AC9M^G [’‘

OIARa*OISSU:”OIELEOISO

eX9

[

SŒGIAROIE

5

OAba

5

9EPa%acBDHIBLM’OIEbOIS’SŒBDSUM’OIAJMj—›˜l9NWX9EDBD9†I9M

5

OM–M

5

BDS™K 5 O [

OIKMŒ9

[

BDŠ3O|M’BLGJABPS™HI9AR9

[

OEC93ACGIQCH

5

M’G“9ARKGI:/eROJSŒS”:/GsS^MvQbSŒOIHI93S”OIARa‹e

[

93KBDSŒ9 9ACGJQCH

5

M’G“9•

5

BDWCB¦MˆM

5

9,acBDSUMŒBDARKMŒBD†I9 ‚9jO|MŒQ

[

9jS”G‚<M

5

BDS

M’93K

5

ARBDYsQC9J—#CRG

[

9•cOI:/eCEL9Jo`BLM9•CKEDQRac9jSFM

5

9%K3OISŒ93SF

5 9 [

9”KGcac9/BPSEDGJOIaC93a@‚

[

GJ: OS

5 O [

9ja@acBPS

‘ G [

aCG|#ACELGsOIac9ja :/OIAVQROEDELT –‚

[

GI: M 5

9˜l9W8—

m GJWCBDEL9KGVaC9SUQCeRebG

[

MžSODR9•cBDWCEL9<‚G

[: G‚acBPS^M

[

BDWCQcM’93aSUTcSUMŒ93:/S

5 9 [

9FM

5

9aC93SŒB

[

93aˆACGIAC§±EDGcKOE

KGI:/eCQcMžO|M’BLGJARS6acGARGM

5

O‡†I9NMŒG/Wb9

‘

ACG|#AvBDAOIac†|OAbK9OM6M

5

9F9•c93KQcMŒBDGIAƒSUBLMŒ9J—

465

9<OIac†|OAsMžOHI9jS–GI‚

M 5

BPS#:/GVaC9E8O

[

9<:”OAVTIocBDARKEDQRacBDACHE-

. B A/MŒ9

[

:”S0G‚)9F%KBL93ARKTG-x

5

9A

[

9eX93O|M’93aBDAJM’9

[

OIKMŒBDGIARS0#BLM 5 O [

9:/GM’96SŒBLMŒ9NO

[

96AC9393ac9japoIBLM–KOIA

Wb9/:/G

[

99!,X9jKšMŒBD†I9MŒGSŒ9ARa„M

5

9/KGJ:eRQcM’OMŒBDGIA M’GvM 5 9 [

9:/GIMŒ9SŒBLMŒ9/OARa„MŒGvBDAsMŒ9

[

OJKšMEDGcKOIELEDTI—

465

BPS\BPS93SŒeb9jKBPOEDELTM

5

9KOISŒ96

5

9A/M

5

9#EPO|MŒ93ARKTG‚XM

5

9AC9M^G [’‘

BPS

5

BDH

5

OAbaM

5

9BDAsMŒ9

[

OIKMŒBDGIARS

KGJARSUBPSUM6GI‚x:”OIAsTˆSU:”OEDEp:/93S’SŒOIHI9jS—

. B A<MŒ9

[

:”SpGI‚VSŒBL:/eCEDBPKBLM^TFOIARaHDR9•cBDWCBLEDBLM^TI-)M

5

9\:”OBDAsMŒ93AROARK9G‚cO6AC9M^G [’‘

K3OA<Wb9–:QRK

5

SŒBL:/eCED9

[

 5 9A@M

5

9”OIeCeCEDBDK3O|MŒBDGIAbSO

[

9ELGcKOMŒ9ja GIAlOvSŒ9

[

†I9

[

OARa,KEDBL93AsM’SM

5

93:”SU93EL†J93SBLARSUM’OIELExM

5

9: GJA

M 5 93B

[

SŒBLMŒ9FGIAˆaC9:”OARa8—

B

ARS^MžOEDELBDACHAC9-G

[

QCeXaRO|MŒ9jaˆSŒG‚M^6O

[

9NWX93KGI:/93SBDARac93eb93ARac9AsM#G‚›M 5 9

ARO|M’Q

[

9FOIARa%AVQC:Wb9

[

G‚›KELBD9AsM’S3—

B

AƒSŒGI:/9FKOISŒ93S3oVB¦M#BPS9†I93AvBD:/ebGsSŒSŒBLWREL9MŒG

‘

ACG|€BDAƒOJac†|OARK9

OEDEpM

5

9eCBL9jK9jS6G‚xKGcac9<M

5

OM#BLEDE8WX9AC99jac93aƒO|MNOHJBL†J9ASUBLMŒ9J—

. B A„M’9

[

:/SG‚–SUMŒG

[

OIHI9-™EDGJOJacBLARHvKGcac9GIA@ac93:”OARa

[

O|M 5 9 [ M5

OIA

5

O‡†VBDACHvOIELExe

[

GIH

[

O:”SaCQCeCEDB¦§

KOMŒ93aƒGJAƒOIELE8SŒB¦M’93SK3OA

[

9jacQRK9<SŒBDHIACBbKOIAsMŒEDT”M

5

9<M’GMžOE8SUMŒG

[

OHJ9

[

93YsQCB

[

9:/9AsM3—

˜l9”S^MžO

[

M#BLM

5

OvS 5 G [ M [

9†VBD9 GI‚–SUGJ:9G‚–M

5

9:/GJSUMF9EDE¦§

‘

ACG|#A„9•cOI:/eCEL9jSNGI‚™OeReCELBPKOMŒBDGIARS

QbSUBDACH/:/GIWCBDEL9KGcac9I—

. Z GJSUM

 K [

BDecMJBDSO/ebOHI9ac9jSŒK

[

BDecM’BLGJAƒEPOARHIQROIHI9ac93SŒBDHIAC9javWVT acGIWX9



TcSUMŒ93:/S3—

Z

GsS^M

 K [

BDecM#BDS

[

93:”O [’‘

OIWCED9BDAƒM

5

OM6BLMBPS#OEPSUG/O/S^MžOIK

‘

WROJSU9ja%e

[

GIH

[

OI:/:BDACHEDOIACHIQbOHI9FOARaˆBLMBDS#OJSŒSŒGcKBPO|MŒ9ja

KMLON:PRQTSUMV9WYXQZWYP\[]VR^M_:WYPRQR^`VR^MaHQRVT[$ab^Mcd[$V9efN$ghZabN:i ^S!j1P8Q9^McfPlkmbUMN:V9X N:V9[0Q9^Man

k

#B¦M

5

O EPO

[

HI9%SUM’OIARaCO [ a EDBLW

[ O [ T SUQRB¦MžOWCED9”‚G

[

eROHJ9

[

9ARac9

[

BDACHb—

Z\[

BLAsM’BLACH GJA O Z GsS^M

 K [

BLeCM

e [ BLAsMŒ9

[

KGIAbSUBPS^MžS`GI‚bKGJ:/ebGsSUBDACHOe

[

GIH

[

OI:Žac9jSŒK

[

BDWCBDACHM

5

9eROHJ93S`MŒGFWb9e

[

BLAsMŒ9jaOIARaSŒ9ARaCBLACH

M 5 BPS#e

[

GIH

[

OI: MŒGM

5

9e

[

BDAsMŒ9 [ —

465

9<e

[

BLAsMŒ9 [ M5

93Aˆ9•c93KQCMŒ93SM

5

BPS#e

[

GIH

[

O: OIARave

[

BDAsM’S6eROIHI93S

OISƒO SŒBDaC9@9,)93KM3—

465

BPSˆ9•CO:/eCED9@BPSˆO HIGVGca‹BLEDELQbS^M

[

OMŒBDGIA€GI‚SUGJ:9,G‚M

5

9,WX9AR9 CMžSvM

5

O|M

:/GMŒBD†|O|M’9”:GJWCBDEL9%KGVaC9-M

5

9%OEDHIG

[

BLM

5

:/BPK/ac93S’K

[

BLeCMŒBDGIA G‚#OKGI:/eCED9•lBL:”OIHI9”KOIAlWX9”:”OIac9

†I9

[

T”KGJ:/eROIKM6OIARa%HJ9AC9

[

OIE©osBLAbac9eX9ARaC9AsM#G‚›e

[

BDAsMŒ9

[

SŒeb9jKBbKS3ocELB

‘

9e

[

BLAsMŒ9 [6[

9jSUGJELQcM’BLGJAvOAba

AVQC:WX9

[

G‚RO‡†|OIBLEPOWCED9™KGIEDGIQ

[

S3— EPSUGbo

Z

GJSUM

 K [

BDecM`e

[

BDAsMŒ9

[

S›G ,X§±EDGJOJaSUGJ:/9–G‚RM

5

9™G [Œ‘

WCQ

[

ac93A

‚[ GJ:fM

5

9#e

[

BDAsMŒBDACH

5

GJSUM3—

465

BPSKGJ:ebOIKšM’AC93S’S3o|9•ce

[

93S’SUBD†I93AC93S’S›OIARaac9†VBPK9#BDARac9eX9Abac9ARK9

5

OIS

:”OIac9

Z

GsS^M

 K [

BLeCMWX93KGI:/9O/ac9<‚OIKMŒG”S^MžOARaRO

[

a”MŒGcaCO‡TJ—

. OM’OIWROISŒ9<MŒ9jK

5

ACGIEDGIHJT”BDSNOACGIM 5 9 [ O [

93O

5 9 [

9O‚G

[ : GI‚x:/GIWRBLED9KGcac9

5

OJS#EDGIACH/WX99A QbSU9ja

OIac†|OIAJMžOHJ9GIQbSUEDTI—

465

9vSŒBLŠ39%G‚OM^TVeCBPKOIE–aCOM’OWbOISŒ9”:/O

‘

9jSB¦MBLAC‚93OISŒBDWCEL9%MŒG M

[

OIARSU:/BLMBLMBDA

9AsMŒB

[

9M^TƒMŒGOvKELBD9AsM3oXM

5

QbSFOIAVTaRO|M’OIWROISŒ9GJeb9

[

OMŒBDGIA„:QRS^MFWb9/KGJ:/:QCACBPKOMŒ9jaMŒGOARa„eb9 [§

‚G

[

:/93a/WVTM

5

9NaRO|M’OIWROISŒ9NSŒ9

[

†I9 [ — 4

GcaCO‡TJoI:/GJSUM™KGJ:/:9

[

KBDOIERaCOM’OWbOISŒ93S\SŒQCeCeXG

[

M’S\M

5

9  B

S^MžOARaRO

[

avYsQC9

[

T”EPOACHJQROHJ9



_@‚G

[

aRO|M’OIWROISŒ9OJKK93S’S—



_,G ,)9

[

S6OKGI:/eROJKšM6ACGMžO|MŒBDGIAv‚G

[

9•ce

[

93S’SUBDACH/KGJ:eREL9•ˆGIeX9

[

O|M’BLGJARSGIAƒ:QCELMŒBDeCED9aCO|MžOWROJSU9

[

9EPO|M’BLGJARS—

.

GcKQC:/9AsM’SF#BLM

5

93:WX93aCaC93a 9•V9jKQcMžOWCED9KGIAsMŒ93AsM’SNM

[

OARSŒ:/B¦MŒMŒ93a„GIA M

5

9AR9M^G [’‘

O [ 9OIACG§

M 5 9 [N‘

BDARaG‚:/GIWCBDED9KGcac9J—6m„QCE¦M’BL:/9jacBDOˆacGcKQC:/93AJMžSBDAM 5 9 ARa

[

9



TcSUMŒ93:

;

OIARq b>0KOIA

BLAbKEDQRac9/9•c93KQcM’OIWCED9S’K

[

BLeCM’SF

[

BLMUM’9AlBLAlOAlGIWc]^9jKšM<G

[

BL93AsMŒ93a@SŒK

[

BDecMEDOIACHIQbOHI9J—

465

93SŒ9/9A

[

B¦§

K 5

93aƒacGcKQR:93AsM’SK3OAvWX9SŒ9AsMOIS69ED93KM

[

GIACBPK:/OIBLEpG

[

ebGsS^M’93aƒOISAC93S#O

[

MŒBPKED93S3—

465

9<S’K

[

BDecM’S

O [

9<9•c93KQcMŒ9jaˆQRARac9

[

QbSU9

[

KGIAsM

[

GJE8OARaƒKOIAƒe

[

9jSU93AJM#BDAsMŒ9

[

OIKMŒBD†I9<acBPOEDGIHJS6OIARaƒQRSU9H

[

OIe

5

BPKOIE

‚OIKBLEDB¦M’BL9jS— SŒBL:/BDEDO

[

9•VMŒ9AbSUBDGIA,‚G [ M5 9 B

AJM’9

[

AC9M:QCE¦M’BL:/9jacBDOSUM’OIARaCO

[

a@m

B

m

5

OIS<WX993A

e [

GIeXGJSŒ93ap—

465

BDS9•VMŒ93ARSŒBLGJA 9AROIWCEL9jSM

5

9QbSU9G‚9:Wb9jaCac93a@9•c93KQcM’OIWCED9KGJAJM’9AsM

[

BLMUMŒ93A„BDA



O|‚9§

4

KE

; G [

qkb>¶oRO

[

9jS^M

[

BPKšM’93aˆ†|O

[

BDOIAJM#GI‚`M

5

9SŒK

[

BDecM#EDOIACHIQbOHI9

4

KE±—

465

9QbSU9‚QCELAR93S’SNGI‚\:GJWCBDEL9KGcac9

5

OJSOIEDSŒG”WX99A

[

9jOEDBLŠ393aƒ‚G [ M 5

9G

[

EDa#BPac99W`—F¨AC9GI‚

M 5 9e

[

GJWCED9:”S##BLM 5 M 5

99WBDSM

5

OMNBDAJM’9

[

OIKMŒBD†I9<eROHJ93SO

[

9BD:/e

[

OIKšM’BDK3OE8BDA HI93AC9

[

OE8aCQC9MŒG

AC9M^G [’‘

EPO|MŒ93ARKBD93S3—\†I93A

5

93A/EDOMŒ9AbKBD93SO

[

9ACGM–OFe

[

GIWCED9:o|M

5

9#KGJAJM’9AsM\OARaOeReb9jO

[

OARK9

G‚C9W<eROIHI93S›O

[

9\KGJARS^M

[

OIBLAR93aFWVT

5

OM`BPS89•ce

[

93S’SŒBLWCED9#BLM 5 M 5 9

4

m„_”EPOACHJQROHJ9I— NELEDG|#BLARH

9:Wb9jaCac93a%9•c93KQcM’OIWCEL9KGIAsMŒ93AsM’S

[

9:/G|†I9jSxM

5

9KGIAbS^M

[

OIBLAsM’S0GI‚

N4

m„_„OIARa/AC9M^™G [Œ‘

EPO|M’9ARKTI—

:/GIARH M

5

9ˆ:”OAVT,9•cBDSUMŒBDACH„e

[

GIeXGJS’OEPS3o`M

5

9%:/GJSUM9EDE

‘

ACG|#A“BPSe

[

GIWbOWCEDT,…sO‡†|OWsT



QCA

m BPK

[

GJSŒTVSUMŒ93:”S—

.

CxBLAROIELEDTIoVOF‚GIQ [ M 5

KEPOIS’SG‚8OeReCELBPKOMŒBDGIARS0GI‚p:GJWCBDEL9NKGcac9OIaCa

[

9jSŒSŒ93S0M

5

9e

[

GIWREL93:G‚8SŒG‚M^6O [ 9

acBPS^M

[

BDWCQcM’BLGJA OARa*BLARSUM’OIELEPO|M’BLGJA8oxM

[

OIacBLMŒBDGIAbOEDELT

‘

ACG|#A MŒG,Wb9ƒKGJSUMŒEDT“OARa“aCBF%KQRE¦Mj—l_`QRK93AJM

4

9jK

5

ACGJELGJHIBD93S

5

OIS6ac93†I9EDGIeX93a

B

Ac‚9

[

ACG

;

_`QRKq=b>¶oVO:/GIWCBDED9<KGcac993AROWREL9ja%AC9M^™G [Œ‘

GIeX9

[

O|M’BLARH

SUTcSUMŒ93: OBD:/93al:/GJSUMŒEDT,OM<:/9jacBDOe

[

G|†VBPac9

[

S<OARa,MŒ93EL9jKGJ::QCACBPKOMŒBDGIA KGI:/eROIACBD93S3—ƒª™QRSUMŒG§

:/9

[ S#ac9jKGcac9

[

§¶WbG‡•c9jS–G

[

eXG

[

M’OIWCED9NM’9ED9e

5

GJAC93S

[

QCACARBLACH

B

Ac‚9

[

ACG”K3OAvWX9<9•VMŒ93ARac9jaˆacTVAROI:/B¦§

KOIELEDT%#BLM

5

SUGI‚M^O

[

9BLA

[

9jSUeXGIAbSU9MŒGM

5

93B [#[

93YsQC9jS^MžS—

B

AˆM

5

9S’O:/9<SUeCB

[

B¦MjocWCQcM#BLAO/acB,X9

[

93AJM

KGJAJM’9•VM3o



QCA

5

OJSˆe

[

GJebGsSU9ja‹M

5 9 QRSŒ9lG‚…sO‡†|O KOIeROWREL9lAC9M^G [’‘

KGJ:eRQcMŒ9

[

SˆMŒG

[

9eCEPOIK9

™G [Œ‘

SUM’OMŒBDGIARSBLA“KG

[

ebG

[

OMŒ9AR9M^G [’‘

S3—

465

9/Wb93AC9 CM 5 9 [

9BPSFM

5

9”ELG| KGJSUM<G‚6:/OIBLAsMžOBDACBLARH

OA *B AsM

[

OAC9M36G‚pAC9M^G [’‘

KGI:/eCQcM’9

[

SoI

5

BDK

5

aCG|#ACELGsOIa/OEDEROIeCeCEDBDK3O|MŒBDGIAbSGIA”ac93:/OIARa‚

[

GI:

OA OeReCELBPKOMŒBDGIASU9

[

†J9 [ —

B

MS

5

GIQREDa,Wb9/ACGIMŒ9ja@M

5

O|M<M 5 9 [

9”O

[

9SŒQCWcM’EL9%acB,)9

[

9ARK93S<BDA@M

5

9”QRS’OHI9G‚:/GIWCBDEL9”KGVaC9BDAlM 5 9

e [

9jK93aCBLACH%‚GIQ

[

OeCeRELBPKOMŒBDGIARS)BLA@M 5 9 Z

GJSUM

 K [

BDecMOIARaM

5

9aRO|M’OIWROISŒ9:/Gcac9EPS3oXBLM<BDSNM

5

9/SŒ9ARac9

[

GI‚

:/GJWCBLED9#KGcac9M

5

O|MM’O

‘

9jSxM

5

96BDACB¦M’BDOMŒBD†I9#GI‚RM

5

9KGI:/:QCACBPKO|M’BLGJA8o

5

BDED9BDAM

5

9…sO‡†|OOIARaM

5

9_`QRK93AJM

:/Gcac93EDS3o8M

5

9”9•c93KQcMŒBDGIA“SŒB¦M’9/M’O

‘

93SFM

5

9%BDACBLMŒBPO|MŒBD†I9/M’GELGsOIa,M

5

9”:/GJWCBLED9%KGcac9J—%˜l9%KGI:/9”WROJK

‘

MŒG

M 5

BPSacBPS^M’BLARKMŒBDGIA

5

93Aˆ9e

[

93SŒ9AsM#e

[

GJH

[

O:/:/BLARHEPOACHJQROHJ93S™‚G

[

:/GIWRBLED9KGcac9I—

B

A M

5

BPSSŒQ

[

†I9Tƒ9 [

S^MNBPac93AJM’B¦‚TM

5

9SŒeX93KBPOExKGJARK9

[

ARSG‚\:/GIWCBDED9KGcac9OARaM

5

9B

[

BD:/eROIKMGJA

e [ GJH

[

O:/:/BLACHEDOIACHIQbOHI9jS—

B A 

93KMŒBDGIA”hF™9‚GcKQRS\GIAM

5

96M^G<:/GJSUM\BL:/eXG

[

M’OAsMBPSŒSŒQC93S-›S’O|‚9M^TOAba

SŒ93KQ

[

B¦M^TJ—›˜œBLM 5 M5

BPS6WROJK

‘ H [

GJQCARapoJ™9F9•COI:BDAC9JosBDA



93KšM’BLGJAvkboVSŒBL•

[

93e

[

9jSU93AsM’O|M’BL†J9EPOACHJQROHJ93SM

5

O|M

5

O‡†I9#WX99A”e

[

GJebGsSU9ja‚G

[

:/GIWRBLED9NKGcac9J—



93KšM’BLGJA a [ O‡S0M

5

9EL9jSŒSŒGIAbSG‚)M

5

BDS™S^M’QRacT”OARa/KGI:/eRO

[

93S

M 5

9/S^M’QRacBD93a„EPOARHIQROIHI93S3—F˜,9”KGJARKEDQRac9M

5

9/eROIeb9

[

HJBL†VBDACHvGJQ

[

eb9

[

SŒeb9jKšM’BL†J9GJA„M

5

9KQ [Œ[

9AsM<S^MžO|MŒ9

GI‚›:/GIWRBLED9KGcac9<e

[

GIH

[

OI::/BDACHEDOIACHIQROIHI9jS™OIARaƒebGJBLAsMGIQCM#aCB

[

93KMŒBDGIARS‚G

[

‚QcMŒQ [ 9 [

93SŒ93O [ K 5 —

n !#!#N\

C [ GJ: M 5

9OIeCeCEDBDK3O|M’BLGJA KEDOJSŒSŒ93SG‚<:/GIWCBDED9KGcac9ELBPS^M’93a BDA M 5 9 BLAsM

[

GcacQRKMŒBDGIA8o9K3OA 9•VM

[

OIKM/O

AVQC:Wb9

[

G‚KGJ::/GJAˆAC9393aCS6BDAƒMŒ9

[

:”S6G‚0e

[

GIH

[

OI::/BDACHEPOARHIQROIHI93S-

.

465

9NAR993a”‚G

[

eXG

[

M’OIWCBDELBLM^TG-›BDA 5 9 [

93AJM™BLA”M

5

9NBPac9jOG‚8:/GIWRBLED9KGVaC9BDS–M

5

9NACGIMŒBDGIA”G‚

5

9MŒ9

[

GJHI9§

AC9GJQRS™9•c93KQcMŒBDGIAvSŒBLMŒ93S3—

B

MBPS™ACGMebGsSŒSŒBLWREL9NMŒG

5

O‡†I9NOSUeX93KBXK†I9

[

SŒBDGIA”G‚pM

5

9<KGcac9‚G

[

93†I9 [ T

ebGsSŒSŒBDWCEL9O [ K 5

BLMŒ93KMŒQ

[

9IobM

5

QRSNM

5

9AC9393a‚G

[

eXG

[

M’OIWCBLEDBLM^TI—

465

9eXG

[

M’OWRBLEDB¦M^TƒBPSŒSŒQC9OIEDSŒG

5

OJSNOIA

BL:/eROJKšMGIA”M

5

9NM 5 9 ‘

BDARa”GI‚`SU9

[

†VBPK93S\M

5

9FOeCeRELBPKOMŒBDGIA%KOIA%9•ceX93KM–‚

[

GI: M 5

99•c93KQcMŒBDACH

5

GJSUM3o

?Y?

oCM

[

TVBDACHMŒG”

[

B¦M’9FMŒG%O RED9:BDH

5

M#ACGIMWb9:/93OIACBDACH‚QCEpGJA O

5

OARa

5

9EPaˆMŒ93EL93e

5

GIAR9I—

.

465

9vAR993a“‚G

[

SŒO‚9M^TG-/™9%QbSU9vM

5

9ˆ™G

[

a“S’O|‚9M^T 5 9 [

9%BLA*M

5

9SU93ARSŒ9”M

5

OMO@WCQCH@BDA O„S’O|‚9

OeCeRELBPKOMŒBDGIAS

5

GJQCEPavACGIMO,)93KšM6M

5

9<9•c93KQcMŒBDGIAƒG‚xGM 5 9 [

BDARac9eX9Abac9AsMeRO

[

MžS™GI‚`M

5

9<9AV†VB

[

GIAc§

:/9AsM3—_8BD:BLMŒ9ja OIS’SUQR:eCMŒBDGIARS#K3OAWb9:/OJac9GIAKGcac9BD:/ebG

[

M’93aƒ‚

[

GI: OAƒQCA

‘

ACG|#A SUGJQ

[

K9Io

 5 BPK

5

:/93OIARS\M

5

O|M6BLM6K3OACACGIM™WX9NM

[

QbS^M’93a%Oe

[

BDG

[

BbMŒGWX9<SŒO‚9IoVOARaˆSUeX93KBDOIEbe

[

GM’93KMŒBDGIA%:QRS^M

Wb9e

[

G|†sBPac9jap—NGM’BDK9#M

5

OM–M

5

BDSac9 RACBLMŒBDGIA%OIaRa

[

9jSŒSŒ93SM

5

9FSŒO‚9M^T‚

[

GJ: OIA”GIeX9

[

O|MŒBDACHSŒTcS^M’9:

ebGJBLAsM#G‚›†sBD9—



O|‚9M^T%K3OAƒOEPSUGWb9<BD:eXGJSŒ93avWVT%OeCe

[

GIe

[

BPO|M’9

[

93SUM

[

BDKMŒBDGIARSO|M6M

5

9e

[

GIH

[

OI:§

:/BLACHEPOACHJQROHJ9EL93†I93E©— CCG

[

9•cOI:/eCEL9Jos‚

[

939OIK3K9jSŒS\MŒG:/93:G

[

T”K3OA%WX993ELBD:/BLAbO|MŒ9ja”M 5C[

GJQCH 5 O

acBPSŒKBLeCEDBDAC93aƒeXGIBDAJM’9

[

:/Gcac9E›OARaSŒTVSUMŒ93:”O|MŒBPK<K

5

93K

‘

BDACHG‚xM

5

9WXGIQCAbaCS‚G [ O

[Œ[

O‡T”OIK3K93S’SŒ93S3—

.

465

9AC9393av‚G

[

SŒ93KQ

[

BLM^TG-0OJSM

5

9:/GJWCBLED9KGcac9<BPSK

[

GJS’SUBDACHe

[

GIMŒ9jKšMŒBDGIAacGJ:/OIBLAbSoCSŒeb9jKBPOE8K3O [ 9

:QRSUMNWX9M’O

‘

93AƒBDA G

[

ac9

[

MŒG”e

[

GM’93KšMFOHJOIBLAbS^MSŒ93KQ

[

BLM^T%M 5C[

9jO|MžS#e

[

93SŒ9AsMŒ9jaˆWVTˆ:GJWCBDEL9OIeCeCEDB¦§

KOMŒBDGIARS3—

465

9”WXGIQCARaRO

[

T„Wb9M^™939A“S’O|‚9M^T,OARa SŒ93KQ

[

BLM^T@KGJARK9

[

AbSBPSACGIMOEDO‡TcS<KED93O

[

KQcM3—



O|‚9M^TˆBPS:GsS^M’ELTƒKGJARK9

[

AC9ja#B¦M 5 M 5

9Wb9

5

O‡†VBLG

[

G‚\SŒTcS^M’9:”SBDA M

5

9e

[

93SŒ9ARK9G‚WCQCHsSobWCQcM

OISO%EPOIK

‘

GI‚–SŒO‚9M^TKOIA Wb99•ceCEDGIBLMŒ9jaƒ‚G

[

SŒ93KQ

[

B¦M^TƒW

[

93OIK

5

93S3obS’O|‚9M^TƒWX93KGJ:/93SNOvAC93K93S’SŒO [ T

WCQCMNACGMSŒQ F%KBD9AsM e [ 9 [

9jYJQRBDSŒB¦M’9F‚G

[

SŒ93KQ

[

BLM^TI—

˜,9aCBDSUMŒBDACHIQRBDS

5

Wb9M^™939Aƒ‚GIQ

[

SŒ93KQ

[

B¦M^T”e

[

GIeX9

[

MŒBD93S

;d 

qRi:>T-

0kmQ9V9[$mb^ Q WYP\[]X N:X [$V\QR^MV9c gN:VYN!U[mb^Q N:V9e!P1P9WYmb_kmQR^`VRmb^ Q QR^MUbmbNYN:_:WY^MPn

=

¤ ¥   y©{ y ¡

OIEDSŒG

‘

ACG|#A%OJS™SŒ93K

[

9jKTG-`BLM#KGIAbK9

[

ARS\M

5

9<OWRSŒ9AbK9NGI‚8EL9jO

‘

OHJ9G‚8e

[

BD†|O|MŒ9

BDAc‚G

[

:”O|M’BLGJA  5 BPK

5

GI‚MŒ93AƒGcK3KQ

[

SM 5C[

GIQRH

5

O”KG|†I9

[

M#K

5

OIACAC9E±o 8?1?

obO”K

5

OIACAC93E)M

5

OMBDS

ARGM9•ceCEDBPKBLMŒEDT%BLAsM’9ARac9jaˆ‚G

[

KGJ:/:QCACBPKOMŒBDGIA —

y   zy ¡

OEPSŒG

‘

ACG|#AlOISFOIKKQ

[

OIKTG-e

[

BD†|O|M’9aCOM’OƒS

5

GIQCEPa„ACGIMWb9/:/GcacBXOWCED9WVT QCAbOQc§

M 5 G [ BDŠ93aˆeRO

[

M’BL9jS—

tC{{cuy

¡

M 5

9NAC93HJO|M’BLGJA%G‚8

5

BDK

5

BPS

‘

ARG|#A%OISac9ACBPOEXG‚`SŒ9

[

†VBDK9-`M

5

9<O|MŒM’OIK

‘ 9 [

aC9ACBD93S

ARG

[

:/OIEpQRSŒ9FGI‚0S 5 O [

9ja

[

93SŒGIQ

[

K9jSos‚G

[

9•CO:/eCED9FWVT%G|†J9

[

ELGsOIacBDACHM

5

93:ƒ—

t ›y

  y}y

¡

HIQRO

[

OIAJM’99jSM

5

OMM

5

9BDac93AsMŒBLM^TˆGI‚OvKGI:/:QCACBPKO|M’BLGJAeRO

[

MŒAC9

[

KOIAWb9M

[

QRS^§

M’93ap—

.

465

9#AC9393a‚G

[

9F%KBL93ARKTG-`9!F%KBD9ARKTBDSOIEL:/GsS^M\OED6O‡TVSxOABPSŒSŒQC9‚G [ e [

GIH

[

OI:/:BDACHEDOIACHIQROIHI9jS

OARa,M

5

9B

[

BL:/eCED9:/93AJMžO|M’BLGJARS—

465

9/SŒeX93KBPOEAR993a 5 9 [

9/BPSF‚G

[

Oƒ:/BLARBL:”OE–G|†I9 [’5

9jOIa ‚G [ M5 9

:/93OISŒQ

[

93SMžO

‘

93AvM’G/9ARSŒQ

[

9FeXG

[

M’OIWCBDELBLM^TIoCS’O|‚9M^TIoCOAbaƒSŒ93KQ

[

B¦M^TJ—

Z G [

MžOWCBDELBLM^TOIARa9!F%KBD9ARKTO

[

96BDS’SŒQC93S0M

5

O|M

5

O‡†I96Wb939A%SUMŒQRaCBL9jaBDAM

5

9Ne

[

GJH

[

O:/:/BLARHEPOACHJQROHJ9

KGI:/:QRACB¦M^T ‚G

[

YsQCBLMŒ9 O,ELGJACH@

5

BLED9I—

465

9S’O|‚9M^T“OARa‰SU9jKQ

[

B¦M^T“BPS’SUQC9jSO

[

9ƒ9EDE

‘

ACG|#A BLA‰M 5 9

KGIAsMŒ9•VMG‚#GIeX9

[

O|M’BLACH„SŒTcS^M’9:”S3o›WCQCMSŒO‚9M^TJoxOIARal93SŒeb9jKBPOEDELTJoxSŒ93KQ

[

BLM^T,O

[

9”BPS’SUQC9jS<M

5

O|M

5

O‡†J9”ACGM

[

93K9BD†I9ja”9ACGJQCH

5

O|MŒMŒ9AsM’BLGJAˆSŒG‚O [ BDA%M

5

9O

[

93OGI‚`e

[

GIH

[

OI::/BDACHEPOACHJQROHJ93S3—



93KQ

[

BLM^T”OARaƒSŒO‚9M^T

e [

GJWCEL93:”SM’O

‘

9FOAC93€acBL:/93ARSUBDGIAˆBLA%M

5

9<KGJAJM’9•VM™GI‚8:/GIWCBDEL9FKGcac9J— CRG [ M 5

BPS

[

9jOISŒGIA8oJ™9FK

5

GVGJSŒ9#MŒG

‚GcKQRS6GIAƒM

5

93SŒ9FBPS’SUQC9jS6BLAƒM

5

9AC9•VMNSŒ93KMŒBDGIA8—

) $ x!\ ) ›0



O|‚9M^T OAba“SU9jKQ

[

B¦M^TlKGJARK9

[A :”OAVT,OJSUeX93KM’SG‚O„SŒTVSUMŒ93:—ƒ˜l9v#BDEDE™acBPS^M’BLARHIQCBPS

5

‚GJQ

[

ED9†J9EPSO|M

 5 BDK

5

MŒG*OJaCa

[

93S’SM

5

9jSU9 BPS’SUQC9jS!-„M

5

9„KGI:/:QCARBDK3O|MŒBDGIA‹ED9†J9E±o–M

5

9„GIeX9

[

O|M’BLARH SŒTcS^M’9:"EL93†I9E±oM 5 9

OIWRSUM

[

OIKšM6:”OIK

5

BDAC9<ED9†I93E©obOARavM

5

9e

[

GJH

[

O:/:/BLACHEPOACHJQROHJ9NED9†I93E©—

! #"%$'&(&*),+.-/"%01-$'+32 54' 62

B

A,O/MŒGJe„EL93†I93E`†VBL93fG‚–O%KGI:/eCQcM’9

[

SUTcSUMŒ93:ƒoX9KGJARSŒBDac9

[

OvKGIEDEL9jKšM’BLGJA G‚–KGJ:/eCQcMŒ9

[

SKGJACAC93KMŒ9ja

#BLM

5

SŒGI:/9AR9M^G [’‘

BDACHFMŒ9jK

5

ACGJELGJHITI—



O|‚9M^TKGIARK9

[

ARS 5 9 [ 9 [

93YsQCB

[

9O

[

GJWCQRSUM\e

[

GMŒGcKGIECBD:/eCEL93:/9Ac§

MžO|M’BLGJAvM

5

O|MNK3OAƒ#B¦M

5

S^MžOARaˆ‚OIQCE¦M^TˆG

[

:”OEDBDKBLGJQRS#KGJ:/:QCACBPKOMŒBDGIAƒeRO

[

MŒAR9 [ —

CRG

[

AC9M^™G [Œ‘

S3o\EDB

‘

9M 5 9 B

AsMŒ9

[

AR9M3o

5 9 [

9„aCOM’O KOIA‰ebOIS’SM 5C[

GIQCH

5

QRAJM

[

QbS^M’93a BLAsM’9

[

:9jacBPO|MŒ9

5

GJSUM’S3oVM

5

9KGI:/:QRACBDK3O|M’BLGJAˆBLM’SŒ9EL‚0K3OACARGMWX9OIS’SUQC:/9ja%M’G”Wb9SŒ93K

[

9M#G

[

OQCM

5

93AJM’BDKI—

465

9 [ 9‚G

[

9<SŒ9§

KQ

[

9e

[

GMŒGcKGIEPSWROISŒ93a/GJA%K

[

TVecMŒGJH

[

Oe

5

BPKMŒ9jK

5

ACBPYsQC93S™O

[

99:/eCEDG|TI9jaM’GHJQRO

[

OAsMŒ939#KGIA bac9AsM’BDOIELBLM^TIo

BDAsMŒ93H

[

B¦M^TJoXOIARa„OQCM

5

93AJM’BDK3O|M’BLGJA8o)9†I93A GIA@SŒQRK

5

AR9M^G [’‘

S3—

465

BPSFBDSBDARKEDQRac9ja„BDA M

5

9AC93

B

AJM’9

[

AC9M

e [ GIMŒGcKGJE©o

B^Z

† = ;

QCBPq= >±oVWCQcMM 5 9 [

9NBPS™OIEDSŒGOEPO

[

HI9NAsQR:WX9

[

G‚8e

[

GIeXGJS’OEPS0M

5

O|M#O

[

9EDO‡TJ9

[

93a/GJA”M 5 9

M’GIelG‚–9•cBDSUMŒBDACHe

[

GMŒGcKGIEPS—



93KQ [ 9

N4#4#Z ;d 

q= >–OARa„M 5 9 

9jKQ [ 9 

GcK

‘

9M_`O‡TJ9 [#;

C

AA

q=1>–O [ 9

M^GF9•CO:/eCED93S3— N†‡OIBLEPOWRBLEDB¦M^TBPSOEPSŒGOABPSŒSŒQC9Io|WRQcMB¦MBPS0†I9

[

TacBF”KQCELMMŒG<ac93OIEc#B¦M 5 —

465

BDSacBF%KQCELM^T

BPSBDELEDQRSUM

[

O|M’93aWVTM

5

9:”OAVTac93ACBDOIERGI‚)SŒ9

[

†VBDK96OMUMžOIK

‘

S0GIAM 5 9 B

AsMŒ9

[

AC9M SŒ996‚G

[

9•CO:/eCED9

;

CRG‡•Cq=1>š—