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PerDiS: Design, Implementation, and Use of a PERsistent DIstributed Store
Paulo Ferreira, Marc Shapiro, Xavier Blondel, Olivier Fambon, João Garcia, Sytse Kloosterman, Nicolas Richer, Marcus Roberts, Fadi Sandakly, George
Coulouris, et al.
To cite this version:
Paulo Ferreira, Marc Shapiro, Xavier Blondel, Olivier Fambon, João Garcia, et al.. PerDiS: Design, Implementation, and Use of a PERsistent DIstributed Store. [Research Report] RR-3525, INRIA.
1998. �inria-00077216�
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
PerDiS: design, implementation, and use of a PERsistent DIstributed Store
Paulo Ferreira, Marc Shapiro, Xavier Blondel , Olivier Fambon, Jo˜ao Garcia, Sytse Kloosterman, Nicolas Richer , Marcus Roberts, Fadi Sandakly, George Coulouris,
Jean Dollimore, Paulo Guedes, Daniel Hagimont, Sacha Krakowiak
No 3525
October 1998
TH ` EME 1B
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