• Aucun résultat trouvé

A region-level graph labeling approach to motion-based segmentation

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "A region-level graph labeling approach to motion-based segmentation"

Copied!
23
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: inria-00073638

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073638

Submitted on 24 May 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

A region-level graph labeling approach to motion-based segmentation

Marc Gelgon, Patrick Bouthemy

To cite this version:

Marc Gelgon, Patrick Bouthemy. A region-level graph labeling approach to motion-based segmenta- tion. [Research Report] RR-3054, INRIA. 1996. �inria-00073638�

(2)

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

A region-level graph labeling approach to motion-based segmentation

Marc GELGON, Patrick BOUTHEMY

N ˚ 3054

decembre 1996

TH `EME 3

(3)
(4)

,.(/0&'1&'+

2435768"9;:8=<">?A@03CBD5EF6HGJI#<"KMLNM92PO

QR.S

TVUWT;X#Y Z\[C]TV^_a`7] bdce[

R

cfU=UMTghU=_i`

R

bj[eTk

bjU=_ilT7mVkonocf[o[pT7T7mVko`7cf[o[o_ibdm mD_[e`7T7m

q

^rcsrT7]

Q

TVUWbdm

t

_uouvcf^r]noT ^rT7`

R

TV^r`

R

Tw[xfXCyza{PY|noT7`7TVUM}o^rT~V€+Y ~VMuo_alT7m

ƒ‚%„7…V†ˆ‡Š‰a…‹

Œ%fŽM‘“’‘o”V•—–C”D’˜™ƒšŽœ›ž›f”‘'•rŸf 7˜¡”ˆ¢Ÿr£¤¢MŸ›¥ŽœŸC¦o§¨  ’a7”D–©7”\ªe¢"”ˆ¦Š›¥’›¥ŽŸ¦žŸr£—Ž¢M’7ªf”¤7”7§

«ˆ¬

”ˆ¦Š­”7V®M¯

¬

­H=‘“’C•D›¥Ž›¥ŽœŸC¦o=’•r”°¢

¬

˜¡›¥Ž±‘'˜¡”H§j‘

¬

•¥‘oŸa7”°Ž¦²–C³´¦µ’¢MŽœ­7­D”ˆ¦Š”=’¦µ’˜¡³ˆ¶ŽH®¸·ƒ”¹º• ¶›

”H»´›¥•r’­V›0’›¥”7»a›

¬

•r”7§ ’i¶”–‘o’•›¥Žœ›¥ŽŸ¦

¬

7Ž¦ªƒ’¦

¬

¦v

¬

‘“”ˆ•D¼ˆŽj7”–M½—¾¿ž’‘‘'•rŸˆ’­7“®MŒÀf”M•h”ÁªfŽŸ¦v

Ÿf H›¥’Ž¦Š”–=’•r” ›f”ˆ¦=ªe•hŸ

¬

‘o”D–=’C­D­Ÿ•r–Ž¦ª=›¥Ÿ’=¢MŸ›¥ŽœŸC¦o§¨  ’a7”D–­V•Žœ›¥”ˆ•DŽŸ¦'®#Œ%fŽªe•hŸ

¬

‘'Ž¦ª+‘'•rŸa§

­”7;•r”ˆ˜dŽ”7Ÿ¦¤›¥šŸ°¢MŸ›¥ŽŸ¦¤”77›¥Žœ¢M’›¥ŽŸ¦Â›¥”D­Hf¦ŠŽ

«V¬

”7’¦Š–”7» ‘'˜¡ŸŽ›;­Ÿ¦Š›¥”H»´›

¬

’˜Ž¦7£7Ÿ•¢"’C›¥ŽœŸ¦

  ”V›¥š””V¦=•r”ÁªfŽŸ¦oV®ÃD¦­DŸ¦µ›¥•r’a¶›ÄšŽœ›=­V˜

¬

¶›¥”ˆ•DŽ¦ª#›¥”D­Hf¦ŠŽ

«V¬

”7Å•h”ÁªfŽŸ¦ªe•rŸ

¬

‘.Žœ¦Cª"Ž.£¶Ÿ•¢M’˜¡ŽjÆ7”–

’a’=¢MŸ›¥ŽœŸC¦o§¨  ’a7”D–ªe•h’¶‘Š=˜d’e ”ˆ˜dŽ¦ª‘'•rŸV­”7ÅšŽ›fŽ¦ƒ’#½J’• Ç´Ÿ¼ˆŽœ’C¦£¶•r’¢M”VšŸC•Ç®¾º”7

¬

˜d›Ÿ¦

•r”’˜™§hšŸ•˜¡–ƒŽœ¢M’7ªe” 7”

«V¬

”V¦Š­”7’•r”MDeŸš¦¤’¦Š–¼V’˜¡Ž–’›¥”M›f”‘.•hŸ¶‘“Ÿa7”D–¢M”V›fŸˆ–f®

ÈÊÉfËÌrÍMÎ'†aÏ%„‹

Z\U_alT m T7ГÑeTV[e`7Tk.Ò_^Óic´Ôebj_[—UWcfnoT7Õ¡mVk.mT7leUMTV[]_a]b¡cf[.kŠUMcC]b¡cf[—_[o_iÕdÖemb¡mVk

^rT7lCbdce[ƒlf^rceÑoueb×[elµkolf^_u

R

mˆkfm ]D_a]b¡m]b¡`V_aÕÄÕ×_C}oT7Õ¡bj[elŠØ

ÙFÚMÛ

ÜrÝrÞVß

Û

Üàá×ÝhâãVä

(5)

MM00& M0 &' &. ,µ&.0&',µ&. /-" ,

ɓ„Éž‹

_[em#`7T°^_uouvcf^r]Vk%[ecfÑem [ecfÑem#b×[C]opTV^rT7mmcf[em

S

_ÊÕj_ƒmT7lfUWTV[]D_i]b¡cf[ÂTV[²^epT7lb¡cf[em

mT7Õ¡cf[MÑo[+`V^rb¡]

S

TV^rTnoT0UMcfÑeÔTVUWTV[]

nŠ_[emAnoT7m%mopT7ГÑeTV[e`7T7mnb×U_alT7m0Ø0T]hÖouoTnoTºuo_^¨]b¡]b¡cf[

uvTVÑe]T7]D^¨T=T “ueÕ¡cb¡]opT S

_ÂnoT—[ecfUM}o^rTVÑem T7m"!'[emTV[²_[o_iÕdÖemTƒnoTm`

S

TV[eTnoÖo[o_UMb¡Ð“ÑeTØ

_[emMÕj_

UPpT7]

R

cenoTuo^rcfuocCm“pT7TkaÑo[eTºuo_^¨]b¡]b¡cf[mDuo_i]bj_aÕ¡T$#F]T f]Ño^rT7Õ¡ÕdT&%ÄT7m]n™_}ocf^¨n T e]D^_ab¡]Tlf^'_a`7T

S

_Ño[eT

_uouo^¨cf`

R

TÒ_^ ÓacaÔfb¡TV[o[eT[ecf[MmDÑouvTV^rÔebdmopT7TØ)(.T7m0^epT7lCbdce[emcf}e]TV[eÑeT7mmcf[C]TV[emDÑeb¡]T^rT7lf^rceÑoupT7T7m

mT7Õ¡cf[ Ño[ž`V^rb¡]

S

TV^rT¤noT²UMcfÑeÔCTVUMTV[]ˆØ*(_4UPpT7]

R

cenoTnoT²^rT7lf^¨cfÑouoTVUMTV[C]—^rTVuvcmTPmDÑo^noTVÑ+

]T7`

R

[eb¡Ð“ÑeT7mnT7m]bjU=_a]b¡cf[ÊnŠÑ¤UMcfÑeÔTVUMTV[C]T7]T oueÕ¡cb¡]T=Ño[eTMb×[-,¥cf^U_a]b¡cf[ƒ`7ce[]T e]DÑeT7Õ¡Õ¡T=_Ñ

[eb¡ÔTV_ÑÂnoT7m ^epT7lb¡cf[emVØ(.T=^rT7lf^rcfÑouvTVUMTV[C]T7m].,¥cf^UMÑeÕDpT `7ceU=UMT"Ño[¤uo^rce}eÕ

S

TVUMT nrpT7]b¡ÐoÑeT7]D_alT

noT7mƒ[ecfTVÑenomnÑo[ lf^_u

R

Tƒn_inas¨_a`7TV[e`7TÂnoT7m ^epT7lb¡cf[emMmDuo_a] b×_iÕdT7mT7]=T7m]T0/T7`7]ÑpTƒnŠ_[em°Ño[

`V_anŠ^¨T=Ò_^ÓacaÔebdTV[.Ø

T7mM^epT7mÑeÕd]_a]mmDÑo^noT7m#b×U_alT7m"^epT7T7Õ¡Õ¡T7m mcf[C],¥cfÑo^[eb¡m#T7],Fcf^ UMTV[] Ño[eT

uo^rTVUWb

S

TV^rT Ôa_aÕ¡b¡nŠ_a]b¡cf[ƒnoT#Õj_=UPpT7]

R

cfnoTØ

1 ε…V„7̉32'É ‹ 4 pT7ÐoÑeTV[e`7T=n±bjU=_alT7mˆkAUMcen

S

T7Õ¡T7m Ò_^ ÓacaÔfb¡TV[emVk.mT7leUMTV[]_a]b¡cf[.kAUWcfÑeÔTVUMTV[C]Vk

^rT7le^rcfÑouoTVUWTV[]noT ^epT7lCbdce[emVkelf^_u

R

T7mVk0pT7]b¡ÐoÑeT7]D_alTm]D_a] bdm ]b¡Ð“ÑeTØ

(6)

X

&Š - $%&'+

Ò¤c]b¡cf[Cgh}o_imT7nmT7lfUWTV[]D_i]b¡cf[Âc',bjU=_alT7m#bdm _CUMcf[elƒ]

R

TMbjU=uoce^r]D_[C]]D_amDÓCmb×[¸]

R T !ŠT7Õ¡nc',

`7cfUuoÑe]TV^Ôeb¡mb¡cf[.km b×[e`7T0]

R

TbjU=_alT`7cfU=uoce[eTV[]m%]

R

TV^rTV}CÖT e]D^_a`7]T7nlCTV[eTV^_aÕ¡Õ¡Ö"`7ce^^rT7mDuvcf[en

]cƒUMTV_[ebj[el',\ÑeÕ%TV[]b¡]b¡T7mVØ

q

^rcaÔfb¡noT7nÂ]

R

T7փ`V_[—}vTMcf}e]D_abj[eT7n ,¥cf^_

R

cÕ¡T#b×U_alT m T7ГÑeTV[e`7Tk

mDÑe`

R

uo_^¨]b¡]b¡cf[em`V_[#mTV^¨ÔT_amnŠ_a]D_bj[ouoÑe],¥cf^^rT7lCbdce[Cgh}o_amT7n=`7cenobj[el"m `

R

TVUMT7mj~Vzhka]D^_i`¶ÓCbj[el

uo^rce`7T7nŠÑo^rT7m ~Vy'ce^bj[] TV^uo^rT7]D_a] bdce[Mm]D_alCT7mc',]

R

TnoÖo[o_UMb¡``7cf[C]TV[]c',]

R

Tcf}em TV^rÔT7n=m`7TV[eT

±{hØ

!'^rm ]º`V_i]T7lcf^rÖc',À_uouo^rce_a`

R

T7mbdm}o_amT7nƒcf[ƒ}oÑeb¡Õ¡nobj[el—Ñouƒ]

R

T UMcC]b¡cf[Cgh}o_amT7n—^rT7lCbdce[em

nobj^rT7`7]Õ¡Ö _am=le^rcfÑouebj[elmƒc', uebfT7Õ¡mVØ

UMcf[elP]

R

T7mTJUWT7]

R

cfnomˆk0]

R

T—]ceuCg\noc[4]T7`

R

[eb¡Ð“ÑeT7m

`7cf[em bdm ]bj[ƒ`7ceU=uoÑe]bj[el=mDÑe`7`7T7mm bdÔCT T7m]bjU=_i]b¡cf[emc',nocfUMbj[o_[C]UMc] bdce[emÑembj[el ,¥cf^bj[em]D_[e`7T

_ÂÕ¡TV_am]rg\m ГÑo_^¨T7m"] T7`

R

[eb¡ÐoÑeThØ

4

b¡lf[eb!Š`V_[C]°^rT7lb¡cf[P_^rTV_am#]

R

_a]#noc¸[ecC]"`7ce[-,Fcf^ U/]cÂ]

R T

nocfUWb×[o_C[] UMcC]b¡cf[—UMcenoT7ÕU=_ÓaTMÑouJ[eT ^¨T7lb¡cf[emVk._[en¤]

R

T"uo^rce`7T7mmb¡mb¡]TV^_a] T7nØ;ZÁ[j~V€hk

] R

TMuo_^_UWT7]TV^rmc',]

R

T UMcenoT7Õ¡mnoT7m`V^rbj}ebj[elƒ]

R

T Ôa_^rb¡cfÑemUMc]b¡cf[emb×[Ê]

R

T,\^_UWT7m_^rT!'^rm ]

T7m] b×U_a]T7n²}C֗mTV_C^r`

R

bj[el ,Fcf^UWb×[ebjU=_Âbj[uo_^ _UMT7]TV^mDuo_i`7Tb¡]

R

_[Âbj[C]TV[emb¡]rÖghU=_i]`

R

bj[el

`V^rb¡]TV^¨bdce[.Ø QR

TƒmT7lfUMTV[C]D_a]b¡cf[©b¡m=]

R

TV[4_a`

R

b¡T7ÔT7n }CÖ _am mcf`7bj_a] b×[eluebeT7Õdmƒ] c—]

R

T—UMcC]b¡cf[

UMcenoT7Õ Õ¡TV_anobj[elž]c4]

R

T©mDU=_aÕ¡Õ¡T7m]—nob¡mDueÕj_a`7T7n ,\^_UWTJnob/TV^rTV[e`7TØ]

R

TV^ÂUMT7]

R

cenomƒ`V_^^rÖ

cfÑe]_=srcbj[C]"T7m ]bjU=_a]b¡cf[Pc',]

R

T—UMc]b¡cf[PUMcenoT7Õ¡m _[en4c,]

R

T7bj^MmDuo_a] b×_iÕºmÑououocf^r]ˆØ²Z\[hk

_[¤Ño[emDÑouvTV^rÔebdm T7n4`7Õ×Ñem ]TV^rbj[el—]T7`

R

[eb¡Ð“ÑeTUMbfT7m#b×[-,¥cf^U_a]b¡cf[Âcf[Â]

R

T=uocm bd] bdce[.kA`7cCÕdce^_[en

UMcC]b¡cf[Cgh}o_amT7n ^rT7m bdnŠÑo_iÕ_a]MT7ÔTV^rÖ²uebeT7Õbj[4_Â`7cfU=uoT7] bd] bdÔCTƒÕdTV_C^[ebj[el²m`

R

TVUMTkT oueÕ¡cb¡]bj[el

_am mDÑoUMT7n#_Ñemmbj_[nob¡m]^rbj}oÑe]b¡cf[emc',o]

R

T7mT ,¥TV_a]DÑo^rT7mVØ

Ò_^ ÓacaÔfbj_[, ^ _UMT0cf^Ó0T oueÕ¡cb¡]bj[el

_Â^rcf}oÑem]T7m] b×U_a]cf^_am`

R

cCmTV[¤bj[~~hØ"ZÁ[j~rkUMc]b¡cf[UWcfnoT7Õ¡m"_C[enmDuo_a]bj_aÕmÑououocf^r] m

_^¨T—mbjUMÑeÕ¡]D_[eT7cfÑemÕ¡Ö T7m]bjU=_a]T7nž_am]

R

T—]0c¤m]TVuemc',"_[ Ò _aÕ¡lcf^rb¡]

R

Uƒk!

R

TV^rTV_am]

R T

[eÑoUM}oTV^%c',UMc]b¡cf[#UMcfnoT7Õ¡mbdm.srcbj[C]Õ¡Ö noT7]TV^UWb×[eT7nÑembj[el _Ò

('gh}o_amT7nM`V^rb¡]TV^rb¡cf[.ØZ\["j~VXhk

] R

T=uo^rce}eÕdTVU c,ºmbjUMÑeÕ¡]D_[eT7cfÑemT7m] b×U_a]b¡cf[Âc',]

R

TMmT7lfUWTV[]D_i]b¡cf[—U=_Cu—_[en¤c',]

R

TMnoTV[emT

UMcC]b¡cf[ !ŠT7Õ¡nPb¡mW_inonŠ^rT7mmT7nPbj[²_ÊÒ¸_C^ÓacaÔfbj_[,^_CUMT0cf^ӃÑembj[el²_ÊlTV[eTV^_aÕ¡b$#7T7n _Ñem mbj_[

UMcenoT7Õc,º]

R

T=uo^rT7nob¡`7]b¡cf[©TV^^rcf^nob¡m]^rbj}oÑe]b¡cf[²_C[en`7cf[em]D^ _abj[]mce[—]

R

T°UMc]b¡cf[ !ŠT7Õ¡n4_[en

] R

T#mT7lfUMTV[C]D_a] bdce[°U=_Cu.Ø

[ec]

R

TV^`7Õj_ammc,ºUMT7]

R

cenombj[C]D^rcenŠÑe`7T7m _=Õj_ˆÖTV^c',bj[]TV^ UMT7nobj_a]T=^rT7lb¡cf[emVk.}oÑeb¡Õ¡],\^rcfU

uebeT7Õdm_a`7`7cf^rnobj[el¤]c—_ƒnoT7] TV^UMbj[eT7n uo^¨cf`7T7nŠÑo^rTk%

R

b¡`

R

,Fce^U ] R

T°}o_am bd`T7Õ¡TVUMTV[C]mMc',]

R T

noT0!'[eb¡]b¡ÔT²^¨T7lb¡cf[emVØ&Ño^0cf^Ó©TV[] TV^rm°]

R

bdmƒ`V_i]T7lcf^rÖØ QR

^rT7TU=_ib×[ ` R

_C^_a`7]TV^rb¡m] bd`7mc',

] R T7m Tm`

R

TVUWT7m`V_[ƒ}oTnob¡m] b×[eleÑebdm

R

T7n(' ] R T R

ceUMclTV[eT7b¡]rÖ°`V^¨bd] TV^rb¡cf[)b¡]

R

bj[ƒbj[C]TV^UMT7nobj_a]T

^rT7lCbdce[emVk0]

R

TJ^¨T7lb¡cf[žUMTV^rlbj[el #¥uocm mbj}eÕdÖ mDueÕ¡b¡]]bj[el %`V^rb¡]TV^rb¡cf[.k_C[en ] R

T¤uo^rcf`7T7nŠÑo^¨TJ`V_C^Ág

^rb¡T7n¤cfÑe]] c°uoTV^ ,¥cf^U ] R

b¡m UMTV^rlbj[elŠØ0Z\[C]TV^UMT7nobj_a] T"^rT7lb¡cf[em`V_[ÊnobdmueÕ×_ˆÖ—UMcC]b¡cf[j~rk*j~7{

_[en~ hkecf^bj[C]TV[emb¡]rÖ

R

cfUWclTV[eT7b¡]rÖ uo^rceuoTV^r]b¡T7m+™€rk*j~Vz,Ä_C[enhØ0cf[e`7TV^[ebj[el=]

R

T ^¨T7lb¡cf[

lf^¨cfÑouebj[el°]T7`

R

[eb¡Ð“ÑeTM]c}oT `7ce[emb¡noTV^rT7nk.`7ÕjÑem]TV^rbj[el—_aÕ¡lcf^¨bd]

R

UMm_[en¤^rT7lb¡cf[Cg\Õ¡T7ÔT7Õ%Ò¸_C^Óacag

Ôebj_[—UMcenoT7Õ¡m _^rT _UWcf[el=]

R

T U=_ib×[ ,^ _UMT0cf^ÓCmuo^rcfuocCmT7nØ QR

T!'^rm]`V_a]T7lcf^¨Ö°bj[e`7ÕjÑenoT7m

ÓighUMTV_[em)j~7{hkAÓighUMT7nocb¡n™€º_[en²UMce^rTMT7Õ×_C}ocf^_i]T=]T7`

R

[eb¡Ð“ÑeT7m-j~Vzbj[CÔcÕ¡Ôfbj[el¤mbjUMb¡Õj_^rb¡]rÖ

(7)

{

UMTV_imDÑo^rT7m}oT7]0T7TV[—UMc] bdce[ƒUMcfnoT7Õuo_^_CUMT7]TV^rm+~7{Acf^0nob¡mDueÕj_a`7T7n ,\^_UWTnob/TV^rTV[e`7T=^rT7m bg

nŠÑo_aÕ¡m j~ˆzrØ

Ò

(`V^rb¡]TV^rb¡cf[#b¡mÑemT7nMbj[ ~ “]cnoT7`7bdnoTÑouocf[#]

R

TUMTV^rlCb×[elc',Š]0c^rT7lb¡cf[emˆØ

[ƒ_anoÔ´_C[]D_ilTc,]

R

(Â`V^rb¡]TV^¨bdce[bdm]

R

_a]

R

_ˆÔebj[el=]c m T7]1_#]

R

^¨T7m

R

cÕ¡n—Ñouocf[ƒ_MUMcC]b¡cf[

nob¡m`V^rTVuo_C[e`7Ö UMTV_amDÑo^rT`V_[²}vT—_ˆÔcb¡noT7nØc 0T7ÔTV^7k%]

R

T=`7cenobj[elcfue]bjU=_aÕ¡b¡]rÖ uo^¨b×[e`7bjueÕ¡T—b¡m

[ec]leÑo_^_[C]T7T7n¤]c—U=_a] `

R

no֓[o_UWbd`_[o_aÕ¡Öfm bdmMuoÑo^uocCmT7mVØ=Z\[¸`7cf[]^_am]]c]

R

T=`7ÕjÑem]TV^rbj[el

_uouo^¨cf_a`

R

T7mVkŠ_[Â_aÕ¡lcf^rb¡]

R

UwTVUueÕdcaÖebj[el—_=^rT7lb¡cf[Cg\Õ¡T7ÔT7Õ%Ò_^ÓacaÔeb×_C[ƒUMcfnoT7ÕÄbdmuo^rcfuvcmT7nÂb×[

j~rØ

Z\[ceÑo^`V_am TkV]

R

T0UMc]b¡cf[Cgh}o_imT7n mT7leUMTV[]_a]b¡cf[b¡mÀ_immce`7b×_i]T7n ]c_^rT7lb¡cf[Cg\Õ¡T7ÔT7ՊUMcC]b¡cf[Cg

}o_am T7n"Ôa_aÕjÑeT7n=lf^_Cu R Ø

QR

Tº`7ceU"}ebj[o_a] bdce[ c,'_mDuo_i]bj_aÕ #F]T f]Ño^rTgh}o_amT7n %uo_^¨]b¡]b¡cf[ b¡]

R ] R

b¡m

lf^ _u

R

`V_C^^rb¡T7m"_ÂnoT7m`V^rbjue]b¡cf[Pc,1]

R

T°uo_^r]b¡]b¡cf[ ,¥cf^UMT7nc,}vc]

R

uebfT7ՙg\Õ¡T7ÔT7Õ_[en²^rT7lb¡cf[Cg

Õ¡T7ÔT7Õµb×[-,¥cf^U_a]b¡cf[.ØT7`V_ÑemT_[=_a`7`VÑo^_i]T0noT7]TV^UMbj[o_a]b¡cf[c',.cf}esrT7`7]`7cf[] cfÑo^rmb¡mlTV[eTV^_aÕ¡Õ¡Ö

TV_am bdTV^Ñem b×[el_0bj[C]TV[emb¡]rÖ `V^rb¡]TV^rb¡cf[#^_a]

R

TV^]

R

_[ _UMc]b¡cf[Cgh}o_am T7n cf[eTkacf[eT`V_C[T ouoT7`7] ,\^rcfU

_Êm`

R

TVUWT=`7cfUM}ebj[eb×[elP}oc]

R

`V^rb¡]TV^rbj_ƒmceUMT°[ec]b¡`7TV_}eÕ¡TbjU=uo^rcaÔTVUMTV[C] caÔTV^UMcC]b¡cf[Cg\cf[eÕ¡Ög

}o_am T7n°UMT7]

R

cenomVØ%Ò¤cf^rT7caÔTV^7kˆ]

R

b¡m^rTVuo^rT7mTV[C]D_a] bdce[Mb¡mTVU"}vT7nonoT7n°bj[=_uo_C^r]b¡]b¡cf[Muo^rT7nob¡`7]b¡cf[Cg

ÑouvnŠ_a]T m `

R

TVUMTM_aÕ¡cf[el=]

R

Tm T7ГÑeTV[e`7TØ

QR

T—^rTVU=_abj[enoTV^Mc,]

R

b¡m°uo_uvTV^Mb¡m=cf^rlf_C[eb#7T7n _im ,FcCÕdÕ¡c mVØ

[PcaÔTV^¨Ôfb¡Twc',]

R

Tƒm T7lag

UMTV[C]D_a] bdce[UMT7]

R

cen²b¡m=uo^rT7mTV[C]T7nPbj[

4

T7`7]b¡cf[

4

T7`7]b¡cf[4XÊcfÑe]Õ¡bj[eT7m"]

R

T°]T e]DÑo^rTgh}o_imT7n

_aÕ¡lce^rb¡]

R

Uį

4

T7`7]b¡cf[{MnoT7]D_ibdÕ¡m

R c _M^rT7lb¡cf[Cg\Õ¡T7ÔT7Õ%lf^_u

R

`V_[}oT }oÑeb¡Õ¡];_C[en°Õj_}vT7ÕdT7nØ

4

T7`g

]b¡cf[Pz`7cf[C]D_abj[em=_mT7] c,^¨T7mDÑeÕ¡]m cf}e]_abj[eT7n²cf[©^rTV_aՙg0cf^rÕ¡nmT7ÐoÑeTV[e`7T7mVØ 0ce[e`7Õ×Ñem bdce[emW_C^rT

nŠ^_[bj[

4

T7`7]b¡cf[—€oØ

' ¸& /(/&.+;M,.- ,.(/0&'1&'+(/&Ä+#-

b¡lŠØj~¤uo^rT7mTV[C]mƒ_[ cfÑe]Õ¡bj[eTc',]

R

T¤mT7lfUMTV[C]D_a] bdce[4]T7`

R

[eb¡Ð“ÑeT0T¤uo^rcfuocCmTØ&+bdÔCTV[ ]0c

mDÑe`7`7T7m mb¡ÔT ,\^_UMT7mA_i]]bjUMT_[en ~k 0T_abjU _a]%T f]D^ _a`7]bj[el;_1mDuo_a]b¡cag\]TVUuocf^_iՓuo_^¨]b¡]b¡cf[

c',]

R

T,\^_UMT _i]!DØ QR

^rT7T Óbj[enomc',uo_^r]b¡]b¡cf[em_^rTmDÑe`7`7T7m mb¡ÔT7ա֗bj[ÔCcÕ¡ÔT7n '

"4_M]T e]DÑo^rTgh}o_am T7n—uo_^r]b¡]b¡cf[Êc',À]

R

Tb×U_alT#!ŠlŠØ~Ø_3%

"4_=UMc] bdce[Cgh}o_amT7nƒÕj_}oT7Õ¡bj[el—c, _Mle^_u

R #!ŠlŠØ~Ø`&%

"4_MmDuo_a] bdcig\]TVU=uoce^_aÕ)#¥UMc] bdce[Cgh}o_amT7n %uo_^¨]b¡]b¡cf[ƒc',%]

R

T bjU=_alCT#!ŠlŠØ~Øn %

[bj[C]TV[emb¡]rÖgh}o_am T7nJm T7lfUMTV[C]D_a]b¡cf[c',%]

R

T bjU=_alCTbdm.!'^rm]^rT7ÐoÑebj^rT7nØ0Z¥]bdmmDÑououeÕ¡bdT7nP}Ö

t

gh}o_am T7n=]T e]DÑo^rT0mT7lfUMTV[C]D_a] bdce["UWT7]

R

cfnkCnoT7m`V^rbj}oT7nbj[=]

R

T1[eT e]mT7`7]b¡cf[.Ø

mDuo_a] b×_iÕ

lf^ _u

R

bdmnoTV^¨bdÔCT7n , ^¨cfU ] R

Tº] cfuocÕ¡clCÖ c',.]

R

b¡m]T f]Ño^rTgh}o_amT7nMmT7lfUWTV[]D_i]b¡cf[#!Šl=~CØ}.Ø%7Ø QR

T

^rT7lCbdce[emVkŠ`7ce^^rT7mDuvcf[enobj[elƒ]c [ecenoT7mcf[ƒ]

R

T#lf^_u

R

k._^rT]

R

TV[—] c°}oTMlf^rceÑouoT7nJ_i`7`7cf^rnobj[elƒ]c

_ƒUMcC]b¡cf[

R

cfUMclTV[eT7b¡]r֗`V^¨bd] TV^rb¡cf[.Ø

Q

cƒ]

R

bdmTV[enkÄTV_a`

R

[ecfnoTMb¡m"_immb¡lf[eT7n²_Õj_}vT7ÕbdnoTV[C]b™g

,¥Öfbj[el]

R

Tlf^rceÑoueb×[elbd]bdm_amm cf`7bj_a]T7nƒ] cŠØ#TmTV_^r`

R

,¥cf^0_MÕj_}oT7Õ`7ce[-!ŠlfÑo^_a]b¡cf[mÑe`

R ] R

_a]

(8)

z

^rT7lCbdce[em Ño[enoTV^rlcbj[el—m b×UWbdÕj_^ #^rT7mDu.Ønob/TV^¨TV[] %UWc]b¡cf[em_^rT=_a]]D^¨b×}oÑe] T7n—]

R

TMmD_UWT #¥^rT7mu.Ø

nob/TV^rTV[C] %Õ×_C}oT7Õ¡mVØ

Q

cM]

R

b¡m_abjUƒk 0Tbj[]D^¨cfnŠÑe`7T _+Ò t

UMcenoT7Õ¥k R b¡`

R

mb¡]T7m_^¨T]

R

T[ecfnoT7m

c',]

R

T0lf^ _u

R

Ø%ÒJcC]b¡cf[#bdmT7m]bjU=_a] T7nb¡]

R

bj[=TV_i`

R

^rT7lb¡cf[Wc',']

R

TmDuo_a]bj_aՊuo_^¨]b¡]b¡cf[.kfÑembj[elM_

^rce}oÑem]ºuo_^ _UMT7]D^rb¡`T7m ]bjU=_a]cf^^rT7Õ¡Öfbj[elMcf[_nob/TV^rTV[C]bj_aÕ'UMT7]

R

cfnØ 4oR

ceÑeÕdn]

R

TUMc]b¡cf[WT7mrg

]bjU=_i]T7m[ec]}oT ^rT7Õ¡bj_}eÕ¡TMTV[ecfÑel

R

ko_a`7`7cf^rnobj[el=] c"]

R

T Ño[e`7TV^r]D_abj[C]hÖUMTV_amDÑo^rTVUWTV[]uo^rcaÔebdnoT7n

}Cփ]

R

b¡mT7m]bjU=_i]cf^7koUMc] bdce[bdmT7m]bjU=_i]T7nJ_aÕ¡]TV^ [o_a]b¡ÔT7ա֗}փ_=U=_i]`

R

bj[el=] T7`

R

[eb¡ÐoÑeTW}o_imT7n

cf[_m b×UWbdÕj_^¨bd]rÖ]D^_[em ,Fcf^ U T7m]bjU=_a]b¡cf[b¡]

R

_m] cf`

R

_am]b¡`_iÕdlCcf^rb¡]

R

Uį QR

TÕj_}oT7Õ.`7cf[-!ŠlfÑCg

^_i]b¡cf[b¡mcfue]bjUMb$#7T7n—]

R

^rcfÑel R ] R

TnoT0!'[ebd] bdce[—c,À_[_uouo^rcfuo^rbj_a] TTV[eTV^rlÖ,Ño[e`7]b¡cf[ƒ_C[enƒbd] m

UMbj[ebjUMb$#V_a]b¡cf[.Ø QR

^rcfÑel R ] R

TnoT0!'[eb¡]b¡cf[c',]

R

TTV[eTV^¨lÖ, Ño[e`7]b¡cf[.ke^rT7lb¡cf[Cg\Õ¡T7ÔT7Õ.`7cf[C]T e]DÑo_aÕ

bj[-,¥cf^U=_a] bdce[4`V_[ }oT¤bj[]D^¨cfnŠÑe`7T7n ]c ^¨T7lfÑeÕj_^rb$#7T—]

R

TÂÕj_}oT7ÕT7m] b×U_a]b¡cf[ uo^¨cf}eÕ¡TVUƒk!

R

b¡`

R

`7ÕjÑem]TV^¨b×[el4] T7`

R

[eb¡ÐoÑeT7m°`V_[o[ecC]=TV_amb¡Õ¡Ö4bj[e`7cf^uoce^_a]Tƒbj[ _ ºT7Õ¡Õ ,¥cf^U_aÕ¡b#7T7nžU=_[o[eTV^7Ø #T

b¡m

R

]cƒuocCb×[C]cfÑe]]

R

_a]Vkµbj[Â`7cf[]^_am]] c ^rT7lCbdce[—`7ÕjÑem] TV^rbj[elJ_uouo^rce_a`

R

T7mbj[ R b¡`

R

^¨T7lb¡cf[

UMTV^¨lbj[el"b¡mUMcm ]Õ¡Ö"bj^^¨T7ÔTV^rmbj}eÕ¡Tko]

R

Tuo^rbj[e`7bjueÕdT#c',lf^_u

R

Õ×_C}oT7Õ¡bj[el°bj[_Ò_^ÓacaÔebj_[$,^_CUMTg

0cf^ÓTV[o_C}eÕdT7m]c`

R

_aÕ¡ÕdTV[elCTlf^rcfÑouebj[elm]

R

^rcfÑel R ] R

T0mTV_^¨`

R

,¥cf^A_C[ ceue]bjU=_aÕe`7cf[-!ŠlfÑo^_a] bdce[.Ø

bj[o_aÕ¡Õ¡Ök_=UMc] bdce[Cgh}o_amT7n—uo_^r] bd] bdce[ƒc',]

R

TbjU=_alT`V_C[—}oT#bj[-,FTV^^¨T7n ,\^rcfU ] R

T Õj_}vT7ՙgh}o_amT7n

uo_^¨]b¡]b¡cf[ƒc',]

R

Tlf^ _u R Ø

N1 N3

N2 N4

N5 N7 N6 R4

R5

R6 R7

R2

R1

R3

1 1

1 3

2

4 4

N1

N2 N4

N5 N7 N6 N3

R’1 R’

3 R’

2

R’ 4

Graph Spatial Region

Spatial Image Partition

Graph Labeling (a)

Spatial pixel-level partition topology

Energy based approach

(b)

(c)

(d)

Spatio-temporal

Image Partition ( motion-based ) Motion-based partition topology

b¡lfÑo^rTÂ~ '

¼V”V•¼VŽ”Vš Ÿr£=›f”ƒ’˜ªfŸ•Ž›f¢

fŸš ›f”\‘o’›¥ŽœŸi§h›¥”V¢‘oŸ•r’˜.‘o’•D›¥Ž›¥ŽŸ¦²Ž=–”V•Ž¼V”–

£7•rŸ¢ ’›¥”7»a›

¬

•r”H§¨  ’a¶”–+‘“’•›¥Žœ›¥ŽŸ¦.®

(9)

€

m#b×[©c]

R

TV^ 0cf^ÓCm#TرlŠØ*%7k 0T=m

R

_aÕ¡Õ_ammDÑoUWT°_—Ño[eb¡ÐoÑeT UMcC]b¡cf[uoTV^#bj[C]TV^UMT7nobj_a]T

^rT7lCbdce[.kb¥Ø±TØ4UMc] bdce[4}ocfÑo[enŠ_^¨bdT7m`7cbj[e`7b¡noT b¡]

R

mDuo_a]bj_aÕ}vcfÑo[enŠ_^rb¡T7mVØ QR

bdmƒ_ammÑoUMT7m=_

mDÑ`7bdTV[C]Õ¡Ö!'[eT¤mDuo_a] b×_iÕmT7lfUMTV[C]D_a]b¡cf[.k!

R

bd`

R

bj[ž]DÑo^ [ bjU=ueÕ¡b¡T7m¤]

R

_a]]

R

Tuo^rcf}eÕ¡TVU c',

UMcC]b¡cf[T7m]bjU=_a] bdce[bdmuo_^r]b¡`VÑeÕj_^rափ`V_^rT7n ,¥cf^7ke]cM`7cfuvT b¡]

R

^rT7lb¡cf[em b¡]

R

uocm mbj}eÕd֗uvcfce^

mDuo_i]b¡cag\]TVU=uvcf^_aÕle^_anob¡TV[]b×[-,¥cf^U_a]b¡cf[.Ø

cC]

R

TV[eTV^rlÖ4UMbj[ebjUMb$#V_a]b¡cf[žuo^rcf}eÕ¡TVUMm°^¨T7Õ×_i]T7n ]c¤]

R

T—uebeT7ՙg\ÕdT7ÔCT7Õ _[en ^rT7lb¡cf[Cg\Õ¡T7ÔT7Õ

Ò_^Óic´Ôebj_[UMcenoT7Õ¡mM`V_[²}vTV[eT0!Š], ^rceU uo_^r] bd] bdce[²uo^rT7nob¡`7]b¡cf[em_VÔa_ab¡Õj_}eÕ¡T—_a] ]

R

T7m T°Õ¡T7ÔT7Õ¡mVØ

ZÁ[°}vc]

R

`V_amT7mVkC]

R

T_ˆÔ´_ab¡Õj_}eb¡Õ¡bd]rÖc',_Õj_}vT7ÕU=_u#`7Õ¡cmT]c]

R

Tcfue]bjU=_aÕoce[eTºTV[o_C}eÕdT7m0]

R

TÑemT

c',_ ^_CuebdnoÕ¡ÖM`7cf[CÔTV^rlbj[el#noT7]TV^UMbj[eb¡m]b¡`^rT7Õj_'“_i]b¡cf[=_aÕ¡lcf^¨bd]

R

Uƒkuo^rcaÔfb¡noT7nƒ[ecmDuoT7`7bj_aÕµT7ÔTV[C]

#mÑe`

R

_amm]D^rce[el°ce`7`7ÕjÑemb¡cf[ce^`V^rcCmmbj[el %ce`7`VÑo^rmVØÒ¤cf^rT7caÔTV^7kµ]

R

TMÕj_}oT7Õ¡bj[el_ammce`7bj_a]T7n¤]c

}vc]

R ] R

T mDuo_a] b×_iÕA_[en—muo_a]b¡cag\]TVU=uvcf^_aÕ%uo_^r]b¡]b¡cf[Â^rTVU=_abj[—[o_i]DÑo^_aաա֗`7c

R

TV^¨TV[] ,\^rcfU ]c

~kµ]

R

^rceÑel R ] R

TMb×[eb¡]bj_aÕ¡b$#V_a]b¡cf[Pc,]

R

T=^rT7Õj_'“_i]b¡cf[Âm`

R

TVUWT°}ÖÂ]

R

T=uo^rT7nob¡`7]T7n²UMcC]b¡cf[Cg

cf^¨bdTV[C]T7n Õj_}vT7Õ U=_u.Ø QR

bdmƒb¡mÂc',"ÓaT7Ö bjU=uvcf^r]D_C[e`7T ,¥cf^noT0!'[ebj[el _C[ T`7bdTV[C]ƒ]D^_i`¶ÓCbj[el

uo^rce`7T7nŠÑo^rTØ

, ° . ,.- Â",'-!&.& ;/,.+(*1&'0&.+

QR

Tmuo_a]bj_aÕ.mT7lfUMTV[C]D_a] bdce[Mb¡muoTV^ ,¥cf^UWT7n }CÖ _CuoueÕdÖebj[el=]

R

TÑo[emDÑouoTV^¨Ôfb¡mT7n¤]T7`

R

[eb¡Ð“ÑeTnoT7mrg

`V^rbj}vT7nJbj[ hØ QR

T uo^rbj[e`7bjueÕ¡T7m c',]

R

T UMT7]

R

cfn¤_^rTcfÑe]Õ¡bj[eT7n—bj[Ê]

R

b¡mmT7`7] bdce[.Ø

Z¥]cfuoTV^_i]T7m bd]

R

b×[¤_ 0_VÖCT7mbj_[ƒT7m] b×U_a]b¡cf[ , ^ _UMT0cf^ (T7] #¥^rT7mu.Ø

!"# %M}oT_^rTV_aÕ¡b$#V_a]b¡cf[ c', _^_C[enocfU!Õj_}vT7Õ !ŠT7Õ¡n #¥^rT7mDu.Ø c', _^_[enoceU

cf}em TV^rÔ´_a] bdce[ !ŠT7Õ¡n%7kŠcaÔTV^_MmT7]c',Àm bd] T7m$ `7cf^^rT7mDuvcf[enobj[elƒ]c=]

R

T#bjU=_alT uebeT7ÕdmˆØ b¡ÔTV[

_4[eT7b¡l

R

}ocfÑo^

R

cfcen mÖem]TVUƒk"#&%')( %#b¡mJUMcenoT7Õ¡T7n _amƒ_Ò_^ ÓacaÔ

t

_C[enocfU

b¡T7ÕdnØ*mbj[el

] R

Tbj}o}em—nob¡m]D^¨b×}oÑe] bdce[em,+PÒ t

T7ÐoÑeb¡Ô´_aÕ¡TV[e`7TkM]

R

T¤cfue]bjU=_iÕÕ×_C}oT7Õ!ŠT7Õ¡n.-©b¡m—noTV^rb¡ÔT7n

_a`7`7ce^rnobj[el ]c]

R T

½¤’a»´Ž¢

¬ ¢ ’0‘“Ÿi¶›¥”ˆ•DŽŸ•Ž0/¥½ 21

`V^rb¡]TV^rb¡cf[.ke_[enMbdmT “uo^¨T7mmT7n°_am ,¥cÕ¡Õdc m'

-3

_^rl0UMbj[5476!8:9 #;< %Hk

R

TV^rT>=¤b¡m]

R

TmT7]%c',Š_aաՓuvcmmbj}eÕ¡T^rTV_iÕdb$#V_a] bdce[emc',?%ž_[en@9 #;"'%

b¡m=]

R

Tmcag\`V_aÕ¡Õ¡T7n4TV[eTV^rlÖ ,\Ño[e`7]b¡cf[PTV[e`7cfUuo_ammbj[el¤]

R

Tb×[C]TV^_i`7]b¡cf[em=}oT7]0T7TV[¤Õj_}oT7Õ¡mƒ_[en

cf}em TV^rÔ´_a] bdce[em;_[en—_uo^rb¡cf^rbbj[-,¥cf^U=_a] bdce[cf[ƒ]

R

TÕj_}vT7Õ!ŠT7Õ¡nØ

cf^UMcCm]À^¨TV_aՙg ºce^rÕ¡n=bjU=_alT7mVka]

R

Tcf}emTV^rÔa_a]b¡cf[#ÔT7`7]ce^A!0 BC

DEDDFG

H"3I`V_[

}vT `7cfU=uvcmT7nc',cf[eÕ¡Ö°]0c mbjU=ueÕ¡T$,FTV_a]Ño^rT7m 'lf^rT7ÖCg\Õ¡T7ÔT7Õ_[enƒÕ¡cf`V_aÕÄ`7cf[]^_am]VØ

cf^bjU=_alCT7m

bj[e`7ÕjÑenobj[el²^rT7lb¡cf[emb¡]

R

UMcf^rT#T7Õj_}ocf^ _a]TM]T e]DÑo^rT7mVkµc]

R

TV^UMcf^rT#nob¡m`V^rbjUMbj[o_a]bj[el ,¥TV_a]DÑo^¨T7m

`V_[Â}oTM_anonoT7nØ

QR

TTV[eTV^rlÖ ,\Ño[e`7]b¡cf[ƒb¡mnoT0!'[eT7n_am,FcÕ¡Õ¡c m+'

9 #;<'%.9

C

#;<'% J9LK'#;&% #r~&%

QR

TnŠ_a]D_ˆg\nŠ^rb¡ÔTV[©]TV^UM9

C

noT7`7cfU=uvcmT7mM_am _ƒmDÑoU c',ºÕ¡ce`V_aÕºuvc]TV[C]bj_aÕ¡m-'

]mb¡]T'Ck%]

R T

nob¡m]D^¨b×}oÑe] bdce[žc', TV_a`

R

]T f]Ño^rT ,¥TV_a]DÑo^rTÂb¡mƒ`7cfU=uoÑe]T7nb¡]

R

bj[ž_Õ¡ce`V_aÕ bj[enoc `7TV[C]TV^rT7n

(10)

_a] QR

TƒÕ¡bjÓaT7Õ¡b

R

cfcen c,]

R

b¡mMmb¡]T—}oT7bj[el²_am mb¡lf[eT7n4]

R

TÕ×_C}oT7Õ b¡m=noT7] TV^UMbj[eT7n }Ö©]

R T

cÕjUMcClcf^rcaÔCg

4

UMbj^[ecaÔnob¡m]D_[e`7T7m # DD%}vT7]ºT7TV[©]

R

TƒÕ¡ce`V_aÕnob¡m]D^rbj}oÑe]b¡cf[emƒ_[enP]

R T ,¥TV_ˆg

]DÑo^¨Tnobdm ]D^rbj}oÑe]b¡cf[em`7cfU=uoÑe] T7n—cf[ƒ^rT7lCbdce[

4

Ø

QR

TÕ¡cf`V_iÕuvc]TV[C]bj_aÕ¡m_^rT^rT7Õj_a]T7nÕ¡bj[eTV_^rափ]c ]

R

bdm0nob¡m]D_C[e`7T _a`7`7cf^rnobj[elM]c"uo^¨T7noT7]TV^UMbj[eT7n

`7cf[em ]D_[C]m rØ

9 C

#;<'%

6

G

C #; # 4 % #3%% #3%

9K #; %0

6

#r~ #;! " %% #¥X3%

bdm_—uo^rT7noT7]TV^ UMbj[eT7n uocmb¡]b¡ÔTƒ`7ce[em]D_[C]VkA_C[en# #;E$ " %FM~CkAb,$E %kÀyÊc]

R

TV^bdm TØ

QR

b¡m]TV^U,\_ˆÔcfÑo^rm0mDuo_i]bj_aÕ

R

cfUMcClTV[eT7b¡]hÖc',À^¨T7lb¡cf[emVØ

[eTV^rlÖ UWb×[ebjUMb$#V_a] bdce[ b¡muvTV^,Fce^UMT7n"Ñem b×[el_UMcfnob!ŠT7n

_aÕ¡lcf^rb¡]

R

U"zhØ

]A_0lb¡ÔTV[

mb¡]TkCbj[=_anonob¡]b¡cf[M]c]

R

T0`VÑo^^rTV[C]%Õ×_C}oT7Õ'_C[en"] c]

R

T0Õj_}vT7Õdm_am mb¡lf[eT7nMb×[W]

R

T[eT7bdl

R

}vcfÑo^

R

cecfnk

_[cfÑe]Õ¡b¡TV^0Õj_}vT7Õ'&Mbdm_UMcf[el#]

R

T`V_C[enobdnŠ_i]TÕj_}oT7Õ¡m ±{hk*hØ

uo_^ _UMT7]TV^)(ƒmT7]m0]

R

TÕ¡cf`V_iÕ

TV[eTV^rlCÖ°Ôa_^rbj_a]b¡cf[Â_ammce`7bj_a]T7n]cM]

R

b¡mÕj_}vT7ÕA_[en

R

TV[e`7T bj[enobj^rT7`7]Õ¡ÖÂ]

R

T;[eÑoUM}oTV^0c, ^rT7lCbdce[em

`V^rTV_i]T7nØ [e`7T#]

R

T ^rT7Õj_'o_a]b¡cf[Âuo^rcf`7T7m mb¡m`7cfUueÕdT7] T7nk'[eT Õj_}oT7Õ¡m _^rT _i]]D^rbj}oÑe]T7nƒ]c]

R T

`7cf[o[eT7`7] T7nJmÑo}emT7]mc',mb¡]T7m bd]

R ] R

T*&Cg\Õj_}oT7Õ¥k R b¡`

R

mb$#7T T e`7T7T7nom;_=uo^¨Tg\mT7]]

R

^rT7m

R

cÕ¡nØ

[cf[Cg\Õ¡bj[eT noT7]TV^UWb×[o_i]b¡cf[c',A]

R

T[eÑoU"}vTV^c',À^rT7lb¡cf[em0`V_[]

R

TV^rTV}Ö}oT_a`

R

b¡T7ÔT7nØ0Z,_

uo^rT7nob¡`7]T7nmT7lfUWTV[]D_i]b¡cf[ U=_Cu b¡m0_VÔa_ab¡Õj_}eÕ¡Tkf]

R

T1^¨T7lb¡cf[M}ocf^rnoTV^¨mº_^rT0_anasÑem]T7n=_[en°^rT7lCbdce[em

_^¨Tkob,º[eT7`7T7mmD_^rÖkµ_Ñe]cfU=_i]b¡`V_aÕ¡Õdփ`V^¨TV_a]T7n #Fcf^0^rTVUMcaÔT7n %7Ø 4oR

ceÑeÕdn¤[ec°bj[-,¥cf^U=_i]b¡cf[ƒ_}oceÑe]

] R

T0Õj_}vT7ՊU=_u }vT_VÔa_ab¡Õj_}eÕ¡Tk]

R

T0mT7lfUWTV[]D_i]b¡cf[ U=_Cub¡mAbj[eb¡]bj_aÕ¡Õ¡Ö°`7ce[emb¡noTV^rT7n=_amAce[eT1^¨T7lb¡cf[

_[enÑouvnŠ_a]T7n²Ñembj[el¤_°U=_fbjUMÑoU Õ¡b×ÓiT7Õdb

R

cecfn4T7m ]bjU=_a]cf^HØ QR

bdmm T7lfUMTV[C]D_a]b¡cf[¤_aÕ¡lcf^¨bd]

R U

R

_am]

R

TU=_asrcf^%_anoÔ´_C[]D_ilT0c',A}oT7bj[el"Ño[emDÑouvTV^rÔebdm T7nkŠ}oc]

R

_am ,\_^_am]

R

T[eÑoUM}oTV^ c',^rT7lCbdce[em

_[enÂ]

R

T7bj^0]T e]DÑo^rT`

R

_^_a`7] TV^rb¡m]b¡`7m;_C^rT`7cf[e`7TV^[eT7nØ

+ ) -MH - °

QR

Tm ]D^Ñe`7]DÑo^rTT “ueÕ¡cb¡]bj[el]

R

Tmuo_a]bj_aÕuo_^r]b¡]b¡cf[]cM}oÑebdÕ¡n¤_"UWc]b¡cf[Cgh}o_amT7nmT7lfUWTV[]D_i]b¡cf[

b¡m]

R

T]cfueb¡`c',]

R

b¡mm T7`7]b¡cf[.Ø)(.T7],P}oT]

R

T_anas_a`7TV[e`7Ö°le^_u

R

noTV^rb¡ÔT7n , ^¨cfU ] R

T]cfuvcÕ¡clÖ

c',0]

R

T muo_a]bj_aÕuo_^r] bd] bdce[.- /*0!21 w~ADDED3 fk.`7cf[C]D_abj[ebj[el43^rT7lb¡cf[emˆØ#©T"noTV[ecC]T4560

b¡]m [ecenoT7mVk R b¡`

R

`7ce^^rT7mDuvcf[en—]c]

R

TM^rT7lb¡cf[em7*0#c',]

R

T#mDuo_a]bj_aÕuo_^r]b¡]b¡cf[.Ø(.T7] _^r`7m*8:9

srcbj[]b×[;,P]

R

T"[ecenoT7m_am mcf`7bj_a] T7n—]c=[eT7b¡l

R

}ocfÑo^rbj[el—^rT7lCbdce[embj[ƒ]

R

TmDuo_a]bj_aÕAuo_C^r]b¡]b¡cf[.Ø

, ./5

C

EDDD)25=< /8

C

DEDDF>8? < #{ %

#T—_abjU!_a]°_immb¡lf[ebj[el _¤UMcC]b¡cf[PÕj_}oT7Õ]cT7ÔTV^¨Ö [ecenoTƒbj[4]

R

Tƒlf^ _u R k bd]

R

_ÂÔfb¡T

]c—uo_C^r]b¡]b¡cf[ebj[el¤]

R

b¡mlf^_u

R

bj[C]c—[ecenoT=mDÑo}emT7]m#`7cf^^rT7muocf[enobj[el—] cƒlf^rcfÑouebj[elm#c',1^rT7lCbdce[em

(11)

c',`7c

R

TV^rTV[C]°UMcC]b¡cf[.Ø QR

TƒÕj_}oT7Õ¡bj[el4c',]

R

Tƒlf^_u

R

b¡m ,¥cf^U_aÕ¡b#7T7n b¡]

R

bj[ _¤Ò_^ ÓacaÔfbj_[

,\^_UMT0cf^ ӊØ

Q

c¤]

R

b¡m=uoÑo^uocm Tk 0T=b¡noTV[C]b,FÖ4]

R

Tƒ[ecenoT7m"c,]

R

Tlf^_u

R

]c—]

R

T°mb¡]T7mc',_

^rT7lCbdce[Cg\ÕdT7ÔCT7ÕAÒ t

] R

ÑemnoT0!'[eT7nÂcf[ƒ_[bj^^rT7lfÑeÕj_^lf^rb¡nØ

uo_abj^0c',[eT7b¡l

R

}ocfÑo^rbj[elƒmb¡]T7mcf[

] R

Tlf^rb¡nMbdm`V_aÕ¡Õ¡T7n _`7Õ¡b¡Ð“ÑeTØ QR

T`7Õ¡b¡Ð“ÑeT7m_^rT0noT7nŠÑe`7T7n=bj[=_m ]D^_ab¡l

R ] ,¥cf^_^rn U=_C[o[eTV^ ,\^rcfU

] R

TM_^r`7mc',]

R

T#lf^_u

R Ø (.T7]

C

EDDD)%<<"}oTM]

R

T#mT7]c',Àm bd] T7m _[en

C

EDDEDH ?

}vT—]

R

TÂmT7]Mc',+}ebj[o_^¨Ö4`7Õdb¡ÐoÑeT7mVØ (.T7]' # 0&%=}vT—]

R

TƒÕj_}vT7Õ;_a] ]D_a`

R

T7n4]c[ecfnoT/0ek R b¡`

R

b¡noTV[C]b!ŠT7m R b¡`

R

lf^¨cfÑouebj[elJ]

R

T—_ammce`7bj_a]T7n4mDuo_a] b×_iÕº^rT7lb¡cf[4}vT7Õ¡cf[elm=]cµØ #T—[ec ,¥ce`VÑem

cf[]

R

TnoT0!'[eb¡]b¡cf[ƒc',_ mÑebd]_}eÕ¡TTV[eTV^rlÖ ,\Ño[e`7]b¡cf[,¥cf^cfÑo^0UMcC]b¡cf[Cgh}o_amT7nƒ^rT7lb¡cf[lf^¨cfÑouebj[el

cf}“shT7`7]b¡ÔTØ

! #"%$'&(*),+-$"%$'&(

mbj[ƒ]

R

T`V_imTc',]

R

T uebfT7ՙg\Õ¡T7ÔT7ÕTV[eTV^rlÖ ,\Ño[e`7]b¡cf[,¥cf^0]

R

T] T f]DÑo^¨Tgh}o_amT7nƒmT7lfUWTV[]D_i]b¡cf[

m]_alTk]

R

T°^rT7lb¡cf[Cg\Õ¡T7ÔT7Õ0TV[eTV^rlÖ ,\Ño[e`7]b¡cf[ 9 `V_[}oTmDueÕ¡b¡]=Ñoubj[C]c—_ƒcf}em TV^rÔ´_a] bdce[5+aÕj_}oT7Õ

bj[C]TV^_a`7]b¡cf[¸]TV^U _[en_°^rT7leÑeÕ×_C^rb$#V_a]b¡cf[¤]TV^ UƒØc 0T7ÔTV^7kµ]

R

TMnŠ_a]D_ˆg\nŠ^¨bdÔCTV[—] TV^U b¡m

R

TV^rT

noT0!'[eT7n¤caÔTV^0_=}ebj[o_^rփ`7Õ¡b¡Ð“ÑeTØ QR

TTV[eTV^rlÖ,Ño[e`7]b¡cf[Âb¡mT ouo^rT7mmT7n¤_am+'

9 #; " %

./

60 1 C

#; #2 9 %" #2 9 %%

.3/

60 1 K

#; #2 9 %% #¥z3%

R

TV^¨T #29 %m]_[enom,Fce^]

R

T=uo_abj^c',Õj_}vT7Õ¡m"_a]]_a`

R

T7nÂ]cƒ]

R

T#`7Õdb¡ÐoÑeT4 9 #2 9 0<5 06 %

_[en 7 -,Fcf^Ä]

R

T^rT7lb¡cf[Cg\Õ¡T7ÔT7Õµcf}emTV^rÔa_a]b¡cf[emVk R bd`

R

0T!b¡Õ¡ÕoT “_UWb×[eT}oT7Õ¡c Ø

q

c]TV[C]bj_aÕ 1 C

b¡m

T7ÐoÑeb¡Ô´_aÕ¡TV[C] ]c°_Wnobdm `V^rTVuo_[e`7ÖJUWTV_amDÑo^rTM}oT7]0T7TV[ƒ]

R

T]0c°UMc] bdce[ƒUMcfnoT7Õ !ŠT7Õ¡nom;_i]]D_a`

R

T7n

]c]

R

Tmb¡]T7m 0 _[en 06 `7cfUuocmbj[el`7Õ¡b¡Ð“ÑeT8 9 Ø QR

TUMcC]b¡cf[MUMcfnoT7ÕoT7m ]bjU=_a]b¡cf[#]T7`

R

[eb¡Ð“ÑeT7m

_[enÂ]

R

T`

R

cmTV[ƒnob¡m`V^¨TVuo_[e`7֗UMTV_amDÑo^¨T _^rT [ec uo^rT7mTV[C]T7nØ

:9 ;<&="%$'&>?7"%$'@BAC"%$'&(

QR

TMbj[C]TV^Ág,\^_UMT#]D^_[em ,¥cf^U_a]b¡cf[—}vT7]ºT7TV[ ,^ _UMTED>0_a]]bjUMT _[en , ^ _UMTFD>HG

C

_a]]bjUMT

~ƒb¡m UWcfnoT7Õ¡T7n }Ö4_¤mT7]c',$

_E [eT—UMc] bdce[4UMcfnoT7Õ¡mVkcf[eT—uoTV^^rT7lb¡cf[.Ø

b/TV^rTV[Cg

]bj_aÕ #lf^_anob¡TV[C]rgh}o_amT7n %UMc]b¡cf[ÊT7m]bjU=_a]b¡cf[] T7`

R

[eb¡ÐoÑeT7m`V_[noT7]TV^UMbj[eT#T0/T7`7] bdÔCT7ÕdÖÂmDÑe`

R _

UMcenoT7Õ!

R

TV[4_uoueÕ¡b¡T7n4cf[©mDÑ°`7b¡TV[] ÕdÖ4] T f]DÑo^¨T7n ^rT7lCbdce[emVØ [Puocecf^rÕ¡ÖCg\]T e]DÑo^rT7n ^rT7lb¡cf[emˆk

R c 0T7ÔTV^7k^¨T7mcf^r]bj[el] c¸_C[Pb×[C]TV[emb¡]rÖCghU=_a]`

R

bj[el _uouo^¨cf_a`

R

lTV[eTV^ _aÕ¡ÕdÖ4Õ¡TV_anom]cUMcf^¨T—^rTg

Õ¡bj_}eÕ¡TMT7m]bjU=_a]T7mˆØ #©TT7m]bjU=_a]T]

R

T UMcC]b¡cf[°UWcfnoT7Õ ,¥cf^TV_a`

R

^¨T7lb¡cf[*0cf[]

R

T uo_^¨]b¡]b¡cf[

_am,FcÕ¡Õ¡c mVØ QR

T lf^_inobdTV[C]rgh}o_am T7n—UMc]b¡cf[T7m] b×U_a]cf^0b¡m !'^¨m]_uoueÕ¡b¡T7n¤]c=TV_a`

R

^rT7lb¡cf[.Ø

(12)



0ɓ†ˆÉŠ…j‡ 2.¤ÎŠ…Î4Éo„7…J‡o…7Î.†

QR

T—nob¡mDueÕj_a`7TVUMTV[C]ƒÔT7`7]ce^"_i]=mb¡]T # 2+% bj[ ^rT7lb¡cf[ *0"

R

b¡`

R

lf^_ˆÔebd]rÖP`7TV[] TV^

03 #

0

0

%7kob¡mT “uo^rT7m mT7nJ_am'

>

#; %0

0 0K

#

0

% 0

#!*

0

%

0C 0

"

#

0

% 0#

#!*

0

%%$

#¥€3%

bj[-

R

bd`

R ] R

T UMc] bdce[ƒuo_^_UMT7] TV^ÔCT7`7]cf^"#&*0 % HG

C

0

DEDD 0#

Ab¡mT7m ]bjU=_a]T7nƒcf[TV_i`

R

^rTg

lb¡cf[

*021 ~0DDED3kÑem b×[el©]

R

T—^rcf}oÑem]=UMÑeÕ¡]b™gh^rT7mcÕjÑe]b¡cf[ T7m]bjU=_a] cf^#`V_aÕ¡ÕdT7n

¾½—¾¢MŸV–

noT7mrg

`V^rbj}vT7nJbj[ j~&hØZ]_abjUMm_a]UMbj[eb×UWb#7bj[elÂ]

R

T,FcCÕdÕ¡c bj[el`V^rb¡]TV^rb¡cf['

6('

&"#

#;&*0&% % #3%

R

TV^¨T*),+-) #;<.&*0&%>*D>2G

C

#&

/20

#;&%%! D> #; %_[en & #%0b¡m

Q

ÑoÓaT7Ö ±m ,\Ño[e`7]b¡cf[.Ø Tg

`V_Ñem T1),+-)#;& 0 %b¡m[ec]Õ¡bj[eTV_^ bd]

R

^rT7lf_C^rnƒ]c2& 0 k 0TcfuvTV^_a]T b¡]

R

_[ƒbj[e`V^rTVUWTV[]D_iÕ

m]^_a]T7lÖØ QR

Tƒbj[eb¡]bj_aÕÔ´_iÕ×ÑeT¤c',]

R

TÂT7m]bjU=_a]T43&*0Â`V_[ }vT—mT7]]c²[eÑeÕ¡Õcf^WnoTV^rb¡ÔT7nk ,¥cf^

bj[em]D_C[e`7Tk ,\^rcfU UMcC]b¡cf[Âb×[-,¥cf^U_a]b¡cf[Âcf}e]D_abj[eT7n ,\^rcfU uo^rT7Ôeb¡cfÑem,\^_UWT7mVØ

mDÑe`7`7T7mmb¡cf[Âc',

T7m] b×U_a]T^rT0!'[eTVUMTV[C]m657&*0_C^rT`7cfUuoÑe]T7n #¥_[en `VÑoUMÑeÕj_a]T7n %Ñem b×[elmÑe`7`7T7mmb¡ÔT !'^rm ]Acf^¨noTV^

_uouo^¨c ebjU=_a]b¡cf[em-8c',]

R

T"^¨T7mb¡nŠÑo_aÕ9),+-) #;<.&*0 %Hk R b¡`

R

_^¨TÕdbj[eTV_^bd]

R

^rT7lf_C^rn—]c]

R T

bj[e`V^rTVUMTV[C]15:&*0 ] c }vT"T7m ]bjU=_a]T7nØ

TV[ec]bj[el;3&*0M]

R

TMmDÑoU c',bj[e`V^rTVUMTV[C]m`7cfU=uoÑe] T7nJm c

,\_^7ko]

R

T ^rT7mb¡nŠÑo_aÕ<8E0b¡mT ouo^rT7mmT7n¤_am+'

8E D #;

3

/2

#;&% ~ % D #; %

-= D #;

>

3

/>

#;&% ž~ %D

@?A/

#¥3%

]TV_a`

R

b¡]TV^ _a]b¡cf[.k 0TmTV_^¨`

R

,¥cf^ '

B

57&*0 _^rlUWb×[

?A/

6('

&"#8&#!57&*0&%% % #¨~Vy3%

ZÁ[e`V^rTVUMTV[C]m°_^rT`VÑoU"ÑeÕj_a] T7n4]cJU=_CÓaT Ñou©]

R

TT7m]bjU=_a] TC3&*0ƒÑo[C]b¡Õ_Juo^¨T7noT0!'[eT7n4`7cf[ÔCTV^Ág

lTV[e`7T`V^rb¡]TV^rb¡cf[Pb¡m=UMT7]VØ QR

b¡m"m `

R

TVUMTT oueÕdcCbd] mW_C[²Z]TV^_a]b¡ÔT #T7b¡l

R

] T7n (.TV_im]

4

ГÑo_^¨T7m

Références

Documents relatifs

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rhˆone-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rhˆone-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rhˆone-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rhˆone-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rhˆone-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rhˆone-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rhˆone-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rhˆone-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST