التدخل الدولي لأسباب إنسانية في القانون الدولي المعاصر

ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ

ﺴﻗ

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ﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻡ

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ﻕﻭ

ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ لﻴﻨﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﺃ

ﺹﺼﺨﺘ

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ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻲﻝﻭﺩ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ

ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ

ﺔﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ

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ﻑﺍﺭﺸﺇ

ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ

:

ﻤ ﺴﻭ ــ ﻤﺃ ﻱﻭﺎ ـــ لﺎ ﻝﺍﺯﻏﻭﺒ ـ ﻤﺤﻤ ﺔ ـ ﺼﺎﻨ ﺩ ـ ﺭ ﻨﺠﻝ ــ ﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ـ ﺔ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﺴﺍﻭ ﺏﻘﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﺃ. ﺩ / ﺔﻴﻗﺭ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺍﻭﻋ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺎﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺃ. ﺩ / ﺭﺼﺎﻨ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺔﻝﺍﺯﻏﻭﺒ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺍﺭﺭﻘﻤﻭ ﺎﻓﺭﺸﻤ ﺃ. ﺩ / ﺭﻤﻋ ﻲﻤﺎﻤﻠﺒ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻑﻴﻁﺴ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﺩ / ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﺘﻨﻫﻭﺒ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﺃ. ﺩ / ﺭﻤﻋ ﻲﺘﺎﺤﺭﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺓﺭﻜﺴﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﺩ / ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺸ ﺏﺎﺤﺭ ﺓﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺓﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ

ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ 2011 / 2012

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ﷲ ﺮﻜﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﷲ ﺪﻤﺤﻟﺍ

ﷲ ﺮﻜﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﷲ ﺪﻤﺤﻟﺍ

ﷲ ﺮﻜﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﷲ ﺪﻤﺤﻟﺍ

ﷲ ﺮﻜﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﷲ ﺪﻤﺤﻟﺍ

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ﻱﻭﺎﺳﻮﻣ ﻝﺎﻣﺁ

1 ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ : ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ لﺘﺤﻴ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﻥﻭﻨﺎـﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻤﺎﻫ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ،ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻵﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻪـﺘﺎﻴﺭﺤﻭ ﺔﻴـﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ لﺎـﻤﻋﺇﻭ ﺃﺩـﺒﻤ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻀﺘﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ . ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﻪـﻓﺭﻋ ﺩـﻘﻓ ،ﺓﺩـﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﻝﺎـﺒ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﺘﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﺒ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺼﺎﺨﺸﺃ ، ﺩﺠﻴﻝ ﻪﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻋﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﻻﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠ ﺎﻬﺴﺃﺭ ﻕﺎـﺜﻴﻤ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻋ ﻕﺎﺜﻴﻤﻜ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻠﻝ ﻥﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﻁﺼﺍ ﻡﻏﺭ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﻊـﻤ ﻥﻴﺃﺩـﺒﻤ ﺎﻤﻫﻭ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻫ : ﺃﺩﺒﻤ لﻭﺩـﻠﻝ ﺔـﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺅﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺃﺩﺒﻤﻭ ﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓ ، ﺎﻤﻫﻭ ﻥﺁﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺫﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻬﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻕﺎـﺜﻴﻤ ﻥﻤـﻀ ﻡـﻤﻷﺍ ﻪﺘﺍﺫ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻻﺇ ﻬﻨﺃ ﻤ ﺎ ﻼﻜﺸﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻘﺌﺎﻋ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻝﻭﺩـﻝﺍ ﻊـﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘ ﺏﺎﺒـﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﻪﻴﺘﺭﻭﺼﺒ ) ﺢﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺢﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻷ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺎـﻤﻨﺇ ﺩـﺠﻴ ﻪـﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺭﺤﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻭﻤـﺴﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻲﻗﻼﺘ لﺍﺯﺘﻻﻭ ﺕﻗﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻲﻓ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻋﺭﻓ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺎ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﻓ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ . ﺍ ﻡﻏﺭ ﻪﻨﺎﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻋ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺃﺩـﺒﻤ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﻻﺇ ﻡﻬﻨﺃ ﺍﻭﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪـﺘﺯﺎﺠﺇ ﻪﺘﻴﻋﻭﺭـﺸﻤﻭ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﺒ ، ﻪﻨﻷ ﻻ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ﻲﻜﻬﺘﻨﻤ ﻙﺭﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺏﺎﻘﻋ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ، ﺫﺇ ﻙﺭـﺘ لﻘﻌﻴ ﻻ ﺔﺠﺤﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ﻙﻬﺘﻨﺘ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺫ ﻙﻝ ﺎـﻤﻨﺇ ﻥـﻤ ﺩـﻌﻴ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺎﻴﺴﺒ ﺱﻤﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻋﺍ لﻜ ﻥﺍﻭ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﻡﻴﻤﺼ ، ﺎﻤﻜ ﺃ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻪـﻨ ﻙﺭﺘ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﺃ ﻕﺎﺜﻴﻤﻭ ﻡﻬﻗﻭﻘﺤ ﻙﻬﺘﻨﺘ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝ .

2 ﺔـﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺅـﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺃﺩﺒﻤﻝ ﺔﺴﺭﻜﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻤﻷﺍﻭ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻅ ﺩﻘﻝ لﺎﺤﻔﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ،لﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﻑﺍﺭـﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻡﺩـﻋ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ ﻡﻝﺎـﻌﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻘﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺯﻨﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺅﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﺔﻴﻗﻼﻁﺈﺒ ﻝ ﱠلﻐﹸﺘﺴِﺇ ﻡﻠـﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻤﻷﺎـﺒ لﻼـﺨﻺ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻊﺴﻭﺘﻝ ﺎﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ، ﺍﻭ ﻨ ﻥـﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻕﻴﺜﺍﻭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺱﻜﻌ ﺏﺠﺍﻭﺒ ﺔﺤﺍﺭﺼ ﺕﻓﺭﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ . ﻥﺇ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺎﻓ ﻥﺃ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻻﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﺱﺴﻷﺍ ،ﻪﺘﻴﻋﻭﺭـﺸﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﻪﺤﻴﺒﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﺒ ﺩﻴﻘﻤ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻭﻬﻓ . ﻙﻝﺫﻝﻭ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻻﺇ ﻥﺃ ﺠ ﻼﺨﺩﺘ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤ ، ﻻ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ لﺨﺩـﺘ ﻡﺎـﻴﻗ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻴ ﻲﻝﻭﺩ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ لﺨﺩﺘﺒ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﺱﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺭـﺒﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻀﻭﻔﻠﻝ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻪﻓﺍﺭﻁﺃ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺭـﺸﻼﻝﻭ ﻪﺘﻼﻤﺎﻌﺘ ﺘﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﻪ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﻻ ﻯﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻬﺤﻝﺎـﺼﻤ ﻕـﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ . ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ : ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺎﻨﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ » ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ « ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﻵﺍ : ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ ) ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ( لـﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ لﻭﺎـﻨﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ، ﻥﺇ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﺓﺭﺎـﺒﻋ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻀﻭﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻓ ﺕﺎﻋﻭ ﻲﻨﺎـﺴﻨﻹﺍ ، ﻭﺃ ﻪـﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻜ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﻪﺘﻴﻋﺭﺸ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻑﺍﺩـﻫﻷﺍ ﺔـﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﻪﻨﻤ ﺓﻭﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ . ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻝ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ لﻌﺠ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ .

3 ﻡﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻅﻔﺤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺯﻭﺭﺒ ﻥﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡـﻤﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻐﺸﻨﻻﺍ ﺩﺤﺄﻜ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺩﺘﺴﺘ ﻥﻴﺫﻠﻝﺍﻭ -ﺇ ﻥ ﻰﻀﺘﻗﺍ ﺍ ﺭﻤﻷ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺎﻴﻝﻭﺩ ﻼﺨﺩﺘ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﺎﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺎﺒﺒﺴ لﻜﺸ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ . ﻑـﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻑﻭـﻗﻭﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺭـﻘﺘﻔﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺭﺒﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﻝ ﺕﺴﻴﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ . -ﺎﻤﻜ ﻭ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺕﻠﻜﺸ ) ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﺫﻤ ( ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﺘ ﺃ ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺤ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻨﺒ ﺕﻌﻓﺩ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻉﻭـﻀﻭﻤ ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻌﻝ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻜ . ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ : ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺭـﻴﺜﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺩﺠ ﺎﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗﻭ ﺎﻴﻬﻘﻓ ﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺍ ﻥﺎﻓ ،ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔ لﻭﺤ ﺭﻭﺩﺘ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻊﻀﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻫﻭ ، ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﺕﻻﺅﺎـﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺘ ﺝﺭﺩﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ : ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻨﻌﻨ ﺍﺫﺎﻤ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ؟ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﺎﺴﺃﻭ -ﻭ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻫ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻪﺘﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ؟ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺎﺤﻨﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺽﺭﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ : ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺜﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻭ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﻤﺅﻼﺘﻝ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃﻭ : 01 ﺍ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝ : ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺘﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ لﺒﻗ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﻤﻭﻴ .

4 ﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺦﻴﺭ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﺔﺒﺼﻋ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻌﺒﺎﻤ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ . 02 ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲ : ﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ل ﻉﻭﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﺒ ﻕﺎﺜﻴﻤ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﺒﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ل ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ، ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ﺀﺍﺭﻶـﻝ ﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻬ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ . 03 -ﻲﺌﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒـﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎـﺴﻨﺇ ﻙـﻝﺫﻭ ، ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺭﺒﻤﻭ ) ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻠﻌﺘ ( ﺎﻬﺴﺴﺃﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ، ﻊـﺒﺘﺘﻭ ﻭﻠﻝ ﺔﻘﺤﻼﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ لﻭﺼ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺨﺩـﺘﻠﻝ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﻴﻠﺴ ﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ، ﻕـﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﻘﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﻯﺩﻤﻭ ﺽﺍﺭـﻏﻷﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻬﻠﺠﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺭﺸ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ . ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ : 01 – ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﷲﺍ ﺎﻁﻋ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﻋ : ﺠﺭﺩ لﻴﻨﻝ ﻪﺘﺤﻭﺭﻁﺃ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ لﻭﺤ ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺔ » ﺀﻭـﻀ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﺃﻭ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ « ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎـﺘ ﻕﺎﻴـﺴ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻡﻫﻷ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗﻭ ﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺭـﺸﻌﻝﺍ ، ﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺞﻝﺎﻋ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ لـﺠﺃ ﻥـﻤ لﺨﺩ ﻪﻨﺃﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﺴ ﻡﻜﺤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﺒ ﻁﻴﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻺﻝ ﻪﺒﻨ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺎﻓ ،ﻲﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻲﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩ – ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﺴﺤ – ﻴ ﺎﻤﺎﻅﻨ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺓﺩﻭﺩﻌﻤ ﻡﺎﻴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻘﻴ ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻋ لﺨﺩﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻥﻜﻤ .

5 02 – ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺱﺍﺭﻭﺒ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ : ﻪﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ » ﺔـﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ « ﺭﻴﺜﺄـﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺎـﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩـﺒ ﺕﺭﺜﺄـﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﻴﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻝﻭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭ ،ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝ ﻻﺎـﺠﻤ ﻑـﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝ ﻉﻭـﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔـﻤﻝﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺩﻬﺘ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻀﺤﻝﺍﻭ . 03 – ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻋ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ : ﻪﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ » ﻥﺎـﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﻭـﻘﺤ ﻡﺍﺭـﺘﺤﺍ ﺽﺭﻔﻝ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺤﻭ ﻥﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ – ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ – « ﺭﻴﺒﺍﺩـﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎـﺨﺘﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﻼﺼ ﻥﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﻕﺎﺜﻴﻤ ﺢﻨﻤ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﺽﺭﻔﻝ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻅﻔﺤ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻪﺘﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤ ﻡﻜﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﺍﺯﻝﻹﺍ ﻴﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،لﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻕﻭـﻘﺤ ﻡﺍﺭـﺘﺤﺍ ﺽﺭـﻔﻝ ﻥﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ لﺨﺩﺘ ﺔ ،ﺓﺩﺭﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ لﻜـﺸﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺼﺘﺨﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﺴﻠﻝ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ ﺎﻬﻜﺎﻬﺘﻨﺍ . ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺨ : ﻥﺇ ﺔﻁﺎﺤﻹﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ لﻜﺒ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﻻﺅﺎـﺴﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺙـﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺔﻋﺭﻔﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺈﺒ ﺓﺭﻭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻔﻨﺁ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻌﺠﺘ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﻥﻴﺒﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ . -ﺎﻤﺃ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤﻝ ﻪﺼﺼﺨﻨ ﻑﻭﺴﻓ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎـﺴﻨﺇ ﻪـﺒﻨﺍﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ : ﻥﻤﻀ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺴﻨ ﻥﻴﻠﺼﻓ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﻪﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻴ ﻭﻘ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻡ لـﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻔﻨﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺭﺒﻤ ﺽﺍﺭﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻠﻝ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ . ﻲﻓ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻨ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ لﺨﺩـﺘﻠﻝ ﺔـﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﻥﻴﻠﺼﻓ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ : ﻲﻓ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻨ ﺎﻤﻬﻝﻭﺃ ﻲﻝﻭﺩـﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﺏﺎﺒـﺴﻷ

6 ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺒﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺩﺭـﻔﻨﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﻨﺎـﺜﻝﺍ لـﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻌﺘﺴﻻ ﻲ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺇﻝ ﻰ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺫﺨﺘﺘ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤ . ﻨ ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﺒ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻬﻨﻨﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺽﺭﻌ ﻡﻫﺃ لـﺼﻭﺘﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﺍﺭﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ . ﻲﻝﻭﺩـﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺱﺭﺩﻨ ﻑﻭﺴ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ : لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ : ﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﻨﺍﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨ . ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ .

7

لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ

لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ

ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﻨﺍﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ

ﻥﺇ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﺒﻌـﺸ ﺕﻘﻘﺤ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻭﻫ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺭـﻴﺭﺒﺘﻭ ﻊﻴﺠـﺸﺘﻝ ﺔـﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻀﻭﻤﻏ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻬﻤ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻡﻫﺩﻼﺒ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﺩﺩﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺔﺤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﻕﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺢﺘﺎﻔﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺽﻴﻭﻔﺘﺒ ﻭﺃ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ) 1 ( . ﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺩﺘﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻥﺈ ﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺄﺸﻨ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻪﺒ ﺭﻤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎـﻗﻼﻌﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ . ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺎﻓ ﺀﺎـﻬﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻪـﻓﺭﻋ ﻭﺭﻏ لﺎﺜﻤﺃ ﺀﺎﻤﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺘ ﺱﻭﻴ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺩﺘﺴﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﺴﺠﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺭﺒ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺩﻁﺼﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻩﺭﺎﺼﻨﺃ . ﻥﻴﻠﺼﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﻤﺴﻗ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ : -لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ . -ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ . ) 1 ( – ،ﺕﻭﺭـﻴﺒ ،ﻥﻴـﻴﻼﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﻤﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﻪﻴﻴﻨﻴﻝﻭﺴ ﻪﻴﺸﻭﺒ ﺯﺍﻭﺴﻨﺍﺭﻓ 2006 ﺹ ، 189 .

8

لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

ﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ

ﺔﻴﻨﺎ

لـﺒﻗ ﺎـﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﺩﻭﻌﺘ ﺫﺇ ،لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﺓﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻤ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺭﻭـﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻭ ،ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻩﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻴﻭ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺩـﺤﺘﻭ ﻪـﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻴﻀﺘ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ،لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺓﺎﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻔﻠﺘﺨﺍ ﺫﻫ ﻊﺴﻭﺘ ﻯﺭﺨﺃﻭ ،ﻪﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ،لﻭﻷﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺸﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ لﻤﺸﻴﻝ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺱﺴﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴﻻ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻔﻠﺘﺨﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ . ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻤ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﺎﻨﻴﺄﺘﺭﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ : -لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ . -ﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒ : ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ . -ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﻷ .

9 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻥﺇ ﺩﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﺕﻠﻅ ﺎﻬﻴﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤﺒ ﻲﻓ لﺨ ﻡﻴﻤﺼ ﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺨ ﺨﺘﻭ ، ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺭ . ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ لﺨﺩﺘﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺅﺸ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻝ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺭﺤ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ . ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺕﺎﻔﺼ ﺕﺒﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻪـﻨﺎﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺀﺎﻬﺘﻨﺎﺒ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇﻭ ﻕﺤﻝﺃ ﺩﻗ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﺼﻋ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﻡـﺜ ، ﺕﺎﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺎﻴﺭﺫﺠ ﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺘﻨﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻬ ﻭ ﺔـﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎ ﺀﺎـﺸﻨﺇ ﻡـﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ . ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﻤﺴﻗ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤ ﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺴﻨ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎـﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭـﻁ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ لﺤﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ : لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ . ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﺭـﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺎـﻤ ﺓﺭـﺘﻓ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ . ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺔـﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ . لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺘ ﺓﺭ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﻥﺎـﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺃ ﺔﻠﺨﺩﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻗﻸﻝ ﺼ ﻴﻗﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﻭ ﺔـﻴﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔ ﺎﻬﺘﺩـﺤﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ، ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻠﺨﺩﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺎﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﺨﺩﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ، ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺍﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻠﺨﺩﺘ ﺭﺼﻘﺘ ﺎﻬﻜﺭﺎـﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

10 ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺤﻠـﺼﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺭﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨ ﻙﻝﺫ ) 1 ( . ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺔـﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻥﻭﻨﺎـﻘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ، ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻋ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ : ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻝ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ) 2 ( ﺩﺼﻘﻴﻭ ، ﻪﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻪﺒ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻯﺭـﺨﺃ ﺔـﻝﻭﺩ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﺩﻀ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺔـﻴﻐﺒ ﺇ ﺎـﻬﻨ ﺀ ﺕﺎـﻔﻝﺎﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺭﺨﻭ ﻓﺭﺘﻘﺘ ﺎﻬ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ، ﺔﻠﺨﺩﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻘﺒﻁﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ ﺎﻫﺎﻴﺎﻋﺭﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤ ﺩﻀ ) 3 ( . ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻝ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺩﺠﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺫﺠ ﻝﺩ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻁﻭ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻋ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . ﺜﻼﺜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﺴﻘﻨ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﻉﻭﺭﻓ ﺔ : -لﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﻥﻴﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ . -ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ . -ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ . لﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ،لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺢﻠﺴﻤ لﺎﺘﻗ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻀﺨﻴﻭ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝ ) 4 ( . ﻥﺭـﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﺍﺫﻜﻫﻭ ﺎـﻬﻨﺃ لﺒ ،ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺎﺌﺭﺎﻁ ﺎﺜﺩﺎﺤ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺭﺸﻋ ﺱﺩﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺜﻤﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺔـﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴـﻠﻗﺇ ﻥـﻋ ﻲﻋﺭـﺸﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻠﻝ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ) 1 ( ،ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻬﻘﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺍﻭﺩﻨﻫ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻡﺎﺴﺤ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ 1996 -1997 ﺹ ، 16 . ) 2 ( -ﺩ . ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ،ﻰﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺨ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻨﻠﻝ لﺌﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﺭﺸ 2004 ، ﺹ 30 . ) 3 ( Charles rousseau,Droit international public.T.IV,Paris ,sirey 1971.P 49.

) 4 ( – ،ﺔﻴﺭﺩﻨﻜـﺴﻹﺍ ،ﻑﺭﺎـﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺯﻏ ،ﻱﺩﺍﻭﺒ ﻱﺩﻤﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤ 2005 ﺹ ، 18 .

11 ﺏﺒﺴﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍﻭ لﻼﺘـﺤﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺎﺠﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﺇ ﺏﺴﺎﻜﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻬﺘﺴﺍ لﺜﻤ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻲﻀﺍﺭﺃ ) 1 ( . ﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﻴﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺕﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔـﺴﻴﻨﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﺨﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻝﻭﺜﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺯﻴﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺩـﻀ ﻡﻭـﻘﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭـﻴﻏ ﻥﻴﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺩﻀ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺸ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻥﻭﺩﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻋ ﻴ ﺔ ﻭ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻭ ﻕﺎﻗﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻠﻅﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺎﻏ ) 2 ( . ﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﻔﻝﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻬﻅ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻪﻔﻝﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻑﻝﺅﻤ ﻥﺎﺘـﺴﻏﻭﺃ ﺱﻴﺩـﻘﻝﺍ saint augustin ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺔـﺴﻴﻨﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻕﺭﻓ ﺩﻗﻭ ، ﷲﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻭ ﻡـﻠﻅﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎـﻋﺇ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﺍﺩـﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺔـﻝﻭﺩ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻕﺎﻗﺭﺘـﺴﻻﺍ ﻭ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﺌ . ، ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻯﺭﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ ﻡﺎـﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺭـﻌﺘ ﻉﺭﺸﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻲﺤﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻔﻠﻝ ﺯﻭﺠﻴ ﻪﻨﺎﻓ ﺭﻁﺨﻠﻝ ﺫﺇ لﺎـﺘﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻁﻠـﺴﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫـﺒ ﻪـﺘﺭﻤﺃ ﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ ، ﺍﺯﺌﺎﺠ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻭ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻪﻝﻹﺍ ﻡﻴﻝﺎﻌﺘﻝ ﺍﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺭﻭﺭـﻀ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﻴ ﺔ ﺭﺍﺭﺸﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﻗﺎﻌﻤﻝ ﻌﻴ ﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﻁ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩ ﻪﻝﻹﺍ ﺭﻤﺍﻭﻷ . ﺍﻭﺘ ﺏﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻏﻭﺃ ﺩﺩﺤ ﺩﻗ ﻭ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻋ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻲﻜﻝ ﺎﻫﺭﻓ : 01 – لﻭﻷﺍ ﻁﺭﺸﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸ ﺔﻁﻠﺴ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻠﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻫﺭﺩـﺼﻤ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻏﻭﺃ ﺭﻅﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻓ ،ﷲﺍ ﷲﺎ ﻭﻫ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻁﻠﺴ لﻜ ) 3 ( ﻭ ، لﻜ ﻡﻅﻨﻴ ﷲﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﻫﻭﻝﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻏﻭﺃ ﻁﺒﺭﻴ ) 1 ( – ﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺍﻭﺒ ﻱﺩﻤﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤ ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠ 18 . ) 2 ( -ﺩ . ،ﺔـﺒﺎﻨﻋ، ﻊـﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ،ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺵﺭﺤﻝ ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ 2007 ، ﺹ 22 . ) 3 ( لـﻴﻨﻝ ﺔـﺤﻭﺭﻁﺃ ، ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﺃ ﻭ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ،ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﷲﺍ ﺎﻁﻋ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ، ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ، ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ، ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ 2007 ﺹ ، 333 .

12 ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻊﻀﻴﻭ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻊﻀﺨﻴﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻊﻓﺭﻴﻭ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﻭﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻴﻭ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻪﻘﺤﺘﺴﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ لﻜﻝ ﻲﻁﻌﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩ لﻜ . لﻭـﻘﻴ ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ﺱﻝﻭﺒ ﺱﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻝﺎﻌﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻏﻭﺃ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻲـﻓ ﺎـﻬﻴﻓ : » ﻠﻝ ﻥﻷ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺠ لﻤﺤﺘ ﻥﻴﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﷲﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻝﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﻡﻠﻅ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻠﻝ ﷲﺍ ﻰﻁﻋﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﻻ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻁ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﷲﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﻊـﻀﺨﻴ ﻲـﺴﺎﻴﺴ لﻤﻋ لﻜ ﻥﻷ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻤﻴﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻋﺭﺸ ﺭﻫﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻬﻝﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﻌﻠﻝ ) 1 ( . 02 -ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻁﺭﺸﻝﺍ : ﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻝ ﺏﺭ لﺩﺎﻋ ﺏﺒﺴ ) 2 ( ، ﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻕـﺒﻁﻴ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻥﺎﻴﺘﺇ ﺎﻨﻫ لﺩﻌﻝﺎ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ لﻜﻠﻓ ،ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺭﻐﺼﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺎﻓ ، ﻰـﺘﺤﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻫﺩﺯﺘ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﺍ ﻪﻤﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍﻭ لﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻓ ، ﻌﻴـﻓ لﺩـﻌﻝﺍ ﻡ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝ ﺹﻼﺨﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻝﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻭ ﺕﻀﺭﺎﻌﺘ ﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷ ـﻀﻌﺒ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻋ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻬ ﻲﺒﺴﻨ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻏﻭﺃ ﺩﻨﻋ لﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻓ ﺩـﻘ ﻻﺩﺎﻋ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﻭ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﺩﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲـﻓ ﻑـﻠﺘﺨﺘ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻝ ،ﺎﻬﻤﻅﻨ ﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻻﺩﺎﻋ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺩﻘ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻊـﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻜﻝﻭ ،ﻯﺭـﺨﺃ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻝﺎﻅ ،ﷲﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺎﻌﻴﻤﺠ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻊﺴﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻭﻫ ﻊﺒﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔـﻤﻝﺎﻅ ﻥﻭـﻜﺘ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺝﺭﺨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﺱﺎﻨﻠﻝ ﷲﺍ ﻪﻌﻀﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﻏ ) 3 ( . ) 1 ( – ﻁ ،ﺕﻭﺭـﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺭﻭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻴﻠﺴ ﻥﻴﻤﺃ ﺩﻤﺤﺃﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻋ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ 01 ، 1999 ﺹ ، 175 . ) 2 ( ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﷲﺍ ﺎﻁﻋ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﻋ 333 . ) 3 ( – ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻴﻠﺴ ﻥﻴﻤﺃ ﺩﻤﺤﺃﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻋ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﺹ ، 174 – 175 .

13 03 – ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻁﺭﺸﻝﺍ : ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻅﻔﺤﻭ ﻡﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ) 1 ( ، ﺇﺫ ﻪـﻨﺃ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻏﻭﺃ ﻯﺭﻴ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺒﻭﻏﺭﻤ ﺫﺇ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻏﻭﺃ لﻭﻘﻴ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻯﺩﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻉﺩﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻕﺤ ﻪﻝ ﻪـﺴﻔﻨ ﻥـﻋ ﻉﺎﻓﺩـﻝﺍ ، ﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ ﺭﻴﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺩﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻪﻨﻷ ﻥﻴﺩﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺘﻗﻭ ﻥﺈـﻓ ﺭـﺨﻵﺍ ﻑﺭـﻁﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺩـﻀ لﺎـﺘﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﻥﻭﻝﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺭﻀﺘﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ﻪﻤﻠﻅ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺩﺎﻤﺘﻴ ﻑﻭﺴ ﻱﺩﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻝﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋﻭ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻋﺎﻓﺩ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻥﻴﺩﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ . ﻝ ﻲﻨﺎـﺴﻨﺇ ﻊﺒﺎﻁ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴﻓ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻏﻭﺃ ﻯﺭﻴ ﺍﺫﻬ ـﻴﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺼﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻲﺸﺤﻭ ﻻ ،ﻊـﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﻰﻤـﺴﻷﺍ ﺔ ﻡﺜﺇ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺏﺭﺤ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺏﻠﻁ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻼﺘﺎﻗ ﺱﻴﻝ لﺘﺎﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻨﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ ﻱﺩﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻘﺘ ﻼﻓ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺜﺇ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺭﻤﺍﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻁ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻋ لﺎﺘﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﺩﺼﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ) 2 ( . 04 – ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻁﺭﺸﻝﺍ : ﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺍﺭﺸﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﻗﺎﻌﻤ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥ ) 3 ( ، ﺱﺎـﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺎﺘـﺴﻏﻭﺃ ﻯﺭـﻴ ﺫﺇ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻭﺎﺴﺘﻤ – ﺭﺍﺭﺤﺃﻭ ﻕﺭ – ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ﺎﻨﻴﺩﺘﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺭﺨﻵ ﺍﺩﺒﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺎﻨ ﺍﺫﻜﻫﻭ ،ﷲﺍ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺤ ) ﺀﺍﺩﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻏﻭﺃ ﻪﺒ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻤﺒ ( ﺔـﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻥـﺴﺤﺒ ﺀﺎﻗﺭﻷﺍ – ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ – ﺭﺸﺒ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ . ﺽﻭﻓ ﺩﻗ ﷲﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻏﻭﺃ ﻯﺭﻴﻭ ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻡـﺜ ﻥـﻤﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺭﻤ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ،ﻪﺒﺼﺎﻨﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺀﻭﺴ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﺓﺩـﻋﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻝﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﺭـﺸﺃ ﺍﻭﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻻﺇﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺭﺸﻭ ﺏﻭﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺩﺎﻌﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻡﻬﺘﺒﻗﺎﻌﻤ ﺕﺯﺎﺠﻭ ) 4 ( . ) 1 ( ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﷲﺍ ﺎﻁﻋ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﻋ 333 . ) 2 ( – ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻴﻠﺴ ﻥﻴﻤﺃ ﺩﻤﺤﺃﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻋ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ 177 . ) 3 ( ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﷲﺍ ﺎﻁﻋ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﻋ 333 . ) 4 ( ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻴﻠﺴ ﻥﻴﻤﺃ ﺩﻤﺤﺃﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻋ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﺩﺎﻤﻋ 178 – 179 ﻑﺭﺼﺘﺒ .

14 ﻨ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ﺏﺭـﺤﻠﻝ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻏﻭﺃ ﻩﺩﺩﺤ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺓﺭﻅ ﻲﻫ ﻁﺎﻘﻨ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺯﺠﻭﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ : 01 – ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻁﻠـﺴﻝﺍ ﺎـﻬﻨﻠﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ،ﺏﺭـﺤﻠﻝ ﻉﻭﺭـﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺢﻴﺤـﺼﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻔﻀﻹ ﺔﺼﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻥﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻭ ،ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺍ ﺩﺭﻝ ﺔﺤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﺩﻌﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺍﻭﺩﻌﻝ . 02 – ﺏﺭـﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺒﺘ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻠﻝ لﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺭـﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺩـﺤﺘ ﺎـﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﻊﺠﺭﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﺒﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ . 03 – ﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﻻ ﻥﺄﺒ ،ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻴﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﺴﻝﺍ . 04 – لﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎـﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹ ﺩﻬﻤﺘﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﺴﻝﺍﻭ ) 1 ( . ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﺒ ﺫﺨﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ لﺎﺜﻤﺃ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻬﻘﻓ : ﺱﻭﻴﺘﻭﺭﻏ hugo grotius ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﺱﺴﺅﻤ ) 2 ( ، ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺏﻌـﺸ ﻱﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺏﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻕﺤ ﻪﻝ ﺃ ﻭ ﺼ لﻴ ﺓﺭﻭﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﻭﻝ ﻑﻗ ﻡـﻠﻅ ﻭ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﻋﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺩﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺎﺠﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ) 3 ( . ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺩـﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺔﺠﺤﺒ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺍﻭﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ لﻭﺩـﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭـﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻤﻀ ﺯﻬﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﺭﺭﺒﺘﻭ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﻤﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺓﺭﻭﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ) 4 ( . ﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺎﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺕﻘﺒﻁ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻥﺭـﻘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ لﻭﺩ 16 ،ﻡ ﻭﺭﻏ ﻪﻴﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻗﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺘ ﻪﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺱﻭﻴ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴ ﻥﺎﻤﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﺤﺒ ) 1 ( – ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺍﻭﺒ ﻱﺩﻤﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤ 18 -19 . ) 2 ( -Piere –marie dupuy,Droit international public.edition DALLOZ.7 e edition.2004.p 07 ) 3 ( -ﺩ . ﺹ ، ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ، ﻰﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺨ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ 31 . ) 4 ( ﺩﺭﺎﻫﺭﻴﺠ ﻕﺎـﻓﻵﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺔـﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔـﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،لﻭﻷﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺏﻴﺭﻌﺘ ،ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻼﻏ ﻥﺎﭭ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ 1970 ﺹ ، 184 .

15 ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﺃ ﺩﻀ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻴ ﻭ ﺩﺎﻬﻁﻀﻼﻝ ﺏﻴﺫﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ) 1 ( . لﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘ ﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻋ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﻭﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﻨﺎﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺅـﺸ ﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻝﻭﺜﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﻫﺫﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﻤﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓ ﻲﺘﻨﺎﺘﺴﺘﻭﺭﺒﻝﺍ ـﻤ ﺎـﻴﺎﻋﺭ ﻥ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻝﻭﺜﺎﻜﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ، ﺕﻼﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺩﺃ ﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺏﻭﺭﺤ ﺎـﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤ 1618 ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺴﻘﻨﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﺘﻋﻭـﻤﺠﻤ : ﻭﻋﺩﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻝﻭﺜﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻴﻨﻜﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﺘ ﺕـﺤﺘ ﺔـﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ لﻭ ﺔﺴﻴﻨﻜﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﻭﻝ ﺔﺴﻴﻨﻜﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺘﻨﺎﺘﺴﺘﻭﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﻋﺩﺘﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔـﻴﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻴﻨﻜﻝﺍ ﺫﻭﻔﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺹﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺕ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﻔﺘﺴﻭ ﺓﺩﻫﺎﻌﻤ ﻊﻴﻗﻭﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ 1648 ) 2 ( ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻗﺃ ﻭ ﻙﻴﻝﻭﺜﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﺘﺴﺘﻭﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺎﺒﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺤ . ﻭ ﺒ ﺩﻫﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺍﺫﻬ ﺓ ﺴﺴﺃ ﺕﻌﻀﻭ ﺩﻗ ﺎ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔـﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺕﻨﻤﻀ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻗﻸﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺎﻤﺤﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ لﺎـﺘﻘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻑﻨﻌﻠﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺎﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﺕﻠﺨﺩﺘ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻭ ﻭ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﻁﻴﺭﺒﻭ ﺒ ﻭ ﺎﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﻤﻨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺎ ﻙﺭ ﻥﻴﻴـﺴﻜﺫﻭﺜﺭﻷﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻝ ﻲـﻓ ،ﺎﻴﻨﻭﻝﻭﺒ ﺕﺒﻠﻁﻭ ﻲﻜﻴﻝﻭﺜﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻜﻠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ﻥﻴﻴـﺴﻜﺫﻭﺜﺭﻷﺍ ﻩﺎـﻴﺎﻋﺭ ﺩﺎﻬﻁﻀﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺘﻨﺎﺘﺴﺘ لﻭﺩـﻝﺍ ﻡـﺴﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﻜﺫـﻤ ﺔـﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺘﺎﻜ ﺎﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﺓﺭﺼﻴﻗ ﻪﻝ ﺕﻬﺠﻭ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ﺓﺭﻭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺭﺒﻤﺘﺒﺴ ﻲﻓ 1766 ﻕﻭـﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﻲـﻫ ﺓﺩﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺤ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺏﺠﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ﺔﺴﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻴﻨﻭﻝﻭﺒ ﻙﻠﻤ ﺕﺒﻝﺎﻁ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ، ﻡﻫﺩﺎﻬﻁﻀﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ) 3 ( ، ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻯﺩﺃ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺎﻴﻨﻭﻝﻭﺒ ﻙﻠﻤ ﻪﻝ لﺜﺘﻤﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺤﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻪﺘﻝﻭﺩﺒ ﻲﻓ 1772 ﺎﺴﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘﻭ ﻭ ﺒ ﺎﻴﺴﻭﺭ ) 4 ( . ﻑﺭﻋ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ 19 ﺔـﻴﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﺘ ﻲـﻓ ﻥﻭﺅﺸ ﻯﺭﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﺘﺅﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺎﻨﻴﻴﻓ ﺔﻨﺴ 1815 ﺀﺎﺠ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺩـﻌﺒ ) 1 ( -ﺩ . ﺹ ، ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ، ﻱﻭﺍﺩﻨﻫ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﺤ 24 . ) 2 ( -ﺩ . ﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻙﻭﺭﺒﻤ ﻥﺎﺒﻀﻏ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎـﺘ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ، ﺹ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩ، لﻭﻷﺍ ﻡﺴﻘﻝﺍ، ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻭ 1994 ﺹ ، 51 . ) 3 ( ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﻺﻝ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺏﻭﻘﻌﻴ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ 2004 ﺹ، 29 . ) 4 ( -ﺩ . ، ﻙﻭﺭﺒﻤ ﻥﺎﺒﻀﻏ ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺹ ، 56 .

16 ﺭﻤﺘﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻌﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ، ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻴﻠﺒﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﺅﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇﻭ ﺵﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻨﺍ ﺩﻗ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺎﺴﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻴﺴﻭﺭﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔـﻴﺭﺤﻭ ﺔﻴـﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻕﺤﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﻅﻨ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻨـﺴ ﺔﻴـﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ 1789 ) 1 ( . ﻝﺍ ﻡﻀﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻲﻠﻌﻓ ﺩﺎﺤﺘﺍ لﻜﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺞﻴﻭﺭﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﻭﺴ ﻡـﻀ ﻭ ، ﺎﻜﻴﺠﻠﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺍﺩﻨﻝﻭﻫ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﺴﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﻗ ﻊـﻀﻭ ﻡﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺜ ﻡﺌﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﻴﺤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺭﺴﻴﻭﺴ ﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﻘﻋ ﻡ ﻯ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻨﻴﻴﻓ ﺭﻤﺘﺅﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻤﺘﺒﺴ ﺭﻬﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻝﺎﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ 1815 ﻡ ، ﺎـﺴﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻴـﺴﻭﺭ ﻲـﻫ ﻭ ، ،ﺍﺭﺘﻠﺠﻨﺍ،ﺎﻴﺴﻭﺭﺒ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﻤﻀﻨﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﺎﻘﺤﻻ 1818 ﻡ ) 2 ( . ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺼﻭ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﺒﺼﻨ ﺩﻗﻭ لﺨﺩـﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺤ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨﻝ ﺕﻁﻋﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭ ﻱﺩـﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻭ ﺎﻨﻴﻴﻓ ﺭﻤﺘﺅﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻗﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺵﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺒﺜﺘﻝ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﻀ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﺭﺤﺘ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﻱﻷ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺘ ﺭﺎـﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺫﺨﺄ ﺏﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻏﺭ ) 3 ( . ﻑﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﺭﻗ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﻴﺴﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻭﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻼﺨﻷﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﺒﻭ ﻼﺨ ﺎﺒﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ لﻌﻔﻝﺎ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ل 19 ﻡ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ لﺨﺩﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺅﺸ ﺩﻗ ﻭ ﻯﺭﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺒﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺏﺠﻭﻤﺒﻭ ،ﻪﺘﻼﺨﺩﺘ ﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺎﻀﻋ ﻁﺭﺘـﺸﺘ ﻑـﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋﻼﻝ ﻥﺃ ﺤ ﺎﻴﻜﻠﻤ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻅﻨ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﺕﻤﺩﺨﺘـﺴﺍ ﺙﻴ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝ ﺃﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ) 4 ( . ) 1 ( -ﺩ . ﺹ ، ﺔﻴﺭﺩﻨﻜﺴﻹﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻤ، ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﻑﻴﻫﻭﺒﺇ ﻕﺩﺎﺼ ﻲﻠﻋ 34 . ) 2 ( -ﺩ . ﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ، ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ،ﺎﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻡﺴﺎﺠ ،ﺔﻴﻗﻭﻘﺤ 2006 ﺹ ، 85 . ) 3 ( -ﺩ . ،ﺡﻭﺘﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ،ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ، ﺕﻌﻓﺭ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ 1999 ﺹ ، 41 . ) 4 ( -ﺩ . ﺹ ، ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺀﺎﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻡﺴﺎﺠ 85 .

17 ﺇ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﺕﻔﻠﻜ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻨـﺴ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺒﺴ 1823 ، ﻭ ﺎﻴـﺴﻭﺭﻭ ﺎﻴـﺴﻭﺭﺒ ﺎـﺘﻔﻠﻜ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻲﻝﻭﺒﺎﻨ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺎﺒ 1821 ﻡﺎﻋ لﺎﻐﺘﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺭﺘﻠﺠﻨﺍﻭ 1826 ﺎـﻬﻠﻜ ﺕﻠﺨﺩـﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻥﻭﺅﺸ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﺼﻤ 1840 ﻤﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺴﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﺨﺩﺘ ﺎ ﺒﺎﻨ ﻭ ﻲﻝ ﺎﻴﻨﻴﺩﺭﺴ ﻭ ﻑﺎﻘﻴﻹ ﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺓ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ) 1 ( . ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻨﻋ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﺼﻷﺍ ﻡﻠـﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻐﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺽﻌﺒﺒ ﻡﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻤﻷﺍﻭ ) 2 ( ﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻩﻭﺭﻜﻤ ﺭﻤﺃ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺎﻓ ، ﺓﻭﻋﺩ ﻡﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻥ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻺﻝ ﻥﻤﺃﻭ ﻡﻼﺴ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻻ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻻﺇ ﻥﻴﺘﻝﺎﺤ : ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ : ﻲﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺎﻗﺍﺩﺼﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻰﻝﺎﻌﺘ ﻪﻝﻭﻘﻝ : » ﻭ ﹰﻗ ﺘﺎ ﹸﻠ ﻓ ﺍﻭ ﺴ ﻲ ﹺﺒ ِلﻴ ِﷲﺍ ـﹰﻝﺍ ﺫ ﻥﻴ ﻴﹶﻘ ﺘﺎ ﹸﻠ ﹶﻨﻭ ﹸﻜ ﻡ ﻭ ﹶﻝ ﺎ ﺍﻭﺩﹶﺘﻌﹶﺘ ِﺇ ﻥ َﷲﺍ ﹶﻻ ﻴ ﺤ ﺏ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻌ ﹶﺘ ﺩ ﻥﻴ « ) 3 ( . ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻪﻝﻭﻗﻭ : » ﱠﺸﻝﺍ ﻬ ﺭ ﺤﻝﺍ ﺭ ﻡﺍ ﹺﺒ ﱠﺸﻝﺎ ﻬ ﹺﺭ ﺤﻝﺍ ﺭ ﹺﻡﺍ ﻭ ﹸﻝﺍ ﺤ ﺭ ﻤ ﹸﺕﺎ ﻗ ﺼ ﺹﺎ ﹶﻓ ـﻤ ﹺﻥ ﻋﺍ ـﹶﺘ ﺩ ﻯ ﻋ ﹶﻠﻴ ﹸﻜ ﻡ ﹶﻓ ﻋﺎ ﹶﺘ ﺩ ﻋ ﺍﻭ ﹶﻠﻴ ﻪ ﹺﺒ ﻤ ﹾﺜ ِل ﻤ ﻋﺍ ﺎ ﹶﺘ ﺩ ﻋ ﻯ ﹶﻠﻴ ﹸﻜ ﻡ ﱠﺍﻭ ﹸﻘﺘ َﷲﺍ ﺍﻭ ﻭ ﻋﺍ ﹶﻠ ﻤ َﺃ ﺍﻭ ﻥ َﷲﺍ ﻤ ﻊ ﻤﻝﺍ ﹶﺘﻘ ﻥﻴ « ) 4 ( . لﺠﻭ ﺯﻋ ﻪﻝﻭﻗﻭ : » ﻭ ﻤ ﹶﻝﺎ ﹸﻜ ﻡ ﹶﻻ ﹸﺘﹶﻘ ﺘﺎ ﹶﻠ ﻥﻭ ﻓ ﺴ ﻲ ﹺﺒ ِلﻴ ِﷲﺍ ﻭ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺴ ﹶﺘ ـﻀ ﻌ ﻔ ﻥﻴ ـﻤ ﻥ ّّﹺﺭﻝﺍ ﺠ ِلﺎ ﻭ ﱢﻨﻝﺍ ﺴ ﺀﺎ ﻭ ِﻝﺍ ﹾﻝﻭ ﺩ ﹺﻥﺍ ﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴ ﻴﹸﻘ ﹸﻝﻭ ﻥﻭ ﺭ ﺒﹶﻨ َﺃ ﺎ ﹾﺨ ﹺﺭ ﺠ ﹶﻨ ﻤ ﺎ ﻥ ﻫ ﺫ ﻩ ﹶﻘﻝﺍ ﺭ ﻴ ﺔ ﱠﻅﻝﺍ ِﻝﺎ ﹺﻡ َﺃ ﻫ ﹸﻠ ﻬ ﻭ ﺎ ﺠﺍ ﻌ ْل ﹶﻝﹶﻨ ﻤ ﺎ ﻥ ﹶﻝ ﺩ ﹾﻨ ﻙ ﻭ ِﹾﻝﻴ ﻭ ﺎ ﺠﺍ ﻌ ْل ﹶﻝ ﹶﻨ ِ ﺎ ﻥﻤ ﹶﻝ ﺩ ﹾﻨ ﻙ ﹶﻨ ﺼ ﺭﻴ ﺍ « ) 5 ( ﺡﺎﻤـﺴﻝﺎﺒ لﺨﺩـﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺯﺎﺠﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ ، ﺍﻭـﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﻴﺫـﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻝﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻔﻌﻀﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺍﻭﻌﻓﺍﺩﻴ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﻠﻅﻠﻝ . ﻥﻴﻤﻠـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﺘ ﻻ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺄﺒ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﺘﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺙﻴﻐﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏ لﻤﺸﺘ لﺒ ،ﺏﺴﺤﻓ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺢﺒﺼﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻅﻤ ) 1 ( -ﺩ . ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ، ﺕﻌﻓﺭ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ، ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 42 . ) 2 ( – ﺩ . ﺒﺎﺒﺩ ﻑﻭﺅﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ،ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻪﻘﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺭﺜﺃﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺵ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺭﻜﺴﺒ ،ﺭﻀﻴﺨ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ 21 ﺱﺭﺎﻤ ، 2011 ﺹ ، 245 . ) 3 ( – ﺓﺭﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺴ : ﺔﻴﻵﺍ 190 . ) 4 ( – ﺓﺭﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺴ : ﺔﻴﻵﺍ 194 . ) 5 ( – ﺔﻴﻵﺍ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺴ 75 .

18 ،ﺔـﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺓﺩﻫﺎﻌﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻨﺘﺴﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﺒﺠﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭـﻜﻴ ﻥﺄﻜ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻻ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻨﺜﺘﺴﻴﻭ ﻙﺎـﻨﻫ ﺔﻤﻝﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺩﻬﻋ ) 1 ( ﻰﻝﺎﻌﺘ ﻪﻝﻭﻘﻝ ﺎﻗﺍﺩﺼﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ : » ﻭ ِﺇ ﹺﻥ ﺴﺍ ﹶﺘﹾﻨ ـﺼ ﺭ ﹸﻜﻭ ﻡ ـْﻓ ﻲ ﺩﻝﺍ ﹺﻥﻴ ﹶﻓ ﻌ ﹶﻠﻴ ﹸﻜ ﻡ ﱠﻨﻝﺍ ﺼ ﺭ ِﺇ ﻻ ﻋ ﹶﻠ ﹶﻗ ﻰ ﻭ ﹴﻡ ﺒﻴ ﹶﻨ ﹸﻜ ﻡ ﻭ ﺒﻴ ﹶﻨ َُﻬ ﹺﻡ ﻤ ﹶﺜﻴ ﹲﻕﺎ « ) 2 ( . ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ : ﻕﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻋﺩ لﻴﺼﻭﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻭ ﻕﺭـﻁﻝﺍ ﻥـﺴﺤﺄﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﻠـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭـﻴﻏ لـﻀﻓﺃ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ ) 3 ( . ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺎـﻴﺁ ﻲـﻓ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻐﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺁﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻰﻝﺎﻌﺘ ﻪﻝﻭﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ : » ﹶﺍ ﺩ ﻉ ِﺇ ﹶﻝ ﻰ ﺴ ﹺﺒ ِلﻴ ﺭ ﹺﺒ ﻙ ﹺﺒ ﹾﻝﺎ ﺤ ﹾﻜ ﻤ ﺔ ﻭ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻋ ﹶﻅ ﺔ ﺤﻝﺍ ـﺴ ﹶﻨ ﺔ ﻭ ـﺠ ﺩﺎ ﹾﻝ ﻬ ﻡ ﹺﺒ ﺘﻝﺎ ﻫ ﻲ ﻲ َﺃ ﺤ ﺴ ﻥ « ) 4 ( . ﻼﻓ ﺍﻭﺒﻴﺠﺘﺴﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﺎﻓ ﻥﻭﻠﺘﺎﻘﻴ ﻝﺎﻌﺘ ﻪﻝﻭﻘﻝ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻭ ﻡﻬﻌﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻨﺎﻤ ﻻﻭ ﻰ : » ﻻ ﻴﹾﻨ ﻬ ﹸﻜﺎ ﻡ ُﷲﺍ ﻋ ﹺﻥ ﹶﻝﺍ ﺫ ﻥﻴ ﹶﻝ ﻡ ﻴﹶﻘ ﺘﺎ ﹸﻠ ﹸﻜﻭ ﻡ ﻓ ﺩﻝﺍ ﻲ ﹺﻥﻴ ﻭ ﹶﻝﻡ ﻴ ﹾﺨ ﹺﺭ ﺠ ﹸﻜﻭ ﻡ ـﻤ ﻥ ﺩ ـﻴ ﹺﺭﺎ ﹸﻜ ﻡ َﺃ ﻥ ﹶﺘ ـﺒ ﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻡ ﻭ ﹸﺘﹾﻘ ﺴ ﹸﻁ ﺍﻭ ِﺇﹶﻝ ﻴ ﹺﻬ ﻡ ِﺇ ﻥ َﷲﺍ ﻴ ﺤ ﺏ ﻤﻝﺍ ﹾﻘ ﺴ ﻁ ﻥﻴ ، ِﺇ ﱠﻨ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎ ﹾﻨ ﻬ ﹸﻜﺎ ﻡ ُﷲﺍ ﻋ ﹺﻥ ـﱠﻝﺍ ﺫ ﻥﻴ ـَﹶﻗ ﹶﺘﺎ ﹸﻠ ﹸﻜﻭ ﻡ ـﻓ ـﱢﻝﺍ ﻲ ﻴﺩ ﻥ ﻭ َﺃ ﹾﺨ ﺭ ﺠ ﹸﻜﻭ ﻡ ﻤ ﻥ ﺩ ﻴ ﹺﺭﺎ ﹸﻜ ﻡ ﻭ ﹶﻅ ﻫﺎ ﺭ ﻋ ﺍﻭ ﹶﻠ ﻰ ِﺇ ﹾﺨ ﺭ ﹺﺠﺍ ﹸﻜ ﻡ َﺃ ﻥ ﹶﺘ ﻭ ﹸﻝ ﻫﻭ ﻡ ﻭ ﻤ ﻥ ﻴ ـﹶﺘ ﻭ ﱠﻝ ﻬ ﻡ ﹶﻓ ﻭﺄ ـِﺌﻝ ﻙ ـﻫ ﻡ ﹶﻅﻝﺍ ِﻝﺎ ﻤ ﻥﻭ « ) 5 ( . ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻕﺤ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺱﺩـﻘﻤ ﻕﺤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ، ﻭ ﺩـﺤﻷ ﺯﻭـﺠﻴ ﻻ لﺘﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﺤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻤﺭﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻕﺎﻫﺯﺇﻭ ﻻﺇ ،ﺡﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺎـﺒ ﺎـﻫﺭﻘﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ) 6 ( . لﻌﺠ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻭ ﺭﻴ ﺀﺎﻬﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻑﺭﻋ ﺩﻗ ، ﻭ ﻥﻭﺩﻠﺨ ﻥﺒﺍ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻝﺩﺘﺴﻴ ﺏﻭﺭـﺤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﺭﻔﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻐﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﺭﺤ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ لﺩﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ ، ﺭﻌﻴ ﺫﺇ ﺏﻭﺭﺤ ﻑ لﺩـﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺎـﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﺎـﻬﻨﺄﺒ ) 1 ( – ﺒﺩ ﻕﻭﺅﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺵﺒﺎ 245 . ) 2 ( – لﺎﻔﻨﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺴ : ﺔﻴﻵﺍ 72 . ) 3 ( -ﺩ . ﺹ ، ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ، ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺵﺭﺤﻝ ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ 15 . ) 4 ( – لﺤﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺴ : ﺔﻴﻵﺍ 125 ) 5 ( – ﺔﻴﻵﺍ ،ﺔﻨﺤﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺴ : 08 – 09 .. ) 6 ( – ﺩ . ﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ،ﻱﻭﺎﻨﻁﺸ لﺼﻴﻓ ، ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺩﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ، ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹ 1999 ﺹ ، 34 .