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(167) N3 ,&
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(174) * @%(. : *' , G1 C5 CCA ' – 4 & 5 – % " FG( - A A )/ KMC! C+ O C 5( ,< L' & N&! O? -+ =/ 55' 5( .(1) " ! 2 ( C% 5 N&! !0( - A @ %3 -+ 55' ! N&! I )/ ?* . ! ,< C* A = = 2! 4' N3 % = 0 " F N&! 'D F+/ " C/ / 95 =! 03 A -
(175) % 3 = 0 P ( /M = = %. 18.
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(178) ' % 55' * 1!
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(180) = )/ 1?* <' = C / C ,C% B( 3 =
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(185) / -+ / 6 (0 2 =% -+ H (2) ." : -+ ?& ,
(186) / C% :C -C+ FC ! -+ - % H H O* =G( )/ ZM . ,</( ! (/ , ('0 -+ . P
(187) C&/ , (' , &C/ = 5 F3 &CC% " F N&! -; C S C 3 F+/ (3). ." -&% 6 N&! H / - 3 -+ )C/ C& * -C % = % )C/ : )/ ?C* 9 . / -+ -&/ F &! -+ 1! - 5 &/ - , (' , &/ )!ث%/ 0)&$ ادارة ا، 0!دی$) ا0)4'$ ا0)5" ا،( ا "!ك ا و ا )& !ر آ") &*)رن، #$ ا#%& '( (1) .545 ص، 1995 ، 0!دی$ ا .203 ص،1992 ، ب5" 0 7! ا0ﺱ9 ا، ':ا <;ا، ا @? ا > = اA"= ? أﺱ،!يD= E@F>& (2) . 239 ص، 1980 ، !=ت/F ا0 وآ، H!ی5 ا، ' ا5@ !ر اF ﺕ، " ( =" ا3) .43 ص،1995، ج.م. د،':ا <;ا،راﺱ# اJ>% 4 ر5 4K'و ا5@ اE"= رة#* ا0LM= ، N ا#$ه' ﺱ7 (1) )!ث%4 . 0):ا# 4 ا0)رﺱ# اR)&Mى ﺕ#) )راﺱ# اJ>)% 4 T) LM= )> و اﺝ )= وVD اW)X ا !ا، '4) ﺝN)' اY #( ﺱ2) .06 ص،'D 0 ون ﺱ#4 ، 2 ط، [ 5 اA = ، 0!ی4' وﺕ0@ ،20ع، ?@ ) اA)"= 0)"<& ،" ) ا ـ@ـWXات وا ــ)ـ !اR) &@ـ`ــ)ـ!م اa)& J)54 T )ـLM=راﺱ) و# اJ>)% " ا،L!ﺱ)ـ# ـ'اح اD( إ3) .65 ص، ، 1991 ، ب5" 0&$ ا0c` ا، ا *ه'ة. 19.
(188) F&! % & F * - %& -6 3 )/
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(191) M . K0I : N&! (<5 2? K
(192) &/ = ! " :-C )C/ C P + * * % / )(/ ,/ ; R -CC+ -C+C. 5 F % ? % 2('& - -* / = C = -CA( /& N =Q+ F = , + P =
(193) &/ ) C C6 C(5 0 -+ +/& 9<' -* 6 0 - 5 2(' ( ! M FCG( )/ ?* ) (1) ." 4' = -+ % : 9% = ( = CC 9% ?C =C 2(' +/ -* / = -+ ' P 5 . & FCC( =I /
(194) % C3 PM C/
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(197) % 3 ... B ( (2). . "... C&' ! *I
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(201) N5/ " F N&! 5& / / 9. B -+ K &CC CC = O? -/
(202) &/ , I = I -+ ( L' (3) ." 2 N&! %& 4 = . .12 ص، 1998 ، ': ا <;ا، ا !م0$&< ا،" اﺝ عA"$ #e " أي، ﺵ$ ( = >' ا1) ))'م% اJ))Y دا07ی))ـ*'ا# ا0))'ی% اW))ـX و أ0))>'ی$ ا0))$&< & ))!ر ا.))4'$ ")) ا$ اg)) < ا0 و9))" &ـــ، A))ﺱL ( ری))ض2) .81 ص، 1995 ، &رس، 04'$ ة ا# &'آ; دراﺱت ا !ﺡ، 'وت4 ، 193ع، 4'$ اJ/* ا،" $&< ا .11 ص، 1991'/ دی، ': ا <;ا، 0$&< ق اk ي#`'وع ﺕD& ، ت$&< ( وزارة ا3) ، 0 F )L 0)$& ﺝ، '): ا <;ا،1ع، pﺡ/ ا0"<& ،"0 F L 0$&" ` !ذج ﺝ5 ﺕ ` و ه0$&< " ا، 'ونYm د ! وJnX (4) .211 ص،1995 ﺝ!ان و0)=/F" 4)FV دار ا، ': ا <ـــ)ـ;ا، اف#هـــr ا0F!اﺱــ4 ?ری# ا0 آ@ـ،'ﺽفt;ی; ا ـ$ ا#/= و4 ا @ـرuF ا "ـ#/= (5) .131 ص، 1984 ، 2 ط، 'D ا 20.
(203) C&% =C C0( &/ FK F ,% ? L' O? " F N&! M )/ PO?C FC&*I
(204) C&( 2C 5C ( -C! F' /( / &% N3 . (4) ".-/ = &5 ( &/ -+ &! / % 5 (/ LC' -+ / -+ F 7 ( 2 N&! % L' * 5 =?3 . > &% -+ / 2 N&! %( - =/. : G5 ,C &/ : " F N&! ( F+/ @% P - %( 5(
(205) (/ -C ) C* = ; ?' - , '0 = ! =( = N - + M (5) ." ) * 1?* a&( ? *
(206) + P % =C C;<5 C5 F% ?
(207) &/ ! N&! 9&5 -
(208) % " F N&!
(209) F+/ , ? , ; ?' A( - E6 -+ 2 , &/ .(1) " - $ ( :(5 . L' = ! =/ L' N&!
(210) % 3 " F N&!
(211)
(212) -+ K SC N3 , - ( N3 / = ()/M P 5 – 9 ) ( # Z) . (2) "( -+ % N3 , - / P 2 < = C*
(213) C& L' -6 3 )/ K5!3 = 1<! %M )/ 1?* <' = M , &/ N&! !3 O?
(214) &/ ! N&! 9&5 -
(215) % =! 2(! *
(216) .=/ ; ?' )( O?. : # +# G6 . 3 (! +"! C : (' -I # PC6 7 / -+ = ,< F N&! - / ! ? 4 C -+ , - P1998
(217) ! O? – C(! C/ – ? B0
(218) &! / ' . C/( C+ = N&! *.G 4 F -+ ' B M
(219) ' - @%( -C* BM L' : F & / &% = N &% -+ 9&5 @% <C' =C (&5 F &/( &/ ,5/ = ! / (
(220) ;
(221) . P 26 C&% -C+ 1.D F % =( 2
(222) &! ,!7 <5 ' 6 ! C&! =G C( C(&5 K0I K D , C = >?C
(223) C; .C. &% -+ P C. 5 .
(224) N&! *.D F 0)4' اX p%/" 7! ا#`$ ا، ': ا <;ا، 0*/F و ا0 ا 'یT و أدواﺕT/ أﺱ، T= أ!ا،A"$ اA* ﺕ، ي# ﺕ'یa4 aی# ر ا#4 (1) .06 ص، 1999 ، ،)!ي4' ح اﺝ )= و اM)( ا0)ـ$ ﺝ، 0ﺕــ ــ)ـ4 ،'): ا <;ا،)ـ!ي4' ا ـA) ا ـ*ـــ!ی)ـX )'اءاتL ،)'ونYm *ـدي و#ــــ%& (2) .174 ص،1998 21.
(225) :
(226) M &! * F = * N3 1?* ,& . , I 4 ( , -/ : #1 ./ 9 % H / * : -!0 &5 #2 .' (&5 , ; ,($( &/ -* : ,% 5 ,<*I #3 - (&5& , 0 F.%( <' = - / ! ? = ' -+ : C 5 ,($ * P - / P )% P
(227) P -5 ; ( FG( F
(228) , B C =C %91.33 CC( CC C 6 ( ( O? P/; 0 F H 0 ( %& HG( 0 F N&!%08.67 ( ,(! =% -+ P =. %( : E6 ,& + = N&! F .G =!. / N3 %(
(229) 6< F( . / ' = N&! -(& 1.G = 4 =. %( B = %82.86 # . / ' = N&! -( 1.G = 4 =. %( B = % 03.80 # . ;<53 = N&! .I 0 F 4 %03.04 # =C 5C N3 ,& . F/ &5 1?* = ?' .%( =3 . - -+ ' 2 0 9<5< 2!; *!. . 3 '! : (' '/ # &/
(230) % O? = % ^ (! ( ? (; = )5 / -+ 1?* , KC K7C P O 0 P OC :*/ =M 1998
(231) ! / -+ C; . = C -C+ = 'D
(232) ; H N3 F
(233)
(234) ; (&5 = !
(235) ; (5 = ! ' / ,C& P @%( ?* 9C% 2 =(C 0 @%(
(236) 'C 2C !C , I )&' -+ = &/ = 'R
(237) H& F
(238) &C C P C (&5 = %50 ( ( 6 ! 5(
(239) *'
(240) ; P 5( C E6 ,K P 6% ,( / 6 ( -+ ' 6% : (1) -& = C -C+ C( &5 , N&! + - , 5 !3 -+ + * */ 9%
(241) # 1 . - 6&; N3 (&5 F/ P / . (,%0
(242) ) , %
(243) N&! 2 / 2 M #2 . = %5 - ) *] <5 - &/ 9%
(244) ! #3 .
(245) ' B5 -/ = =( M+
(246) I< =G N&!. / 2 M #4 ,;</ /(5( 5 )/ 2( * 5/
(247) &/ */& ' E ( #5 . A = -+ *
(248) $ . حM))( ا0))$ ﺝ، 0)) ﺕ4 ،')):ا <;ا، ))!ي4' اA)) ا *))!یX ))'اءاتL ،" 0))$&< 4 0)) !ی5 ا0))"$ اA))*" ﺕ، a))% N ا#))/=!4 (1) .271 – 268 ص ص، 1998 ، 2 ط، !ي4' اﺝ = و ا 22.
(249) @% = ' 2 @% = K 2 E ( ! 2 M #6 . + 4 - ) 0 -C* 2M% C5 -* H -+ ' . C5 = ,%M #7 .
(250) ' (&5 , ; N&! !
(251) C C&
(252) . N ( : -* C' &/ 6 . #8 . *$ >?
(253) . (' -* . 2 ( /(
(254) #9 .CC%( C CC/( N&! 7 / .% (C 1?* <' = %< . , ('0 95 =! (&5
(255) & H
(256) E (( &/ C/ -+ , A ! -+ = % , = ;<5 .-
(257) &% N&! (&5 = N&! *.. 23.
(258) -. (-/ ) -/
(259) &/& &' . ./ -+ ,* : 0 .- &' 1 #1 .- 1 #2 . - 1 #3 .2/ ,* #4 .4' , 3 #5 . / /(5 :. . /
(260) #1 . / ! #2 . + * / )6 #3 .6 7 -+ -/
(261) &/ 8( #4 .-' * 5 <' = 6 7 / 9 :; #5 .
(262) / -+ ,/ =! >? ! #6. 24.
(263) : C&5 @%(
(264) &. * 5( + / 53 (/ 2* ! /( O? P F/ &! /( 5( -&! 9 -+ F3 / :; = +/& + . F+ O% ! ? 9 ( 5( ? % -+ . 53 ( 5( -* &/ -C/
(265) &/ ,! - C ,C& K7 C% N&! C/ = * = O? B0
(266) &! 2C ( C , O&( K( P FI % / OC? P ( / - 2/ , N3 2
(267) . P 27 2 ( ?C* . C& ' 0 = F( 7 ? % -+ /(5 : C =Q+ F&! P 4'
(268) ' +
(269) :(5( )
(270) &/ = N3 +M ( *+ ?C%( , 1?* 5 3 = = 6 7 / =! :;
(271) -+ ; %( C!
(272) C ) C
(273) . = P ( 7 - F 7 F6' : = P /; N&!
(274) C&/& / 8( P + * P C6 P *! P (C ) /C )C/ C!
(275) ' -+ -' * 5 <' = 6 7 / :; P6 7 -+ -/ .
(276) / -+ ,/ =! >?. : # 3 *' +.$ : 0 NC&! F/ &! /( F3 / :; = 9&5 5( + / ! 1?* F ? 5 -* + . -&! ! : F (! / , - ,& K7 % N&! / 9&5 ?* = . N , N3 2 ,( F&! K( P @%( ?* K( -+ ( 73 . ( (/ - .% ' O? -& P B0
(277) &! . : ' J$G1 = C; - % (; O ?D 1 ; P B0
(278) &/ -% H I * = &' =( (/ )I F P eI ) CC &+ -! F B ? ; . " ( = /
(279) &!" ,&' =C C((
(280) C/ C/
(281) -+ (' ( = CC(/ " * C C/ ?3 " C " * , & = = * "( =5& ? =
(282) *!
(283) CC&/ =3 " CC+ CC ?3
(284) &C/ (C B M ( 9C&/ -C+ F&! / C* ? ( , % =! 7 3 = = O? P ( = / -+ -/(5
(285) &/ NC3 9( , (' 3 2 M O? N&! K( ( . F / % F( FC+ =C
(286) &/ -+ ' = O? P :6 & =
(287) &/&
(288) &/ = P %< . FCCCC&6 N&! ) ; 1! ; F6(( 5% -+ & %( * 3 F&! K< 0 1?C* MC &5 /
(289) &/ = O?( * (1) . "F = F! + 5( . M , = N3 * ( I 25.
(290) -. = N; B + P -&/
(291) &/
(292) &/ =( 9 = &' =( = = C N3 / 2 *(! - P ( / N3 >%
(293) &/ = O? (2) .2 & , =CC&/ C! =C&
(294) &/ ! % N&! C!0 = &' =(
(295) C ! C - % 5(
(296) *0 2 M( - P &/ &/& ,; / = *(/ = 0
(297) &/ &! -+ > ? P =&/ 6+ 4 W
(298) f N&! . / + 1?C* ؛-C/ P C. P-6 (0 :% N&!
(299) &/
(300) = &' =( = ?( K D /(C ' / ?* <' = . =
(301) &/ % = 5 = % .=C/
(302) C&/ ( K&! K D 4 N3 ( N; = B5 F %< = &' =( 7. :#! J$ G2 : M N&! H -+ ! -* H ! 7 .:& # .-(5 B ,(5 # . $0 #> .+/ # +/ -* /( M <' = /
(303) &/ % H K D !
(304) C "= H C + P -!0 -! -!0 =( ;</ -+ &. ! CM 6(
(305) M -!0 Z&5 = P = -! % ? * -!0 (1) ." F/+ F & =!<M+ = + W/ - HC / C C -!0 K( -+ ) -(& )5 , +/ ; . % =D -+ < <! ! . (+/ ) O? P ! M / B CM -C+ N& ? " ( S< " Z&5 N&! = .% = CCC 7 C(
(306) ( -+ A =! (/ ? -/ S<
(307) <' = @%( C =C - C 1C0 FC( K ! = ?( . ( 4 N&! - . ' ( / + ( ( -+ CCA. : >* J G3 C% =.C% C6 )&' 2( ,* <' = - 10 ( / 7 (3 ? P / O? -+ ( -/
(308) &/ -+ , C C&/
(309) (' =! (/
(310) <&% , + P: -+ - * .341-340 ص ص،'D 0 ون ﺱ#4 ، !دة$ دار ا،'وت4 ،1 ج، 0&#* ا، ون#"Y a4( ا1) .69 ص،1997، ع$ اﺵ0/ 5& ،'>& ، !ي4' اﺝ ع اA"= ،K!< =' ا0دیX =" ﺵ و# ( ا2) 26.
(311) C7 =7 % / (!3 P
(312)
(313) *5. . / ) * 9% N/ ? : -+ ,7 = C!0 * C N3 " N3 -( = - &(
(314) / *? ?* -+ - &+ .
(315) &/ -+ S M ( ); ?* P 2% ) * 9% % *(!( ,&/ C % ...( ' + * N( Q+ P C K D = &/ , CC I = :C )C =
(316) - 6 = * & = & O?(
(317) Q+ -
(318) &/ ?< C+ ,C! ,5 C 8F ?C % ?< Z( OC?( P !0 2% (2) ."
(319) &/ N&! =6 C ' C )&' -+ / - -' 5 <' = : /( ! %. : ! 28 G -+ !0
(320) %G ! (
(321) &/
(322) * =! (/
(323) ,( ,K . : 9<' =
(324) &/ =( 5( - ;</ P : , C C! =( , ! @% P + -+ E 2G % F<&% ,7 ; C C' C( /( -+ &/ , /(5 <5& E* =MC =C 7 ? -/ / 9&' N&! @/( E* F* P CC / % =C FC' /( &/ 2%
(325) ! -+ > N3 I ? -!0 . / : )6 ( 5 = = ( =
(326) / . & ! M ! 2* 1(!(
(327) &/ )6 ) * % # . &' &/
(328) =( = @%( # . !0 6 & =& =!3 = 2 (! #> +. , A =
(329) (/ @% P -+. -!0 A
(330) &/ =( ;</ % # . CC ( 9 CC CCA CC! 5CC+ @CC% :CC -CC+ CC!0 )<'C+ P H -? % -&/ 5
(331) ! 2 + N&!
(332) L% ; EC( 4 C% C C -+ C /C& 'D N3 :C = !0 ,% NC&! . 2A 2* -* &/ 2* = O?( (/ P / ( C P @C% : K( (&5 - &/ ,' 9&' -+
(333) &/ C&!
(334) C - )<'0 B ,0 + L'(
(335)
(336) &/ / N&! I F&/ (1) .: -+ . 67 L P1985 P (/ M P , ( P ! % P - % (1) و#%& "= #%& ، ا <!ه'ي#%& ، !د =!دة%& : 0 ﺕ'ﺝ، !رهF ` و ﺕ$/7 . ﺝ عK اA"= 0 'ی، u ﺕﺵK!5 (2) .339 -338 ص =ص، 1980، 6 ط، رف$ دار ا، ا *ه'ة، % ا#%& # ا 27.
(337) -C C% 9C% NC3 ) . -+ (
(338) =
(339) (/ ( & ( P C/ &C KC0 C'< HC G L' .- -&/ -+ K F($ F ; ? L' N3 5 F . :3 F! G FC<&% <C' P / -+ -% 7 (3 N&!
(340) &/& (+ ,/ ,7 *C 6
(341) * = . 2% ,0 ( -C/
(342) &/
(343) 9 &/ &/ & =&( < -+ ,/& 6( : C/ =( C;</ <5& C/ 2% C! -/ HC 95 /CC HCC = FC<&% -+ (+ @% ؛/ =( 2 ;</ C&5( ?' 2 M N3 ! ?* (; 5& =! /( &/ 5 * ./ < I C = C(!( -C/
(344) &/ -+ * M % & (+ W; CC&/ 2CC%& C*G N&! <5 2! -+ % &C5 /& . , C =C( S 9&' -( P (1)/ ,( = K7 ?* &( &/ -/C ?C , I :. 4' M; % F<&% N3 +M ( . 6( P 4C' C/ , I ,5 ; ( =! 7
(345) / )<' P F; % .f ... F! M ,/& -&/ - -+.
(346) M;. : '# +! G 9 " =! FI -* F! % -+ / % 7 ( , 3 ,
(347) &/C( F&! 9&5 ? H& 5+ , " / = 7 ( =( @% P "-!0 4C' )6C O? N&! 2 <! P )6 = ! ! M = -/ (2) ." +/
(348) 5( N @%( .
(349) *(/ ?3 P : -+ ( 7 (
(350) * %< /& )/ ?* <' = . C ( 4' , , I : ?A ?
(351). C( O &
(352) <' = %
(353) + -!0 9 & ( ( / =! C(! (3) . C+ &A C - !0 ( &/ : ,/; / 3 F CC!0 ,CC(& :& C+/ = K7 C. / = M 7 ( - * N&! 7 P ,/ -+ / - ,!(
(354) * @% P+. NC&! - L' C* N&! P +/ 2K 5 H *(!( -
(355) C C(.( C(/ /+ . -&/ @%( 5 C&/ &/ =( C;</ C* . : -+ F6 G F&! ? (-!+ 9 ) O 10 -&% : F( - CC!0 F : : ! ! % -+ = - -! 9 / = .90 ص، W4 ﺱg &'ﺝ، K!< =' ا0دیX =" ﺵ و#/ ( ا1) . 103 ص، 1991 ، 0$&< ا0X'$ دار ا، '>& ، $ اA"$ ﺱ!ﺱ! !ﺝ ا، a ا 'ﺡ#/= N ا#/= (1) 28.
(356) (1). .:& ! ( ) *
(357) ' P 4'. -C C% ,C&/( 1 / 5 2 + ! M 7 ( % ; + . G11 . ,C/& -C K( /(5 N&! @% - 2/ 1* P /&. : 1 *' CM! -& + P 7 ( (+ (
(358) = ! /( , 1?* -G :
(359) *. : K'" ' G 5CC( =C -+ ,/
(360) N&! ,.% - .% , A =! F<&% ,K C' 6( -+ ,.% 4' ( O* = 4 @% P 2% ,0 ( 7 - 96% ZM = % . -6( 5AM( 1 -/
(361) &/
(362) % . 2 ( < N&! +% N&! 2 N + P */ =! ,/ (2). .. =. :E.Trist F. Emery +# A0 G , C I ,/& , K( N&! ,.% - A ,&! * ,/ .G !+ / = (! N&!P
(363) / 9 ( 95 =! O? P -/
(364) &/ C6( ZC< =C! )
(365) P : -+ 4( 4A ! 9 /(5( 2 C&( -C+ M = ?( . ( 5% ' 6(( *.G 4 /& :(3) 6( F B /( O?( % 6( ' (,/ )
(366) N&! .I (3 (& ! B -* :# G1 . 2A $ 2 6 ! !7 -* ,C :C C&' C 2 (3 (& 4 ; -* :# G2 . 4( 9 ! 9 C ,C6( =C &. - 6( -* : – G3 .4' C7 - ' /C ,0/ 27 C :# < G4 .<( /; ,< ( I(& , 2K = * ( . ,/ =( B H+ ,&! =! , = K D ,(! . 69ص، 1997 ، ب5" 0ری# 5ﺱK &'آ; ا، 0ری# 5ﺱK ا، !ي4' ﺝ ع اK اA"= ، K!< =' ا0دیX (2) .95 ص، W4 ﺱg &'ﺝ، K!< =' ا0دیX =" ﺵ و#/ ( ا3) . 264 ص، W4 ﺱg &'ﺝ، K!< =' ا0دیX (1) .144 ص، W4 ﺱg &'ﺝ، $ اA"$ ﺱ!ﺱ! !ﺝ ا، a ا 'ﺡ#/= N ا#/= (2) . 147 -146 ص ص، T@ g ا 'ﺝ، $ اA"$ ﺱ!ﺱ! !ﺝ ا، a ا 'ﺡ#/= N ا#/= (3) 29.
(367) :M"! ( G C -(( ,/& F<&% -+
(368) * ,= / = = , -+ F! , ' C =C( >7C % .4' ' N3 +M ( L ' F N&! - F<&% -+ I O< = 03 .,/ "-& ' " * ' @ % 0 , KC( C/(5
(369) C+ NC&! F O? # . #- ' * N&! C ,C&/ C5 C ! &C% N&! 7 @% ,,/& &' 9C .
(370) CCC&/ , C I FC - ,C; / = / , =( &' 6( ,;</ 5C C&% -/ .,' ,C/ )6C % ,/ C' / C& C/(5 M O< ; 2C% 5C( NC&! P4' 5 &/ P-&/ @%( :-*
(371) / -+/ 5 , / 9 /(5 / +. ! ( ,/& / . .:& FC%< 1CC* A M; ,/ ' 5& & F&&% K M -+ .GC C , CA 1?* ,K ; . ,/& / )6 , K( N&! , - ,C/ =( + /(5 ? ,' 9 ,;</( #' <' = #,/ = /( F 2! , A 1?* = ,: -+ -/
(372) &/ */ = *$ . !. :N 0 *' +#8G5 :-R -* -+ / ( ' ' -+ , 1?* % . : *' G0 ,C =! (/ = / = = , ' ( : 1?* , C / ( ;</ ZM ,K @C% ,-!0 HC
(373) &! B0 K&! . @% : -+ @% ,&/ 2 &%( ( @% ,* @% ,
(374) &/ ! * 2 / 1?* =( = :C =C ?'I .! ( ,&! I - 2A 6( . @C.
(375) C/ ,/ N3 CC ? -(A ,C -+ , - ,C =( = : -& @% ( ,* C/(
(376) N3 I / N3 F<&% -+ <& :D.Mclland <& + #1 C&% - +. ! N&! I P !0 % = *$ =! ,/ @C% C&! N&! *. !0 6
(377) &/ * N&! 7 ,/ 1?* 30.
(378)
(379) C' <' = !0 C C @ %3 -!C0 CAC (1). . , /
(380) CC P, C P/C+ P7 : . , A /( =C ,/( <' % ,K : D.Smith @ + A.Inkeles7& H #2 12 : % .%( ,7 @% = / = = ! -+ , K 3 @% : -+ 5 ,&! &% # = C &/ , I F(/& ? ' P , /( =! ) & . ' ,C&/ =C C -C* @C% C&! = (!(
(381) &/ =( ;</ &% # ./ +. ' B
(382) & ( , ; @ H K D = ?( B (l &( $ @.
(383) / ' % 6 N3 +M ( P ,/ )&' . % (0 . :A 2 F0 *' G5 ;0 % 17 * ,<&% , P= / = , <' , - ;0 K D (/ . ; , A K M -+ & &/ &/& ;</ &% <' = ( H =! 2(/ +
(384) * = T.Schultz 7 , C , C( * 7 5 ( *. &/ 4 = F'
(385) &/ =( (
(386) C&/ , C I 95 =! 03 9% 0 O? P / 9 ' &*I + &! . -/ C( ,C/ &/ , I( -&/ @%( , 27 * -+ 7 @%( . !0 ;0 5 &! K .3 =
(387) C&/ % ,. ,/( -+ ;0 ,<&% /( O? /( , ; %M @% Garvin =+ Kogan = Becher ( M.Blang ><( O -/ N&! . P ;0 ,0/ ,M' = ,/( <' ;0 , A /(5 (2) .-/
(388) &/ N3
(389) <5 (; &! / 9 . : O#'I *' G ( HC
(390) &! B0
(391) &! . ,' = /( &C 1?* ,K 1?*
(392) ' @% C.Perrow ( 7 -+ <. = ' ?* P
(393) B
(394) &! -&' C KC( C! O?( <&% P&/ / , -+ 2 -+ N3 +M ( P 6M! O & ,*0 K R C -+ , F(C/& ?C (1) .
(395)
(396) ; ! ; - B * P , ?' :. &' ,&/ . 34 ص، 2000 ، 1 ط، 04'$ ا0n` دار ا، 'وت4 ، 2 اﺝ عA"= X دراﺱت، a ا 'ﺡ#/= N ا#/= (1) .193 ص، T@ g ا 'ﺝ، $ اA"$ ﺱ!ﺱ! !ﺝ ا، a ا 'ﺡ#/= N ا#/= (2) 31.
(397) C% C / (/ P- A * &% .% 4' ,*3 , C!0 , C I -C+ C&. F( 5% ' 6( : ( ;<! F !+ M; -+ ,'( ,<' ;<! 7 (Q( M 1?* ,* . ! ;0 13 .
(398) &/ , ( &/ , I& F -+ N/m ? -6( ' 4 % ' , .- O & ! 6( / &% P &' 6( =C <C5 = < F - / ) * &% N&! F; -+ ' ?*
(399) ,C&! 9% - -* ) * O& P / , I ' H 6* KM! = =&/ (2) . H 6* KM! <5& K &/& 7 /+ @%(& = ) ? / % @ & :M / ?( . 2* )&' 5A -& '( ?' N&! = G =Q+ P F. : *' : '/ C*/ ,C& ,/ 4 C N&!
(400) ?
(401) C&/ O? * -/
(402) &C/ =3 : =
(403) &/ = B ?* =M P F( C5( C C CC&/ C& ,C/ -C+
(404) &/ * : -&/ 4 # FCC C 5 4 , :( = ; 4 =( F S P !0 ./& % = ( 2 ( ( P . G+ , C :C( ,C -+ (&5 F+ % > /( : -. -C&/ 4 # )C .,' )&' -+ 1 C * , CC = =! N&! &/ . :( & 2 ; *G ! , 53 = * &/ , = (/ - ,/ N3 +M ( , C I = = -/
(405) &/ = =
(406) $ N&! C.% / -+ ,/ , % + . : N&! .G 5 . &/ , I /( -+ =' E' -+ +* % ,/ = P 2. ,/ N3 & ,/ = . !0 ;0 / ,% 5 -/ ,/ N3 +/ B +. : > G1 CC< C& *CC+ Collège C& CP : : -/ C/ .2K : -/ Collegio , ,! < ! -+ 9$
(407) / Z< , &( ; , C C+ NC& 5% P , 7 E* P (&5 2?
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(201) N5/ " F N&! 5& / / 9. B -+ K &CC CC = O? -/
(202) &/ , I = I -+ ( L' (3) ." 2 N&! %& 4 = . .12 ص، 1998 ، ': ا <;ا، ا !م0$&< ا،" اﺝ عA"$ #e " أي، ﺵ$ ( = >' ا1) ))'م% اJ))Y دا07ی))ـ*'ا# ا0))'ی% اW))ـX و أ0))>'ی$ ا0))$&< & ))!ر ا.))4'$ ")) ا$ اg)) < ا0 و9))" &ـــ، A))ﺱL ( ری))ض2) .81 ص، 1995 ، &رس، 04'$ ة ا# &'آ; دراﺱت ا !ﺡ، 'وت4 ، 193ع، 4'$ اJ/* ا،" $&< ا .11 ص، 1991'/ دی، ': ا <;ا، 0$&< ق اk ي#`'وع ﺕD& ، ت$&< ( وزارة ا3) ، 0 F )L 0)$& ﺝ، '): ا <;ا،1ع، pﺡ/ ا0"<& ،"0 F L 0$&" ` !ذج ﺝ5 ﺕ ` و ه0$&< " ا، 'ونYm د ! وJnX (4) .211 ص،1995 ﺝ!ان و0)=/F" 4)FV دار ا، ': ا <ـــ)ـ;ا، اف#هـــr ا0F!اﺱــ4 ?ری# ا0 آ@ـ،'ﺽفt;ی; ا ـ$ ا#/= و4 ا @ـرuF ا "ـ#/= (5) .131 ص، 1984 ، 2 ط، 'D ا 20.
(203) C&% =C C0( &/ FK F ,% ? L' O? " F N&! M )/ PO?C FC&*I
(204) C&( 2C 5C ( -C! F' /( / &% N3 . (4) ".-/ = &5 ( &/ -+ &! / % 5 (/ LC' -+ / -+ F 7 ( 2 N&! % L' * 5 =?3 . > &% -+ / 2 N&! %( - =/. : G5 ,C &/ : " F N&! ( F+/ @% P - %( 5(
(205) (/ -C ) C* = ; ?' - , '0 = ! =( = N - + M (5) ." ) * 1?* a&( ? *
(206) + P % =C C;<5 C5 F% ?
(207) &/ ! N&! 9&5 -
(208) % " F N&!
(209) F+/ , ? , ; ?' A( - E6 -+ 2 , &/ .(1) " - $ ( :(5 . L' = ! =/ L' N&!
(210) % 3 " F N&!
(211)
(212) -+ K SC N3 , - ( N3 / = ()/M P 5 – 9 ) ( # Z) . (2) "( -+ % N3 , - / P 2 < = C*
(213) C& L' -6 3 )/ K5!3 = 1<! %M )/ 1?* <' = M , &/ N&! !3 O?
(214) &/ ! N&! 9&5 -
(215) % =! 2(! *
(216) .=/ ; ?' )( O?. : # +# G6 . 3 (! +"! C : (' -I # PC6 7 / -+ = ,< F N&! - / ! ? 4 C -+ , - P1998
(217) ! O? – C(! C/ – ? B0
(218) &! / ' . C/( C+ = N&! *.G 4 F -+ ' B M
(219) ' - @%( -C* BM L' : F & / &% = N &% -+ 9&5 @% <C' =C (&5 F &/( &/ ,5/ = ! / (
(220) ;
(221) . P 26 C&% -C+ 1.D F % =( 2
(222) &! ,!7 <5 ' 6 ! C&! =G C( C(&5 K0I K D , C = >?C
(223) C; .C. &% -+ P C. 5 .
(224) N&! *.D F 0)4' اX p%/" 7! ا#`$ ا، ': ا <;ا، 0*/F و ا0 ا 'یT و أدواﺕT/ أﺱ، T= أ!ا،A"$ اA* ﺕ، ي# ﺕ'یa4 aی# ر ا#4 (1) .06 ص، 1999 ، ،)!ي4' ح اﺝ )= و اM)( ا0)ـ$ ﺝ، 0ﺕــ ــ)ـ4 ،'): ا <;ا،)ـ!ي4' ا ـA) ا ـ*ـــ!ی)ـX )'اءاتL ،)'ونYm *ـدي و#ــــ%& (2) .174 ص،1998 21.
(225) :
(226) M &! * F = * N3 1?* ,& . , I 4 ( , -/ : #1 ./ 9 % H / * : -!0 &5 #2 .' (&5 , ; ,($( &/ -* : ,% 5 ,<*I #3 - (&5& , 0 F.%( <' = - / ! ? = ' -+ : C 5 ,($ * P - / P )% P
(227) P -5 ; ( FG( F
(228) , B C =C %91.33 CC( CC C 6 ( ( O? P/; 0 F H 0 ( %& HG( 0 F N&!%08.67 ( ,(! =% -+ P =. %( : E6 ,& + = N&! F .G =!. / N3 %(
(229) 6< F( . / ' = N&! -(& 1.G = 4 =. %( B = %82.86 # . / ' = N&! -( 1.G = 4 =. %( B = % 03.80 # . ;<53 = N&! .I 0 F 4 %03.04 # =C 5C N3 ,& . F/ &5 1?* = ?' .%( =3 . - -+ ' 2 0 9<5< 2!; *!. . 3 '! : (' '/ # &/
(230) % O? = % ^ (! ( ? (; = )5 / -+ 1?* , KC K7C P O 0 P OC :*/ =M 1998
(231) ! / -+ C; . = C -C+ = 'D
(232) ; H N3 F
(233)
(234) ; (&5 = !
(235) ; (5 = ! ' / ,C& P @%( ?* 9C% 2 =(C 0 @%(
(236) 'C 2C !C , I )&' -+ = &/ = 'R
(237) H& F
(238) &C C P C (&5 = %50 ( ( 6 ! 5(
(239) *'
(240) ; P 5( C E6 ,K P 6% ,( / 6 ( -+ ' 6% : (1) -& = C -C+ C( &5 , N&! + - , 5 !3 -+ + * */ 9%
(241) # 1 . - 6&; N3 (&5 F/ P / . (,%0
(242) ) , %
(243) N&! 2 / 2 M #2 . = %5 - ) *] <5 - &/ 9%
(244) ! #3 .
(245) ' B5 -/ = =( M+
(246) I< =G N&!. / 2 M #4 ,;</ /(5( 5 )/ 2( * 5/
(247) &/ */& ' E ( #5 . A = -+ *
(248) $ . حM))( ا0))$ ﺝ، 0)) ﺕ4 ،')):ا <;ا، ))!ي4' اA)) ا *))!یX ))'اءاتL ،" 0))$&< 4 0)) !ی5 ا0))"$ اA))*" ﺕ، a))% N ا#))/=!4 (1) .271 – 268 ص ص، 1998 ، 2 ط، !ي4' اﺝ = و ا 22.
(249) @% = ' 2 @% = K 2 E ( ! 2 M #6 . + 4 - ) 0 -C* 2M% C5 -* H -+ ' . C5 = ,%M #7 .
(250) ' (&5 , ; N&! !
(251) C C&
(252) . N ( : -* C' &/ 6 . #8 . *$ >?
(253) . (' -* . 2 ( /(
(254) #9 .CC%( C CC/( N&! 7 / .% (C 1?* <' = %< . , ('0 95 =! (&5
(255) & H
(256) E (( &/ C/ -+ , A ! -+ = % , = ;<5 .-
(257) &% N&! (&5 = N&! *.. 23.
(258) -. (-/ ) -/
(259) &/& &' . ./ -+ ,* : 0 .- &' 1 #1 .- 1 #2 . - 1 #3 .2/ ,* #4 .4' , 3 #5 . / /(5 :. . /
(260) #1 . / ! #2 . + * / )6 #3 .6 7 -+ -/
(261) &/ 8( #4 .-' * 5 <' = 6 7 / 9 :; #5 .
(262) / -+ ,/ =! >? ! #6. 24.
(263) : C&5 @%(
(264) &. * 5( + / 53 (/ 2* ! /( O? P F/ &! /( 5( -&! 9 -+ F3 / :; = +/& + . F+ O% ! ? 9 ( 5( ? % -+ . 53 ( 5( -* &/ -C/
(265) &/ ,! - C ,C& K7 C% N&! C/ = * = O? B0
(266) &! 2C ( C , O&( K( P FI % / OC? P ( / - 2/ , N3 2
(267) . P 27 2 ( ?C* . C& ' 0 = F( 7 ? % -+ /(5 : C =Q+ F&! P 4'
(268) ' +
(269) :(5( )
(270) &/ = N3 +M ( *+ ?C%( , 1?* 5 3 = = 6 7 / =! :;
(271) -+ ; %( C!
(272) C ) C
(273) . = P ( 7 - F 7 F6' : = P /; N&!
(274) C&/& / 8( P + * P C6 P *! P (C ) /C )C/ C!
(275) ' -+ -' * 5 <' = 6 7 / :; P6 7 -+ -/ .
(276) / -+ ,/ =! >?. : # 3 *' +.$ : 0 NC&! F/ &! /( F3 / :; = 9&5 5( + / ! 1?* F ? 5 -* + . -&! ! : F (! / , - ,& K7 % N&! / 9&5 ?* = . N , N3 2 ,( F&! K( P @%( ?* K( -+ ( 73 . ( (/ - .% ' O? -& P B0
(277) &! . : ' J$G1 = C; - % (; O ?D 1 ; P B0
(278) &/ -% H I * = &' =( (/ )I F P eI ) CC &+ -! F B ? ; . " ( = /
(279) &!" ,&' =C C((
(280) C/ C/
(281) -+ (' ( = CC(/ " * C C/ ?3 " C " * , & = = * "( =5& ? =
(282) *!
(283) CC&/ =3 " CC+ CC ?3
(284) &C/ (C B M ( 9C&/ -C+ F&! / C* ? ( , % =! 7 3 = = O? P ( = / -+ -/(5
(285) &/ NC3 9( , (' 3 2 M O? N&! K( ( . F / % F( FC+ =C
(286) &/ -+ ' = O? P :6 & =
(287) &/&
(288) &/ = P %< . FCCCC&6 N&! ) ; 1! ; F6(( 5% -+ & %( * 3 F&! K< 0 1?C* MC &5 /
(289) &/ = O?( * (1) . "F = F! + 5( . M , = N3 * ( I 25.
(290) -. = N; B + P -&/
(291) &/
(292) &/ =( 9 = &' =( = = C N3 / 2 *(! - P ( / N3 >%
(293) &/ = O? (2) .2 & , =CC&/ C! =C&
(294) &/ ! % N&! C!0 = &' =(
(295) C ! C - % 5(
(296) *0 2 M( - P &/ &/& ,; / = *(/ = 0
(297) &/ &! -+ > ? P =&/ 6+ 4 W
(298) f N&! . / + 1?C* ؛-C/ P C. P-6 (0 :% N&!
(299) &/
(300) = &' =( = ?( K D /(C ' / ?* <' = . =
(301) &/ % = 5 = % .=C/
(302) C&/ ( K&! K D 4 N3 ( N; = B5 F %< = &' =( 7. :#! J$ G2 : M N&! H -+ ! -* H ! 7 .:& # .-(5 B ,(5 # . $0 #> .+/ # +/ -* /( M <' = /
(303) &/ % H K D !
(304) C "= H C + P -!0 -! -!0 =( ;</ -+ &. ! CM 6(
(305) M -!0 Z&5 = P = -! % ? * -!0 (1) ." F/+ F & =!<M+ = + W/ - HC / C C -!0 K( -+ ) -(& )5 , +/ ; . % =D -+ < <! ! . (+/ ) O? P ! M / B CM -C+ N& ? " ( S< " Z&5 N&! = .% = CCC 7 C(
(306) ( -+ A =! (/ ? -/ S<
(307) <' = @%( C =C - C 1C0 FC( K ! = ?( . ( 4 N&! - . ' ( / + ( ( -+ CCA. : >* J G3 C% =.C% C6 )&' 2( ,* <' = - 10 ( / 7 (3 ? P / O? -+ ( -/
(308) &/ -+ , C C&/
(309) (' =! (/
(310) <&% , + P: -+ - * .341-340 ص ص،'D 0 ون ﺱ#4 ، !دة$ دار ا،'وت4 ،1 ج، 0&#* ا، ون#"Y a4( ا1) .69 ص،1997، ع$ اﺵ0/ 5& ،'>& ، !ي4' اﺝ ع اA"= ،K!< =' ا0دیX =" ﺵ و# ( ا2) 26.
(311) C7 =7 % / (!3 P
(312)
(313) *5. . / ) * 9% N/ ? : -+ ,7 = C!0 * C N3 " N3 -( = - &(
(314) / *? ?* -+ - &+ .
(315) &/ -+ S M ( ); ?* P 2% ) * 9% % *(!( ,&/ C % ...( ' + * N( Q+ P C K D = &/ , CC I = :C )C =
(316) - 6 = * & = & O?(
(317) Q+ -
(318) &/ ?< C+ ,C! ,5 C 8F ?C % ?< Z( OC?( P !0 2% (2) ."
(319) &/ N&! =6 C ' C )&' -+ / - -' 5 <' = : /( ! %. : ! 28 G -+ !0
(320) %G ! (
(321) &/
(322) * =! (/
(323) ,( ,K . : 9<' =
(324) &/ =( 5( - ;</ P : , C C! =( , ! @% P + -+ E 2G % F<&% ,7 ; C C' C( /( -+ &/ , /(5 <5& E* =MC =C 7 ? -/ / 9&' N&! @/( E* F* P CC / % =C FC' /( &/ 2%
(325) ! -+ > N3 I ? -!0 . / : )6 ( 5 = = ( =
(326) / . & ! M ! 2* 1(!(
(327) &/ )6 ) * % # . &' &/
(328) =( = @%( # . !0 6 & =& =!3 = 2 (! #> +. , A =
(329) (/ @% P -+. -!0 A
(330) &/ =( ;</ % # . CC ( 9 CC CCA CC! 5CC+ @CC% :CC -CC+ CC!0 )<'C+ P H -? % -&/ 5
(331) ! 2 + N&!
(332) L% ; EC( 4 C% C C -+ C /C& 'D N3 :C = !0 ,% NC&! . 2A 2* -* &/ 2* = O?( (/ P / ( C P @C% : K( (&5 - &/ ,' 9&' -+
(333) &/ C&!
(334) C - )<'0 B ,0 + L'(
(335)
(336) &/ / N&! I F&/ (1) .: -+ . 67 L P1985 P (/ M P , ( P ! % P - % (1) و#%& "= #%& ، ا <!ه'ي#%& ، !د =!دة%& : 0 ﺕ'ﺝ، !رهF ` و ﺕ$/7 . ﺝ عK اA"= 0 'ی، u ﺕﺵK!5 (2) .339 -338 ص =ص، 1980، 6 ط، رف$ دار ا، ا *ه'ة، % ا#%& # ا 27.
(337) -C C% 9C% NC3 ) . -+ (
(338) =
(339) (/ ( & ( P C/ &C KC0 C'< HC G L' .- -&/ -+ K F($ F ; ? L' N3 5 F . :3 F! G FC<&% <C' P / -+ -% 7 (3 N&!
(340) &/& (+ ,/ ,7 *C 6
(341) * = . 2% ,0 ( -C/
(342) &/
(343) 9 &/ &/ & =&( < -+ ,/& 6( : C/ =( C;</ <5& C/ 2% C! -/ HC 95 /CC HCC = FC<&% -+ (+ @% ؛/ =( 2 ;</ C&5( ?' 2 M N3 ! ?* (; 5& =! /( &/ 5 * ./ < I C = C(!( -C/
(344) &/ -+ * M % & (+ W; CC&/ 2CC%& C*G N&! <5 2! -+ % &C5 /& . , C =C( S 9&' -( P (1)/ ,( = K7 ?* &( &/ -/C ?C , I :. 4' M; % F<&% N3 +M ( . 6( P 4C' C/ , I ,5 ; ( =! 7
(345) / )<' P F; % .f ... F! M ,/& -&/ - -+.
(346) M;. : '# +! G 9 " =! FI -* F! % -+ / % 7 ( , 3 ,
(347) &/C( F&! 9&5 ? H& 5+ , " / = 7 ( =( @% P "-!0 4C' )6C O? N&! 2 <! P )6 = ! ! M = -/ (2) ." +/
(348) 5( N @%( .
(349) *(/ ?3 P : -+ ( 7 (
(350) * %< /& )/ ?* <' = . C ( 4' , , I : ?A ?
(351). C( O &
(352) <' = %
(353) + -!0 9 & ( ( / =! C(! (3) . C+ &A C - !0 ( &/ : ,/; / 3 F CC!0 ,CC(& :& C+/ = K7 C. / = M 7 ( - * N&! 7 P ,/ -+ / - ,!(
(354) * @% P+. NC&! - L' C* N&! P +/ 2K 5 H *(!( -
(355) C C(.( C(/ /+ . -&/ @%( 5 C&/ &/ =( C;</ C* . : -+ F6 G F&! ? (-!+ 9 ) O 10 -&% : F( - CC!0 F : : ! ! % -+ = - -! 9 / = .90 ص، W4 ﺱg &'ﺝ، K!< =' ا0دیX =" ﺵ و#/ ( ا1) . 103 ص، 1991 ، 0$&< ا0X'$ دار ا، '>& ، $ اA"$ ﺱ!ﺱ! !ﺝ ا، a ا 'ﺡ#/= N ا#/= (1) 28.
(356) (1). .:& ! ( ) *
(357) ' P 4'. -C C% ,C&/( 1 / 5 2 + ! M 7 ( % ; + . G11 . ,C/& -C K( /(5 N&! @% - 2/ 1* P /&. : 1 *' CM! -& + P 7 ( (+ (
(358) = ! /( , 1?* -G :
(359) *. : K'" ' G 5CC( =C -+ ,/
(360) N&! ,.% - .% , A =! F<&% ,K C' 6( -+ ,.% 4' ( O* = 4 @% P 2% ,0 ( 7 - 96% ZM = % . -6( 5AM( 1 -/
(361) &/
(362) % . 2 ( < N&! +% N&! 2 N + P */ =! ,/ (2). .. =. :E.Trist F. Emery +# A0 G , C I ,/& , K( N&! ,.% - A ,&! * ,/ .G !+ / = (! N&!P
(363) / 9 ( 95 =! O? P -/
(364) &/ C6( ZC< =C! )
(365) P : -+ 4( 4A ! 9 /(5( 2 C&( -C+ M = ?( . ( 5% ' 6(( *.G 4 /& :(3) 6( F B /( O?( % 6( ' (,/ )
(366) N&! .I (3 (& ! B -* :# G1 . 2A $ 2 6 ! !7 -* ,C :C C&' C 2 (3 (& 4 ; -* :# G2 . 4( 9 ! 9 C ,C6( =C &. - 6( -* : – G3 .4' C7 - ' /C ,0/ 27 C :# < G4 .<( /; ,< ( I(& , 2K = * ( . ,/ =( B H+ ,&! =! , = K D ,(! . 69ص، 1997 ، ب5" 0ری# 5ﺱK &'آ; ا، 0ری# 5ﺱK ا، !ي4' ﺝ ع اK اA"= ، K!< =' ا0دیX (2) .95 ص، W4 ﺱg &'ﺝ، K!< =' ا0دیX =" ﺵ و#/ ( ا3) . 264 ص، W4 ﺱg &'ﺝ، K!< =' ا0دیX (1) .144 ص، W4 ﺱg &'ﺝ، $ اA"$ ﺱ!ﺱ! !ﺝ ا، a ا 'ﺡ#/= N ا#/= (2) . 147 -146 ص ص، T@ g ا 'ﺝ، $ اA"$ ﺱ!ﺱ! !ﺝ ا، a ا 'ﺡ#/= N ا#/= (3) 29.
(367) :M"! ( G C -(( ,/& F<&% -+
(368) * ,= / = = , -+ F! , ' C =C( >7C % .4' ' N3 +M ( L ' F N&! - F<&% -+ I O< = 03 .,/ "-& ' " * ' @ % 0 , KC( C/(5
(369) C+ NC&! F O? # . #- ' * N&! C ,C&/ C5 C ! &C% N&! 7 @% ,,/& &' 9C .
(370) CCC&/ , C I FC - ,C; / = / , =( &' 6( ,;</ 5C C&% -/ .,' ,C/ )6C % ,/ C' / C& C/(5 M O< ; 2C% 5C( NC&! P4' 5 &/ P-&/ @%( :-*
(371) / -+/ 5 , / 9 /(5 / +. ! ( ,/& / . .:& FC%< 1CC* A M; ,/ ' 5& & F&&% K M -+ .GC C , CA 1?* ,K ; . ,/& / )6 , K( N&! , - ,C/ =( + /(5 ? ,' 9 ,;</( #' <' = #,/ = /( F 2! , A 1?* = ,: -+ -/
(372) &/ */ = *$ . !. :N 0 *' +#8G5 :-R -* -+ / ( ' ' -+ , 1?* % . : *' G0 ,C =! (/ = / = = , ' ( : 1?* , C / ( ;</ ZM ,K @C% ,-!0 HC
(373) &! B0 K&! . @% : -+ @% ,&/ 2 &%( ( @% ,* @% ,
(374) &/ ! * 2 / 1?* =( = :C =C ?'I .! ( ,&! I - 2A 6( . @C.
(375) C/ ,/ N3 CC ? -(A ,C -+ , - ,C =( = : -& @% ( ,* C/(
(376) N3 I / N3 F<&% -+ <& :D.Mclland <& + #1 C&% - +. ! N&! I P !0 % = *$ =! ,/ @C% C&! N&! *. !0 6
(377) &/ * N&! 7 ,/ 1?* 30.
(378)
(379) C' <' = !0 C C @ %3 -!C0 CAC (1). . , /
(380) CC P, C P/C+ P7 : . , A /( =C ,/( <' % ,K : D.Smith @ + A.Inkeles7& H #2 12 : % .%( ,7 @% = / = = ! -+ , K 3 @% : -+ 5 ,&! &% # = C &/ , I F(/& ? ' P , /( =! ) & . ' ,C&/ =C C -C* @C% C&! = (!(
(381) &/ =( ;</ &% # ./ +. ' B
(382) & ( , ; @ H K D = ?( B (l &( $ @.
(383) / ' % 6 N3 +M ( P ,/ )&' . % (0 . :A 2 F0 *' G5 ;0 % 17 * ,<&% , P= / = , <' , - ;0 K D (/ . ; , A K M -+ & &/ &/& ;</ &% <' = ( H =! 2(/ +
(384) * = T.Schultz 7 , C , C( * 7 5 ( *. &/ 4 = F'
(385) &/ =( (
(386) C&/ , C I 95 =! 03 9% 0 O? P / 9 ' &*I + &! . -/ C( ,C/ &/ , I( -&/ @%( , 27 * -+ 7 @%( . !0 ;0 5 &! K .3 =
(387) C&/ % ,. ,/( -+ ;0 ,<&% /( O? /( , ; %M @% Garvin =+ Kogan = Becher ( M.Blang ><( O -/ N&! . P ;0 ,0/ ,M' = ,/( <' ;0 , A /(5 (2) .-/
(388) &/ N3
(389) <5 (; &! / 9 . : O#'I *' G ( HC
(390) &! B0
(391) &! . ,' = /( &C 1?* ,K 1?*
(392) ' @% C.Perrow ( 7 -+ <. = ' ?* P
(393) B
(394) &! -&' C KC( C! O?( <&% P&/ / , -+ 2 -+ N3 +M ( P 6M! O & ,*0 K R C -+ , F(C/& ?C (1) .
(395)
(396) ; ! ; - B * P , ?' :. &' ,&/ . 34 ص، 2000 ، 1 ط، 04'$ ا0n` دار ا، 'وت4 ، 2 اﺝ عA"= X دراﺱت، a ا 'ﺡ#/= N ا#/= (1) .193 ص، T@ g ا 'ﺝ، $ اA"$ ﺱ!ﺱ! !ﺝ ا، a ا 'ﺡ#/= N ا#/= (2) 31.
(397) C% C / (/ P- A * &% .% 4' ,*3 , C!0 , C I -C+ C&. F( 5% ' 6( : ( ;<! F !+ M; -+ ,'( ,<' ;<! 7 (Q( M 1?* ,* . ! ;0 13 .
(398) &/ , ( &/ , I& F -+ N/m ? -6( ' 4 % ' , .- O & ! 6( / &% P &' 6( =C <C5 = < F - / ) * &% N&! F; -+ ' ?*
(399) ,C&! 9% - -* ) * O& P / , I ' H 6* KM! = =&/ (2) . H 6* KM! <5& K &/& 7 /+ @%(& = ) ? / % @ & :M / ?( . 2* )&' 5A -& '( ?' N&! = G =Q+ P F. : *' : '/ C*/ ,C& ,/ 4 C N&!
(400) ?
(401) C&/ O? * -/
(402) &C/ =3 : =
(403) &/ = B ?* =M P F( C5( C C CC&/ C& ,C/ -C+
(404) &/ * : -&/ 4 # FCC C 5 4 , :( = ; 4 =( F S P !0 ./& % = ( 2 ( ( P . G+ , C :C( ,C -+ (&5 F+ % > /( : -. -C&/ 4 # )C .,' )&' -+ 1 C * , CC = =! N&! &/ . :( & 2 ; *G ! , 53 = * &/ , = (/ - ,/ N3 +M ( , C I = = -/
(405) &/ = =
(406) $ N&! C.% / -+ ,/ , % + . : N&! .G 5 . &/ , I /( -+ =' E' -+ +* % ,/ = P 2. ,/ N3 & ,/ = . !0 ;0 / ,% 5 -/ ,/ N3 +/ B +. : > G1 CC< C& *CC+ Collège C& CP : : -/ C/ .2K : -/ Collegio , ,! < ! -+ 9$
(407) / Z< , &( ; , C C+ NC& 5% P , 7 E* P (&5 2?
(408) M , N&! <& ! @. ! -. = <' / N&! & = ., ;. . 47 ص، W4 ﺱg &'ﺝ، 2 اﺝ عA"= X دراﺱت، a ا 'ﺝ#/= N ا#/= (1) . 52 ص، T@ g ا 'ﺝ، a ا 'ﺡ#/= N ا#/= (2) 32.
(409) -C+ C P 14N&! , < ! :( = -+ . 2? (&5 ,5( -C&% : : = N&! " " N&! & & ,&5 < ! =. = . <5& C C& * -+ , A 2! &! ,&' 2! % ( * 5 -+ / , ; ?* P + *
(410) + S + * % = / )/ ,/ ; . 6 : )/ <' = FM! % -C CC 6 % =! @%((
(411) &! / " N&! / )/ (1) ." ( 5% ? : ' -&/ @%(
(412) &/ -+ . .3 & )6 :( / 5( N&! I )/ ?* =3
(413) &/&
(414) / " / = Dictionary new weaster's international -+ K 2C% C+/ 6 -+ &/ , Z -+ 9% F / +/ B + -+ , Z -+ / &* N&! 7 K )/ ?* .(2) f3... R 5 = . &' B -+ &/ 6( C3 5C+ -C/
(415) C&/ -C& , " % -&! (/ % N&! / 5C -+ 2 *(!( / =( -+ ZM )/ ?* % (3). " . +. ! 6( -C+ C/ = NC&! C I C! +. I ( / N3 = &( =% ?* ,M =! @% P F ? ,; -+ I % = & :" #Z% – CC = C( @C%(
(416) &/ ;<! P
