Les concepts définissant la douleur, qui sont aujourd’hui mondialement partagés, ont initialement été
diversité des espèces animales est pertinente si elle phylogénétique.
L’absence de prise en charge des conséquences de certaines douleurs aigues (par exemple des amputations) peut induire des modifications neurobiologiques durables qui mettent en place des mécanismes de plasticité nerveuse pouvant aboutir à des modifications
de
t thermique, le besoin de sommeil,... Ce type d’émotion est en lien av
érale), et enfin de la nature des lésions associées ou non à un processus inflammatoire et des mécanismes nerveux
es seuils de la nociception, participent à l’émergence de formes de
et
sensibilité pour lesquelles l'interprétation en terme de douleur chronique fait encore l'objet d’un débat scientifique.
Il n’y a pas de douleur sans composante émotionnelle, et celle-ci peut être rapprochée des émotions dites primordiales décrites pour des situations fonctionnelles telles que la peur, la faim, la soif, le confor
ec la notion d’homéostasie, c’est-à-dire de maintien dynamique des grands équilibres physiologiques. La sensibilité aux stimulations nociceptives, repérée par des seuils de réponse d’évitement, est elle-même modulable par des composantes émotionnelles comme les relations entre congénères ou la relation mère-jeune.
Chez les animaux susceptibles de ressentir de la douleur, il n’y a pas une douleur mais des formes de douleur que l’on peut distinguer en fonction de leur durée (aiguë ou chronique), de leur origine tissulaire (somatique ou visc
sollicités. Ces composantes doivent être évaluées afin de prendre en charge la douleur et de la supprimer ou la réduire.
Au sein de la communauté scientifique, il existe des controverses pour déterminer dans quelle mesure, chez les animaux de ferme, les émotions impliquées dans le vécu de la douleur, voire même dans l
conscience primaire d’origine sensorielle, encore nommée conscience phénoménale. Faire l’hypothèse a priori que la conscience et les émotions primordiales existent de manière semblable chez toutes les espèces relève d’une certaine méconnaissance des différences d’organisation et de propriétés de systèmes nerveux différents et de leurs capacités perceptives ou comportementales également différentes. Si la connaissance des mécanismes neurochimiques de la douleur est assez avancée pour permettre de réduire ou supprimer la douleur dans la plupart des situations, en revanche les données des neurosciences contemporaines ne permettent pas encore de trancher les controverses sur le degré de « conscience » associé à une sensation douloureuse pour une espèce déterminée.
Sur la base des connaissances scientifiques actuelles, on ne peut donc pas parler de douleur chez toutes les espèces animales et il subsiste une incertitude quant à celles pour lesquelles ce terme est pleinement approprié. Pour certaines espèces, comme les poissons
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