le rôle des technologies de l'information qui soutiennent la gestion des connaissances dans la création d'un avantage concurrentiel étude de cas Banques exploitation (wilaya d’Annaba)

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Abstract :

This study aimed to highlight the role of information technology that support knowledge management in creating a competitive advantage, to achieve this objective we have undergone a field study on a sample of commercial banks operating in annaba city, by making a questionnaire and distributing it the number of respondents reached (92) employees, and the aim was to know their view about the contribution of this kind of technology in the success of knowledge management processes (create, storage, distribution and application), and the significant role they play in creating a distinguished institutions.

The study found several results, most notably the presence of a positive impact of information technology support for knowledge management in creating a competitive advantage for the bank, in light of this result study , it recommended the need to provide the necessary hardware and software to facilitate operations, and increase the awareness ,among personnel, of the importance of teamwork across the internal network (intranet) and rely on artificial intelligence systems to support decision-making and achieve a competitive advantage.

key words:

knowledge management, Information Technology, Information technology Support for knowledge management, Intranet, Artificial intelligence systems, Competitive advantage.

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ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﺍﻮــــﻨﻌﻟﺍ

ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻟﺍ

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\LאU"א@&אزI"אE 150 2014

) -4 (2

\LאU"א^_א`* 1D*BאEaא 153

) -4 (3

\LאU"אbKאض7 1D*BאEaא 156

) -4 (4 8א*Bאو58א`*1D*BאEaא 158

) -4 (5 א`* 1D*BאEaא dא*B

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) -4 (6 طB5PאوfB ^_אقو(*&אP31D*BאEaא 162

) -4 (7 א(אBP*א=Bא 171

) -4 (8 S*"א45*אدא9hi K

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) -4 (9 دא9hi

א45*א K

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) -4 (10

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) -4 (11

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) -4 (12 45*אدא9hi

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ﺕﺩﻬﺸ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘ

ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻗﻭﺒﺴﻤ لﺠ

ﺕﻻﺎـﺠﻤ ،ﺓﺎـﻴﺤﻝﺍ

ﺎـﻬﺘﺯﺯﻋ

ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﻬﻨﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻝﻭﻌﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ ،

ﺎـﻫ ﻲـﻫ

ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺜﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ،ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﻑﺭـﻌﻴ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﺒ )

(

TIC

، ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺍﺩﺭﻭﻤﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺞﻴﺴﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺃﺯﺠﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ

ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﻡﻴﻋﺩﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﻌﻔﺘ ﻲﻓ

ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺨﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ

ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﺃ ﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻫ ﺕﻀﺭﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ ،

ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻗﺭﻁ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝ

،ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﺩﺤ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻑﻘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺎﺴﻤﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﻩﺫﻫ ﺯﻴﻤ ﺎﻤ

ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻌﻀﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺎـﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻪـﻴﻓ ﺕﺩـﻘﻌﺘ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ

ﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻴﻐﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺯ

.

ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍﻭ

لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ﺙﻴﺤ ،

ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻲﻁﻌﺘ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ Know Best )

ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ، (

ﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻤﻭ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ

ﺭﺎـﻁﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ

ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺯﺭﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ

Management ) Knowledge

ﻲـﻓ ﺔﺒـﺴﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ (

ﻥﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﻬﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻴﺃ ﺓﺩﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ

ﺘﻭ ، ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤ

ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﻙﻠﻤﻴ ﻥﻤﻝ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻋ ﻲﻓ لﻀﻓﺃ

لﻜﺸﺒ ﺎﻬﻠﻐﺘﺴﻴﻭ ﻊﺴﻭﺃ

.

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺭﺸﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

) Drucker ﺫـﻨﻤ (

ﺭـﺜﻜﺃ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻨـﺴ ﻥﻴﺭـﺸﻋ ﻥـﻤ ،

ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺩﺤﺄﻜﻭ

ﺓﺭﺩـﻘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺤﻠﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻜﻭ

ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺏﻭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

،ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺢﻴﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻤﺘﻫﺍ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻨﻭ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ ،ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘ ،ﻕﻠﺨ

، ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ ،ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﺹﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ

ﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺢﻴﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﻭﺴﻝﺍ

،ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﻭ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩ ﺔـﻤﻝﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺯﺭﻓﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴ ﺩﻗﻭ

ﻥﻋ ﻡﺠﻨ ﺎﻤﻭ ،ﺹﺭﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ

ﻓ ، ﻥﺇ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻔ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻲـﻫ ﺎـﻬﺘﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻲﻓ

ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﺘﻭ ﻭﻤﻨﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺵﻴﻌﺘ ﻥﺌﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ

ﺎﻬﺘﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻯﻭﺎﻬﺘﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ،

ﻭ ﺘﺭﺩﻗ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺼﺭﺃ ﻡﺩﺎﻘﺘﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬ .

ﺍﺯﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺭﺩﺼﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ

ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴﻝﺍ ،

ﻻﺇ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺫﺨﺘﺍ ﺎـﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭـﺜﻜﺃ

ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ

ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ

، ﻭ ﺘﻌﺘ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺩﻤ

ﻥﻤ ﻻﺩﺒ ﺎﺴﻔﻨ لﻭﻁﻸﻝ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻤـﻀ ﺓﺩﺩﺠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻼﺘﻤﺍ ﻰﺤﻀﺃﻭ ،ﻉﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﻁﻴﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ .

لﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ لﺜﻤ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ

ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ

لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴﻭ ،ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ

ب

ﻰﻝﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻊﺴﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻕﻴﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺡﻭﺭﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﺠﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ .

ﻹ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﺭﻓﻭ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺓﺭﺍﺩ

ﻨﺎﻜﻤﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻜﺒـﺸ لـﺜﻤ ﺕﺎ

ﺕﺎ ـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎ

ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍﻭ Intranet, Extranet )

،ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺯﺎﺨﻤﻭ ، ( ﺕﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥـﻤ ﻉﺭﺴﻴﻭ لﻬﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ

ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

، ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺤﺒـﺼﺃ ﺩـﻘﻝﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺭﻓﻭﻴ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻥﺇ ﺙﻴﺤ

ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻌﺴﺘﻭ ،ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﻱﻷ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ

ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻕﺭﻁ ﺎﻫﺩﻴـﺴﺠﺘ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩـﻘﻤﺒ

ﺎﻴﻨﺍﺩـﻴﻤ

ﺩﺒﺇﻭ ﻕﻭﻔﺘ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻉﺍ

ﺩﻌﻴ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﺩﺘ ﻥﺄﺒ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،

ﻘﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﻡﻴﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺯﺭﺒﺘ ﺎﻨﻫﻭ ،ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝ ﺽﺒﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻠ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ .

ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﻌﺘﺴ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﺒ

لﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺓﻭﻗ لﺜﻤﻴ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ

ﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻁـﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻥﻜﻤ

ﻁﺎﻘﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻠﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻌﻀﻝﺍ

ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ

، ﻬﻤﺎﻤﺃ ﺢﺘﻔﺘ ﻪﺘﺍﺫ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺎ

ﺔـﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺹﺭﻓ

ﺘ ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻪﺒﺎﺠ .

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ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴ

ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﺃ ﺢﻀﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ،

ﻲﻓ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻕﻠﺨ

ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻝ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺝﺎـﺘﻨﻹ ﺎـﻫﺩﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ

،ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺯﻜﺘﺭﻤ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺠﺘﻭ

ﻲﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ .

ﻜﻤﻴ ﺭﻜﺫ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﻱﺯﻜﺭﻤ لﺍﺅﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﺡﺭﻁ ﻥ

ﻲﺘﻵﺎﻜ :

אא

אאد!

"#א$%&'

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؟(*+,

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺝﺭﺩﻨﺘ :

1 لﻫ - ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻝ ﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻝ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ

ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌ

؟ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ

2 لﻫ - ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻝ ﻝ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌ

؟ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ

3 لﻫ - ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻝ ﻝ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌ

ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕ

؟ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ

4 لﻫ - ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻝ ﻝ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌ

؟ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ

5 ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ لﻫ - ﻥﻴﺒ

ﺔﺴﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺤﻤ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺇ

، ﺔﻴـﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯﺯﻌﺘ

ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍﻭ )

ﻠﻌﻝﺍ لﻫﺅﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺩﺩﻋ ،ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻤﺴﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻤ

(؟

@ @

@ @

ج

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ﻥﻤ ﻪﺤﺭﻁ ﻡﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻭ ﻲﺴﻴﺌﺭ لﺅﺎﺴﺘ

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻡﺘ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻓ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘ :

-א./א W

1 אאد!אא

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א"#א (

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*/א./א W

1 ﺩﺠﻭﻴ - ﺭﺜﺃ ﻲﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻝ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘ .

2 ﻲﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ - ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ

ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ .

3 ﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ - ﻲﺒ

ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ .

4 ﻲﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ - ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ

ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ .

5 ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﻻ - ﻤ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺇ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﺴﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺤ

، ﺔﻴـﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭـﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻯﺯـﻌﺘ

ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍﻭ )

،ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻤﺴﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ لﻫﺅﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺩﺩﻋ

(.

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ﻁﻴﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ

ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻭﺒﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍﻭ ،لﺎﺠﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻓ

ﻴﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﻬﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﺘﺘ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔ

ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺩﻴﺍﺯ ﻘﺤﺘ

ﻴ ﺓﺯـﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻭـﺠﻝﺍ ﻕ

ﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺯﺭﺒﺘ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤ ،ﻰﻀﻤ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻭ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻴﻭﻴﺤﻭ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﻕـﻠﺨ ﻲـﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩ

ﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻲ

.

ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺯﻜﺭﺘﺘﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ :

1 ﻲﻓﺭـﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﺎـﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻁـﺸﻨﺃﻭ ﺕﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﺫﻐﺘﻝ ﻲﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ . ﻕـﻓﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺭﺸﻨﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺏﻴﻭﺒﺘ ،ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ ،ﻊﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺱﺴﺃ

، ﻭ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘـﺴﺍ ﻊـﻗﺍﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻉﻼﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤﻜﺘ

ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ .

2 ﻲﺘﺄﺘ . ﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺎﻫﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻝﺍﻭ ،

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ

ﺊﻴﻬﺘ ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻭﺨﺩﻠﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ل

ﺡﺎﺠﻨﺒ ﻲﻤﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺭﺼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘﻭ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ .

3 ﻲـﻓ ﻑﺭﺎـﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺌﺍﺩ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻥﺇ .

ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻫﺫ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ

ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ .

4 ﺕـﻤﺘﻫﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻠﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﻤﺘﺴﺘ .

ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﺒ

.

د

5 ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ . ﺭﻓﺍﻭـﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻭﻤﻨﻠﻝ ﻲﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﻙﺭﺤﻤﻜ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﺃ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ

ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔـﻠﻫﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭـﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ

ﻉﺎﻁﻘ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺩ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻼﻝ ﻲﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺭﺸﻝﺍ

ﺔـﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺕـﺘﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،

ﺍ ﻪﺴﺭﺩﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ .

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@Z òa‰†Ûa@Òa†çc

@Z

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ﻲﻓ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ لﺎﻤﺠﺇ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ :

1 ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻺـﻝ ﺓﺩﻨﺎـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻪﺒﻌﻠﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻠﺴﺘ ﻭﻫ ﻲﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ .

ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ .

2 ﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ . ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻪﺒﻌﻠﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭ

ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ .

3 ﻁﻴﻠﺴﺘ . ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

ﺔﻗﻭﺒـﺴﻤ ﺭـﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ

،ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻼﻝ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻝﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻬﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻅﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺂﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬ .

4 ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﻲﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺹﺤﻓﻭ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ .

ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﻩﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ .

5 ﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘﻝ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﺍﺭﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ . ﺓﺯـﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠ

ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ .

6 ﺱـﺴﺄﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺄـﺸ ﻥـﻤ ﺕﺎﺤﺍﺭﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﻲﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺴﺠﺘﻝﺍ لﻗﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ .

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻗﻼﺨ

.

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@Z bîna@lbjc Êì™ì½a@‰

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ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻋﺩ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ :

1 لﻴﻤﻝﺍ . ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻼﻁﻻﺍﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻝ

،ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍﻭ

ﻤﻴﻘﺒ ﺔ ﻉﻭـﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃﻭ ﻲـﻓ

ﻥﻫﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ .

2 ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ . ﻲﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ﺹﺼﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺤﺒ

ﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺩـﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ لﺌﺎـﺴﻤ لﻭﺎﻨـﺘ

ﺡﺍﺭــﺘﻗﺎﻜ ﺔﻤــﻫﺎﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﺔـﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴـﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭـﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺔﺒـﻜﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺎﻴﻌﺴ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻲـﻤﻠﻋ .

3 ﻭﺃ ﻲﻤﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺎﺒ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﻪﺒﻌﻠﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ . ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﺒ ﺹﺨﻷﺎﺒﻭ

.

4 ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﺜﺍﺩﺤ . ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﻴـﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ

ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻝﺍ .

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@Z Éjn½a@wèä½a

@Z

ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨﻭ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻝﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻹﺍ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸ ﺔـﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺭﺎـﺒﺘﺨﺍﻭ

ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻝ

، ،ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺘﻨﺴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ

ﻡﺩـﺨﻴﻭ ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻴ

ﻓﺍﺩﻫﻷ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﻝﻺﻝ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻜﻭ ﺎﻬ

ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻪﺒﻌﻠﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻡﻬﻓﻭ

ﻨﺎﺴﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ

ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺔﻴﻻﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈـﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ ،ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺽﺭﻐﻝ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺴﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،

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@Z òa‰†Ûa@…ë†y

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ﻤﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﺯ ﺭﺎﻁﺈﺒ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺓﻭﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻋﺩﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻘﻝ ،ﺩﺩـﺤﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻜ

ﺕﺎﻴـﻀﺘﻘﻤ ﺏـﺴﺤﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺭﺨﻵ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻔﻠﺘﺨﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻥﻌﻓ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺯ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﺒ ﺩﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻲﻋﺩﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ .

ﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺘﻤﺍ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺔ

ﺔﻨﺴ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﻰﻝﺇ 2013 . 2015

ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻤﺸ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺍ

ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻻﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ

) ﻭ ﺔﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ،ﻱﺭـﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻔﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ

ﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻁ

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ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻀﺭﺘﻋﺍ :

1 ﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻨ . ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻱﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ .

2 ﻥﻴﻔﻅﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﻘﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ . .

3 ﻥﻴﺒﻭﺠﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺇ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺸﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ . .

4 ﺎﻬﺤﺭﺸﻝ ﺎﻨﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﻥﻴﺒﻭﺠﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻡﺩﻋ . .

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ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝ ﺔﻴﺤﺴﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺈﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﻗ ﺤ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻐﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺓﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ لﻭ

ﺔـﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫـﻜﻭ

ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﺒ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ

:

I òîiŠÈÛa@pba‰†Ûa - Z

-1

@òa‰…

I

@áíŠyë@†ÇbŽÛa H

2004

æaìäÈi@L

@Z

@@ïãa†îß@s¡@LòàÄäàÜÛ@òîŽÏbänÛa@ñŒî½bi@pbßìÜȽa@pbîäÔmë@òϊȽa@ñ‰a…g@òÓýÇ

æ…‰þbi@òîöaë†Ûa@pbÇbä–Ûa@ÊbĐÓ@óÜÇ

1)

N

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ﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻓﺩﻫ ﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍ

ﺓ ﺓﺯـﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﻜﺭـﺸ ﻲـﻓ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺎـﻤﻜ

ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻨ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﺘ ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻓﻭ ﺓﺭﺜﺅﻤ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺘﻭ .

ﺔـﻴﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻨـﺼ ﺕﺎﻜﺭـﺸ ﻲـﻓ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺇﻭ ﻲﻋﻭ ﻕﻴﻤﻌﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺼﻭﺃ ﺭـﻀ ﻊﻤ ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﺎﻬﻬﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺜﻴﺩﺤﺘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻭ

ﺔﻴـﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻝ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺍﺩﺌﺍﺯ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻥﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺹﺼﺨﻴﻭ ﺱﺭﻜﻴ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺘﺴﺍ ﺏﺠﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻘﻘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻁﻠﺴ ﻰﻠﻋﺄﺒ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍ .

-2

@òa‰…

I

@ðŠàÈÛa@æbŽË H

2004

æaìäÈi@L

@Z

@@òîÛbÇ@òàîÓ@ÕîÔ¤@Ò†èi@òϊȽa@ñ‰a…gë@pbßìÜȽa@bîuìÛìäØnÛ@Ú’½a@âa†‚nüa

òîã…‰þa@òí‰bvnÛa@Ò‰b–½a@ÞbàÇþ

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N

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ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻜﻠﻤﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﻭﺠﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺕﻠﻜﺸ ﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻜﻼﺘﻤﻻ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﺒ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭـﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭ

ﻴﻗ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤﻭ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻤ

ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘـﺴﺍ لـﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺯﻜﺭ

لﺎـﻤﻋﻷ ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔـﻤﻴﻗ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﺭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ،ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠ

ﻪﻨﺎﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ،ﻲﻨﺩﺭﺃ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻑﺭﺼﻤ 16 ﺱﺎـﻴﻘﻝ ﺓﺍﺩﺄـﻜ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻤﺼﺘ ﻡﺘ

،ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ :

ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻗ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ - ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺩﺭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﺕﺩـﻜﺃ ﺩـﻗﻭ ،ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻑﻴﻀﻴ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻑﻴﻅﻭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ .

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺗﻭ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ،ﱘﺮﺣ ﺩﻮﻤﳏ ﲔﺴﺣ ،ﺪﻋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺩﺎﺷﺭ-(1) ﺔـﻠﺍ ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺎـﺑ ﺔـﻴﺋﺍﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﱐﺍﺪﻴﻣ ﺚﲝ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺎﺑ

،ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ ،ﻦﻣﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺪﻠﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻧﺩﺭﻷﺍ ﺹ ﺹ ،2005

-77 .93

ﻱﺮﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﺴﻴﻋ ﻥﺎﺴﻏ-(2) ،

ﻋﻷ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﻑﺪ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﳌﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔـﻴﻧﺩﺭﻷﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﻝﺎﻤ

، ﻩﺍﺭﻮـﺘﻛﺩ ﺔـﺣﻭﺮﻃﺃ ﰲ

ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ، ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ،

ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ 2004 ، .

ز

ﺯﻌﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺼﻭﺃ - ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺯﻴ

ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﺍﺭﻗﻭ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻘﻘﺤﺘ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻼﻜﺸﻤ لﺤﻭ .

-3

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ﻑﺩﻫ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﻌﻠﺘ ﻥﺃ لﻤﺘﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻌﺴﻴ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻭﻫ

ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ :

ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗ

، ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘـﺴﺇ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻙﺭـﺤﺘﻝﺍ

، ﺔﻴﺠﺘﺍﺭﺘـﺴﺇﻭ ﺕﺎـﻔﻝﺎﺤﺘﻝﺍ

ﺱﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ،

ﻤﻜ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻌﺴ ﺎ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ

ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘـﺴﺇ

ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻠﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ

، ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭ /

ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ

، ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺕﺼﻠﺨ ﺩﻗ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ

ﻰﻝﺇ :

ﺩﻭﺠﻭ - ﺜﺃ ﺫ ﺭ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹ

ﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎ

ﺔﺴﻤﺨﻝﺍ .

ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ - ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﺩﻗ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻙﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ

ﺭﺜﺃ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺼﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻯﻭﻗﺃ ﺔﺴﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ

ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ

ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﺭﻷﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻲﻓ

.

ﻙﺎﻨﻫ - ﺭﺜﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ .

ﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ - ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻙﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ

ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺼﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ

ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ

ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

.

ﺭﺼﻨﻋ - ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ

ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ

، ﺩﺤﺄﻜ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴـﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ

ﻥﺎـﻜ ﺭـﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﺍﺭﺜﺄـﺘ

ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺈﺒ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ .

-4

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2007

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@ òí‰ìŽÛa@òîßìاa@Ò‰b–½a@¿@òîŽÏbänÛa@ñŒî½a@ÕîÔ¤

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ﻑﺭﺎـﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻴـﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻓﺩﻫ

ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ

ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ .

ﺕﻓﺩﻬﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ

) 54 ﺍﺭﻴﺩﻤ ( ) ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﺩﻤ

، ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﻤ

، ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﻱﺭﻴﺩﻤ (

ﻲـﻓ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﻌﻴ )

06 (

ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺴ

، ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ

ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺫﺨﺃ ﻡﺘ

، ﺕﻌﻤﺠ ﺙﻴﺤ

ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺘ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ

ﺔﺘـﺴ ﻥـﻤ ﺕـﻨﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﺹﺼﺨ ﻥﺎﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﻴﻤﺼ ،ﺕﺍﺭـﻴﻐﺘﻤ

ﺹﺼﺨﻭ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻉﺭﻔﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ

ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ .

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ :

ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺕﺭﻔﺴﺃ - ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﻗ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ

.

ﻱﺭﻮﳊﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﱀﺎﻓ-(1) ،

ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺇ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﰲ ﺰﻳﺰﻌﺗ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ

،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﺝﺫﻮﳕ ﰲ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺩﺭﻷﺍ ، ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺩ ﺔﺣﻭﺮﻃﺃ ﻩﺍ

ﺔﻔـﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ،

ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ،

ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ 2004 ، .

ﻲﺳﺍﺩ ﲔﺴﺣ ﺔﺒﻴﻫﻭ-(2) ،

ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﰲ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ

ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﰲ ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ ، ﻖﺸﻣﺩ

، ﺎﻳﺭﻮﺳ 2007 ، .