Vé‰^‰_Üéâ^ËÚ

l^Úç×ù]æ^éqçÖçßÓjÖ]Ùçuí

ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻝ ﻙﻝﺫ ،ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺍﺭﺩﺼﻤ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺩﻘﻝ لـﻘﺤ ﻲـﻓ ﺩﻭـﺠﻭﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻝ ﻡﻴﻋﺩﺘﻭ ﺹﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﻜﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ

ﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺩﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻫﺇ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺎ

ﻓ ﺎﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﺘ ﺕﺌﺘ

ﺔـﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﻡﺎـﺤﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺔﻨـﺼﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺨ ﺎﻫﺯﺭﺒﺃﻭ ،ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ

ﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﺘﺤﻤ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅ

ﺏـﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻑـﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺙـﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻨﺴ

ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤ

ﻭ ﺕ ﻥﺎـﻴﺒﻭ ،ﺓﺩﺭـﻔﻤ لـﻜ ﻑـﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺩﺭﺴ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺯﻴﻤﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ ،

.

ﺐﻠﻄﻤﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ

: ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺃﻭ

ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍ :

ﺩﻋ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘ ﺡﺭﻁﻴ لﺍﺯﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻕﻴﻗﺩ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﺓﺩﻴ

:

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ :

ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ "

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ "

ﻕﻴﺭﻏﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻭﻌﺘ

، ﻥﻴﻘﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻜﺭﻤ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻲﻫﻭ

(TCHNO)

ﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﺘﻭ ﻥـﻔﻝ

ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻭ ،ﺎﻤ لﻤﻋ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ

(LOGY)

ﻲـﻨﻌﺘ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺔـﻤﻠﻜﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ،ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ

ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ

) (1

.

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﺘ ﻝﺍﺘ

ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﺏﻭﺴﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁ

) (2

:

üëc

@Z ñŒèuþa ﻹﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍ Z

ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝ .

bîãbq

@Z pbî©Ûa ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺩﻭﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺀﺎﻴﻜﺫﻷﺍ ﺀﻼﻜﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻤ@Z

.

brÛbq

@Z pbØj’Ûa ﻻﺍ Z

ﻨﻻﺍ ،ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨ ﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻗﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﻴﻝﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﺴﻜ .

ﺩﻌﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ

ﻥـﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ،ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺼﺤ

لﻭﺫﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﺠﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻪﻋﻭﻨ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ

) (3

.

ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻀﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻤﺘ ﺘ

ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸ

"

ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ

"

ﻊﺴﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ،

ﻲﻬﻓ "

،ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻭ ﺔﺴﻨﺎﺠﺘﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﻬﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ

ﺔـﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ

ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻭﺴﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻊﻠﺴ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻏ ﻍﻭﻠﺒﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ

"

) (4

.

،ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ،ﰲﲑﺼﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ-(1) ،ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻄﻟﺍ

،ﻲﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺔﻳﺭﺪﻨﻜﺳﻹﺍ

،ﺮﺼﻣ ، ﺹ ،2009

.13

(2)-Paul Luc, Technologies Et Systèmes D'information, Capacités Et Avantage Concurrentiel: Analyse Inter Cas De Courtiers D'assurance Vie En France, Thèse Du Doctorat En Administration Des Affaires, Université Paris-Dauphine, 2009, P19.

ﻲﻠﻋ-(3) ﻦﻳﺮﻗ ، ﻚﻟﺎﳌﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻝﺎﺒﻫ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﲑﻴﺴﺗ ،

،ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺍﺪﺑﻹﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗﻭ ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻰﻘﺘﻠﳌﺍ

ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺪﺤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﻛﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ:

،ﺓﺮﻜﺴﺑ ،ﺮﻀﻴﺧ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺕﺎﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ -12

ﱪﻤﻓﻮﻧ13 ،2005 ﺹ .76

ﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺝﺎﻣﺩﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺗﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﺛﻵﺍ ،ﻝﻮﻘﻠﻗﻮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﳍﺍ-(4) ،ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺴﺳﺆ

ﺔﺣﻭﺮﻃﺃ ،ﺔـﺑﺎﻨﻋ ﺔـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﻩﺍﺭﻮـﺘﻛﺩ

ﺹ ،2007 .8

46

ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ

" : ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﺭﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ

ﺓﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤ ﻭ

ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺈﺒ

ﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ

ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ

"

) (1

، ،ﻲﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻫ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ

ﺕﺍﺩـﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻵﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻺﻝ

ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻀﻓﺃ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ

) (2

.

ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻌﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ

"

ﺔـﻴﺌﺎﻘﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻻﻵﺍ لﺎﺨﺩﺇﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﻫ

، ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ

ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻱﺃ ،ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺄﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻝ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ

ﻪﺌﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ

".

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺃ :

ﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻪﺠﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺠﻭ

:

üëc

@Z bèÇì™ìß@÷bc@óÜÇ :

لﻤﺸﺘﻭ

@ @:

M@1

@bîuìÛìäØm wnä½a

@Z ﻪﻝ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺍﻭﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ .

M@2 xbnã⁄a@lì܍c@bîuìÛìäØm Z

ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ،ﻊﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ<

.

M@3

@îŽnÛa@bîuìÛìäØm ﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍZ

ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ ﺍ ،

ﺎﻘﻓﺩﺘ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ،ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝ ﺎـﻬﺘﻠﺜﻤﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕ

ﻭ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ

)

،ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻡﻅﻨ

...

ﺦﻝﺍ .(

M@4 áîà–nÛa@bîuìÛìäØm ﺏﻭﺴﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﺒ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘﻝﺎﻜ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ Z

.

M@5

@ßìÜȽa@bîuìÛìäØm

@Þb–müaë@pb ﺎﻬﻠﻘﻨﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘZ

ﻭ ﺭﻭﺩـﻠﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﺘ

ﻊﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺒﻌﻠﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ

، ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺒﻭ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ .

bîãbq Z@

Þb½a@÷c‰@òÏbr×@÷bc@óÜÇ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭZ@

M@1 ÝàÈÜÛ@òÐrؽa@bîuìÛìäØnÛa ﺭ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍZ

ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ،ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ لﺎﻤ ﺱﺃ

ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﻘﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ لﻀﻔﻴﻭ ،ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭ ﺩﺩﻋ لﺍﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻭﺅﺭﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ .

M@2

@Þb½a@÷cŠÛ@òÐrؽa@bîuìÛìäØnÛa لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ@Z

ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹ ﻡﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ

ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ لﺍﻭﻤﺃ ﺱﻭﺅﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺏﻝﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ،لﻤﻋ .

M@3 ñ†íba@bîuìÛìäØnÛa ﻲﺘﻝﺍZ@@

ﻴﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﺘ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﻬ

ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻰـﻘﺒﺘ ﺎـﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫـﻝ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ

ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺒ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ .

brÛbq Z@

†îÔÈnÛa@òu‰…@÷bc@óÜÇ Z

@ @

M@1 nÛa

@òu‰†Ûa@pa‡@bîuìÛìäØ

@

@òîÛbÈÛa ﻲﻫZ

ﺔـﻴﻤﺎﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﺩـﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺸ

ﺓﺀﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺤﺎﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﺒ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ .

(1)-M Horwitch, Les nouvelles stratégies technologiques des entreprises, revue française de gestion, N° 56-57, 1986, P 15.

(2) ﺮﻔﻌﺟ -ﻢﺳﺎﳉﺍ ﺔﻣﺎﺳﺃ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ، ﻨﻠﻟ

ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﺸ ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ،

ﺹ ،2005 .47

47

(3)- Michel Ferrary,Yvon Pesqueux, Management de La Connaissance, ED Economica, paris, France, 2006, p15.

ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ-(4) (5)-Yasmina Benabderrahmane-Bouriche, Op.cit, p75.

-(6) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﰲﲑﺼﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ .264

48

(2)-Yasmina Benabderrahmane-Bouriche, Op.cit, p76.

(3)- Robert Reix, Système d'information et management des organisations, Ed Vuibert, Paris, France, 1998, p 16.

-(4) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻞﻳﻮﻛﻼﺑ ﻥﻮﺟﻭ ﻞﺒﻣﺎﺟ ﻥﻮﺟ .54

(5)- Michel Ferrary, Yvon Pesqueux, Op.cit, p16.

(6)

49

50

ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺏﻴﻝﺎـﺴﻷﺍ ﺩـﻴﺩﺤﺘ لﻼـﺨ ﻥـﻤ ﺓﺩـﻴﻔﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﻲﻫ

ﺕﺎـﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻨﺯﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺝﺍﺭﺨﺘﺴﻻ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻁﺎﺴﺒﺒ ﻲﻫ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ

) (1

، ﻭ ﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻨ

ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﻊﻴﻨﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ

:

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ )

-2 :(2 ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔـﺠﻝﺎـﻌﻤﻭ ﻊـﻴﻨﺼﺘـﻝﺍ .

ﺕﺎـﻨﺎـﻴـﺒﻝﺍ

ﺔـﺠﻝﺎـﻌـﻤﻝﺍ

ـﻤﻭـﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ـ

ﺕﺎ

ﻡﺎـﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ

ﻴﻨﺼـﺘﻝﺍ ﻊــ

ﻊـــﻠــﺴﻝﺍ

א W د 2'א 3

،غא 678

%&'א 9)2&

،ند;א،ن،<ز'אو?@/,Aאאد،9!8'B&و 2000

، ص K21

ﺩﻘﻝ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺍﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ

ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺎﻤﻝ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ

ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻤﻭ ﻥﻤ

ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺍ

ﺏﺴﻜﻭ ﺹﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻋﺩﺘﻭ

ﺎﻤﻝ ﻭﻫ ﺩﻭـﺠﻭﻤ لـﻘﺤ ﻲـﻓ

ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ

،ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺩﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ

.

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﻝ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻰﻝﺇ

) (2

:

üëc

@Z

@@òîÛëþa@pbãbîjÛa ﺎﺼﻴﺼﺨ ﻊﻤﺠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ Z

،ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﺽﺭﻐﻝ ﻭ

ﺩـﻬﺠﻭ ﺎﺘﻗﻭ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﻑﻴﻝﺎـﻜﺘﻭ

،ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻅﻫﺎﺒ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ

ﺓﺭﻭﺼﻘﻤﻭ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻪﻠﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻌﻤﺠ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

.

bîãbq

@Z òîàØÛa@pbãbîjÛa ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺯﺭﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ Z

ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ .

brÛbq

@Z

@@îÇìäÛa@pbãbîjÛa ò

،ﺎﻬﺘﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘﺜﻭ ﺔﻗﺩ لﻗﺃ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺍﺫﻝﻭ ،ﻡﺎﻗﺭﺄﺒ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻤﺎﻜﺤﺃ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ Z

ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻘﻨﻭ ﺯﻴﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ .

ﺎﻤﻜ ﺓﺩﻴﺠ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺏﺠﻴ

) (3

:

-ﺀﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺨﻭ ﺔﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ .

ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻗﺍﻭﻝ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ

ﻊ ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺀﺎﻴﺸﻷﺍ .

-ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻊﻴﻀﻴ ﺯﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻥﻭﺩﻭ ﺩﺌﺍﺯ لﻴﺼﻔﺘ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ .

-ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺎﻴﻨﻤﺯ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ .

ﻲﻝﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ :

(1) ﰲﲑﺼﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ، 123 .

(2) ﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ﱃﺇ ﻞﺧﺪﻣ ،ﺔﻴﻄﻋ ﺪﲪﺃ ﻢﺷﺎﻫ ،ﺮﺼﻣ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺪﻨﻜﺳﻹﺍ ،ﺮﺸﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺳﺎﶈﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮ

،2000 ﺹ .11

ﺓﺪﻴﻌﺳ-(3) ﺵﻭﺎﺷ ﻢﺳﺎﻗ ،

،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ

.95

51

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ )

-2 :(3 ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ .

א W

،&،<@BDא،?@)&Eאאא،)1א%&'א678FGH&،)IJ$6K2

ص،2000 K10

ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﻤﻟﺍ :

ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣﻭ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ :

ﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝ

ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﺘ .

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ

:

ﻻﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴ

ﺯﺠﻭﻨ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻯﺩﻤﺒ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫ

)ﻲﻓ

(1

:

üëc Z@

@@€ì™ìÛaë@òÛìèŽÛa ﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ@Z

ﺽﻭﻤﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺨﻭ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺕﺎ لﻜـﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬـﻀﺭﻋ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻭ

ﻴﻔﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻴﺩ

ﻥ ، ﺎﻤﻭ لﻭـﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺌﺎﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ

ﺔﻝﻭﻬﺴﻭ ﺭﺴﻴﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ .

@bîãbq Z@

@òîyý–Ûa Z

ﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻭ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ

ﺱﺎـﻴﻘﻤﺒ ﺔﻘﻴﺜﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ

ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺠ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﻥﻴﺩﻔﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ

.

brÛbq Z@

@ŠàÈÛa ë þa ߌÛa@ÕÏ Z

ﻤﻌﻓ ،ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﻤﺠ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺭ

ﺕـﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻘﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﻭﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﻀﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﺘﻓ

ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﻭ ﻔﻝﺍ لـﺜﻤﻴ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ﻲﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺔﻨﻴﺎﺒﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﺘﻭﻗﻭﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺎﻓ ،ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻫﻷ ﻪـﻴﻁﻐﺘ ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ لـﺼﺎ

لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻁﻐﻴ ﺩﻗ ﻭﻬﻓ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ .

bÈia‰

Z@

@Þìà’Ûa

@

@ÞìjÔÛaë

@Z لﻭﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺏـﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﻲﻁﻐﺘ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ

ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸﺒ ﺫﺨﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤ لﻭﺒﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،

ﻭـﻫ ﻲـﻓ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩـﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ

ﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤﻭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﺒﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺓ .

bŽßb

Z@

òînÓìÛa Z ﻭﺃ ،ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻼﻌﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ<

ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ،ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺭ ﺩﻨﻋ

) (2

.

@b…b

Z@

@z–Ûa

@òÓ†Ûaë@ò ﻪـﻨﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻴ Z

،

لﻜﻝ ﺕﺎﻌﻴﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻗ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺭﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻼﺜﻤﻓ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺘ ،ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺀﺎﻁﺨﺃ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ

ﺓﺪﻴﻌﺳ-(1) ﺵﻭﺎﺷ ﻢﺳﺎﻗ ،

،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ

.96

(2) ﻥﺎﳝﺇ

-،ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ،ﱯﻋﺰﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻢﺜﻴﻫ ،ﻲﺋﺍﺮﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﺿﺎﻓ ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻄﻟﺍ

، ﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﺀﺎﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻥ

ﺹ ،2004 .28

אم78

%&' )M E&

G)N ض G

B?&

ذ+א %8)

א,א B?&

%&'&

52

ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺼ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻻﻭﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ،ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺫﻔﻨﻤ

) (1

، ﺍ ﺔﻗﺩ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺩﺩﺤﺘﺘﻭ

ﻯﺩـﻤﺒ ﺔـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝ

ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺜﻤﺘ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﺘ ﻻ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺕﺒﺍﻭﺜﻭ ﻕﺌﺎﻘﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻨﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺀﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺨ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻓ ﻪﻔﺼﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﻠﻝ

لﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻭ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ

) (2

.

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ

ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﺒ

) (3

:

ﻴﺒﻠﺘ ﻑﻴﻴﻜﺘﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﺎﻗ M@

ﺔ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻼﻝ ﻥﻴﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ

.

ﺎﻫﺍﻭﺘﺤﻤ ﺔﻤﻼﺴﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺼ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇﻭ ﺯﻴﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻌﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﺘ ﻥﺃM .

ﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﻜﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ M ﻭ ﻲﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﺘﺎ

ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﺘﺴﻨ ﺎﻨﻫ

ﺔﻴﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ .

-ﺩﻗ ﺔﺼﺨﻠﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺼﻔﺘ ﻭﺃ

ﺔﺼﺨﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺎﻓ ، لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،

ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﻻ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺼﻔﺘﻝﺍ

) (4

.

ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ M@

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻌﻔﻨ ﺭﺜﻜﺃﻭ ﺭﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍ لﻗﺄﺒ ﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ

) (5

.

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ ﻭ

ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺃ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ :

ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺎﻬﻝﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻠﻝ :

üëc Z@

@‰…b–ß pbßìÜȽa ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫZ@

ﺭﻜﺫﻨ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ

@ @:

M@1

@òîèÐ’Ûa@‰…b–½a ﺎﻬﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴZ

) ﻭﺃ ،ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻴﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ

ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ (

ﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ، ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻤﺘﺅﻤﻝ

.

M@2

@òiìnؽa@‰…b–½a ،ﺔـﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻭﺩـﻝﺍ ،ﻑﺤﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻼﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﻼﻁﻹﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ@Z@

ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ...

ﺦﻝﺇ .

M@3

@@ûjänÛa@kîÛbc ﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻱﺃ ﻊﻗﻭﺘ ﺽﺭﻐﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ Z

ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤ ﺕ

ﻲﻀﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻭ ،ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ لﺴﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﺎﻫﺭﻬﺸﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ .

ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺭﺨﺃ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﻲﻓ

)ﻰﻝﺇ

(6

:

<

< <

M@1

@@òî܁a†Ûa@‰…b–½a لﺨﺍﺩ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﺴﻗﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﺅﺭﻭ ﻥﻴﻓﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ Z

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

، ﻡﺘﻴﻭ ﺩـﻗ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ لﻌﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻌﻗﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻸﻝ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﻲﻤﺴﺭ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﺇ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺘ

ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻤﺴﺭ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ .

(1)- Mohamed louadi, Introduction aux technologies de l'information et de la communication, Centre de publication universitaire, Tunisie, 2005, p 62.

(2) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﱯﻋﺰﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻢﺜﻴﻫ ،ﻲﺋﺍﺮﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﺿﺎﻓ ﻥﺎﳝﺇ -.27

-(3) ﰲﲑﺼﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

ﺒﺳ ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖ ﺹ ، .298

(4) ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻥﺎﻄﻠﺳ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ،ﻱﺮﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﻧﻮﺻ ﺹ ﺹ ،

55 – .56

(5) ﻭ ﻞﻴﻠﲢ ،ﻢﺳﺎﻗ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻕﺍﺯﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ

-،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ،ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺳﺎﶈﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ

ﺹ ،2004 .26

(6) ﰲﲑﺼﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

297 .

53

M@2

@òîu‰b¨a@‰…b–½a ﺕﺍﺭـﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ Z

ﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴ

، ﺩﻤﺘ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻲﻁﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ

ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻭﺭﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻫﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺎﻫ .

ﺭﻜﺫﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

)ﻙﻝﺫﻜ

(1

:

M@@1

@òÄyý½a ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ لﻜﺸﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﺔﺒﻭﺠﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ Z

،ﻪـﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ

ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻓ ﺕﺍﺫﻭ ﺔﻌﻓﺎﻨ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ لﺍﻭﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﺓﺯﻴﺤﺘﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺯﻤﺘﺘﻭ .

M2

@@

@|Ž½a ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘـﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﺌﺍﻭﻗ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﻲﻨﻏ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﻭﻫZ@

ﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﺴﺘﻜﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻭﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ

.

M@@3 òiŠvnÛa ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻕﻭﺜﻭﻤ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺍﺩﻴﺠ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ Z

.

M@4 òî–‚’Ûa@òÜibÔ½a ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼ ﺕﺒﺜﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻡﻬﺌﺍﺭﺁ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ@Z

ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ .

bîãbq Z@

pbßìÜȽa@Êaìãc ﻫZ@@

ﺩﻋ ﻙﺎﻨ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺓ ﻥﻤ

ﻤﻫﺃ ﺎﻬ

) (2

@ @:

M@1

@@òí‹b¬g@pbßìÜÈß

@@Z لـﺜﻤ ﻉﻭﺭـﺸﻤ ﻭﺃ لﻤﻋ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇﻭ ،ﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ

ﺯﺎﻬﺠ ﺀﺍﺭﺸ ﻭﺃ ﻑﻅﻭﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻌﺘﺒ ﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ...

ﺦﻝﺍ .

M@2

@pbßìÜÈß

@

@òîöbànãa

@Z ﺘﻴﻤﻨﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘﻭ ﺎﻬ

ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ

لﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ

، ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ

، ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺒﺭﺩﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻘﻠﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ .

M@3 òîàîÜÈm@pbßìÜÈß ﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ Z

ﻫ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩ .

M@4

@@òîubnãg@pbßìÜÈß Z

ﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﻔﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ،ﺝﺎـﺘﻨﻹﺍ لﺌﺎـﺴﻭ ﺭﻴﻭـﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻌﻠﺴ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻜ ﻥﺴﺤﺃ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﺍﻭ .

ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻑﻨﺼ ﺔـﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ

ﻷﺎﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭ

ﻊﺒﺎـﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ

ﻭ ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍﻭ ﻲﻀﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻭـﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﺎﻗﺭﺄﺒ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﺩﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ

ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ ﺎﻬﺒﻭﺸﻴﻭ ﺀﺎﻁﺨﻸﻝ ﺔﻀﺭﻌﻤ .

-(1) ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﻈﻧﻭ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ، ﱵﲞ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ، ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻕﻮﻘﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ ،ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﺓﲑﻐﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻢ

ﺔﻠﻗﺭﻭ 2004 /

،2005 ﺹ ﻂﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،15 :

http://bekhti.online.fr/polycop.html ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﺑ ﻞﻳﱰﺘﻟﺍ ﰎ

19 -08 -.2011

ﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﱀﺎﻓ-(2) ﻱﺭﻮﳊﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻟ ،

ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺇ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﰲ ﺰﻳﺰﻌﺗ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ : ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﺝﺫﻮﳕ ﰲ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺩﺭﻷﺍ ، ﻩﺍﺭﻮﺘﻛﺩ ﺔﺣﻭﺮﻃﺃ ﺔﻔـﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ

،

ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ،

ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ، ﺹ ،2004 .20

54

(4)-Chabha bouzar, Abderrahmane batache, Ntic et les entreprises: de l’information a la connaissance, colloque international: Les impacts de la fracture numérique Nord/Sud sur la gestion des PME/PMI, Univ Biskra, les14/ 15 avril 2007, P 3.

55

56

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ )

-2 :(4 ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ .

bîãbq Z@

pbßìÜȽa@âbÄã@ÑöbÃë

@Z@

ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ

)ﻲﻫﻭ

(1

:

M1 ÄéÛŸ@ l^Þ^éfÖ]

ﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺘﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ V

ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻡﺜ ،ﺎﻬﻝﺎﺨﺩﺇﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴ

ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻠﻝ .

M@2 í¢^ÃÚ l^Þ^éfÖ]

ﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤV

ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝ ﺔ .

M@3 ì…]c l^{Þ^éfÖ]

ﻤﻋ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ V

ﻠ ﺎﻋﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴ

،ﺀ ﻭ ﻰﻤﺴﺘ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﺒ

ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻔﻠﻤ

، ﺙﻴﺤ ﻅﻓﺎﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﻡﺘﻴ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻬﻴﻠﻋ

ﺀﺍﻭـﺴ ﺍ

ﺕﻤﺩﺨﺘـﺴ

ﺽﺭﻐﻝ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻝ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﺘﻭ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﻉﻭﺠﺭﻝﺍ لﻬﺴﻴ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘﻭ ﻅﻔﺤ ﻡﺘﻴﻭ ،ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ

ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ .

M@4 æíe^Î…

íè^·

l^Þ^éfÖ]

ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ V

ﺎﻔﺘﻝ ﺀﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍ ﻱﺩ

، ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻴﻀ ﻭﺃ ﺏﻋﻼﺘﻝﺍ .

M5 l^{Þ^éfÖ]àèˆ{¡

ﻡﺘـﻴ ﺙـﻴﺤ ،ﺕﺎـﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﻅﺎﻔﺘﺤﻼﻝ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ V

ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﺒ ﻡﺘﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺒﻠﻁ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺯﻫﺎﺠ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﻅﻔﺤﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺯﺨﺘ

) (2

.

M@5 t^jÞc l^Úç×ù]

ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍV

ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺼﻭﺘﻭ

ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻴﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤﻭ

.

ﺩﺌﺍﻭﻓ ﺹﻴﺨﻠﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻬﺠﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺩﻴﻭﺯﺘﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﻲﻓ

ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺩﺩﺤﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ لﻜﺎـﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩـﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺽﻔﺨﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،

ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻲﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﻭـﺴ

ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺩﺌﺍﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺠﻤﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻤﺒ

ﻗﺎﻨﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺹﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﺴﻨﺍ لﻔﻜﻴ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ

) (3

.

(1) ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ

-،ﱵﲞ ﺕﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﻢﻈﻧﻭ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺓﲑﻐﺼﻟﺍ

،ﺔﻄﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍﻭ

،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ

.26

(2) ﻲﳌﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻕﺍﺯﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺀﻼﻋ

-، ﻢﻈﻧ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ

، ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ

، ،ﺮﺼﻣ ،ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ

،2003 ﺹ .60

(3) ﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﰲﲑﺼﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛ

.202

lø}‚¹]

Input

l^q†~¹]

Output

í¢^ù]

א W P&

אدא

אאد K

íe^ΆÖ]

íè„ÇjÖ]

íéŠÓÃÖ]

0)1א

QRא

'&S&

%&'א

57

58

-ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ .

-ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ،

ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍﻭ ﺏﺎﻁﻘﺘﺴﺍ

، ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ .

-ﻅﻨ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺎ

ﺂﻓﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺭﻭﺠﻷﺍ ﻡ ﺕ

ﺯﻓﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍﻭ .

-ﻭﻠﻌﻤ لﺎﻤ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻤ ﻝ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠ .

M@4 æ{‰^]l^Úç×ÃÚÝ^¿Þ êÖ^{¹]

،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴV

ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﻜ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﻡﻫﺃﻭ ،

ﻭﻫﻭ

ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭـﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎـﺨﺘﻻ ﺔـﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﺭﻓﻭﻴﻭ ،ﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﺎﻫﺭﺜﻜﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻡﺩﻗﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ

) (1

، ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ ﻥﻤ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ

:

-ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘ .

-ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺯﻴﻤ لﻭﺤ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘ .

-ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘ .

bîãbq Z@

òí‰a…⁄a@pbíìnŽ½a@kŽy@pbßìÜȽa@áÄã@Êaìãc ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻡﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ Z

ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺴﻘﻨﺘ

@:

M@1 l^Úç×ù]Ü¿Þ

^é×ÃÖ]ì…]ý]

ﻤ V

ﻴﻭﺘـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺀﺍﺭﺩـﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻬﺠﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝ ﺔﻤﻤﺼ ﺕﺎ

ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ) ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ (

ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ

ﺎﺤﻝ ﺴ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﺒ ﺔﻠﺼﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒ ،

ﻥﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺼﻤ

ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩ ،

ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ

ﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ :

ﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻤ ؟لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴ

ﻥﻴـﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﻭﻤ ﻭﻫ

ﺎﻤ ؟ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ

؟ﺎﻫﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺏﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻫ

) (2

.

M@2 í{è…]ý]†è…^ÏjÖ]Ü¿Þ V

(MRS –Management Reporting System) ﺅـﺒﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﺎـﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔـﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤ ﻲـﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘـﺴﺘ@Z

ﺎﻌﻴﺒﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻭ ،ﺕ ﻝ

ﻡﺩﺨﺘـﺴﺘﻭ ﺔـﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺭﺘﻭ ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻺ

ﻭ ﺔﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ

ﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ، ﺭـﻴﻏ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴ

ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﻫ ﻭ ﻻﺍ ﺭﺼﺤﻨﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴ

ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ

) (3

.

@@

M@3

¹]í{¢^ÃÚÜ{¿Þ l^{Úç×Ã

)V

TPS-Transaction Processing System

:(

ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ لﻤﺘﺸﻴ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ

ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻡﻅﻨـﻝﺍ

لﻴﻐﺸﺘ ﺔﻁﻴﺴﺒ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺼﺘﺨﻤ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻭ ،

ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﻭ ،

ﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺢﻴﺘﺘﻭ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘ ﺞﺘﻨﺘﻭ ،ﻲﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﺘﺘ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﺭ

) (4

.

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺜﺩﺤﺃ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻉﺭﺎﺴﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﺘﻭ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﺘﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺭﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺕﺯﺭﺒ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺙﻴﺩﺤﺘ

ﻲﻋﺎﻨﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃﻭ ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍﻭ

ﺓﺭﻴﺒﺨ .

ﺮﻳﺪﺑ ﻒﺳﻮﻳ ﻝﺎﲨ-(1) ،

،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ

.179

(2) ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ،ﻱﺮﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﻧﻮﺻ -ﻥﺎﻄﻠﺳ

ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ .66

ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ-(3) ﻑﺭﺎﺷ ، ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ ،

.5

ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ-(4) ﻑﺭﺎﺷ ، ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ ،

.4

59

Technologies de l'Information (

60

ﺎﻬﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻜﺸﺃ لﻜﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻭ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺏﻭـﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ

،

ﻲﺌﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻉﻭﻤﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺩﻴﻌﺘﻭ

ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

لﻤﻋ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﻼﻓ ،ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﺒ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﻴ ﻡﻝ

)ﺕ

(1

، ﻭ ﻕـﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺍﹰﺫﺇ

ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺈﺒ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ،ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﻲﻨﻌﻨ ﺎﻬﻌﻤﺠ ﻪﺒ

،ﺎﻬﺘﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺯﺨﺘ

ﺎﻬﻌﻴﺯﻭﺘﻭ

) (2

.

ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﺘﻵﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺩﺩﺤﻨ ﻥﺃ

) (3

:

-ﻑﺸﺘﻜﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ،

ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﺘ ﺙـﻴﺤ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻠﻬـﺴ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ لﻌﺠﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ

ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺜ

ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺎـﻬﺘﺌﻴﻬﺘﻭ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺯﺨﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻅﻔﺤ ،ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘ ،

ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻋﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺜﺒﻭ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ

.

-ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺴﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﺠﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻤﺎﻌﺘ .

ﺎـﻬﻝﺎﻴﺠﺃﻭ ﺎـﻬﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻑـﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﺔـﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺏﻴـﺴﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻼﻴﻬﺴﺘﻭ .

-ﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺯﻭﺭﺒ ﺎـﻬﺘﺎﻘﺤﻠﻤ ﻊـﻤ ﺏﻴـﺴﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﺒ ﺎﺤﻭﻀﻭ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ

ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﻊﻤﻭ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ .

لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ

ﻴ ﻑ ﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺹﻴﺨﻠﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭ

:

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ )

-2 (6 : ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ .

א W

&J$

،'9?

و%&'א)''@B!

<دYא)@א2`$

، )א7@א،%B?אو)@א%&'AאQאaא )b

،ند;א،م'אو/,Aאو

،2003 ص K3

لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻓ

ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻭ

ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺘـﻴ

ﻔﻴﻅﻭﺘ ﺔـﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝ ﺎـﻬ

ﻠﻤﻋ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻠﻴﺼﻭﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﻲﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺭﻴﻫﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﺔﻴ

ﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘـﻴ ﻲ

(1) ﻱﺩﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻝﺎﻨﻣ

-، ﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﻝﻼﺟ ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ﰲ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ،ﺪﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴ :

،ﺔﻳﺭﺪﻨﻜـﺳﻹﺍ ،ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﺸﻨﻠﻟ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﳌﺍ ،2003

ﺹ .13 (2)- Robert Reix, Système d'information et management des organisations, OP.cit, P 66.

(3) ﺮﻣﺎﻋ -ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ

،ﻲﺠﻠﻳﺪﻨﻗ ﻥﺎﳝﺇ ﻞﺿﺎﻓ

،ﻲﺋﺍﺮﻣﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ

،ﺎﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗﻭ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ

،ﺮﺸﻨﻠﻟ ﻕﺍﺭﻮﻟﺍ

،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ

₂₀₀₂

، ﺹ ﺹ 39 -.38

] hç‰^£

ﺕﺎﻴﳎﺮﺑ

ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ l÷^’i÷]

ﻝﺎﺼﺗﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﳎﺮﺑ

ﻝﺎﺼﺗﺍ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ Ý]‚~j‰÷]î×Âì…‚ÏÖ]

ﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺮﻓ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ

ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ

61

62

Virtual Reality

لﺎﻴﺨﻠﻝ ﺏﺭﻗﻷﺍ(

63

لﻭﺩـﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﻭﺃ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ،

ﺕﺎﺌﻓ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻭ ﻥﻴﺸﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ

ﺓﺭﻭﺜ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﺠﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﻊﻤﺴﻨ ﺎﻨﺤﺒﺼﺄﻓ ، .

-ﻬﻴﻓ ﻯﺭﻴ ﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺎ

لﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻸﻝ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺽ ﻼﻀﻓ ،

ﺏﻭﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻉﻭﻨ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺸﺩﺘ ﻥﻋ ﻡﺌﺍﺭﺠﻝﺍﻭ

ﻭ ﺏﻭﺭﺤ ﻲﻫ ﻭ

ﻝﺍ ﻡﺌﺍﺭﺠ ﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ

ﻭ ، ﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺦﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﺘ ﺫﺇ ﻑﻝﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ .

ﺕﺤﻤﺴ ﻭﻨﻜﺘ

ﻹﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝ

ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻠﻝ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻠﻝ

.

ﺹﻠﻘﺘﻴ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻹﺍ

ﻴﻅﻭﺘﻝ ﺝﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﺒﻭ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻑ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤ

ﺔﺒـﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺅﻴ ،

ﺔﻝﺎﻁﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﻌﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻱﺩ .

ﺐﻠﻄﻤﻟﺍ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ

: ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﺘﺤﺘﻟﺍ

:

ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺘﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻭﺯﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺩ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

1)

ﺭﺼﺤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ،(

ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ

:

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ )

-2 :(7 ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺘﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ .

א W

،ند;א،U^אאد،Fو;אIא،<אدDא%&'א678،c-א[6A)2،QdאאGe/نf ص،2004

K120

ﺘﺘ ﻥﻭﻜ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒ

) (2

:

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻧﻮﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻤﻟﺍ

) Le Hardware (

:

ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﺎﻘﺤﻠﻤﻭ ﺏﻭﺴﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺙـﻴﺤ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻡﻫﺃ

ﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺍﺩﺘﻭ ﻅﻔﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﺅﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ،ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺕﺎﻤﻭ

) (3

، ﺎﻤﻜ

(1)–Kenneth Laudon, Jane Laudon, Management des systèmes d'information, 11 eme édition, Pearson Education, Paris, France, 2010, P 195.

-(2) ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﲑﻴﺴﺗ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻰﻘﺘﻠﳌﺍ ،ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﰲ ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻕﺎﻨﳋﺍ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺳ :

ﻱﺪﺤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﻛﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ

،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ،ﺓﺮﻜﺴﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ 12

– ،ﱪﻤﻓﻮﻧ13

، 2005 ﺹ ﺹ 240 -.241

ﺣ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺐﻳﺩﺃ-(3) ﺮﺛﺃ ،ﻪﳝﺍﺰﻫ ﻦﺴ

ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﲔﺴﲢ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟﺍ

ﺔﳘﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻩﺍﺭﻮﺘﻛﺩ ﺔﺣﻭﺮﻃﺃ ،ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ

،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹ ،2011

.28

ﺔﻳﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﻮﻜﳌﺍ

Hardware

ﺕﺎﻴﳎﱪﻟﺍ

Software

ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ

DATA

Communication

People

Networks

64

La Carte mère

،(

Mémoire Centrale

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ،(

Mémoire Centrale

.(

La Souris

،( ﻥﻭﻓﻭﺭﻜﻴﻤﻝﺍ )

Le Microphone

،(

Les Mémoires auxiliaires

H Le Disque Dur

ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻡﺠﺤ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ DV

(5)-Lamdani Sadek, a la découverte de l'information, 3eme édition, Ed Berti, Alger,Algérie, 2002, P P 38 - 39.

(6)

65

Le Software (

(Batch System)

،

(4)- Robert Reix, Système d'information et management des organisations, Op.cit, p 69.

(5)

66

Systèmes Experts

ﻡﻅﻨﻭ ،( ﻲﻋﺎﻨﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺍ

)

Artificiel Intelligence

(

Word Processing )(

67

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

) (1

، ﺔﻴﺘﻭـﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎـﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻁﺎـﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻭ ﺙﺒﻝ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻗﻷﺍﻭ

ﻔﺘﺘ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺀﺎﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﺌﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻁﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻭ

) (2

.

ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻭ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ

ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ :

ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺯﺨﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺠﺴﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ،ﺀﺎﻴﺸﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﻠﺼﺘ ﻻ ﺢ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﺼﻭﺘﻝ

، ﻥﻴﻌﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺯﺨﺘﻭ

ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺄﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻋﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﻬﺴﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ

) (3

:

-ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ :

ﻗﺭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﻑﻭﺭﺤﻭ ﻡﺎ

.

-ﺔﻴﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ :

ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ .

-ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ :

ﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﺎﺸ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸ

ﺎﻬﻬﺒ .

ﺲﻣﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻦﻴﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ )

ﺩﺍﺮﻓﻷﺍ (

:

لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﺒ ﻥﻭﻤﻭﻘﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻡﻫ ،ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

ﻥﻴﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤ

ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ ،

ﻕﻔﺘﻴ ﺩﺎﻜﻴﻭ ﺃ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏ ﻥﺃ

ﺃ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫ

ﻕﻭﻔﺘ ﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻫ ﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻠﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻭﺤ

ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﻯﺯﻌﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ، ﺃ

ﻲـﻓ لـﺸﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎـﺤ ﺏـﻠﻏ

ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ

) (4

، ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻬﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ

) (5

:

־_

V áç’’~j¹]

ﻲﻠﻠﺤﻤ ﻥﻤ : ﻡﻅﻨـﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻤﺼﻤﻭ

ﻥﻴﺠﻤﺭـﺒﻤﻝﺍ ،

، ﻤﺘ ﻲـﺼﺼﺨ لﻴﻐـﺸﺘ

ﺓﺯـﻬﺠﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺎﻴـﺼﻭ

لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ

، ﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁﻴ ﺀﻻﺅﻫﻭ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﺒ ﻡﻬﻴ

.

^éÞ^m V

~jŠ¹]

°ñ^{ãßÖ]°Ú‚

ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﻴ :

، ﻤ لﻭﺅﺴ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ

، ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷ ﻥﻭﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻔﻅﻭﻤﻝﺍ

ﻴﻔﺘﺴﻤﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝ ﻥﻴﺩ

) ﻥﻴﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤ ﻥﻤ

،ﻥﻴﺴﺩﻨﻬﻤ ،ﻊﻴﺒ لﺎﺠﺭ ، ﻴﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﺩﻤ

ﻥ (.

ﺭﺎﺸﻴ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺒﺎ

ﻡﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻭﺴﺎﺤﻝﺍ لﻘﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﻥﻴﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

، ﺇﻭ ﻤﻋ ﻥ ﻡﻬﻠ

ﻥﻭﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻭﻫ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

،ﺭﻭـﻁﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﻜﺍﻭﻤ ﻡـﻫ ﻥﺫﺇ

،ﻡﻬﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﻤ ﺙﻴﺤ

ﺎﻬﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺍﻭﺜﺩﺤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ

) (6

.

(1) ﺀﻼﻋ -ﻲﳌﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻕﺍﺯﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ،

ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺷ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻜﻟﻻﺍ ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﺮﺸﻨﻠﻟ ﻞﺋﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘ ،

ﺹ ،2005 .30

(2) ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻊﺟﺮﳌﺍ ﺹ ، .30

-(3) ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﻱﺪﻴﻤﳊﺍ ﷲﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻢﳒ ﺹ

.24

(4) ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺝﺮﻓ ﻝﺁ ﲔﺴﺣ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻲﺋﺎﻄﻟﺍ -ﺹ

.141

ﻱﺮﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﺴﻴﻋ ﻥﺎﺴﻏ-(5) ،

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ ،

.24

ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ-(6) ﻦﺴﺣ ﻡﺎﺠﻋ ، ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ ،

.59

68 Local Area Networks

ﺓﺯﻬﺠﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﻴﺴﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ DV

69

M@1 2 í{éÛé×Îý]íÓf{ŽÖ]

E Mertropolitan Area Networks

ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻜﺒﺸ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ DV Wide Area Networks

لﺜﻤ DV Star Network

ﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﺕﻴﻤﺴ DV Ring Network

ZH

(3)-ibrahim Bakhti, module internet et recherche de l'information, école doctorale, université de Wargla, Algérie, 2006, P 87.

70

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ )

-2 (9 : ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ .

א W U"

،Qאقאزא

א#אدDא%BK

،?@Gdאوאد،)8وbB ص،2005

32K

M@2 3 í{骤]íÓf{ŽÖ]

E Bus Network

ﺎﻨﻫ DV

ﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻁﺤﻤﻭ ﺓﺯﻬﺠﻷﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺡﻭـﺘﻔﻤ ﻲـﻁﺨ لﺎﺼﺘﺍ لﺒﺎﻜ ﺔﻁ

ﻭ ﻑﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﺝﻭﺩﺯﻤ

ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ، ﻲﻓ ﻊﺌﺎﺸ

ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ

) (LAN

، ـﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺒﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻁﺒﺭ

ﺴﺍﻭﺤ ﻊﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺏﻴ لﺒﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﺏﻴﺴﺍﻭﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﻡﺜ ،

1)

، (

ﺹﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻜ ﺎﻬﻠﻜﺸ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻭ )

(BUS

، ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺩﺩـﺠ ﻥﻴﻜﺭﺎـﺸﻤ ﺔﻓﺎـﻀﺇ ﺔـﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻲﻫ

ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺏﺎﺤﺴﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﻻ ،

ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ

) (2

ﺒﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻀﻴ ﺓﺯﻬﺠﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ لﻁﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ ، لﻜﻜ ﺔﻜ

.

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ )

-2 (10 : ﺔﻴﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ .

Source: Ibrahim Bekhti, module Internet et recherche de l'information, école doctorale, université de wergla, 2005-2006, p88.

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺷ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ :

ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ،

ﺃ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻗﺭ ﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﺼ

لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺎ ﻰـﻝﺇﻭ ،

ﺙﺩﺤﺃﻭ ﻡﻫﺄﻜ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﺴﻜﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﺩﺍﺩﺯـﺘﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻜﺒـﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﺎﻤ

ﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋ

ﻡﺎﺴﻗﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻭ لﻗﺎﻨﺘ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻱﻷ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻁﻴﺤﻤ

3)

.(

üëc Z@

⁄a oãã

@I

Internet

H Z

@ @

M@1

⁄a@ñd’ã

@oãã Z@@

ﺔـﻴﻔﺘﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒـﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﺠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺓﺩﺭﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺯﻋ ﻲﻓ

ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺕﻬﺠﺘﺍ

(ARPA)

، ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ ﻲﻫﻭ

ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺜﺍﺩﺤﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺃ

لﺠ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺘ .

ﻲﻓ ) 1969 ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻗ ( (Stephen crocker)

ﻭ

(Vinton cerf) )

(4

، ﺒ@

ﺸ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺏﻴﺴﺍﻭﺤ ﺔﻜﺒ

ﺩﻘﻋ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ

، ﻡﺘﻭ ﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﺃ لﺎﺴﺭﺇ ﺕﺎﻨﺎ

ﻥﻴﺒﻭﺴﺎﺤ ﻥﻴﺒ

، ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤـﺴﺘ ﺔﻜﺒـﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁﺃ )

ARPANET

، (

(1) ﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﺿﺎﻓ ﻥﺎﳝﺇ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﱯﻋﺰﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻢﺜﻴﻫ ،ﻲﺋﺍﺮ

.178

(2) ،ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﱃﺇ ﻞﺧﺪﳌﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﻲﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ، .235

،ﻪﳝﺍﺰﻫ ﻦﺴﺣ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺐﻳﺩﺃ-(3) ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

ﺹ ، .35

(4)-Michel laflamme, le e-commerce électronique, cours en ligne: http://cvm.qc/mlaflamme/comm_e/comm_e.html, (12-12-2009).

Bus

71 World Wide

(Web

(5)- Michel volle, Économie des nouvelles technologies, 4 éditions, Ed éconmica, Paris, 1997, p123.

(6) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺍ ﻢﻴﻌﻧ -.211

72

ﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨ

ﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺔـﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺩﺠ

ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ

، ﻤﺴﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺔﻠﻴـﺴﻭ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺫﺇ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻱﺃ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺢ

ﻹ ﻼﻐﺘـﺴ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ل

ﻭ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ

ﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻀﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻴﻘﻝ

.

M@4

⁄a@pb߆

oãã Z ﻨﺭﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ

ﺕ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ :

M@4 1 íÚ‚}

ê{ÞæÓÖý]‚èÖ]

E Email

@VD

ﻡﺩﻗﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺩﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ

ﻡﺎـﻅﻨ ﻪﺒﺸﻴﻭ ،ﺍﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﺴﻭﺃﻭ

ﺒﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﺭﺒ ﻕﻴﺩﺎﻨﺼ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺭ

، ﻙﺎـﻨﻫ ﻲـﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺩـﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﻲﻔﻓ

ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﻪﻨﺍﻭﻨﻋ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻱﺩﻴﺭﺒ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼ

) (1

.

ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﻥﻭﻜﻠﻤﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﺴﺭﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭ لﺎﺒﻘﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻪﻴﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺩﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ

ﺎﻨﺍﻭﻨﻋ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

) (2

، ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺤﻤﺴ ﺩﻘﻝﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺃ ﻥ ﻊـﻤ ﻕـﻴﺜﻭ لﺎـﺼﺘﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﻨﻭﻜﻴ

ﻡﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﻪﻠﻜ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﻷﺍﻭ ،لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺍﺩﻴﻌﺒﻭ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺤﻨﺃ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺎﺒ

) (3

.

M@4 2

¹]ØÏÞíÚ‚}

l^{Ë×

E File Transfer Protocol

ﻠﻤﻝﺍ لﻘﻨ لﻭﻜﻭﺘﺭﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ VD

ﺕﺎـﻔ لﺎـﺼﺘﻻﺎﺒ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺕـﻗﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻥﻴﺒﻭﺴﺎﺤ ﻀﻔﺒ ،

ﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﺠ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ل ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻭﺤﺘ

ﺠ ﺎ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻨ ﻩﺫـﻫ ،

ﻋ ﺕﺎﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺙﻭﺤﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒ

ﻊ ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋﻭ ،

ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﻥﺎﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﻹﺍ

ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨ

) (4

.

ﺩﻌﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻨﺭﺘﻨ

ﺫﺇ ،ﺕ ﻥﺃ ﺔـﺤﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻭـﺴﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻔﻠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ

ﻼﻝ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ

، ﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﻭﺯﻤ ﺏﻭﺴﺎﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﻭﺠﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻠﻘﻨ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﻪﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ

، ﺴﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ لﻘﻨ لﻭﻜﻭﺘﻭﺭﺒ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘ

) (FTP

5)

.(

M@4 3 l^{Úç×ÃÛ×Öí{é¹^ÃÖ]íÓfŽÖ]íÚ‚}

(World Wide Web)

ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﻌﺘ V )

(WEB

ﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨ

ﻲﻓ لﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻊﺠﺭﻴﻭ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ

ﺎﻫ ﻥـﻤ ﻊـﺴﺍﻭ لـﻘﺤ ﻰـﻠﻋ لﻤﺘﺸﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﺨﻭ ،

،ﻥﻴﺩﺎﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺘﻤﺍﻭ

ﺕﺩ ﺔـﻤﺩﺨﻓ ،ﻡﻬﺘﺎـﺼﺼﺨﺘﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﺩـﻘﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ

) (WWW

ﻩﺫـﻫ ،ﻲﻤﻝﺎـﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍﻭ ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻼﻋﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺞﻴﻭﺭﺘﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ

ﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﺘﺸﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﺭﺎﺤﺒﻹﺍﻭ ﺢﻔﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻫ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨ

، ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺘﻭ

ﻁﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ

6)

.(

ﺎﻓ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴ

ﻹﺍ ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ﺭﻜﺫ ﺎﻤ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺈﻓ ،ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨ

، ﺔـﻤﺩﺨ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ

ﺵﺎﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺘﻨﻤ )

forum

، ( ﺵﺎـﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴﻭ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺎﺒ ﻰﻨﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ

ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺩﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻭ

ﺭﺸﺎﺒ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺭﻴﺒﺎـﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ

(1) ﺭ ،ﻥﺎﻴﻠﻋ ﻰﻔﻄﺼﻣ ﻲﲝ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺲﺑﺪﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻤﳏ

.134 (2)-Lamdani Sadek , Op.Cit, P 85 .

(3)-Steve Sleight, Internet et l'entreprise, Mango Pratique édition, France, 2001, P33.

(4) ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻖﻳﻮﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﺎﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗﻭ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ،ﱵﲞ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ -ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ

ﺹ ، .38 (5) -Steve Sleight, OP.cit, P55.

(6) ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻖﻳﻮﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﻪﺗﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗﻭ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ،ﱵﲞ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ -ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ

ﺹ ، .38

73

^s%&'&و)eא'&r't r'1א

#د&و nH)eא'&و%&'&W't

א W

،<دYאم'א(uא'.د وv$،w<'אلx(9!,)I!وy8b8אود،kz6)2א

،dא-Eא&

74

brÛbq

@Z

⁄a oãaŽ×

@I

Extranet

@ZH

ﻲﻫ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻊﺒﺎﻁ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺘ

،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺢﻤﺴ ﻲﻫﻭ

ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻝ ﻨﺍﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺕ

، ،ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻼﻜ ﺝﻭﺍﺯﺘﻝ ﺝﺎﺘﻨ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﺴﻜﻹﺍ ﺩﻌﺘﻭ ﺕـﻨﺍﺭﺘﻨﺇ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻲﻬﻓ

ﺨﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺤﻭﺘﻔﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﺠﺭﺎ

ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ، ﺩﺩﺤﺘ

ﺔﻴﻭﻫ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﻝ ﺭﻭﺭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ

، ﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ

ﺀﺎﻜﺭـﺸﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ ،

ﺍﺭﺘﺴﻜﺈﺒ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻋﺩﺘ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤ ﻁﻭﻁﺨ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺕﻨ

ﺒ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻋﺩﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﺎ

ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻭ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﺴﻜ .

ﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﺴﻜ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺎﺒ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ :

ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﺀﺎﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﻥﻴﻌﺒ ﺫﺨﻷﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ

ﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻋﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﻔﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴ

.

-ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ )

ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ .(

ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ )

ﻕﺍﺭﻭﺃ لﻜﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻠﻝ ﻊﺒﻁ لﻗﺄﺒ (

ﻭ ، ﺔـﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺔـﻴﺩﺭﻓ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺡﺍﺭﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ

ﻡﺎـﻴﻘﻝﺍ

ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﺒ .

-ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﻭ

ﻥﻭﺯﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘ .

-ﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﻘ ﺓ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ لﻴﻬﺴﺘﻜ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺫﺇ ، ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤ

ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﺍﺭﺸ ﺏﻠﻁ لﺎﺴﺭﺈﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ

ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻹﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺭﺘﺴﻜ ﺍ ﺕﻨ ، ﺔﻴﻏﻻ ﺎﻬﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ لﻜﺒ ﺕﻼﺴﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ .

ﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﻼﻴﻬﺴﺘ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﺴﻜ

ﺩـﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻐﻝ

ﺹﻨﻝﺍ

(HTML) )

(1

، ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ لﻭﻜﻭﺘﻭﺭﺒ ،لﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴ لﻭﻜﻭﺘﻭﺭﺒ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ

(TCP/IP)

ﺔﻜﺒـﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻭ،

ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﻭﺒﻜﻨﻌﻝﺍ

2)

.(

لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) -2 (11 : ﺕﻻﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻹﺍ

ﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﻨ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﺴﻜ

.

א W

،א'8${)BK|<K نوH}و

ل~QYאB8אi`!ل' Qوא,א،<dא-Eא%אوy8b8Dא)''@B!،

3'@

&،I'אو#i€א%אi)!

#B،Z)H[

، J28 29 G</$

، ص،2007 K7

-(1) ﻲﻫ ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ

"

"Hyper Text Markup Language ﻲﻫ ،

ﺰﻴﻣﺮﺗ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﰲ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗﻭ

ﺕﺎﺤﻔﺻ ﻣﻭ ﺐﻳﻮﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻮ ﺎﻬﻌـﺳﻭﺃﻭ ﺕﺎـﻐﹼﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﺪـﻗﺃ ﻦﻣ ﱪﺘﻌﺗﻭ ،

ﺐﻳﻮﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻔﺻ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﰲ ﺎﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

(2) ،ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﱃﺇ ﻞﺧﺪﳌﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﻲﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ -ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

، ﺹ .240

ﱐﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻﺍ ﻊﻗﻮﳌﺍ

Extranet Intranet

ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﺑﺰﻟﺍ

ﻦﻳﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﲔﻠﻣﺎﻌﺘﻣﻭ ﲔﻔﻇﻮﻣ

75

(1)-C jean, 20 Raison pour annoncer votre entreprise sur le http://www.qbc.clic.net/mephisto/raisons/raisons.html (16/06/2009).

76

-ﺔﻋﺭﺴ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﻊﻤ

ﺹﺎﺨﺸﺃ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ

ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﺩﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﻭﻬﻓ

ﺏﺴﻜﻴ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺘﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ

،ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻭ

ﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺈﺒ

ﻥﺴﺤﺃ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ .

ﻊﻓﺩ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﻠﻜﺎﺸﻤ ﺽﻌﺒ لﺤﻝ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻋ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺍﺭﺒﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ

ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ .

-ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻥﻴﻔﻅﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻼﻁﻹﺍ .

-ﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭ ﻯﺩﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝ ﻕﻭﺴ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﺘـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻁﺨ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﻔﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻥﻴﻜﻠﻬ

ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻭﺴﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ .

ﻭﺃ ﺞﺘـﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺯـﻴﻤ ،ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ

ﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ...

ﺦﻝﺍ .

-ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤ ﻕـﻴﺭﻁ ﻥـﻋ ﻙـﻝﺫﻭ ،ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ

ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ .

ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ : ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ :

üëc Z@

@pbßìÜȽa@bîuìÛìäØm@qdm ñ‰a…⁄a@óÜÇ

Z

@ @

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺏﻌﻠﺘ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ

ﻭ ﺃ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻕـﻠﺨ ﻰـﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ لﺎﻤﻋ

ﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ لﺨﺩﺘﻭ ،ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺠ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ

1)

:(

-ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ لﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺘﻭﺭ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﺒ ﻥﻭﻤﻭﻘﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ

ﺩﺍﺭـﻓﻷﺍ ﺓﻭـﻗ ﺓﺩﺎـﻴﺯ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎـﺴﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،

ﻡﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻥﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ .

-ﻹﺍ لﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺩ

لﺎﺠﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﻭ ،ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭ

ﻝﺍ ﻻ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌ

ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤ .

لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﻗ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﺘﻭ

ﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﺩﺘ ﺔﻋﺭﺴ ﺍ ﻪﻨﻤ

ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝ .

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﻴﻀﻨ

) (2

:

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻴﻠﺨﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺘﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺒﻋﺃ

ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤ ﺱﻴﺭﻜﺘ

ﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻠﻝ ﺩﻬﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺕ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺭ

.

-ﺘ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ لﻤﺤﺘ

ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺩﺒﺇ

ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻡﺩﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﻌﻤ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ

.

-ﺴﺃ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺎﻜ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺏﻴﻝﺎ

ﺘﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻋﻭ ﺽﻭﺎﻔ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻘﻔﺼ

ﺎﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﺇ .

-ﻗ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ لﻼـﺨ ﻥـﻤ ﻙـﻝﺫﻭ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒ ﻊﻤ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻗﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩ

ﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﻤﻝ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺩﻘﺘ

.

ﺃ لﻌﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻡﻫ ﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺭﺎﻴﻬﻨﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺓ ﻡﻠـﺴﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔـﻴﻨﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ

ﻭ ،ﻲﻤﺭﻬﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ لﺤ

ﻭ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻋ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ

.

(1) ﺪﻌﺴﻣ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻲﻴﳏ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ﺹ ، -192 .193

(2) ﺴﺣ -ﱘﺮﺣ ﻦ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ﺹ ، -230

.231

77

bîãbq Z@

òŽû½a@kãaìu@ÑÜn«@óÜÇ@pbßìÜȽa@bîuìÛìäØm@qdm Z

@ @

ﺎﺴﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﻜﺃ ﺕ

ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺍﺭﺨﺅﻤ ﺎﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ

،ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻤﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ

ﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ ﻕﻓﺍ

) (1

.

ﻨﻴﺒ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺕ ﻥ

ﻲـﻓ ﺕﺭﻤﺜﺘـﺴﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ

،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

،ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻨﻴﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ

ﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻪﻘﻓﺍﺭﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻡ،

،ﺝﺎـﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﺒﻭـﺴﺤﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻥﻝ

ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘـﺴﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﺇ ﺎﻬﻘﻓﺍﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻯﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ

،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻜﻴﻫ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ لﺎﻤﻋﺃﻭ

.

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﺎﺜﺃ ﺭﺼﺤﻨﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻭ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻲﻓ

ﻁﻘﻓ ﺭﻴﺜﺄـﺘﻝﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻌﺘ لﺒ ،

ﻥﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔـﺒﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﺎـﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻪـﺒﻴﻨﺠﺘ

ﺔﻠﻤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺓﺭﻭﺜ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺕﺜﺩﺤﺄﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓﻭ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ

ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ

) (2

، ﻥﺇﻭ ﺏﻜﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺼﺍﻭﻤﻝ لﻤﺎﻌﻠﻝ ﻼﺼﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺎﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ

، ﻲﻬﻓ

ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺎﻜ لﻭﻠﺤﺒ ﺕﺘﺃ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ

ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈﻜ ،ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ

ﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺓﺭـﻴﺒﺨ

ﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ .

ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻡ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝ

ﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺴ

ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻊﻠ ﻁﻭـﻁﺨ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝ

ﺭـﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺎـﻬﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻤـﻀﺘﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻭﻁ ﺩﻘﻓ لﻌﻔﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﺩﻋﺎﺴ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺴﺎﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻤﺭﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻬﺠﺘﻭ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ

ﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺭـﺸﻨ ﻲـﻓ ﺙـﺤ

ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،

ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻝ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻠ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝ

ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ

ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ

.

ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ )

ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻢﻈﻧ (

:

ﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﻀﺘﻘﺘ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﺇ

، ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘـﺴﺍ ﻥﺎـﻘﺘﺇﻭ ﺏﺎـﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ

ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺍ

ﻠﻌﻤﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﻭ ﻭ ، ﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺭـﻔﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘـﺴﻤ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺔﺤﻭﻤﻁ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻱﺃ ﻥ

ﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺎﻬﻘﻓﺍﺭﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺏﺘﻜﻴ ﻥﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻭ ل

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،

ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﻝﺍ

ﻲﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺭ ﻲﻓ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

، ﻝﻭﺼﺤ ﻥﺇﻭ ﺎﻬ

ﻫ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ

ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘـﺴﻹﺍ ﺔـﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻊـﻤ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﺒ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺎﻜﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻘﺒﻝ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ

ﺭـﺒﺘﻌﺘﻭ ،

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ .

ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﺕﺍﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺩﻌﺘ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤ

ﻭ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻡﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ

، ـﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ ،ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻸﻝ ﺢﻴﺘﺘﻓ ،ﺔﺤﻴﺭ

ﻭ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎـﺴﺘ

(1) ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ -ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﻱﻭﻼﻋ ﰲ ﻲﺠﻴﺗﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺧﺪﻣ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ،

ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻰﻘﺘﻠﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﲑﻴﺴﺗ

: ﺓﺪـﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﻛﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ

،ﺕﺎﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺪﺤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺓﺮﻜﺴﺑ

،

،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ -12 ﱪﻤﻓﻮﻧ13 ﺹ ﺹ ،2005

-312 .313

(2) ﺔﻠﻴﲨ -ﺔﻟﺎﻣﺯﻮﺑ ، ﺮﺛﺃ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ :

ﺔﻳﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ ،

ﺹ ،2000 .75

78

،ﺔﻴﻨﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻴﻨﻜﻤﺘﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ لﺼﺍﻭﺘ ﻊﻓﺭﺘﻭ

ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻥﻤ

ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ

) (1

ﻓ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘﻭ ، ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻭ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﻲ

ﻜ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺎﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺎﻤ

) (2

:

-ﺯﻴﻬﺠﺘ ﻤﻋ ﺕﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺎ ﻭ

ﻕﻴﺜﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ،ﺓﺩـﻴﺩﺠ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝ

ﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝ

.

-ﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ لﻼ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺯﺎﺨﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺩﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ .

-ﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍ

ﻊﻤ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻅﻔﺤﻭ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻴﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺭ

.

-ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻁﺒﺭ .

-ﺨﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﺢﻴﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺩ

ﺘﻨ ﻅ ﻡﺎ .

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ )

-2 :(12 ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﺅﺭ .

א W 6‚

ط،%)אو%)„)!אbאو6)2^א/א#אد،6‚د'

،ند;א،ن،<ز'אو?@قא'א،2 ص،2008

K396

M@1 òϊȽa@ñ‰a…g@áÄã

@Z

@ @

،ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻪﺒﻌﻠﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺃ ﻅﻨﻷ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺕﺯﺭﻓﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﺎـﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺕﻤﻫﺎﺴ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤ

ﺔﻴﺘﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﺒ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ

ﺕﺭﻬﻅ

ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ ،

ﺩﺠﻨ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺎﻫ

ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﻅﻨﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ

ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺭ ﺔﻓ

، ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻼﻘﻨﻭ ﺎﻌﻴﺯﻭﺘ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺌﻴﺒ ﻭﺃ

ﺎﻬ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻰﻗﺭﺃ لﺜﻤﺘ .

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻏ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝ

، ،ﺎـﻬﻨﺯﺨ ،ﺎﻬﺒﺎـﺴﺘﻜﺍ ،ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩـﻴﻝﻭﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘﻭ ﻡﻋﺩﻝ ﺕﺭﻭﻁ

(1) ﺪﻳﺪﻗ ﺔﻳﺯﻮﻓ ، ﱄﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ

، ﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﲑﻴﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﰲ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻩﺍﺭﻮﺘﻛﺩ ﺔﺣﻭﺮﻃﺃ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉ

3 ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ، ﺹ ،2015

-.156

(2) ﺪﻳﺪﻗ ﺔﻳﺯﻮﻓ ، ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ

155 -.156

:

−

!

−

"#$

íʆù]ì…]c ! 7/1א

)…א/א

)…א/א<'I!

#<Eא/אU?8و "%

&

'&(

& )#*+ ,-./

:

− 0 / 123

!

−

& 45%

!

− 67 *8+

!

*&9 &

& )#*+ ,-./ ( :

− 4

!

− ) 3 & :;+

!

79

ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﺯﻭﺘ ،ﺎﻬﻋﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﺍ

) (1

ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻡﻋﺩﻝ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ

لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ،ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ،ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻤﺎﻅﻨ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻡﺘﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻬﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

) (2

ﻭ ، ﻌﻠﺘ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺏ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ

ﺎـﻬﻠﻘﻨﻭ ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺩﻗ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﻭ

ﻠﻌﺠ ﺎـﻬ

ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻠﻝ ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﻓﻭﺘﻤ

) (3

.

ﻥﺇ ﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﻭﺼﺒ ﺭﺜﺅﻴﺴ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﺫﻴﻔﻨ

ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻫﻭﺠ ﺓﺭ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻕﺎﻔﺨﺇ ﻥﺈﻓ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،

ﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻫﺯﺠﻋﻭ ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻅﻨ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻕﺎﻔﺨﺇ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ

ﻑـﻴﻅﻭﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ

ﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻤ ﺩﺌﺎﻋ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

) (4

.

ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺒﻻ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻪﻤﺩﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﻴ ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻱﻭـﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ

ﺔﺤﻴﺭﺼﻝﺍ

، ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻔﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﺩﻌﻨﻴ ﺩﺎﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﻋﺩ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ .

ﺐﻠﻄﻤﻟﺍ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ

: ﺭﻭﺩ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ

ﺍﺩﺇ ﺭ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺓ

) ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ

: (

ﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠ

ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻤ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺏﻌﻠﺘﻭ

ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺒﻌﻝ

ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺭﻭـﻬﻅ ﻲـﻓ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺼﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ

ﺩﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﻤﺩﻗﻭ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺕﺍﻭ

ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺩﻋﺎـﺴﺘﻭ ،ﻉﺍﺩـﺒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ ﺔﻤﻋﺍﺩﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺎﻘﺘﻝ ﺭﻭﺤﻤ

ﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻴ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ ﺀﺎﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺭ

5)

،(

ﻥﺇ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﻭـﻬﻅ

ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﺭﻤﺘ

ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻨﻭ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ لﺌﺎﻫ ﻡﻜ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻨﻤ

ﺎـﻬ ،

ﺢﻤﺴﻴﻭ ﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﺸﻨﺒ

،ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝ ،ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ لﻴﻬﺴﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻪﻠﻜ ﺍﺫﻫ

ﻡﻝ ﺎﻤ ،ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﺡﺎﺘﺘ

ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ .

(1) ﺪﻳﺪﻗ ﺔﻳﺯﻮﻓ ، ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ 168

.

(2) ،ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﱃﺇ ﻞﺧﺪﳌﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﻲﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

.53

-(3) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﻢﻴﻌﻧ .79

(4) ﻢﺿﺎﻛ ﺪﻌﺳﺃ -ﻒﻳﺎﻧ

، ،ﻲﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺮﺛﺃﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﻫﻮﳉﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻘﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﻭﺮﻃﺃ

ﻩﺍﺭﻮﺘﻛﺩ ،ﺩﺍﺪـﻐﺑ ،ﺔﻳﺮـﺼﻨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﰲ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓ

،ﻕﺍﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹ ،2007

43 .

(5) ﻲﻠﻋ ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﻖﻴﻓﻮﺗ -ﺓﺩﺮﺳﺎﺑ

، ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ

.66

80

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ )

-2 :(13 ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ .

^ÏÚ íʆù]í

íʆù]Äè‡çi

êÂ^Û¢]Õ…^ŽjÖ]íÛ¿Þ_ *

− =8>3 ?#

−

"#$/

Externat, Internet gjÓ¹]íÛ¿Þ_ *

− @

>

− A B;/ )#

− ;/C 4-D

− ;E 8F

êÂ^ß’Ö]ð^Ò„Ö] *

− )G$ 25;9

− ) 0

− :(H9 :I(

»†Ã¹]ØÛÃÖ]íÛ¿Þ_ *

− J7K )82E 42

− LC DDK

ˆéÚ†iæÙç’£]

] íʆù

ð^ŽÞc Ð×}æ íʆù]

l^ÓfŽÖ]

‚Â]çÎ l^¢^ù]

l^é¥Ö]

l]æ_

א W )8وbBא#אدDא،6‚د'6‚

W

،<د'א،†<אאد،%"B?אو|d_'א،)„)!אbDא ص،2004

K420

ﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻪﺜﺩﺤﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﺤﻼ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

ﺕﺎـﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﺇ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

،ﻕﺩﺃﻭ ﻉﺭﺴﺃﻭ لﻀﻓﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻭ

ﻥﻴﺘﻴـﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻠﺒﺎﻗ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﺭﺒﺘ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ

ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ

ﻨﺃ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩ ﺔﻤﻅ

ﺓﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ

، ﺎـﻤﺒﻭ

ﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻓﺭ

ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺯﺭﺒﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ

ﻕﻠﺨﺒ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻓ لﺎﺼﺘﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﻀ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻘﺒﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻊﻓﺭﻴ لﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ

ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﺴﺎﻴﻗ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﻤ

) (1

.

،ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ ﺎـﻤﻋﺩ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺄﺒ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻫﺍ

،ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻭ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻋ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ

:

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺓﺪﻧﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ

ﻻ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻛ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ

:

ﻤﻝﺍ ﺘﻤ ﻠﺜ ﺔ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺩﻭﺘﺴﻤ

:

üëc Z@

@âìèÐß

@Ê…ìnŽß pbãbîjÛa

@Z

@ @

ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺨﻀ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﺩﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻑﻴﺸﺭﺃ

ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭـﻴﻏﻭ ﺔـﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ

ﻤ ،ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﻡﺜ ﺎﻬﺼﻼﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﺘ ﻔﺤ ﻡﺜ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻘﻨﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﻤﺠﺘ

ﻅ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﻲﻜﻝ ﺎﻬ

، لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ

ﺕﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ

ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍﻭ

) (2

، ﻭ ﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ﻊﻤﺠﻴ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺍﻭﺩﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﺓﺩﻋﺎ

ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ لﻴﺜﻤﺘﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺯﺨﻴﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

) (3

.

ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ-(1) ﻦﺴﺣ ﻡﺎﺠﻋ ، ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ ،

.98

-(2) ﺪﻳﺪﻗ ﺔﻳﺯﻮﻓ ، ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ 167

. (3) - Laudon kc, Laudon jp, OP.cit, p 220.

ﺔﻴﺘﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻠﻟ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ

ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﰲ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ

81

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﺩﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻡﺘﻴ

) (1

:

-ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺌﺍﻭﺸ ﻭﺃ ﺵﻴﻭﺸﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ -ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﺯﻋ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ .

-ﺩﻗ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺼﻼﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺘ ﺘﻓ ﺔﺴﻨﺎﺠﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ

ﺎﻬﻤﺅﻼﺘ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻝ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺘ ﻡﺘ

ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﺩﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﺨﺍﺩ .

-ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ .

-ﻉﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹ ﻡﺌﻼﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻘﻨ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ .

ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﺭﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺃ

ﻲﻜﺫ ﺏﻭﻠﺴ ﻻ

ﺝﺍﺭﺨﺘﺴ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ

.

ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﺭﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺍ

ﺍﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴ ﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺱﻴﻴﺎﻘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓ

.

-ﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘﻭ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺍﺭﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺭﻴﺨ

ﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻭ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝ ﻲﺌﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﺭﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺞ

.

bîãbq Z@

pbãbîjÛa@Ê…ìnŽ½@òîϊȽa@†öaìÐÛa

@Z

@ @

ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺍﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺩﺩﻋ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﺩﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﻴ

) (2

:

ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘ

،ﺔﻨﺴﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻐﺒ

لﻭﺼﺤ ﻭ ﻥﻴـﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ

ﻌﻨﺎـﺼ ﻲ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭـﻘﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ .

-ﻥﻴﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ ﺕﺎـﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻌﻨﺎﺼ

ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ،ﺎﻫﻭﺠﺎﺘﺤﺍ ﻰﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ .

-ﺎﻬﺘﺠﺫﻤﻨ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺫﻤﻨﻝ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘ .

-ﻝﺍ ﻉﺩﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﻤﺠﻤ-ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ-ﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ-ﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ-ﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ

ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻡﻴﻗﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻜ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ .

ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﺍﺭﻴﺨﺃﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻥﻤﺅـﻴ ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻨﻤ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﺩﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺜﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ .

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ

ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺘﻟ ﺓﺪﻧﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ :

ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻓﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻡﺘﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﺨ ﺩﺼﻗ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺎﺒ

ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ .

üëc Z@

òϊȽa@ÝàÇ@òàÄãc

@Z

@ @

ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ

ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺎـﻤﻋ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ

،

،ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﻕﺭﻁ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻭﺃ لﻭﻘﺤ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺃﺯﺠﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ

(1) ﺪﻳﺪﻗ ﺔﻳﺯﻮﻓ ، ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ ،

167 .

(2) ،ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﱃﺇ ﻞﺧﺪﳌﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﻲﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ، .154

82

،لـﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻙـﻝﺫ ﻲـﻓ لﺎـﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﻙﻠﺘﻤﻴ لﻘﺤ لﻜ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﺘ ﺭﺍ

"

) (1

.

bîãbq Z@

@pbjÜĐnß c

àÄã ò@

¿ŠÈ½a@ÝàÈÛa

@Z

@@

ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺎﻫﺩﺩﺤﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ

) (2

:

-ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻠﻝ ﻥﻤﺅﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ

، ﺔـﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍﻭ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ

ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ لﺜﻤ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻭﺠﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ .

-ﻗ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘ ﻊﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻐﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺴﺎﺤ ﺕﺍﺭﺩ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﺴﺭﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ

لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ

.

-ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃﻭ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻊﻤ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﺘﺘ لﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﻁﺤﻤ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺘ .

-ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﺯﻜﺭﻴ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨـﻝﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ لـﺜﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺍﺫﻝ ،ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﻬﺴﻭ ﺔﻋﺭﺴ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻬﻝ لﻬﺴﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍﻭ .

ﺭﻴﺸﻴ )

Laudon et Laudon

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ( ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ

لﻜـﺸﺒ ﻡﻤﺼﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘ

ﻲﻫ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﺞﻴﻭﺭﺘﻝ ﺹﺎﺨ

) (3

:

M@1

@áîà–nÛa@áÄã

@

@@@lìb§a@ñ†ÇbŽ¶

Z ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺎـﻤﻋ ﺎـﻬﺠﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻁﻌﺘ

ﻜ ﻡﻭﺴﺭ ﺔـﻤﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺴﺎﺤ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘﻭ ،ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ،ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻠﻝ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ لﺤﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻭ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺴﺤﻝﺍ .

M@2 c

@@@ï™aÏüa@ÉÓaìÛa@òàÄã

@Z ﺢﻴﺘﺘ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺏﻭﺴﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ

ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺘﻤ

، ﺩﺼﻘﻴﻭ ﺎﻬﺒ

":

ﺔـﺌﻴﺒ ﻲـﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭـﻤﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺴﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ

،ﻡﻴﻤﺎﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﻁﺼﺍ ﺭﺎﻬﻅﻹﺍ

ﺍ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝ ﻥﻋ

ﺓﺩـﻴﺩﺠ ﺎـﻗﺎﻓﺁ ﺢﺘـﻔﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻴﻤﻭﻴ لﺼﻭﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺫﺨﻵﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ ."

ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺏﻌﻠﺘ ﺎﻜﺎﻨﻭﻨ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﺸﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘ

ﻕـﻠﺨﻭ

ﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻭ ،ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ

ﺴﺘ ﻥـﻤ ﻪـﻨﺈﻓ ﺍﺫﻝ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﻫﺎ

ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ لﻜ لﻴﻬﺴﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ .

ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ

ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﺓﺪﻧﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ :

ﻲﻋﺎﻨﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺎﺒ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ

(Intelligence Artificiel) J

ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺴﺎﺤ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ

ﺔـﻴﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ لﻭـﺼﺤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﺒ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻭ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ

ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻜﺎﺤﻤﻭ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘ

) (4

.

(1) ﳋﺍ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺳ -ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻕﺎﻨ

ﺹ ، .248

(2) ،ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﱃﺇ ﻞﺧﺪﳌﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﻲﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ﺹ ، -193 .194

-(3) ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻕﺎﻨﳋﺍ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺳ ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ

ﺹ ، .250 (4) - Laudon kc, Laudon jp, OP.cit, p 445.

83

ﻴ ﺩﻌ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺕﺠﺘﻨ

ﺒ ﻡﻅﻨـﻝﺍ ﻡـﻠﻋ لﺎـﺠﻤ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺀﺎﻘﺘﻝﻻﺎ

ﻲﻨﺎـﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﻴﻭ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻭﺴﺎﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻜﺫـﻝﺎﺒ ﻡـﺴﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎـﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻜﺎﺤﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺏﻭﺴﺎﺤﻠﻝ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒ لﻤﻋ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ

) (1

، ﻴﻭ ﻡﺩﺨﺘـﺴ

ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﺀﺍﺩﻷ ﺏﻭﺴﺎﺤﻝﺍ

) (2

.

لﻼـﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ لﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺠﺭﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ لﻜﺸﻤ لﺤﻝ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻊﺒﺘﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﺕﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥـﻤ ﺎـﻬﻴﺯﺍﻭﻴ ﺎﻤ

ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺴﺎﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ

ﺓﺭﺩﻗ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻭﺴﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ

) (3

، ﺏـﺘﺭﻤﻭ ﻲﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺄﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍﻭ ،

ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻱﺫﻏ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﻭﺠﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ .

ﺩﻌﺘ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻵﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻸﻝ

)ﺔﻴﺘ

(4

:

-ﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺯﺨ ﺼ

ﻁ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻨ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﻥﻤ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ

ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻉﺎﻴﻀﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺭﺨﺂﺒ ﻭﺃ

.

ﻭﺃ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻌﻀﺎﺨ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻝﺁ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﺏﻌﺘﻝﺍ

ﺭـﻤﻷﺍ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﻕﺎﻫﺭﻹﺍﻭ

لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺎﺒ ﺠ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺨ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻫﺭﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻤﺴ ، ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﺒ .

ﺫﺇ ،ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻠﻝ لﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇﻭ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘ ﻥﺃ

لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺏـﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕـﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ

ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻺﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﺒﻌﺼ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ،ﺭﻴﺼﻘﻝﺍﻭ .

ﻡﻅﻨ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺍ

ﻲﻋﺎﻨﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻋﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻭ ﻕﺌﺎﻘﺤ لﻜﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺯﺨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁﻴ ﻲﻀﺍ

)

Knowledge Base

، ( ﻭ ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺎـﻘﺤ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎـﻀﻹﺎﺒ

ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﻻ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﻑﻭﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻨﻭﺯﺨﻤﻝﺍ .

ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﻁﺼﻻﺍ

ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ

5)

: (

-ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺜﻴﺩﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻤﻜﺍﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺎ .

-ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ لﺜﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ،

ﻥﺎﻴﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺹﻘﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻠﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ .

-ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﻌﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ ﺎﻬ

ﺎﻬﻘﺌﺎﻘﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍﻭ .

ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻭ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘ ﻭ

ﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻌﻔﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺴﻭﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌ

.

ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺕﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﻁﺼﻻﺍ

لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ :

üëc Z@

ñj¨a@áÄäÛa

@Z

@ @

ﺩﺼﻘﻴ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔـﻨﻜﻴﻤﻝ ﺔـﻠﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤ ﺞﻤﺍﺭـﺒ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ

ﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎ

،ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝ ﻡﻤـﺼﻤ ﺏﻭـﺴﺎﺤ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﺔﻁﺎﺴﺒﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻱﺃ

(1) ﻦﺴﺣ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻒﻠﺧ ﺢﻴﻠﻓ ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ

ﺹ ، .59

-(2) ﻢﺜﻴﻫ ،ﻲﺋﺍﺮﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﺿﺎﻓ ﻥﺎﳝﺇ ﺪﻤﳏ

ﻋﺰﻟﺍ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﱯ ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ، .190

(3) ،ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﱃﺇ ﻞﺧﺪﳌﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﻲﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ -ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

ﺹ ، .198

(4) ﺩﺮﺳﺎﺑ -ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻲﻠﻋ ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﻖﻴﻓﻮﺗ ﺓ ﺹ ،

.69

(5) ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ،ﺞﻫﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗﻭ ﻞﻴﻠﲢ ،ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﺪﻌﺳ ﲔﺳﺎﻳ ﺹ ،2005

.21

84

ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻲﻜﺎﺤﻴ

) (1

ﻭ ، ﺎﻤﺒ ،ﺔﻤﻜﺍﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺯﺨ ﻪﺒﺠﻭﻤﺒ ﻡﺘﻴ

ﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻭ ﻑﺭﺼﺘﻭ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺇﻭ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺎﻓ ،

ﺓﺭـﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﻭ ﺔﻤﻜﺍﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺯﺨﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺎﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻋﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﺎﺒ

) (2

.

ﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻘﺤ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﺜﻜﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻌﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﺕﻠﺨﺩ ﻭ

ﺫﺎـﺨﺘﺍ

ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ، ،ﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﺯﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻑﺭﻌﻴﻭ

ﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﺎـﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤـﺴﺭ ﻪﻓﺩﻫﻭ لﻭﻠﺤ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻲﻁﻌﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻪ

ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ

) (3

ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺓﺭـﻜﻓ ﻡﻭﻘﺘﻭ ،لﻻﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺭـﻴﻏﻭ ﺭـﻴﺒﺨﻠﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺒﻭﺴﺎﺤ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻌﻀﻭﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ

) (4

.

ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻤﺒ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ

) (5

:

-ﺎﺒﻭﻠﺴﺃﻭ ﺍﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘ ،ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺓﺎﻜﺎﺤﻤﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘﻭ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻭ

،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺍﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﺭﻴﺜﺘ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ

.

ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺹﻠﻘﺘﻭ ،ﺀﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺽﻭﻌﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ،ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﺨﺴﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ

.

-ﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻠﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﺘ ﻻ ﻪﺒ ﺭﻌﺸ

ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻪﻤﺎﻴﻗ ﺩﻌﺒ ، ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺭﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒ

ﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝ .

-ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﻘﺤﺘﻠﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺩﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺜﻭﺘ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ

.

ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ :

ﺔـﺠﻤﺭﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﻨﺒﻤ ﻼﺤ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺡﺭﺘﻘﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﻤﻝ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﻤﻜ لﻤﻌﺘ

ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ،

ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﻤ لﻅﻴ .

-ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ

ﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻗﻭ لﻜ ﻁﻘﻓ

.

-ﻪﺘﺒﺎﺼﺇ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ لﺍﺩﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻﻭ ﻪﻔﻠﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ لﺍﺩﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ .

bîãbq Z@

òîj–ÈÛa@pbØj’Ûa

@Z

@ @

ﻫ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻤﺭﺒ ﻲ

، ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻭ

"

ﻨ ﺔﺠﻤﺭﺒ ﻡﺎﻅ ﺏﺴﻭﺤﻤ

ﻴ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻍﺎﻤﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ

"

) (6

، ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﺘ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻜﺎﺤﺘﻭ

ﺔﺤﻴﺭﺼ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺒﺨﺒ ﺔﻨﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﺫﺇ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ

ﻪـﻠﻌﻔﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻡ

ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﻭﺠﻔﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻭﺒﻋ لﺩﺎﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻤﺴﺘﻭ ،

7)

.(

-(1) ﲑﺼﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ ﰲ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، .245

(2) ﻦﺴﺣ ،ﻒﻠﺧ ﺢﻴﻠﻓ ﺹ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

-60 .61

ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ-(3) ﻑﺭﺎﺷ ، ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ ،

.7

-(4) ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﻢﻴﻌﻧ ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ

ﺹ ، .235

(5) ،ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﱃﺇ ﻞﺧﺪﳌﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﻲﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ، .201

(6) ﳒ ﺩﻮﺒﻋ ﻢﳒ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ، ﻢ 387

(7) ﻕﺎﻨﳋﺍ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ، .251

85

ﻡﻬﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﺒ ﺅﺒﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﺜﻤ ،ﺓﺩﻋ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻼﺜﻤ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻭﺯﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻗﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻭ ﻊﻴﻗﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺩﻨﺴﻝﺍﻭ

) (1

ﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺒـﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ

ﻴﺇ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻌﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺫﻤﻨﺒ ﻤﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺩﺎﺠ

ﻥـﻤ ﺓﺭـﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ

ﺎﻬﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ لﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻜﺎﺤﻤﻝ ﺕﻤﻤﺼﻭ ،

) (2

.

brÛbq Z@

ïibjšÛa@ÕĐä½a@áÄã

@Z

@ @

ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ لﻻﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻭ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﻡﻀﺘ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥ ﻝﺍ

ﺭـﻴﻐ

ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺩﻜﺅﻤ ﻓ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺓﺩﺴﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ

ﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ،ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲ ﻲﺒﺎﺒﻀﻝﺍ ﻕ

ﻴ ﻱﺃ ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﻤﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘ

ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ

) (3

، ﻭ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ

ﻲﺒﻭﺴﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﻝ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ

ﺘ ﺀﺎﻴﺸﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺔﺌﻁﺎﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺼ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﺹﻴﺨﺸ

، ﻥﻭـﻜﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺎﻤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﺔﺌﻁﺎﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻤ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺼ .

ﻭﻫ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻀﻤﺎﻏ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﻑﺼﻴ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﺘ ﺩﻋﺍﻭ

،

ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻭ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺒﺎﺒﻀﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻤﺭﺒ ﻊﻀ

ﺽﻭﻤﻐﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

4)

ﻭﻬﻓ ،(

ﻙﻝﺫـﺒﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺭﻌﺴ لﻜ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﻷﺍ ﺽﻭﺭﻋ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ

لﺜﻤ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻴﺒﻭﺴﺎﺤ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ "

ﺍﺩﺠ ﻲﻝﺎﻏ ﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍ

"،

"

ﺎـﻤ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺹﻴﺨﺭ ﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍ

"

) (5

، ﻡـﻅﻨ ﻲﻝﺎـﺘﺒﻭ

ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﺒﺎﺒﻀﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻀﻤﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ

.

bÈia‰

Z@

bîß‹‰aì¨a p@

òîäî¦a

@Z

@ @

ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﺓﺎﻜﺎﺤﻤ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺎﻤﻠﺜﻤ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻭ

ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺒ ﻭﻝﻭ ﻍﺎﻤﺩﻝﺍ

ﺭﺤﺒﻝﺍ

، ﻡﻅﻨ ﺕﺩﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺎﻴﻤﺯﺭﺍﻭﺨﻝﺍ

ﺕ ﺔـﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻨﺌﺎﻜﻠﻝ ﻲﺠﻭـﻝﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻭـﻁﺘﻝﺍ لـﻴﺜﻤﺘ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺠﻝﺍ

،

ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺨﺎﺒﻭ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ

ﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻠﻝ لﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺡﺍﺭﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘﻝ ﻡﻅﻨ

، ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺩﺩـﻌﺒ ﺭﺜﺄـﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻰﺘﺸ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻝﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺓﺭﺎـﺠﺘﻝﺍ لﺎـﺠﻤ ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁ

ﻹﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ

) (6

، ﻜ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ﺕﺍﺭـﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻠﻗﺄﺘﻴ ﻑﻴ

،

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ .

bŽßb

Z@

ï׈Ûa@Ýî×ìÛa

@I

Intelligent Agent

H

@Z ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ@@

) (7

@ @:

ﻪـﺌﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻴـﺴﺤﺘ ﻥـﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺄﺒ ﻲﻜﺫﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻭﺯﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺼﺨﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﺨ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺫﺇ ،ﻪﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﻴﻝ ﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ

،ﺕ ﺒ ﻡﺎﻬﻤ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ ﻲﻜﺫﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﺎ

ﻡﺴ

ﺎﻤﺩـﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻔﻴﻜﺘﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻭ ،ﺏﻭﺴﺎﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘﺒ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ

(1) ،ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﱃﺇ ﻞﺧﺪﳌﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﻲﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ، .204 (2) - Laudon kc, Laudon jp, OP.cit, p 451.

(3) ﻌﳌﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻭ ﻞﻴﻠﲢ ،ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﺪﻌﺳ ﲔﺳﺎﻳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠ

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ، .36 (4)- Laudon kc, Laudon jp, OP.cit, p 450.

(5) ﺗ ﻕﺎﻓﺁﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ،ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﺪﻌﺳ ﲔﺳﺎﻳ -ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄ

، ﺹ ﺹ 109 – 110 .

(6) ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻊﺟﺮﳌﺍ ﺹ ، .106

(7) ﺪﻳﺪﻗ ﺔﻳﺯﻮﻓ ، ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ ،

.174

86

ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،

ﻥﻋ

"

،ﻑﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻤﺭﺒ ﻱﺃ

ﺕـﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ

،ﺔﻴﻔﺨﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒﻭ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻜ ﻭ

ﻲﻫ ﻤﻤﺼﻤ ﺔ ﺩﻴﻔﺘـﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺭﻜﺘﻤ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺕﺍﺫ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺔﻴﺩﺄﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﻡﺎﻬﻤ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝ

ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻭﺃ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻡﻋﺩﻝ

"

) (1

،

ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ

ﻟ ﺓﺪﻧﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺘ

ﺰﺨ ﻳ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻦ :

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ )

Knowledge Base

ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ( ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ

ﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻤ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻊﻤﺠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝ

ﻨ ﺔﻴﻘﻁ لﻬﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺩﻌﺘ ﺽﺭﻐﺒ ﺎﻬﻋﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺯﺨﺘ

ﺎﻬﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺎﺴﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ

) (2

.

ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ

،ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﻭﺃ ﺩـﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺠﺭﺘ

ﻭ ،ﺭﻭﺼ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘ

ﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺭ ﺭ

ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤ لﺎﺠﻤﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘ

،

ﻭ ﺜ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻡ ﻩﺫﻫ

ﻝﺍ ﺨﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘﻝ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺒﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒ

، ﺭﺩـﻗ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺀﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ لﻴﺜﻤﺘﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ

) (3

.

ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﺸﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎ

ﺘ ﺯـﺨ ﻴ ﺎـﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥ

ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺯﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺁ ﺭﻜﺫ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺔﺤﻴﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ

) (4

:

üëc

@Z pbãbîjÛa@æ‹b«

ﺢﻤﺴﺘ Z ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ لﺠﻷ ﺔﻤﺨﻀ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﻊﻤﺠﺒ

.

@bîãbq

@Z

@@òϊȽa@ÁöaŠ

ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻥﻴﺒﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ Z ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺩﺎﺸﺭﺇﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ

ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ

ﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺎﻬ

.

brÛbq

@Z

⁄a@pbjnؽa

@òîãëØÛ ﻲﻁﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺼﺎﺨ ﻥﻴﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﻷ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻲﻫ Z

لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻝﻭﻬﺴﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺭﻤﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺯﺨﻝ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻴﻌﻴﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﻴ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﺠ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺩ

ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﻤ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ .

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﻜﺍﺫ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ :

-ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻴﺴﻻ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ

ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺌﺎﻋﺩ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻋﺎﻴﻀ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻝ .

ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻡﻫﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ،ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻗ ،ﺎﻬﺌﺩﺎﺒﻤ ،ﺎﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻭ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﻭﺼﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻭﻫ ،

ﻫﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺎ

.

-ﺎﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﻴﺸﺭﺘ .

ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﺩﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺓﺭﻓﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﺘﻭ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ

ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺓﻭﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ

) ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﺍ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ( لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﺍﻭ لﺎﻌﻓ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺽﺭﻐﺒ ، ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

،لﺌﺎـﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒﻭ ،

(1)- Laudon kc, Laudon jp, OP.cit, p 450.

ﻱﺭﻮﳊﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﱀﺎﻓ-(2) ،

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ .35

(3) ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﻱﺪﻴﻤﳊﺍ ﷲﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻢﳒ -ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

ﺹ ، .163

ﻦﺴﺣ ﻡﺎﺠﻋ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ-(4) ،

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ .95

87

Fire Walls (

(2)-Nadége Gunia, Enjeuxet perspectives d’un intranet en ressources humaines, les notes du LIRHE , n°369, Université de Toulouse, France, 2002, recherche publiée, http://www.univ-tlse1.fr/lirhe/,(13-12-2009).

(3)

88

-ﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﻭﻬﺴ ﻕﻴـﻘﺤﺘﺒ ﺡﺎﻤﺴﻝﺍ ﻑـﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺌﺎﻗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﻁﺴﻭ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ،ﻡﺍﺩﺨ

ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

.

لﻼﻐﺘـﺴﺍ ﻕـﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍﻭ لﺌﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ

ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻊﻓﺭﺒ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ

لﺎـﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﻡﻬﻨـﻴﻜﻤﺘ ﻕـﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ

ﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺄﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺓ

) (1

.

ﻑﻴﻝﺎـﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻴـﻔﺨﺘ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻑﻭﺴ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﺃ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺨﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺩﻗ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻭ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﻴﻭ .

M2

@

@ òØj‘

⁄a oãaŽ×

) Extranet V(

ﻹﺍ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻼﻜ ﺝﻭﺍﺯﺘﻝ ﺝﺎﺘﻨ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﺴﻜ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨ

ﺭﺘﻨﺇ ،ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺤﻭﺘﻔﻤ ﺕﻨﺍ ﺘ

ﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻷ ﺢﻤﺴ ﺴ

ﻌﻤ ﻡﻬﺘﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺀﺍﺩﺄﺒ ﺔ ﺎﻬ

لﻜﺸﺒ

ﺎﻬﺌﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﺍﻭﺃ لﻴﺼﻭﺘ لﺜﻤ ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﺇ

) (2

، ﻥﺍﺭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺭﻭﺭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ

لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝ

ﻨﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬ

، لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﻜﺭﺸ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤ ،

،ﻥﻴﻋﺯﻭﻤ ﺀﻼﻤﻋ

ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺍﺭﺸ ﻡﻬﻌﻤﺠﺘ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﺃ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤ ﻭﺃ

) (3

.

ﻹﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻋﺍﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﻜ

ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ،ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺩﺒ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﺴ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺯﻴﻤﻤﻝﺍ

ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺱﻜﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﺙﻴﺤ ،

ﺔ ﻼﺜﻤ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺎﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﺇ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ

ﻙـﻠﺘ ﺭﺎﻌـﺴﺃﻭ ﺩـﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻜﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﺎﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﺇ ﺀﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﻊﻠﺴﻝﺍ .

ﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺩﺠﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﺴﻜ

) (4

:

-ﻅﻨ ﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻭ ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﻡ ﺀﻼﻤ

) ﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ

(.

ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ

ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ )

group-wear .(

ﻙﺭﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻲﻓ

ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ،

ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﻷﺍ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ

.

-ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ .

-ﻔﻅﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺅﺸ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻴ

ﻌﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻠﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺩ

ﻉﻭﺭﻔﻝ .

I3

@òØj‘

oãã⁄a E Internet DV

ﻹﺍ ﺩﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﻪﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝ

ﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ،لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﺇ ﻉﻭﺒﻁﻤ لﺎﺼﺘﺍ ﻹﺎﺒ ﺔﻝﻭﺼﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺴﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﻡ

ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨ

5)

،(

ﺢﻤﺴﻴﻭ

ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﺒ ﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨ ﻥﻤ

لﺩﺎﺒﺘ

ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻭ ﻡﻬﻌﻤ ﺀﺍﺭﻵﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇﻭ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﺭﻓﻭﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،

ﺔﺼﺭﻓ

،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ

ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ

ﺭﺘﻜﻝﻻﺍ ﺩﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻭ

ﺕﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﻝﺍ

،ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ

(1) ﺹ ، ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺔﻠﻳﺎﻣﻮﺑ ﺩﺎﻌﺳ ،ﺮﻜﺑﻮﺑ ﺱﺭﺎﻓ -.200

-(2) ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﻱﻭﺎﻨﳊﺍ ﱀﺎﺻ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ، .303

(3) ﻜﻟﻻﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ،ﻢﳒ ﺩﻮﺒﻋ ﻢﳒ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘ

.45

(4)

،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻲﳌﺎﺳ ﻝﺎﲨ -ﺹ

.147

(5) ،ﻢﳒ ﺩﻮﺒﻋ ﻢﳒ -ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ

ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ

ﺹ ، .378

89 (groupware) ـﻝﺍ@Z@ (3)- Jean-Yves Prax, Le Guide du Knowledge Management, Op.cit, p p 132-133.

(4)

90

bîãbq

@Z òîÇbà¦a@pa‰aŠÔÛa@ñ†ãbŽß@áÄã

@Z

@ @

ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘﻝ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺎـﻬﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﺼ ﺽﺍﺭﻏﻷ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ

ﻉﺎﻨﺼﻝ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻀﺤﺒﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﺎﻨﺴﺇﻭ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻝﺍ

)ﺭﺍﺭﻘ

(1

ﺎﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﻴﻔﺘﻭ ،

)ﻲﻠﻴ

(2

:

ﻊﻨﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ

ﻭ ، ﺭﺍﻭـﺤﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻡﺌﺎﻗ ﺡﻭﺘﻔﻤﻭ ﻲﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺥﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ

ﺕﺎﺤﺭﺘﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﻵﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻭ .

-ﺵﺎﻘﻨﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻤﺜﻜ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﻵﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ .

ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻭ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻝ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ

ﺔ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻓﻭ ﺓﺅﻔﻜ

، ﻭ لﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ .

ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ

ﻝ ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻼﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺈﺒ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻨﺼ

ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻤ

ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ لﻘﻌﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ .

brÛbq Z@

@òàÄãc ñ‰a…g

@ kmbؽa

@ ÕöbqìÛaë V

ﺔﺒﺴﻭﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ لﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﺏـﺘﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺯﺠﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺘﻤﺘﻷ

ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ

، لـﺨﺍﺩ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ

ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ،ﺏﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ

) (3

.

ﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩ

) (4

:

M@1

@@˜ì–äÛa@bÈß ﻭﻫV

ﺹﻭـﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﺎـﺸﻨﺈﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻤﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻭﺴﺎﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ

ﺎﻬﻋﺎﺠﺭﺘـﺴﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺯـﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺯﺨﻭ ﺎﻬﺤﻴﺤﺼﺘﻭ ﺔﺸﺎﺸﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻋﺎﺒﻁﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻐﺸﺘﻭ ...

ﺦﻝﺍ .

M@2 nؽa@Š‘bäÛa ﺫﻫ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃV

ﺎـﻬﻴﻓ ﺝﺯﺘﻤﻴ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻨﺘﺴﻤ ﻊﻀﻭﻝ ﺔﻠﻬﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻩ

ﺕﺎـﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ لﻭـﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻭ ﻉﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻭ ،ﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﺇ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﻭﺘﻭ لﺎﺴﺭﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻝﻭﻬﺴ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻨﻐﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺍﺭﻗﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕ .

M@3

⁄a ñ‰a…

@

⁄a

@òîãëØÛ

@Û

@ÕöbqìÜ V ﺘ

ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺭ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼ لﻘﻨﻝ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴ

، لـﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴﻭ

،ﺎﻬﻴﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺯﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘﻝ ﺍ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﺼﺘﺒ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻴﻔﻴﻭ ﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝ

ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺯﺨﺘﻭ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺨ ﻭ

ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻋﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﺍ

) (5

.

(1) ﺳ ﲔﺳﺎﻳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻭ ﻞﻴﻠﲢ ، ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﺪﻌ ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ

ﺹ ، .44

ﻲﺳﺍﺩ ﲔﺴﺣ ﺔﺒﻴﻫﻭ-(2) ،

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ ،

.73

(3) ﲔﺳﺎﻳ ﺹ ،ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻭ ﻞﻴﻠﲢ ،ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﺪﻌﺳ .46

(4) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻕﺎﻨﳋﺍ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺳ -.253

(5) ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﻱﺪﻴﻤﳊﺍ ﷲﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻢﳒ -ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

ﺹ ، .142

91

ﻹﺍ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ لﻤﺸﺘ ﻹﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﻊﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝ

لﺎﻜـﺸﺃ لـﻜﻝ ﻲـﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝ

لـﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺩـﺤﺍﻭ ﺩﺴﺠﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻭﻴﺩﻴﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺩﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﺭﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﻭﺒﻷﺍ ﺢﺘﻔﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ

ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ

) (1

.

ﻭ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻬﻔﻤ ﻡﻭ ﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﺩﺘ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ )

Workflow (

ﺍ ﻕﻓﺩـﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ،

ﻲـﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻔﻠﻤﻠﻝ ،

ﻭ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤ ،ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﻭ

ﺘﻤﺘﺃ ﺔ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻴ ﻻ ﻭﻬﻓ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﺘﻜ

ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺈﺒ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻥﻤﻀﻴﻝ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻨﺒﺘﻴ لﺒ

ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

) (2

.

ﺩﺭـﻓ لﻜ لﻤﻋ ﻁﻴﺴﺒﺘ ﻊﻤ ،ﺩﻭﺩﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺯﻭ ﻥﻴﻠﺨﺩﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻨﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﺩﺘ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﺘ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﺈﺒ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺏﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﻝ ﻕﻴﻗﺩ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﺒ

) (3

ﻭ ، ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻴ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﺩﺘ

) Workflow

( ﻊﻤ

) Groupware

ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴـﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻜ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘ ﻼﻜﺸﻴﻝ(

ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻕﻓﺩﺘ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻓ

.

ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺱﺩﺎﺴﻟﺍ :

ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟ ﺓﺪﻧﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ :

ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻤ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ،ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘـﺴﺍﻭ

ﻥﺃ ﺙـﻴﺤ

ﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻓ

،ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻓ ﺩـﻘﻔﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ

ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘـﺴﺍ

ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ لﺤﻝ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺎﻫﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﺔﺼﺭﻓ

) (4

ﻲـﻓ ﻡﻫﺎـﺴﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ،

ﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻜﺫﻨ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇﻭ ﺹﺭﻓ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺎﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ لﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ

:

ﻕﻠﺨ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺭﻓ ،ﻲـﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺩـﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ لـﺜﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﻤﺘﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ،

.

-ﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﻪﺘﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻜﺫ

، ﺕﺍﺭـﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺄـﺘﻭ ﻉﺍﺩـﺘﺒﺍ لـﺠﺃ ﻥـﻤ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴﻭ

ﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺘﻭﺭ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻭ لﺎﻤﻋﺄﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻠﻝ ﺔ

ﺔﺒﻌـﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﻥﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ،

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﻴ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﺼﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ .

-ﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺕ

ﺩﺩﺤﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﻭﺃ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﻻﻭﻠﺤ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﺜﻜ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺨ ﻥﻤ .

ﺭﻜﺫـﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝ ﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﻋﺩ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺨﺘﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍﻭ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘ ،ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎ

.

ﻷ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻊﺴﻭﺘﻭ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻥ

ﻭ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ،

ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻯﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻡﻅﻨ

(1) ﻭ ﻞﺒﻣﺎﺟ ﻥﻮﺟ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻞﻳﻮﻛﻼﺑ ﻥﻮﺟ

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ، .204 (2) -Jean-Yves Prax, Le Manuel du Knowledge Management, Op.cit, p136- 137.

(3) ﻝﺎﲨ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻲﳌﺎﺳ ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ

ﺹ ، .144

(4) ﻲﺴﻴﺒﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ

-،

،ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ، .78

92

ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺨﺴﺘﻭ ﺔﺒﺴﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ

ﻡﻋﺩﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ

ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌ ﻭ

ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺘﻭﺭﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭ :

üëc Z@

püb§a@÷bc@óÜÇ@ØÐnÛa@áÄã Z

ﺕـﻌﻗﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻜﺍﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﺘ

ﻝﺍ لﺤﻝ ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻭـﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺽـﻌﺒ ﻊـﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺭﻜﺘﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺡﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻤ

ﻭﺃ

ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ .

ﻊﻤ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺫﺨﻷﺍ

ﻑﺭﺎـﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻀﺘ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﻌﺒ

ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻫﻭﺠ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ

ﻴﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻱﺃ ، ﺓﺭﻜﻓ

ﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴ ﺓﺭﻜﺍﺫ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝ ﺔﻤﻜﺍﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ .

bîãbq Z@

@‰aŠÔÛa@áÇ…@áÄã ﺫﺨﺘﻤ ﺓﺭﺒﺨ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﻤ ﻡﻋﺩﺘ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻲﻫ Z

ﻥﻴﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﻝ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘﻭ ،ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭـﻜﻔﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ

ﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻫﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝ

ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻁﻌﺘ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻫ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘـﺴﺎﺒ

ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻭﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗﻭ

) (1

.

brÛbq Z@

@@ñj¨a@áÄäÛa ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻨﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻲﻫ Z

لـﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻼﺘﻤﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻡﻋﺩﺘ

ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭـﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍﻭ ﻡﻋﺩﻝ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﻑﻅﻭﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎـﺠﻴﺇﻭ

لﻭـﻠﺤﻝﺍ

ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ لﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻜﺎﺤﻤ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺯﻜﺘﺭﻤ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ .

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ

ﺃ ﻡﻫ ﻱﻷ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤ

،ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻠﻝ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﻙﻝﺫ

ﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﺔﻴﻐﺒ ﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺸﻨﻭ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍﻭ ،ﺔ

ﺱـﺴﻷﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ

،لﺎﻌﻓ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ

ﻹﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝ

ﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻴ ﻻﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ

ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋ ﺔﻜﺒـﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻹﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻭﻴﺩﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻤﺘﺅﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﻘﻠﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﻨ

ﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻠﺤﻭ ﻹﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻫﺩﻴﻭﺯﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺵﺎ

ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝ .

لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤ

ﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻅﺤﻼﻨ ، ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝ

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ،ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻋ

ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﻪﺜﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻷﺍﻭ

ﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ لﻤﻌﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻴﻤﻭ ﺔﻠﻬﺴﻤ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ، ﻲـﻫ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺃ

ﻜﺘ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨ

.

(1) ﺳ ،ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺕﺎﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ،ﲔﺳﺎﻳ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﺪﻌ ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

، ﺹ .108

93

ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺻﻼﺧ ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ

:

ﺔـﺠﺭﺩﻭ ،ﺔـﻬﺠ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﺘﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﻓ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﻤ

ﻌﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻫﻷ ﺔﻜﺭﺩﻤ ﻼﻌﻓ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻴﻗﺍﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤ

ﺎـﻬﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ لﺎﻌﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ

ﻲﻓ ﻪﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﺘ ﺼ

ﻲﻘﻴﻭـﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ لﻜﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻭﺃ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ .

ﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ل ﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﻤ ل

ﺃ ﺎﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺍﺩﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻥ

ﺭـﺼﺘﺨﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻋﺎﻁﺘـﺴﺍ

ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﺒ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ

، ﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻬﻠﻀﻔﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼ

ﺎﺒﺯ ،لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﻨﻭﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﺌ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻴﻠﺠ ﺍﺩﺒ ﺎﻤﻜ

ﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻯﺩﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﺎ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘﻭ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻭﺴﺎﺤﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺍ

ﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ

ﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺩﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ

، ﺕـﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺎـﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ

، ﻹﺍ ﺕـﻨﺍﺭﺘﻨ

ﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﺴﻜ

، ﻭ ﻹﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﻡﺎﺤﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝ

ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻤﻀﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺇ

ـﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝ ﻭ ﺔ

لﺩﺎـﺒﺘ ﺇ

ﻲـﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝ

،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﻓ

ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻠﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏـﻠﻐﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ

ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻬﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﻓ

ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻫﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ

ﺩﻭﻜﺭﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻗ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺓﺭﺎﺴﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﺯـﺠ

ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺼﺤ

،ﺔﻴﻗﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ

ﻡﺩﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﻜﺍﻭﻤ ﻁﺘﻠﻝ

ﺕﺍﺭﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺓﺩﻌﺼﻷﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ .

ﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻓ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ

ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﻭﻠﺨﺘ

،ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ

، ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕـﻌﻁﻗ

ﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺎﻁﺍﻭﺸﺃ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﺠﺤﺃ لﻜﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ ل

،

ﻭﺠ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺏﻨﺍ

لـﻜ لﻀﻔﺒﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺍﺫﻫ ﺕﻬﺠﺘﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺘﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺔﻨﻤﻗﺭ ﻭﺤﻨ

، لـﻜ ﺭﻴـﺴﺘ ﺔـﺘﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺕﺭﺎﺼ ﻰﺘﺤ

ﻩﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺎﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻤﺃ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

ﻭ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ

ﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭ

ﻭ ﻅـﻔﺤ ﻥﻤـﻀﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ

ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝ ﻻﻭﺼﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻭ ،ﻉﺎﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ

، ﻲـﻫ ﺍﺭﺎـﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ لﻌﻝﻭ

ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻋﺎﻓ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻤﺩﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻭ ،ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﺴﻜﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ،ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺍﻭﺩﻌﺘﺒﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ،ﺎﻴﻨﻤﺯﻭ ﺎﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠ

ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺭﺸﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻌﺴﻴ ﻕﻴﺭﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻜ ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎـﻤﺒ ﻕـﻠﺨﻴ

ﻭ ﻕﻘﺤﻴ ﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ .

א

@ א

@ @

א

!

95

‚{{{{{éã³ V

ﺩﻬﺸﻴ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ،ﻕﺎﻁﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ

ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍ

ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﺘﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻙﺭﺘـﺸﻤﻝﺍ

ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ

،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻗ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺕـﻤﺘﺤ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻭ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﻋﺇ

ﻴ ﺎﻬﺜﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻭ ﺔ ﺎﻋﺩ ﺎﻤﻤ ،

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﺔﻔـﺼﺒ ﻙﻭـﻨﺒﻝﺍ

ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﺒ ﺢﻠﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻲﻓ

ﺱﺃﺭ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻜ

،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ

ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺫﺇ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ

ﻥﻴﺒ ﺍﺭﺎﻴﺨ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﺌﺍﺩﺒ

ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤ ﻭ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻝ ﺯﻴﻔﺤﺘﻝﺍ

لﺒ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻜ ﺕﺩﻌﺘ ﻭ

ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻜ ﻪﺒﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺴﻴ ﻱ

ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﻤ ل

لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ،

ﺔﻐﻝ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻝ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ

.

ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ لﺼﻷﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻬﻝ

ﺔـﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘﻝ ﻪﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻭ ،لﺼﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺯـﻴﻤ ﻕـﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺔـﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﺨ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ

ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ

؟ ﻲـﻓ ﺩﺠﺘ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒﻻ ،

ﻙﻠﻤﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺄﺒ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺯﺌﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﺤﻀﺃ ﻰﺘﺤ ،ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺤﻴﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻅﻓﺎﺤﻴﻭ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤ لﺎﻤ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺴ

لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻔﺨﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ،ﻪﺘﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ

.

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺃ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺌﺎﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻲﻨﺒﺘ ﻲﻝ ﻼﻴﻭﻁ ﺭﻅﺘﻨﺘ ﻻ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺯﻴﻤ

،ﺔﻴـﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ

لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺒﻻ ﺍ

ﻹ ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ ﻥﻤ

ﺨﺸﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻴ

ﺎـﻫﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻌﻀﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻨ ﺹ ،

ﻙﻝﺫـﻝ ﻥـﻤﻜﺘ

ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ لﻜ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤ ﺇ

ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ ﻲﻓ

ﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺩﻘﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻲﻤﻨﺘ ﻥ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ

ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻓ ،

ﻱﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ

ﺡﺎﺠﻨﺒ ﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ ﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ

ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ،

ﺇﺫ ﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺒﺘﻴ ﻯﺩ

ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ

ﻱﺩـﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ

لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻅﺘﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻲﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ .

ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤ لﻜﻝ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻠﻝ ﻝﺇ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺩﻬﻨ

ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻭ ﺔﻴـﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻤ ﺔـﻗﻼﻋ

ﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

،ﺎﻬﻘﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﻭ

ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻼﺨ

ﻘﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺴ ﺙﻼﺜ

ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻨ ،ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻤ

ﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ لﻭ ﻭ

،ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ

ـﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎ

ﻹﺍ لﻭﺎـﻨﺘﻨ ﺘﺍﺭﺘـﺴ

ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴ

ﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺴﺃ

ﺱ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﻡﻫﺃ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴﻓ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،

ﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺔﻤﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ

ﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ .

96 Chamberlain 1939

ﻭ( ) Selzmick 1959

ﺙﻴﺤ ( Day 1984

ﻭ ( ) Porter 1985

ﻝﺍ ﺓﺯـﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﻌﻀﻭﻭ( (3)- P.Kotler, Marketing Management, Prentice-Hall, new Delhi, 1997, P53.

ﺐﻴﳒ ﺩﺍﺆﻓ-(4)

97

ﻯﺭﻴ ) Porter

ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺹﺘﺨﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ( ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ

ﺔـﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺄﺸﻨﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ

لﻜﺸ ﺫﺨﺄﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝ ﺎﻬﻘﻠﺨﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺕﻋﺎﻁﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻌـﺴﻷ ﺔﺒـﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ لـﻗﺃ ﺭﺎﻌـﺴﺃ

ﺔﻴﺭﻌـﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎـﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭ لﻜـﺸﺒ ﺽﻭـﻌﺘ ﺞﺘـﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﺘﻤ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻭﺎﺴﺘﻤ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻤﺒ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻭﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ

) (1

، ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ )

Fahey

"( ﺯﻴﻤﻴ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻱﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻭ ﺎﻬﻴـﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺍﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ

ﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺌﻼﻤﻋ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺎ

"

) (2

.

ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻁﺸﻨﻷ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ

ﺓﺩﺭـﻔﻨﻤ ﺎـﻬﻠﻌﺠﻴ لﻜـﺸﺒ ﺓﺀﺎـﻔﻜ

ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺩﻤﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻅﻓﺎﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ،ﻡﻬﺘﻁﺸﻨﻷ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻭ ﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺩﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﺇ ،ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔ

) (3

.

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻊﻤ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻭ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭـﻴﻐﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻸﻝ

ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺍﺫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩ ﺕﺍﺯﻔﻗ ﺕﻘﻘﺤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،

ﺎـﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥـﻤ ﺕﺯﺭـﺒ ﺔـﻴﻋﻭﻨ

ﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺩﺭﻭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ

) (4

، ﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﺒﻜﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭ

ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ "

ﺢﻴﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺀﻼـﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻤﻭ ﻡﻴﻗ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ

،

ﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻓﻼﺘﺨﺍﻭ ﺎﻫﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﺩﻜﺅﻴﻭ ﺀ"

5)

،(

ﻥﻴـﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻁﻴﻠﺨ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ

لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺘﻝ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ

ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺼﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ لﻗﻷﺍ .

ﺎﻤﺃ ) ﻲﺒﻋﺯﻝﺍ ( ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻌﻴﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ

"

ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺼﺎﺨ ﻝﺍ

ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﺭﻔﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﺎـﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ

ﺓﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻜﺎﺤﻤ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺩﻤﻝ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻅﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ

، ﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻌﻔﻨﻤﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﺘ

ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻤﺩﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺃ

ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻊﻠﺴ ﻭ

"

6)

.(

ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘـﺴﺇ ﺎـﻫﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠ ﻪﻘﻘﺤﺘ

ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺈﺒ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻕﻠﻌﺘ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ )

لﻗﻷﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ (

ﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴ

) (7

، ﺎﻤﻜ

ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝ ﺕﻻﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻊﻗﻭﻤﺘﻝﺎـﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭـﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻨﻴﺒ

ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﺒ لﺒ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻅ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺘ

) (8

.

(1)- Michael E Porter, L’Avantage Concurrentiel, Dunod, Paris, France, 2000, p 08.

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻲﺳﺍﺩ ﲔﺴﺣ ﺔﺒﻴﻫﻭ-(2) 80

.

ﻞﻴﲨ ﻖﺋﺎﻓ-(3) ﱐﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺭﻭﺩ ، ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﰲ ﺔﻓﺮﻌ

: ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﲑﺘـﺴﺟﺎﻣ ﺔﻟﺎـﺳﺭ ،ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

،ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ،ﻕﺍﺮﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺩﺍﺪﻐﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺹ ،2004 81 .

(4)-Organization for Economic co-operation and development (OECD), The Knowledge-base Economy, General distribution, Paris, 1996, P11.

ﻠﻋ-(5) ﺍ ﻲ ﻹﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ،ﻲﻤﻠﺴﻟ ،ﺮﺼﻣ ،ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﺸﻨﻠﻟ ﺐﻳﺮﻏ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳ

ﺹ ،2001 104 .

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، ﱯﻋﺰﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻦﺴﺣ-(6) .138

-(7) ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺮﻣ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻞﻴﺒﻧ :

ﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗﻭ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺇ

،ﺔﻳﺭﺪﻨﻜﺳﻹﺍ ،ﺓﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ ،ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳ ﻣ

،ﺮﺼ ﺹ ،2003 .21

ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ-(8) ﻑﺭﺎﺷ ، ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ .74

98

ﺍ ﺍﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺹﺨﻠﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ "

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ

ﻋ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﻥ

، لﺜﻤﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﺩﺎـﺼﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ

،ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﻁﻴﺤﻤ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻘﺤﺘﻭ

ﻴ لﻀﻔﺒ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻕ ﺘﺴﻹﺍ

ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺒﺘﺘ ﻲﺘ

ﺎـﻬﻗﻭﻔﺘ ﺱﻜﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ

ﻭﺃ ،ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ،ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﺠﺘﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺯـﻴﻤ ﺎﻬﺒـﺴﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﺘﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻱﺃ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻤ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻭﺃ لﻗﻷﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ .

ﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼ

:

üëc Z

@òîŽÏbänÛa

@

(La Compétitive)

ﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫZ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻰ

ﻭ ﺏﻴـﺼﻨ ﻥـﻤ لـﻠﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

،ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﺒ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻭﺯﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ

ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓﻭ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻭ

) (1

.

bîãbq

@Z òŽÏbä½a

@I

La Concurrence

ZH ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﺘ ﻥﻴﻨﺜا

ﻭﺃ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻲـﻬﻓ ،ﻥﻴـﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ

ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻁﻴﺴﻭ ﺔﻘﻠﺤ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ،ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ

لـﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺙـﻴﺤ ،ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ

ﻭ ،ﻪﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﺔﺤﺍﺯﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﻹﺍ

ﺍ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺍﺭﻔﻨ ﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝ

ﻭ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻝ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻻﺍ

ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴ

) (2

.

brÛbq

@Z

@@òîŽÏbänÛa@ñ‰†ÔÛa

@

(La Compétitivité )

ﺍﺯﻤﻭ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻲﻫZ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺤ

ﻭ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺞﺘﻨﺘﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺸﻨﺘ

ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﺒﻠﺘ ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒ

ﺹﺘـﺨﺘ ﺙـﻴﺤ ،ﺔ

ﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺭﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ

لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺓﺩﻋ لﻼﺨ

) (3

.

bÈia‰

@Z

@@òîŽÏbänÛa@ñ‰ëŠšÛa Z

ﻥﻴـﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﺎـﺤﻠﻝﺍ لـﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻴ

ﻲﻓ ﻼﺜﻤﻓ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻭ ﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ

ﻓﺭ ﻲ ﻩﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻝﻵﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ

ﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻪﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻊﺴﺘﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩ

ﺃ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺢﺒﺼ ﻙﻭـﻨﺒﻠﻝ

ﻕﺤﻻ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ .

ﺔـﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒﻻ ﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﺎﺤﻠﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻐﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻭـﻫ ﺎﻤ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ

ﻪﺘﺭﻭﻁ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝ ﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻻﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ

ﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺽﺭﻐﻝ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ

4)

.(

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﻲﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﻤﻀﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﻥﺃ

ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻡﺩـﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻕﻘﺤﻴ ﻻ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﻑﻭﺴﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺕﻠﻔﻏﺃ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺌﺍﺩ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ

.

،ﻱﺩﻭﺍﺩ ﺐﻴﻄﻟﺍ-(1) ﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ ﺰﻳﺰﻌﺗ ،ﺏﻮﺒﳏ ﺩﺍﺮﻣ

ﺆ ﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﳎ ،ﻲﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺴﺳ ﺮﻀﻴﺧ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌ

ﺓﺮﻜـﺴﺑ ، ، ﺩﺪـﻌﻟﺍ ﱪﻤﻓﻮـﻧ ،12

ﺹ ،2007 .38 ﻈﻧ ،ﺔﳚﺪﺧ ﻱﺪﻟﺎﺧ ،ﺔﻴﻫﺯ ﻱﻭﺎﺳﻮﻣ-(2) ﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺮ

ﻹﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺪ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳ

: ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻛ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻝﻮـﺣ ﱄﻭﺪـﻟﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﲤﺆﳌﺍ ،ﺰﻴﻤﺘﳌﺍ

،ﺔﻠﻗﺭﻭ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﳌﺍ 8

9– ،ﺱﺭﺎﻣ ﺹ ،2005

.169

،ﻱﺩﻭﺍﺩ ﺐﻴﻄﻟﺍ-(3) ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺏﻮﺒﳏ ﺩﺍﺮﻣ

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ، .39

ﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ-(4) ﻑﺭﺎﺷ ﺭﺩ ، ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ 75

.

99

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ :

ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ

) (1

:

ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ

ﻡﺎـﻴﻗ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﺘﺄﻴﻭ ، ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺭﺩﻘﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﺒ ﺎﻬﺘ

ﻲﻓ ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻴﺭﺴ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺭﻔﻠﻝ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ

.

-ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﺍﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺩﺤﺘﻝ

ﺩﻴ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ

ﻥﻷ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﺎـﻤﻨ ﺩﺎـﺠﻴﺈﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﺔﺤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ

ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻫﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺏﻌﺼﻴ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﺘﻤ ﺓ ﺎ

ﻡﺠﺴﻨﻴﻭ ، ﻙﻝﺫ

ﺓﺭﺎﺸﺇ ﻊﻤ

(Porter)

ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻔﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

"

ﺔـﻘﺤﻼﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ

ﻱﻷ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﺠﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻋﺭﺎﺴﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ

ﻲﻓ ﻲﻫ ﺃ

ﺔﺘﻗﺅﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ لﺍﻭﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﺴﺤ .

-ﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺎﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ

ﻪﺠﻭﺘ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻻ لﻼﺘﺤ ﺔﺼﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺼﺤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﻗ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ

ﺔﻴﻗﻭﺴ ﻜﺃ ﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒ ،ﺎﻬﻴﺴﻓﺎ

ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ

ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﺴ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ

ﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤ ،ﺀﻻﻭﻭ ﺎﻀﺭ ﻡﻬ

لـﻗﺃ ﺎـﻀﺭﻌﺘ

ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺡﺎﺒﺭﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻴﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺤ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻭ ،ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﺭﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﺠﻬﻝ .

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﻤﻟﺍ :

ﻭ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ

:

ﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻹﺎ

ﻡﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﺨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ ﻥﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﺼﻴ

ﻕـﻠﺨﻝ ﻙـﻝﺫﻭ ﺓﺯـﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻨﺎﺠﺘ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻊﻤ ،ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔـﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩـﺼﻝﺍ ﺔـﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﻗﻭﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺯـﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕـﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﺎ

ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ

2)

ﺎﻬﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺯﺭﺒﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺯﺭﺒﻴ ،(

:

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ :

ﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎ

) (3

:

-لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ .

ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ .

لﻭﺨﺩ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻕﻭﺴ لﻭﺨﺩﻜ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻲﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻨ ﻭﺃ ،ﺀﻼـﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،

ﺔـﻴﻋﻭ

ﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ

،ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ

لﻜﻝ ﺯﻴﻔﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

.

-ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻭﺴﺘ ﺹﺭﻓ ﻕﻠﺨ )

Apple

ﺭﺎـﻜﺘﺒﺎﺒ ﻡﺎـﻗ ﻥـﻤ لﻭﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ (

ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﺴﺎﺤﻝﺍ .

ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻸﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺅﺭ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ

ﺎﻬﺼﺎﻨﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺹﺭﻔﻠﻝﻭ ﺎﻬﻏﻭﻠﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ .

ﱐﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﲨ ﻖﺋﺎﻓ-(1) ،

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﰲ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

82 . (2)-Paul Luc, Op.cit, P38.

ﺮﺛﺃ ،ﻪﳝﺍﺰﻫ ﻦﺴﺣ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺐﻳﺩﺃ-(3) ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ

ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲔﺴﲢ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﳘﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻟﺍ ﻥﺎـﻤﻋ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻩﺍﺭﻮﺘﻛﺩ ﺔﺣﻭﺮﻃﺃ ،ﺔﻣﺎﻌ

،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺹ ﺹ ،2011

43 44 -.

100

101

ﺡﺎـﺠﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ لﻜ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻭ ﺱﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﺒ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻠﻝ ﺢﺴﻤﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ،

ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻡﻀﻴ )

Porter

ﺨﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ( ﻲﻫﻭ ﺱﻤ

) (1

:

-ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ .

-ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ .

-ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ .

-ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ .

-ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ .

ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ) Porter

ﻝﺇ ( ﻥﺃ ﻰ ﺩﺎﻴﺩﺯﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ لﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ،

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊـﻓﺭ ﻰـﻠﻋ

ﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺡﺎﺒﺭﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﻴ ﺩﻴﺩ

ﺒﺎ ﺩﺎﻴﺩﺯ ﻫ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫ ﺎﻤﺩـﻨﻋ ﺹﺭـﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

) (2

.

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ )

-3 (1 : ـﻝ ﺱﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻗ )

Porter ( .

א W א،

אوא ،!"א#$%& ،'()א* א

،+אא،,א ص،2010

K38

üëc

@Z òÇbä–Ûa@¿@òŽÏbä½a@ñ†‘

@Z

@ @

ﺎﻬﻴﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻁﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺸ ﺏﻌﻠﺘ )

Porter

ﻲﻓ ﻻﺎﻌﻓ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ،ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜﺒ(

ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﺩﺨﺄﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺫﺎﺠ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺤﻤ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻘﺒ ﺓﺯﺎﻴﺤﻠﻝ ،ﺭﺎﻌـﺴﻷﺍ لﻼـﺨ ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻤ ﻁﻁﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻹﺎﺒ ،ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ

،ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ،ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺞﺘﻨﻤ ﻕﻼﻁﺇ ،ﺭﺎﻬﺸﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﺎﻬﻤﻜﺤﺘ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ

،ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺘﺒﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻭ ،ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻭﻤﻨ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺯـﻜﺭﻤﺘ ﺔـﺠﺭﺩﻭ

ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻯﺩﻤﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ

) (3

.

ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﻬﻨﳌﺍ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻬﳌﺍ ،ﲔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﲔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻠﻟ ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻤﺍ-(1) ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻠﻟ ﺓﺪﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻣﻷﺍ ﺮﲤﺆﻣ ﻩﺮﻗﺃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ

) ﺩﺎﻜﺘﻧﻭﻻﺍ ( ﺹ ،ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ ، .10

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، ﻱﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﻄﻣ ﺎﻳﺮﻛﺯ-(2) .103

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻪﻴﻀﳛ ﱄﻼﲰ-(3) .34

ﲔﻠﻤﺘﶈﺍﻭ ﺩﺪﳉﺍ ﲔﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ

ﻥﻮﺴﻓﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ

ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻠﻳﺪﺒﻟﺍ

ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺿﻭﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺩﺭﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﺿﻭﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻠﻟ

ﺔﻣﻭﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺩﺭﻮﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ

ﺔﻠﻳﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺪﻳﺪ

ﺔﻣﻭﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺪﻗ ﻡﺩﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﳉﺍ ﲔﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ

102

ﻡﻬﻌﻗﻭـﻤ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﻋﻭﻓﺩﻤ ﻡﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻥﻭﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺸ ﻊﺠﺭﺘ ﺼﻭﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺸ ﻑﺼﻭﺘﻭ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻥﻭﺭﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻲـﻓ ﻑ

ﻡﺠﻨﺘﻭ ،ﺔﺌﺩﺎﻫ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻋ ﻥﻤ

لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﺓﺩ

) (1

:

-ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﻡﻬﻴﻭﺎﺴﺘﻭ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ .

ﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺩـﺠ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤ لﻭﺼﺃ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ لﺜﻤ ،ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻝﺍ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺩـﺌﺍﺯﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﻭـﻝ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺸﺒ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻌﻓﺩﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻠﻝ

.

-ﻹﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻜﺒ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨ

ﻙﻝﺫ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺩﺍﺭﻴ ﺓﺭﻤ ل .

-ﻷﺍ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘﺒ ﻥﻴﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻐﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﺘﺒﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴ

.

-ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﺭﻜﻓﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻴﺠﻴﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻭ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻭﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ .

-ﺀﻁﺒ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻭﻤﻨ ﺹـﺼﺤﻝﺍ لـﺠﺃ ﻥـﻤ ﻉﺍﺭـﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻌﺴﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺫ ﻥﻴﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻋﺩﻴ ﺎﻤ

ﺔﻴﻗﻭﺴﻝﺍ .

bîãbq Z@

a†Ûa

@…†¦a@´Ü

I

…†¦a@´ŽÏbä½a

@ZH

@ @

،ﺔﻅﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺭﻤﺃ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺍ لﻗ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻌﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﺎﻤﻠﻜﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔـﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﺠﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،

ﺃ ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻠﻁﻝﺍ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ لﻤﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﺔﻴﻗﻭـﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻴﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻔﺨﻭ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻥﻝ ﺙﻴﺤ ،لﻔﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺠﺘﺘ ﻥﻴﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﻷﺍ لﻜﻴﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ لﺒ ﺡﺎﺒﺭﻷﺍ

ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ، ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺠﻴ

ﺓﺩﺎـﻴﺯ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔـﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺘﺀﺎﻔﻜ

، ﻌﺒﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﺘ ﺩﺎ لﻭﺤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ

ﻜﺎ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﻗ

.

ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﺙـﻴﺤ ،ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ

ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺩﻴﺯﺘﻭ ،ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﺩﻌﻤﻭ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺎﻌﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﻤﻭﻘﻴ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻥـﻤ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻊﻴﻭﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﺈﺒ ﺩﺩﺠ

ﻡﺩﺨﺘـﺴﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺒﻼﻓ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨ ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺩﺘ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻡﻴﻅﻌﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﻤﻝ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ

لﻭﺨﺩ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ

) (2

، ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺃ ﺘﻤ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻜﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻌﺒﺎ

ﻯﺩﻤ ﻑﺭﻌﻨ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﻜﺫﻨ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ

ﺎﻫﺩﺩﺤ ) Porter

ﻲﻫ(

3)

:(

M@1

@òí…b–nÓüa@pa‰ìÏìÛa ﻥـﻤ ﺹﺌﺎﻘﻨ لﻭﺒﻗ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻡﺠﺤﺒ ﺀﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﻤﺎﻏﺭﺈﺒ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﺘ@Z

ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ

.

M2 ànÛa

@@pbvnä½a@¿@Œî ﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﻀﻴ ﺭﺨﺃ ﺎﻘﺌﺎﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ ﻕﻠﺨﻴ@Z

ﺏـﻠﻐﺘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻎﻝﺎﺒﻤ ﻑﺭﺼ ﻰﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺠ

ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻲﻓ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻭ ﻥﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺏﻌﻠﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ .

ﺏﺍﺮﻏ-(1) ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻻﺍ ،ﺪﻴﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ :

ﺎﺒﺘﻜﳌﺍ ﻥﻭﺆﺷ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﻻﺎﺣﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺻﺃ ﺕ

،ﺔﻳﺩﻮﻌﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﳌﺍ ، ﺹ ،1995

ﺹ 97 98 -.

ﺵﻭﺎﺷ ﻢﺳﺎﻗ ﺓﺪﻴﻌﺳ-(2) ،

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ .11

ﺪﻴﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﺏﺍﺮﻏ-(3) ﺹ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

75 76 -.

103

M@3

@@@óÜÇ@kÈ–Ûa@Þì–§a

@a@paìäÓ

@Éí‹ìnÛ ﺭﻁﻴﺴﺘ@Z ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﻊ

ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻴﻘﺜ ﻼﻤﺤ لﻜﺸﻴﺴ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻼ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ لﻤﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻁﻀﺘﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ

ﺍﺫﺇ ﺕﺭﺎﺘﺨﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﻗ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ

ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﻗ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻲﻓﻭ ،

لﺍﻭﺤﻷﺍ ﺱﻜﻌﻨﻴﺴ

ﺔﺼﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﺭﺨﺄﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ لﻜ ﻝﺍ

ﺡﺎﺒﺭﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻴﺒﻤ .

M4

@@ÑîÛbØnÛa@ñ…bí‹

ﺘ ﺩﻗZ ﻊﺘﻤﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻏﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ :

-ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺼﺤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ .

-ﻼﺜﻤ ﻉﺍﺭﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻡﻜﺤﺒ ﺭﻴﻐﻠﻝ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘ .

-ﻌﺴﺃ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ لﺒﻗ ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺘﺒﺎﺜ لﻭﺼﻷ ﺎﻬﺌﺍﺭﺸ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻋﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺼﺤﻝ ﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﺎﻫﺭﺎ

.

-ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻨﺎﺼﻤ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﻊﺠﺭﺘ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤ .

M@5

@pbjÜĐn½a

@

@òîÛbcŠÛa ﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻁ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﺨﺘZ@@

ﺴﻓ ﺔ لـﺜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ

ﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻉﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻗ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨﻝ ﺎﺼﺼﺨﻤ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ،لﻭﺨﺩﻠﻝ ﺍﺯﺠﺎﺤ ﺍ لـﺠ

لـﺜﻤ ﺭﻴـﺼﻘﻝ

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺎﻔﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻼﻋﻹﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ

.

M6

@@pbÈ튒nÛa@ë@´ãaìÔÛa ﻙـﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﻤﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺘ ﺩﻗ@Z@

ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ .

ﺩﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤﻝ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ لﻌﻓ ﺩﺭ ﻯ

ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺎﺒ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ،ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺩﺎﻘﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ )

Live and let otherslive

( ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻉﺩﻭ ﺵﻋ)

ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ (،

ﻲﻓ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ

ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎـﻤﺃ ،ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺒ ﺹﺭﻓ ﻥﺇ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ

ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻲﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻥﺎﻜ )

fightuson thebeaches

( ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻠﻝ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺴ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ

1)

.(

brÛbq

@Z òÜí†jÛa@pbvnä½a@†í†èm

@Z

@ @

ﺩﺠﻭﺘ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﻊﻠـﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺌﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﺘﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺫﺎﺠ ﺩﺩﺤﺘ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ

لﺌﺍﺩﺒ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻠﻜﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ لﺤﻤ لﺤﺘ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺒﻠﺴ ﺭﺜﺃﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺫﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻠﻗ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ

) (2

.

ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝ لﻬﺴﻝﺍ لﻼﺤﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻱﺃ ،ﻥﻴﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻤ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺭـﻬﻅﻴ ﻲـﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺩـﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ

ﺴﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺄﺒ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﻲﺒﻠﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨﺒ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺕﻋﺎﻁﺘ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ ،

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻓﺭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ

ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺎﻫﻭﻤﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﺎﻬﺤﺎﺒﺭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ .

،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ،ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﺸﻨﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﻭﺯﺎﻴﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ،ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﺪﻌﺳ ﲔﺳﺎﻳ-(1) ﺹ ،2002

.68

ﺓﺪﻴﻌﺳ-(2) ﺵﻭﺎﺷ ﻢﺳﺎﻗ ، ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ .11

104

bÈia‰

@Z

@ñìÔÛa åí…‰ìàÜÛ@òî™ëbÐnÛa Z

@ @

ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻭﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﻴ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ

،ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻡـﻬﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ،ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻠﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ

ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﺍﺭﺼﻨﻋ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ

ﻴ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺎـﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴ ﺭﻜﺘﺤ

ﺏﻌﺼ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﺁ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﻻ

ﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝ لﺌﺍﺩﺒ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﻑﻴ .

ﺩـﺴﺠﺘﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻫ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻠﻠﻓ ،ﺎﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻜﺸﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﺭﺎﻤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍ

ﺭﺎﻌـﺴﺃ ﺽﺭﻔﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﺍﻭﻤ

ﻥـﺴﺤﺘ ﺎـﻤﻠﻜ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭـﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﺕﺩﺍﺯ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ﺍﺫﻬﺒﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺩﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﺤﺎﺒﺭﺃ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻭ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺽﻔﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻨﻜﻤﺘﻭ ﻲﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻗﻭﻤ

) (1

.

ﻭ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻭﻤ ،ﻪﻌﻤ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﺎﻌﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﻗ

ﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻌﻴﺒﻤﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺎﺒ

ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻑـﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ لـﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻥﺈـﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،

ﻷﺍ ﻎﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﺭﻤﺃ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻕﻭﺴﻠﻝ ﻲﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻭﻗ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﺘﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻫ

ﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺎ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻ

) (2

:

ﺩﺩﻋ ﺔﻠﻗ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺭﺩﻗ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺩﻴﺭﻭﺘﻝﺍ ل

.

ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻕﻭﺜﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻷ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ ﻥﻭﻠﻜﺸﻴﺴ

ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻱﺩﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻠﻝ

ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ .

-ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ لﻜﺸﺘﻭ ﺔﻤﺯﻻ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ

.

-ﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﻝ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒ ﻡﺎﺨ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﻘﻴ ﻲ

ﻥﻭﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ .

لﻤﺤﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨ

.

ﻑﺼﻭ ﺎﻤﻜ )

Porter

ﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ( ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

3)

:(

ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ لﻘﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻲﻓ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺘﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ

) ﺭﺩﻗ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ

ﺹﺭﻔﻝﺍ .(

ﺔﻝﻭﻘﻌﻤ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺄﺒ ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ ﻙﻝﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻘﺘ )

ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒ ﺹﺭﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﻓﻭﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ .(

ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻉﺎﻁﺘﺴﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻡﻅﺎﻌﺘﺘ ﺩﺭﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻲﻤﺎﻤﺃ لﻤﺎﻜﺘ

.

bŽßb

Z@

õýàÈÜÛ@òî™ëbÐnÛa@ñìÔÛa

@Z

@ @

ﺔﻨﺭﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺜﺅﻤ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻴ ﺭﺎﻌـﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭـﻴﻐﺘ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺇ ﺍﺩﺠ

ﺜـﻤ ﻡﺘﺘ ﻥﺄﻜ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻡﻬﻝ ﺕﻘﻘﺤﺘ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻥﻭﻠﻜﺸﻴ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،لﻀﻓﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﺒ ﻡﻬﺘﺒﻝﺎﻁﻤﻭ ﻼ

ﻭ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻜﺒ ﺀﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﺎـﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺃ ،ﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘﻝ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ

ﻭ ،ﻊﺌﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﺭﺘﺸﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﺘ

ﻲﻠﻴ

) (4

:

-ﺍﺩﺠ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻜﺒ ﺀﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴﻭ ،ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ .

-ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﺎﻔﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﺎﻫ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻼﺘﻤﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺴ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻡﺩﻋ .

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، ﺵﻭﺎﺷ ﻢﺳﺎﻗ ﺓﺪﻴﻌﺳ-(1) .11

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، ﻱﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﻄﻣ ﺎﻳﺮﻛﺯ-(2) .106

ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻦﺴﺣ-(3) ،

ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ :

ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﳌﺍ

، ،ﺮﺼﻣ ،ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ ،ﺕﺍﺪﻳﺭﻮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﻳﻮﺴﺘﻠﻟ ﺓﺪﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺹ ،2008

.91

ﺯ-(4) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، ﻱﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﻄﻣ ﺎﻳﺮﻛ .106

105

ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﺒ ﻕﻭﺜﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺘﻝﺎﺒ

ﻲﻔﻠﺨﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻜ .

لﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺡﺎﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍ

ﻴ ﺕﺎ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎـﺼﻤ ﺏﺭﺎﻀﺘﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﺒ ﺔﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﻷﺍ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘﻝ

) (1

.

ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﺩﺭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ

ﺭـﺜﻜﺃ ﻡﻫﺩـﻴﻴﻘﺘ

ﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﺒ ﻥﻭﻤﺯﺘﻠﻴ ﻡﻬﻠﻌﺠﻭ ﺔﻌـﺴﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺩـﺨ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﺒﺠﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ،ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻊﻓﺎﻨ

ﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﺘﻭ ،ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻠﻝ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔـﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺩ

ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺼﻨ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻭﺃ

ﻑ ﺎﺴﺃ ﺍﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﺯﻬﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻌﻨﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﻋ ﻰﻨﻏ ﻻ ﺎﻴﺴ

ﻉﺎﻁﺘﺴﺍ ﻭﺃ ،

ﻜﺘ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺯﻬﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﻡﻋﺩﻝ ﻲﻤﺎﻤﺃ لﻤﺎ

.

ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴﻭ ،ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﻡﻬﻝ ﻊﻴﺒﺘﺴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻭﺃ ،

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻔﻗﻭﻤ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ

ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ

ﺭﺜﺅـﺘ ﺓﻭـﻗ لـﻗﺄﺒ ﻥﻭﻀﺤﻴ

،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻴﺴﻜﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺒﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻗﺄﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ

ﻥـﻤ ﺃﺯـﺠﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺍﺀﺯـﺠ ﺎـﻬﻨﻭﻜﻝ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻠ

ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ لﺍﻭﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ

ﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺄﺠﻠﺘ

) (2

:

-ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ لﻗﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺍﻭﻤﻨ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻗ

.

-ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ .

-ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻠﻝ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﻊﻓﺭ .

ﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺎ

: ﺔﺑﺭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻤﻟﺍ

:

ﺔـﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻜﺭﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺹﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝ ﺎﻅﻭﺤﻠﻤ ﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺕﺩﻬﺸ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ لﻼﺨ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺯﻴﻤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻤﺠﻝﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ (Porter)

ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩـﻝﺍ لـﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﻝ ﺱﺴﺃ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ )

ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ (

ﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺫﺠ ﻡﻏﺭ ، ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻠﻁﻤﻝ ﺩﻭﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺨﻴ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻜ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ .

ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ) Barnay ﻥﺃ (

ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ

،ﺕﺍﺭﺩـﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺍﺩﻭـﺠﻭﻤ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻜﻠﻤﺘ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﺕﺎـﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ

ﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺎـﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘـﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝ

ﺎﻬﺘﻋﺎﺠﻨﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﻁﻴﺴﺘﻭ

) (3

.

üëc

@Z

@…‰aì½a@òíŠÄã@pbî™ŠÏ bèö…bjßë

@Z

@ @

M@1 pbÐÛa ﺎﻤﻫ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﺘ@Z

) (4

:

M1 M@1

@@‰aìàÜÛ@ŽäÛa@åíbjnÛa

…

@Z ﺎـﻬﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻝ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﻴ@@

ﻥﺃﻭ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﺒ ﻱﺃ ،ﺔﻨﻴﺎﺒﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ

،ﺰﻧﻮﺟ ﺚﻳﺭﺎﺟ ،ﻞﻫ ﺰﻟﺭﺎﺸﺗ-(1) ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ

: ﺒﻋ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺪﻴﺳ ﺪﻤﳏﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻓﺭ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻲﻋﺎﻓﺭ ﺔﻌﲨﺮﺗ ،ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺘﻣ ﻞﺧﺪﻣ ،ﻝﺎﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺪ

،ﺔﻳﺩﻮﻌﺴﻟﺍ ،ﺦﻳﺮﳌﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺹ ،2001

.146

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺪﻴﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﺏﺍﺮﻏ-(2) .78

ﻱﺪﻟﺎﺧ ،ﺔﻴﻫﺯ ﻱﻭﺎﺳﻮﻣ-(3) ﺔﳚﺪﺧ

، ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ ،

.170

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻪﻴﻀﳛ ﱄﻼﲰ-(4) .49

106

ﺭﻬﺸ ،ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ،ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻝ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓ

ﻯﺭﺨﻷ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻗ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﻻﺇ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤ .

M1 M@2

@…‰aì½a@ò׊y@òîjŽã ﺔﻘﻠﻁﻤ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﻴ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﺭﺤ ﻥﺇ Z

، ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ

ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻹﺎﺒ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ ،لﻤﺎﻜ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﺘ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻝ ،ﺎﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺔﻝﻭﻬﺴ ﻥﻭﺩ لﻭﺤﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻉﺍﺭﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺒ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﻷ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ لﻘﻨﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻼﺜ .

M2

…‰aì½a@òi‰bÔß@ù…bjß ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ @Z

) (1

:

-ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻅﻔﺤﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ

ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻅﻔﺤﻤ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓﻭ

ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ

ﺔ ﺓﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻕﻭﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ

.

ﻻ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ ﻑﻌﻀ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻌﻨﻤﻴ

ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻓﻭ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﻤﻀﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻜ ،

ﺩﻴﻜﻷﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ .

ﻪـﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯﺩﻌﺘﻴ لﺒ ،ﺏﺴﺤﻓ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﺤﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ

ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻜ ﻥﻤ .

-ﻊﻓﺭﻴ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﺩﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ

ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺩﺩﻋﻭ .

bîãbq

@Z òŽû½a@…‰aìß@Ñîä–m ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﻨﺼﺘZ@

:

M1 òìàܽa@…‰aì½a ﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ لﻤﺸﺘ @Z

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤ :

M1 M1

@@òîÛëþa@…aì½a

لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘZ@

ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤ لﻜﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻭﺤﺘ )

ﺞﺘﻨﻤ ( ،

ﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﻩﺯﻴﻤﺘﻭ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺭﻬﻅﺘﻭ ﺩﺒﻻﻭ ،ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﺭ

ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻭ ﺓﺭﺒﺨ ﻱﻭﺫ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺍﺭﺸﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺩﻨﺴﺘ ﻥﺃ .

ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﺒ ﺔﺒﻝﺎﻁﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺎﻤﻠﻜﻓ ،ﻡﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍﻭ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺼﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻋﺎﺴ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺭﻓﻭﺘ .

M1 M2

@@xbnã⁄a@pa†Èß

ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺤﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺼﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ@Z@

ﺩﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺫﺇ ،ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺍ

ﻭ ،ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﻼﺼﺃ ﺩﻌ ﻲـﻫ

ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻬﺠﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ،ﺕﻻﻵﺍ لﻤﺸﺘﻭ ،ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ

ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ،

ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻌﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻹ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋ

ﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻭ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﺒ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺕﺎ

ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ .

M1 M3

@@òîÛb½a@…‰aì½a

لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ@Z@

ﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﺤ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻌﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰ

ﺎـﻬﻨﻤ ﺏـﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺈﻓ ،

ﻥﻋ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻁ

ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭ ﻻﺎﻜـﺸﺃ ﺫﺨﺄﻴ

،ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘﻭ

ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﻕﻴﻤﻌﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ )

ﺢﺘﻓ

ﺵﻭﺎﺷ ﻢﺳﺎﻗ ﺓﺪﻴﻌﺳ-(1) ،

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ .17

107

ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﻗ (

، ﺎﻁﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ لﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﺒﻭ ﺎـﻫﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﺒ ﺔﺒﻝ

ﻭ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺤﻝﺎﺒ

ﻓ ﻝ ﺓﺭﻓﻭﺘﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩ

ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺀﺎﻓﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠﻴ

ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻭ ﻲﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻗﻭﻤ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ .

M2

½a

…‰aì

@ òìàÜß@ÌÛa ﻪـﻨﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ،ﺔﺴﻭﻤﻠﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺏﻌﺼﻴ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻔﺘﻤ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻌﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ@Z

ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﺘﺸﺘ

: ﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝ

:

M2 M1

ñ…ì¦a

ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ لﻼـﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻗﻭﺴ ﺹﺼﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺫﺍﻭﺤﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ@Z

ﻪﺘﺎﻌﻗﻭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻗﻭﺘﺒ ﺀﺎﻓﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍﻭ ،

ﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤ ﺀﺎﻀﺭﺈﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌ

ﺓﺭـﻅﻨ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﺅﺘﻭ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺼﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻨﻤﺎﻜ ﻭﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺹﺨﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻠﻝ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤ .

ﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨﻝ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻜﺭﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫ لﺒ ﺎﺘﺒﺎﺜ ﺎﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻴ

ﻪﺌﺍﺭﻏﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻠﻝ ﻲﻜﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻝ .

M2 M2

@bîuìÛìäØnÛa

ﻥﻤ ﻲﻫZ

ﻘﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎ

ﻭ ﺩـﻌﻴ ﻪـﻨﻷ ﻪﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘ

ﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺍﺩﺭﻭﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺴﻼﻝ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻌﺴﺘﻭ ،ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺒﺘﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓ

ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﻐﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ .

M2 M@3

@òϊȽa

ﺘ Z

ﻭ ﺔﺤﻴﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﺴﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻤﻀﻝﺍ

،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺭﻔ ﻻﻭ

ﻡﻬﺘ ﺘﺍﺫ ﺩﺤﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇﻭ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ لﺒ ،ﺎﻬ

ﻅ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺫﺇ ،ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻭ ﺩﻴﺠ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﻔﻴ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﻲﻓ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ

ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ لﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ

) (1

، ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ

ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﻻ ﺀﺎﻴﺸﺃ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﻭﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺓﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ

ﺭﻭﻤﺃ ﺍ ،ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺼﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺩﻭﻬﺠ ﺝﺎﺘﻨ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻌﻴﺒﻁﺒ ﺓﺭﻓﻭﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝ ،

ﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ ﺀﺍﺭﺜﺇ

ﺎـﻤﻤ ،ﺭﻤﺘـﺴﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﺒ ﺔﺒﻝﺎﻁﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﻓ ،

ﻡﺌﺍﺩ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻨﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ .

M2 M4

@pbßìÜȽa

ﺔـﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ،ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒـﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺩـﻴﺩﺠ ﺞﺘﻨﻤ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﻠﺘ Z

،ﺱﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺴﺃ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ

ﺎـﻤﺎﻫ ﺍﺩﺭﻭـﻤ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ،

ﺎﻬﺘﺌﻴﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﺩﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺀﺎ .

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺔﻁﻴﺭﺸ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ ﻡﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ :

-ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺘﻨﺎﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤ .

-ﺎﻬﻴﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ .

-ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺍﻭﻋ ﻕﻭﻔﺘ ﻥﺃ .

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻪﻴﻀﳛ ﱄﻼﲰ-(1) .154

108

M3

…‰aì½a

@ ë@ò튒jÛa paõbÐØÛa

@Z

M3 M1

@@ò튒jÛa@…‰aì½a

ﺩﻨﺘﺴﻴ ﻥﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﻴZ@@

ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺩـﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻡﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﻴ لﺒ ،ﺏﺴﺤﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻜﻼﺘﻤﺍ ﺩﺭﺠﻤﻝ ﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺕﺎﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻌﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝ

@ @.

M3 M2

paõbÐØÛa

،ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﻜﺃ@Z@

ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺩـﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﻓ ﻥﺫﺇ ،ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻩﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺕﺩﺍﺯ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﻤ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺴﺠﺘﺘﻭ ،ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻴﻓﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥ :

،ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ

ﺔﺒﺭﺠﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻑﺭﺘﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻓ ﺔﻴﺍﺭﺩ ،لﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ،ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ

1)

.(

@ @

brÛbq

@Z

…‰aì½a@¿@bçŠÏìm@kuaìÛa@Â늒Ûa

@Z

@ @

ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻯﺭﻴ )

Schoemok et Ait

،( ،ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺩﺍﻭﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﺩـﺼﻤ ﺩﺭﻭـﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭـﻜﻴ ﻰـﺘﺤ ﻪﻨﺃ

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﻫﺯﺠﻭﻨ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒﻻ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ

2)

:(

M@1

@ñ‰†äÛa ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ ﻻﻭ ﺕﺎـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺽـﻌﺒ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﺓﺭﺩﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ Z

ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ .

M@2

@òàîÔÛa ﻤﻴﻗ ﺩﺭﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ Z

لﻬـﺴﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺕﺍﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺠﺘﻭ ﺹﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺘﻨﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﻲﻜﻝ ﺔ

ﺔـﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻡﻬـﺴﻴﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺩﺴﺠﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺒﺘﻌﻤ .

M@3

†îÜÔnÛa ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻩﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻱﺃ Z

ﻪﻴﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﻤﻝ

، ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ :

-ﺭﺩﺎﻨ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻑﺭﻅﺒ ﺎﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﺍﺩﺭﻭﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﻤﺘ .

-ﺔﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﺒﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ .

-ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺴ لﺜﻤ ،ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺕﺤﻤﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ .

M@4 Ýöa†jÛa ﺙﻴﺤ Z

ﻥﻭﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻘﻨﻴ ﻻ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ لﻴﺩﺒ ﻪﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻻ ،ﻪﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻠﻝ ﻪﻨﺃ .

M@5

†ß

@ô ñbî§a ﺏﺴﺤ Z

) Grant

ﻙﻼﺘﻫﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ( ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺩﻴﺩﻤﺘﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺩﺭﻭﻤﺒ ﻪﻝﺍﺩﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺩﺭﻭﻤ

ﻪﺘﺀﺎﻔﻜ

لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻴﻭ )

ﻼﺜﻤ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺓﺭﻭﺩﻜ (،

ﻪﻨﺃ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻅﺘ

ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﺍﺯ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﺘﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺓﺩﻤ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍﻭ .

M@6

@ñ‹bî§a ﺏﺴﺤﻓ Z

) Barnay

ﺔـﻨﻤﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔـﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﻜﻴﻫﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ (

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻫﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝ .

ﺎﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻜﺫ

ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻜ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺔﺒـﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻡـﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴـﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺠﺭﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻭﻫ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻥـﻋ

ﺎﻬﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻜﺸﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ،

ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁﻴ .

ﺔﳚﺪﺧ ﻱﺪﻟﺎﺧ ،ﺔﻴﻫﺯ ﻱﻭﺎﺳﻮﻣ-(1)

،

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ .177

ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻊﺟﺮﳌﺍ-(2)

، ﺹ .173

109 United States of America, 1982, p34.

ﻲﻠﻋ ﻦﺴﺣ-(2)

110

ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ "

ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺯـﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻑﻴﻝﺎـﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻌـﺴﻷﺍ ﺩـﻴﺩﺤﺘ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ

ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﺘ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ،

ﻫﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻲﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎ

ﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻗ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻭ ، ﺱـﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﻓﺎ

ﻭ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ

."

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻹﺍ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺃ ﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳ

ﻴ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠ :

ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ

ﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻑﻗﻭﻤ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﻹ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻓﺩ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﺠﻫ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻲـﻓ ﻪﻨﻋ ﻉ

ﻭ ،ﺱﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﺒ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻤ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﺒ

ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻰـﻠﻋﺃ ﺩـﺌﺎﻋ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘـﺴﻻﺍ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺩﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ

) Porter 1980 ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻥﻴﺒ(

) (1

، ﻭ ﺎـﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁﺃ

ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ

ﺃ ﻘﺒ ﻥﻋ لﻀﻓ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ

ﻲﻫﻭ :

-ﺔﻴﺠﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍ

ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ )

لﻗﻷﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ (

.

-ﺔﻴﺠﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ

.

-ﺔﻴﺠﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ

.

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ )

-3 :(2 ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ .

Source : M,Porter, Competitive Strategy , Techniques for Analyzing Industries And Competitors, Macmillan Publishing Co, New York, 2003, p39.

üëc

@Z mag î

@òîv ñ…bíŠÛa

@

@òÐÜØnÛa@¿

I ÝÓþa@òÐÜØnÛa H

Z

@ @

ﺏﻴﻝﺎـﺴﺃ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺩﻬﺘﺴﻤ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻤﻭ ﺔﻅﻔﺨﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻲﻫ ﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﻬﺴﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃﻭ ،ﺎﻬـﻀﻔﺨ ﻑﺩـﻬﺒ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻘﺤﻼ

ﺢﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﺵﻤﺎﻫ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺭﺎﺼ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻭ

) (2

.

ﻥﺇ ﻝﺍ ﺢﻤـﺴﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﻫﻭﺠ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻑﺩﻬ

ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ

ﻊﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﻥﻴﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻗﺃ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﺠ ﻥﻤ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﺼﺤ

) (3

ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ، ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ

) (4

:

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻹﺍ ،ﺮﺗﺭﻮﺑ ﻞﻜﻳﺎﻣ-(1) :

،ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻣﻹﺍ ،ﺙﺍﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻠﻟ ﱯﻇ ﻮﺑﺃ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ،ﰊﻮﻳﻷﺍ ﺪﻴﻌﺳ ﺮﻤﻋ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ،ﲔﺴﻓﺎﻨﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﲢ ﺐﻴﻟﺎﺳﺃ ﺹ ،2010

.83

ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﲨ-(2) ﻹﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﻲﺠﻴﺗﺮﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ﻲﺳﺮﳌﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ

،ﺔﻳﺭﺪﻨﻜﺳ

،ﺮﺼﻣ ﺹ ،2002 .174

ﱄ ﺪﻴﻔﻳﺩ ﺲﻨﺑﺁ ﺕﺮﺑﻭﺭ-(3) ،

ﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳ : ﻜﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﻴ

،ﻲﻣﺍﺰﳋﺍ ﻢ ،ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ ،ﺮﺠﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺹ ،2008

.302

-(4) ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ،ﺪﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻞﻴﻋﺎﲰﺇ :

،ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﺕﻻﺎﺣﻭ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﳌﺍ

ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺐﺘﻜ ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ

،ﺔﻳﺭﺪﻨﻜﺳﻹﺍ ،

،ﺮﺼﻣ ﺹ ،2006 .200 .

אدאא א F

א E

!"אא

F א E

א

!א

F قא$د%&'!(

E

)%*ﺍ

+א,א

111

ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﺫﺇ ،ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻠﻝ ﻲﻋﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺯﻜﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻡﻴﻗ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ

لﻜـﺸﺒ

ﻥﻜﻤﻤ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻨﺩﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﺃ .

-ﻭﻨ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺎﻤﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉ

ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻀﻹﺍ ﻪﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ

.

،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘ لﺍﺩﺒﺘﺴﺎﻜ

ﺔﺼﻴﺨﺭ ﺔﻴﻝﺁ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﺩﻴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ .

-ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﺒ ﺱﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺃ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ .

-ﻥﻼﻋﻹﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ .

ﻯﺭﻴ ) Porter ﺎـﻫﺎﻨﺒﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﻥﺃ(

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻜـﺸ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺎـﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ

ـﻤﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﻴﻫ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻲﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭ

،ﻡـﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻕـﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻡﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺤﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﻌﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻲﻗﻭﺴ ﺥﺎﻨﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ

) (1

.

ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﺇ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ

ﻪﻝ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤ

ﻲﻓ

) (2

:

-ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ :

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔـﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ لﻗﺃ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﺒ ﺔﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ .

-ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ :

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﻷﺍ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺘ ﻑﻭﺴ لﻗﺃ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﺒ ﺔﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﺀﺎﻴﻭﻗ ﻻ ﺙﻴﺤ ،

ﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ .

-ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ :

ﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﺔﺴ ﺀﺎـﻴﻭﻗﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻤﺄﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ لﻗﺃ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﺒ ﺔﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﺇ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﺫ

ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﺒ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ

ﻥﻴـﻌﻤ ﺢـﺒﺭ ﺵﻤﺎﻫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ

ﻁﻭﻐﻀ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ

.

-ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ :

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﺔﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﺒ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺍﺯﻴﻤﻤ ﺎﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﻔﻗﻭﻤ لﺘﺤﺘ لﻗ

ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻭﺠﻫ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻥﻤ .

-ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ :

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻬﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ لﻗﺃ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﺒ ﺔﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻴﻔﺨﺘ

ﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻀ ﺡﻼﺴﻜ ﺔﺒﺍﺫﺠ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺄﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺩ

.

ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ

لﻗﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ

ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻗ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ لﻜ ﺩﻀ

ﺱﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺭﺎﺸﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

) Porter .(

M@1 òÐÜØnÛa@¿@ñ…bîÔÛa@òîvîmg@pbjÜĐnß

ﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﺤﺎﺠﻨﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ Z

ﻲﻠﻴ

) (3

:

-لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺘﺴﺍ .

-ﻝﺍ ﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﻴ

ﺔ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ،

ﺎﻬﻌﻴﻨﺼﺘ لﻬﺴﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘ .

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، ﻱﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﻄﻣ ﺎﻳﺮﻛﺯ-(1) .251

ﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺮﻣ ﻞﻴﺒﻧ ﻞﻴﻠﺧ-(2) ﻝﺎﻤﻋ

، ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ ،

.115

(3) M, Porter, Competitive Strategy, Techniques for Analyzing Industries And Competitors, Macmillan Publishing Co, New York, 2003, p p 40-41.

112

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ،ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ

ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ .

-ﺔﻠﺼﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺜﻜ ﺓﺭﺭﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ

ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻊﻤ ، .

ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺯﻓﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ

.

ﺘﺘ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺤ ﺓﻭﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ

ﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻥﻤ ﻴ

ﻲﻫﻭ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠ

) (1

:

-ﻭ ،ﺭﻌﺴﻠﻝ ﻥﺭﻤ ﺏﻠﻁ ﺩ-ﻭﺠ-ﻭ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﻕﺭﻁ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ

.

-ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ .

ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ

ﻹ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ لﻴﺩﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠ

.

M@2 Ûa@òîvîmag@Šb«

òÐÜØnÛa@¿@ñ…bíŠ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ @Z

:

-ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺡﻭﻀﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ "

ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ "

ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ لﻫ

ﻼﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺀﻼﺠﺒ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻡﺃ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻅﺤﻼﻴ ﻻ ﺩﻗ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺀ

) (2

.

-ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻤ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻪﺒﺎﺸﻤ ﻲﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ

ﺔﻓﺯﺎﺠﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ

ﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﺒﻭ ،ﺔﺒﻭﺴﺤﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻩﺫ

ﻥـﻤ ﺩـﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻤﺒ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﺴﺃ ﺔﻠﻜﻴﻫ

3)

.(

-ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﺎﺜﺃﻭ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﺔﺒﺴﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ

.

ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻕﻴﻭﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺅﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻝﺍ

ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘ .

ﺽﻴـﻔﺨﺘ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﺎﻴﻌـﺴ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃﻭ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ لﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻔﺘ ﺩﻗ

ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻪﺤﻤﻼﻤ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻔﻴ (

) (4

.

bîãbq

@Z îànÛa@òîvîmag Œ

@Z

@ @

ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﺏﺼﻨﺘ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃﻭ لﻤﻋ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻊﻴﻭﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻕﺍﻭـﺴﺄﺒ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺨﺩﻭ

ﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤ ﺞﺘﻨﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺯـﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﺘ

ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺓﺩﺭﻔﺘﻤﻭ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻎﻴﺼ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻠﻝ

ﻡﻴﻤـﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻌﻤﺴﻝﺍ ،

ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﻗﻭ

) (5

.

ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ

ﻊﻴﻁﺘـﺴﺘﻭ ﺕﺎـﻌﻴﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻡـﺠﺤ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻭ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺫﺠ ﻲﻫ

ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻻﻭﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ،ﺎﻬﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺏـﺘﺭﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻝ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺀ

ﺯﻴﻤﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺭﻌﺴﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﺽﻔﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻥﺃ ﻊﻴﻁﺘـﺴﺘ ﺔـﻤﻼﻌﻠﻝ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﻭﻭ

ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺭ ﺵﻤﺍﻭﻫ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝ ﺍﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻊﻀﺘ

) (6

.

ﻰﻔﻄﺼﻣ ﺝﺎﻬﺘﺑﺍ-(1) ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ،ﻦﲪﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ

: ﻹﺍ ﲑﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﻞﺋﺍﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺘﺳ

ﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ،ﻲﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮ ﺮﺼﻣ ،ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﺸﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟ

، ﺹ ،1997 .79

(2)-Bowman C, Interpreting competitive strategy, British Academy of Management Conference, university of Bradford, UK, September, 1992, P P 14-16.

(3)- A, Murray, Contingency view of porter’s Generic strategies, Academy of Management Review, USA, March

1988, p 390.

ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻦﺴﺣ-(4) ،

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ .198

ﻼﺟ ﺶﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺴﺣﺇ ،ﺪﻴﺷﺭ ﺎﺿﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﱀﺎﺻ-(5) ﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ،ﺏ

ﺮﺘﺳ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍ : ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﺞﻫﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻜﺗ ﻞﺧﺪﻣ ،

ﺹ ،2008 .308

ﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺮﻣ ﻞﻴﺒﻧ ﻞﻴﻠﺧ-(6) ﻷ

ﻝﺎﻤﻋ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، .119

113

ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﻻ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻥﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺭﻴﻌﺘ ﻻ ﻝ

ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻙـﻝﺫ لـﺜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺙﻴﺤ ،

ﻲـﻫ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻭﺘﻴ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺩﺎﺒﺘ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻔﺨﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﺠﺘﻴﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺔﻠﺼ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﺒ ﺓﺭ

) (1

.

،ﺎـﻫﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﺵﻤﺍﻭﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺇ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻁﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﻌﺴﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤ لﻗﺃ ﻥﻭﺤﺒﺼﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ .

ﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺯ

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝ

) (2

:

-ﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺱ

.

-ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ .

-ﻲﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ .

-ﻪﻴﻓ ﻉﻭﻓﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻎﻠﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻅﻨ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ .

ﺎﻤﻜ ﺘ ﻥﻴﻠﻜﺸ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻡﺴﻘ

) (3

:

-ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ :

ﻰﺘﺤ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅ لﻅﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﺭﻭـﻁﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻌﻓ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ

ﺒﺎ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ لﻴﺨﺍﺩﻤ

ﻡﻅﻨﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ لﺩـﻌﻤ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻡﺯﻠﺘﺴﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺔﻨﺭﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﻝﻭ ،

ﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻲﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻘﻝ

ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ

.

-ﻕﻴﻭﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ :

ﻴﻘﻴﻭﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺴﺘ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﺼﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺘﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻌﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ

،ﺎﻬﻗﻭﻔﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻭ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﻓﺎﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ

ﺩﻴﺩﺠﺘﻝﺍ

ﻭ ،ﻪﻝ ﺔﻌﺠﺸﻤﻭ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻋﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻫﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ .

ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺢﺠﻨﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺭﻴﺸﻨ ﺢﻴﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔـﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻗ ﻊﻤ ﻡﺀﻼﺘﺘ ﺡﺎﺒﺭﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ

لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺱﻤﺨﻝﺍ

) (4

:

-ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ :

ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﻊﻀﻭﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺓﺩـﺤ ﻥـﻤ ﻥﻤﺄﻤ ﻲﻓ

ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝ ﻡﻬﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻓﻭ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻰﻤـﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،

ﻪﻴﻓ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ ﻭﺃ ،لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺍﻭﻌﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻊﺒﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ .

-ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ :

ﺩﺤﺘ ﻡﻬﻴﺩـﻝ ﺭﻓﻭـﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﻷ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﻙﺸ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ

ﺭﻌﺴﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤ لﻗﺃ ﻡﻬﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺔﻠﺜﺎﻤﺘﻤ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻭ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ .

-ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ :

ﻥﻤﻀﺘ ﻋ ﺢﺒﺭ ﺵﻤﺎﻫ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻲﻝﺎ

ﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺠﻤﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺩ

.

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺪﻴﺷﺭ ﺎﺿﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﱀﺎﺻ-(1) .306

ﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺮﻣ ﻞﻴﺒﻧ ﻞﻴﻠﺧ-(2) ﻝﺎﻤﻋ

، ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ ،

.119

ﻰﻔﻄﺼﻣ ﺝﺎﻬﺘﺑﺍ-(3) ﻦﲪﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، .86

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻲﺳﺍﺩ ﲔﺴﺣ ﺔﺒﻴﻫﻭ-(4) .96

114

-ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ :

ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻼـﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎـﻓﻭ ﻰـﻠﻋ لـﺼﺤﺘ ﻲﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻊﻀﻭ .

M@1 g@pbjÜĐnß ŒîànÛa@òîvîma

ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ Z

) (1

:

،ﺔﻴﻭﻗ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻭﺴﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻭ

ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﻓﺎﻨﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻱﻭﻗ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘ .

-ﺓﺭﺒﺨ ﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺔ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺭﻓ ﻑﻼﺘﺌﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ .

-ﻕﻴﻭﺴﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘ .

-ﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺫﺠﻠﻝ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﻏﺇ ﻥﻴﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝ

.

-ﺯﻓﺍﻭﺤﻭ ﻲﺘﺍﺫ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ

ﺔﻴﻤﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺩﺒ .

ﻲﻓ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻜﻝ ﺇ

ﻲﻫﻭ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺭﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ

) (2

:

-ﻪﻴﻓ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﺘﻨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺇ .

-ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﻨﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻏﺭ ﻊﻤ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ .

-ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺞﻬﺘﻨﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ .

-ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤ ﺀﺍﺩﺃﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﺔﻌﻴﻓﺭ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺃ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ .

-ﺘﻭ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺕﺍﺩﻭﻬﺠﻤ لﺫﺒ ﻁ

ﺕﺎﻔـﺼﺍﻭﻤﻭ ﺹﺌﺎـﺼﺨﺒ ﺞﺘﻨﻤ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭ

ﺯﺎﺘﻤﻤ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻏﺭ ﻊﻤ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﺘ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻘﺌﺎﻓﻭ ﺓ

، ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ .

-ﻻﺍ ،ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻠﻝ لﺜﻤﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﺩﻬﺠﻝﺍ

.

،ﺕﺎـﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻐـﺸﺘ ﺔـﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﻭﻴ لﺎﻌﻓ ﻲﺘﺎﻤﺩﺨﻭ ﻲﻘﻴﻭﺴﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ

ﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﻴﻭ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴ

.

M@2 ŒîànÛa@òîvîmag@Šb«

ﻲﻓ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ Z@

:

ﻲﻓ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ

ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﺘﺭﺘﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ ﺍ

ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭ ﺩﻭـﺠﻭﻭ ،ﺝﺎـﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎـﻜﺘ ﻲـﻓ ﺭﺭﺒﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ

لﺌﺍﺩـﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺩﻗ ،ﻪﺘﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻎﻝﺎﺒﻤ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺍﺭﻌﺴ لﻗﺃ

) (3

.

ﺔﺠﺎﺤ ﻻﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻘﺘ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻘﺴﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗ

.

ﺭـﻤﺃ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝ لﻬﺴﻴﻝ ﻕﻴﻀﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﻀﻨ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻊﺌﺎﺸ .

-ﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﺠﻴ ﺯﻴ

ﺭﺩﻗ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻊﻤ ،ﺩﺌﺎﻋ ﻥﻭﺩ لﺍﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﻘﻔﺘ ﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺓ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺴ

ﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻭ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴ

) (4

.

ﻣ-(1) ،ﺮﺗﺭﻮﺑ ﻞﻜﻳﺎ ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

ﺹ ، .83

-(2) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻪﻴﻀﳛ ﱄﻼﲰ .27

ﻷﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ،ﺕﺍﲑﺒﻋ ﻡﺪﻘﻣ-(3) ﲔﻣ

،ﺲﻣﺎـﳋﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ،ﺎﻴﻘﻳﺮﻓﺇ ﻝﺎﴰ ﺕﺎﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻠﳎ ،ﻞﻤﺘﶈﺍ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺪﻳﺪ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ ﻝﻮﺧﺪﻟﺍ ﺰﺟﺍﻮﺣ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺇ ، ،ﻒﻠـﺸﻟﺍ

،ﺮـﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ

ﺹ ،2008 .313 ﺪﲪﺃ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻦﺴﺣ-(4) ﺭﺎﺘﳐ

، ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ .199

115

brÛbq Z@g Œî×Ûa@òîvîma

Z

@ @

ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ "

ﺇ ،ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ

ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺩﺒ ،ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻥﻴﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻭﺃ ﻪﻠﻤﻜﺄﺒ

"

) (1

، ﺢﻤـﺴﻴ ﺙـﻴﺤ

ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻭ لﻀﻓﺃ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﺒ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ

.

ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ لﻜﻓ ،لﻀﻓﺃ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻲﻗﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﺠﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜﺒ

ﺎﺒﻭ ،ﻩﺩﺤﻭ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﻭﻬﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝ

ﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘـﺴ ﺔﻴ

لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡـﺠﺤ ﻥـﻤ لـﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻪﺘﻴﺒﺫﺎﺠ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻭ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻓ ﺱﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻗ ﺓﺩﺸ ﻯﺩﻤﻭ ،ﻪﺘﻴﺤﺒﺭ ،ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ

) (2

.

ﺠ ﺯﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﻏﺭﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤ ﻉﺎﺒﺸﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﻲـﻓﺍﺭﻐ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺎﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ

ﺕ ﻡﺎـﻴﻗ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻡﻭﻘﺘﻭ ،ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻬﺘﺴﻤ ﻕﻭﺴ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺒ

ﻥﻭﻜﻴﺴ ﻕﻴﻀﻭ ﻑﺩ ﺩـﻨﻋ لﺎـﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻋ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻙﺸ ﻥﻭﺩ

لﻜﻜ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻴﻗ

) (3

.

ﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺭ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺇ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠ

ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ لﺘﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺎﻫﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻥﺄﻜ ،ﺔﻓﺩﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ

ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻔﺨﻨـﻤ ﺎـﻌﻗﻭﻤ

ﻭﺃ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺸ ﺎﻌﻗﻭﻤ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺜﻻﺍ

ﺎﻌﻤ

) (4

.

ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ

ﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ

) (5

:

ﺞﺘـﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻤﺩﺨﺘـﺴﻴ ﻭﺃ ﺔـﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤ ﻡﻬﻝ ﻥﻤﻤ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﺩﻨﻋ

ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻕﺌﺍﺭﻁﺒ .

ﺭﺨﺃ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﻱﺃ لﻭﺎﺤﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺍ

ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻗﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺼﺨﺘﻝ .

-ﻊﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤﻭ ﻡﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻗ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ .

-ﺩﺤ ﺩﺘﺸﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺫﺎﺠ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﺱﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻗ ﺓ

.

ﻥﻴﺘﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﻭﻁﺨ ﻡﺯﻠﺘﺴﺘ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ

) (6

:

-ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻭ :

ﻯﺩـﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻗ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ

ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ لﻜ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺫﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﺴﺴ .

ﻭ ﻲﺳﺮﳌﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﲨ-(1) ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁ

ﺍ ، ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﺞﻬﻨﻣ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺓﺍﺭﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﻲﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

.275

-(2) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ،ﺪﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻞﻴﻋﺎﲰﺇ .204

،ﺮﺗﺭﻮﺑ ﻞﻜﻳﺎﻣ-(3) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

.80

ﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺮﻣ ﻞﻴﺒﻧ ﻞﻴﻠﺧ-(4) ﻝﺎﻤﻋ

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، .121

ﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺮﻣ ﻞﻴﺒﻧ ﻞﻴﻠﺧ-(5) ﻝﺎﻤﻋ

ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ، .192

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻲﺳﺍﺩ ﲔﺴﺣ ﺔﺒﻴﻫﻭ-(6) .97

116

Macmillan 1984

ﻭ(

) 1988 Wiseman

،(

117

118

ﺐﻠﻄﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ

: ﺝﺫﻮﻤﻧ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺳ

ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗﻭ :

ﻲﻋﻭ ﻱﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﺒ ﺭﻤﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻥﺄـﺒ

ﺤﺒﺭ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﺔﺼﺭﻓ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ،ﺔﻴﻗﻭـﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺴﻭﺘﻭ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺔﻴ

ﻥﻴـﺒ ﻥـﻤﻭ ﺕﺎـﻴﻝﻵﺍ

ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺍﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ

ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻕﺭﻁ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺭﻜﺫﻨ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ

ﻪﻤﺩﻗ ) Porter ﻡﺎﻋ(

) 1985 ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ(

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻪﺘﺭﻅﻨ ﻥﻤ

"

ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻡﺠﻨﺘ

ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﻡﻬﺴﻴﺴ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ لﻜ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻡﻴﻋﺩﺘﻭ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻕﻴﻭﺴﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ،ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘﻝﺎﻜ

ﺘﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻕﻠﺨﻭ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬ

"

) (1

.

ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﺩﻌﺘ

"

ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻪﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔـﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠـﺴ ﻡﻬﻓ

ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﻪﻘﻘﺤﻴ ﺎﻤ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺎﻬﻘﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ

"

) (2

.

ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺩﻌﻴ )

Porter

ﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ( ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩ

ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ

ﻑﺭـﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤﻭ ﺔﻁـﺸﻨﻸﻝ ﺔـﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠـﺴﻠﺴﺒ

،ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ

"

ﺔﻁـﺸﻨﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴـﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻁـﺸﻨﻷﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﻙﻴﻨﻜﺘ

ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ، ﺓﻭـﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ

ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﻌﻀﻝﺍﻭ

"

) (3

، ﺔﻁـﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺔـﻤﻴﻗ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻊﻤ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻝ )

ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ،لﻗﺃ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ (

) (4

.

لﻜﺸﻝﺍ

ﻡﻗﺭ ) 3 (3

ﻀﻭﻴ ﺢ ﻤﻨ ﺔﻴﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﺝﺫﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

5)

:(

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ )

-3 :(3 ﺭﺘﺭﻭﺒ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ .

Source : Michael E Porter, Competitive Advantage, The free press, New york, United States of America, 1985, p 37.

(1)-Serge Huteau, Le management public territorial, Editions du Papyrus, France, 2002, P50.

ﻞﻴﻠﺧ-(2) ﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺮﻣ ﻞﻴﺒﻧ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗ ﻭ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳ

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، .165

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺩﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺕﺎﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ،ﲔﺳﺎﻳ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﺪﻌﺳ-(3) .70

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، ﻱﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﻄﻣ ﺎﻳﺮﻛﺯ-(4) .135

ﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺮﻣ ﻞﻴﺒﻧ ﻞﻴﻠﺧ-(5) ﻝﺎﻤﻋ

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ،

.90 ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺴﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻟﺍ

ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ

ﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄ

ﻦﻳﻮﻤﺘﻟﺍ

ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻣﻹﺍ

ﺔﻴﺟﺭﺎﳋﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺮﺨﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻣﻹﺍ

ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ

119

ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ )

Porter ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ(

ﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅ ﻥﻴﻤﺴﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺴﻘﻨﺘ ﺔﻴـﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ

) ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ( ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍﻭ )

ﺔﻤﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍ ( ﺝﺫﻭـﻤﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺍﺩﻌﺒ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺵﻤﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﻨ ﺎﻤﻜ ،

) Porter ﻭﻫ ﺵﻤﺎﻬﻝﺎﻓ(

"

ﺀﻼﻤﻋ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺎﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝ

"

) (1

.

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺴ

:

ﻲﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻠﻝ

ﻭ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ، ﺎﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﻱﺭﺘﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﻕﻴﻭﺴﺘﻝﺍ

ﻊـﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩـﻌﺒ

ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﺱﻤﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ

) (2

:

üëc

@Z pa…a†ß⁄a

@

@òî܁a†Ûa لﻴـﺼﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻼﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﺭﺤﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻡﻀﺘZ@@

ﻝﺍﻭ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻑﻌﻀﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻨ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻴﻭﻘﺘ ﻡﺘﻴﻭ ،ﻥﻭﺯﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭ

.

@ @

bîãbq

@Z

@@ÝîÌ’nÛa@pbîÜàÇ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﻲﻫZ@

ﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺤﺘﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ )

ﻲـﻓ ﺞﺘﻨﻤ

ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻜﺸ (

ﺼﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﺘﻭ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﺩﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺕﻻﻵﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ ،ﻡﻴﻤ

ﺕﻻﻵﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﻴﺼ ، ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ،

ﻋ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠ ﺍﺫﻝ ،ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺹﺘﻤﺘ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ

ﺒﺘﻌﻴ لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﺭ

ﺔﻠﺼﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻡﻴﻋﺩﺘ .

@ @

brÛbq

@Z pa…a†ß⁄a

@

@@òîu‰b¨a I

@pbuŠ‚½a ZH

ﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﻡﻀﺘ@@

ﺍ ﺔﻁ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ،لـﻘﻨﻝﺍ

ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﺎﻀﺒﻝﺍ لﻘﻨﺒﻭ ﻥﺤﺸﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻭ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ ،ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻠﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻤﻹﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺎﻬﻜﻼﻬﺘﺴﺍ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻬﻅﺘﻭ ،

ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻠﻝ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﺭ .

@ @

bÈia‰

@Z pbÈîj½aë@ÕíìŽnÛa ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻲﻫ@Z

ﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻴﻭﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘـﺴ

ﺭﻴﻌﺴﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﻓﺎﻨﻤﻭ ﺞﻴﻭﺭﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺀﺎﻨﺘﻗﻻ ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﺫﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ .

@ @

bŽßb

@Z a@pb߆

åöbiŒÛ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻲﻫ@Z ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻴﺒﻤ ﻡﻋﺩﺒ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ

ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﺎﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﺤﻼﺴ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻓ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﺒ ﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ

ﻲﻫ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺯﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﻭ ﺏﺴﻜ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻋﺩﺘﻝ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ

ﻕـﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻭﺒ

ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ )

ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻭ ﺀﺍﺯﺠﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﻊﻁﻗ ،ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺡﻼﺼﻹﺍ ،ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ (

) (3

.

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﻋﺍﺪﻟﺍ

) ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ (

:

ﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺔﻴﺩﺄﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﻭ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘ

ﺓﺀﺎـﻔﻜﻝﺍ

ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻋﺩﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻜﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹ ﺔﻴﺴﻴ

ﺀﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻝ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝ

ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻭﺘﻭ ، ﺭﻴﻓ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺎ

ﺩﺭﺍﻭـﻤﻝﺍﻭ

ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘﻭ

) (4

:

ﱄﺎﻌﻣ ﺭﺪﻴﺣ-(1) ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ، ﻲﻤﻬﻓ :

ﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﻞﺧﺪﻣ ﺮﺼﻣ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﳌ

، ﺹ ،2002 .10

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﱄﺪﻴﻔﻳﺩ ﺲﻨﺑﺁ ﺕﺮﺑﻭﺭ-(2) ﺹ ﺹ ،

-207 .218

ﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺮﻣ ﻞﻴﺒﻧ ﻞﻴﻠﺧ-(3) ﻝﺎﻤﻋ

ﺹ ، ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، .93

ﱄﺪﻴﻔﻳﺩ ﺲﻨﺑﺁ ﺕﺮﺑﻭﺭ-(4) ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

ﺹ ﺹ ، -219 .223

120

!" # $ %& # $ ' ( )*& # $ + , # $

üëc

@Z

@@@òînznÛa@òîäjÛa

@òŽûàÜÛ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻲﻫ@Z@

ﻭﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍ

ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ،لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻹﺍ

ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ

، ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ .

@ @

bîãbq Z@

@ò튒jÛa@…‰aì½a@îŽm ﻅﻭـﺘ ،ﻥﻴﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻲﻫ@Z@

،ﻡﻬﻔﻴ

،ﻡﻬﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﻴﻗﺭﺘ ،ﻡﻬﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ

ﺀﺍﺯـﺠﺃ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻡﺩﺨﺘ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻠﻋ ،ﻡﻫﺯﻴﻔﺤﺘﻭ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻴﻓ ﻑﻌﻀﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻨ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﻼﻤﺎﻋ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘﻭ

ﺎﻬ .

@ @

brÛbq Z@

@@ïuìÛìäØnÛa@ŠíìĐnÛa ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﻤﺘ@Z@

ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ

ﺕﻼﺠﻤ ﻹﺍ

ﺝﺎﺘﻨ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻘﻓﺍﺭﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﺃ

، ﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻋﺩﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﻌﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ

.

@ @

@bÈia‰

Z@

@åíìànÛa ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺹﺨﻴ@Z@

ﺕﻼﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺭﺍﻭـﻤﻝﺍﻭ

ﺭﺎـﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ لـﻤﻌﺘﻭ

ﺎﻬﻴﻨﺘﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ،ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﺴﺴ ﻭـﻫ ﺎـﻤ لﻜﻭ ،ﺕﻻﺁ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺃ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ

ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻪﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ

ﻥﺎﻤـﻀ لـﺠﺃ ﻥـﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻡﻬﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ،

ﺘﻼﺨﺩﻤ ﻕﻓﺩﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻬ

.

@ @

ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﻥﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ

ﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﻗ لﻜ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻗﻭ

ﺍﺩﺤ ﻲـﻓ لﺒ ،

ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺎـﻤﻤ ،لـﻜﻜ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻍﻭﻠﺒﻝ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﺘﻤﻭ ﺔﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻤ ﻡﺎﺴﻗﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ

ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻡﻴﻅﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ

،ﻯﺭـﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻨﺌﺎﺒﺯ ﺀﺎﻓﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺼﺤ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﺒﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻴ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴﻝ ﻡﻜﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﺤﻨﻤ

ﻑـﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺴﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ لﺴﻼﺴﻝ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺠ

،ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺩﺤﻭ ﻥـﻋ لـﻗﺃ ﺔـﻔﻠﻜﺘﻭ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺀﺍﺩﺄﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺘ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻱﺃ ﺢﻀﻭﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ

ﻥﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻼﺌﺎﻗ ﺭﺘﺭﻭﺒ لﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ "

ﻼﻜ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺩﺤﺍﻭ

"

) (1

.

ﺔـﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺠﺘ لـﺒ ﻁـﻘﻓ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ

ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺩﻤﻹﺎﺒ ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﻤﻷﺍ

−3

ﻙﻝﺫ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ 4

) (2

.

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ )

-3 :(4 ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ .

Source : Michael E Porter, Competitive Advantage, The free press, New york, United States of America, 1985, P 35.

(1)-Michael E Porter, Competitive Advantage, The free press, New york, United States of America, 1985, P39.

ﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺮﻣ ﻞﻴﺒﻧ ﻞﻴﻠﺧ-(2) ﻝﺎﻤﻋ

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، .90

121

ﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﺕﻨﺎ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺀﻱﺯﺠﺘ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﻻ

ﻨﻤﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔ

،ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺯ ﻥﻹ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ لﺴﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴ

ﻰﻝﺇ

ﻥـﻤ ﺩـﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻙـﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺓﺯـﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﺒﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﺘ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻫﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ .

ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﻤﻟﺍ

:

ﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺓﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﺘ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺓﺭﻭﺩ ﻪﺒﺸ

ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ لﺎﺒﻗﺈﻓ ، ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﻥﻭﻫﺭﻤ

ﻯﺩﻤﺒ ﻪﻅﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺎﺒ

، ،ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻝﺍ

ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻌﺴ .

ﻥﻤ ﺫﻫ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﺘ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ :

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ )

-3 :(5 ﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺓﺭﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨ

.

א W

!$=9>

،،(1א،?@א!#AאB)א،#א3אد1א* אC،

ص،2006 K86

ﺭﺜﻜﺃ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘﻝ

) (1

:

M@1 òÜyŠß

@ áí†ÔnÛa Z ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ لﻭﻁﺃ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺄﺸﻨﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

لﺫـﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﺘﺘ ﻲﺘ

،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﺍ

ﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒ

ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﻻ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ

ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ .

M@2

@òÜyŠß

@

@jnÛa Z ﻑﻁﻗﻭ ﻲﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻫ ﻑﺭـﻌﺘ ﻪـﻴﻓﻭ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﻭﺫﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻭﻬﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﺜ

ﺀﻻﻭﻭ ﺎﺠﺍﻭﺭ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ

ﻭ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ

ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺭ ﻰﺼﻗﺃ

.

M@3

@@òÜyŠß

@†îÜÔnÛa ﻅﻨ Z

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻴﺸﻝ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭ ﻲﻓ

ﻝ ﺡﺎﺒﺭﻸ ﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻥﻭﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﺤﻴ ،

ﻩﺫﻫ ﺓﺎﻜﺎﺤﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺩﻭﻜﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺏﺒﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘﺘﻭ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻡﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻓﻭ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﺘﻓ ﺎﺌﻴﺸﻓ

ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺴﺃ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻥﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻴﺨﺭ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ لﺌﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺩﻌﺒ

ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ

ﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻑﻴﻝ ﻕﻴﻭﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ

.

ﻲﺳﺮﻣ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻞﻴﺒﻧ-(1) ،

ﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺇ ﺓﺭﺍﺩ

ﳉﺍ ﺐﺘﻜﳌﺍ ،ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺮﺼﻣ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺪﻨﻜﺳﻻﺍ ،ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﻲﻌﻣﺎ

ﺹ ،2006 .86

2

1

-, ./0

*&

10

122

M4

@òÜyŠß

@

@@ŠíìĐnÛa@ñ‰ëŠ™

لﻭﺼﻭ ﺩﻌﺒ:

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺢﺒﺼﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻌﻴﺒﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻰﻨﺩﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻲﻗﺎﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺩﺭﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺎﻬﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻡﻫﻷ ﺓﺩﻗﺎﻓ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ،

ﻹﺍ ﻯﺩـﻝ ﻲﻋﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﻴ ﺓﺭﺍﺩ

ﺍ ﻹ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺱﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺈﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﺔﻋﺭﺴ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﺒ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ .

üëc

@Z ñ†í†¦a@òîŽÏbänÛa@ñŒî½a

@Z

@ @

ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺓﺩﻋ لﺒﻗ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻥﻤﺍﺯﺘ ،ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺸﻴﻌﻨ ﺕﺍﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ لﻭﺤﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤﻭ ،

ﺎﻤﻜ ﺩﺍﺯ ﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋ ﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

ﺕﺎ ، ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﺼﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﻕﻠﻁﻨﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ

ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻹﺍ

،ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﺀﻼﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﺴﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺏﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ

،ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ

ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺎﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﺒ ﻡﺴﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ

1)

:(

-ﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻝ

ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺎﻜ ﺱﻭﻤﻠﻤﻼ

، ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰﻻﺩﺒ .

-ﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩ

ﻡـﻫﺃ لـﺜﻤﻴ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻩﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍ

ﻤﺎﻋ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻥﻴﺤﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ل ﺒ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ

لﻤﺎﻌ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﻴﺌﺭ .

-ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍﻭ ،

ﺯـﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ

ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﺩﺘ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﺒ .

-ﻩﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ

لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﻪﻨﻤ لﻌﺠ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ

ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻴﺘﻨ ﻩﺭﺜﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻝﻭﺘ ﻲﻜﺒﺸ

ﺎـﻤﻫ ﻥﻴﺘﻴـﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﺠ

ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﺎﻬﻠﺤﻤ لﺤﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺭﻬﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﻴﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝ

ﺔﻴﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺓﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤ

،ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻉﺎﺴﺘﺍﻭ

لﺨﺍﺩ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻋﺭﺴﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ لﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

.

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺕﺭﺜﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺍ

ﺍﺀﺩﺘﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻓﺎـﺸﺘﻜﺍ ﺎﻬﺌﺎـﺸﻨﺇ ﻭﺃ

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺭﻜﺫﻨﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﺒ ﺍﺀﺎﻬﺘﻨﺇ

) (2

:

ﺩﻭﻌﺼ ﻕﻓﺍﺭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ

ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ )

Drucker

( ﻭﺤﻷﺍ لﻜ ﻲﻓﻭ ، ﻲـﻫ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ لﺍ

ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻠﻝ ﻱﻭﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ

ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝﺍ .

ﺩـﻴﻝﻭﺘ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻗ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ

لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻌﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤ ﺹﺭﻓ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ

ﻲـﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ

ﺍ ﺔﺒﻌﻝ ﻁﺭﺸﺒ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﺍ

ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻠﻝ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻔﻴﻝﻭﺘ .

ﻊﻤ ﺕﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻠﻝ ﻲﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻌﺒﺎﺘﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ لﺴﻼﺴ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺎﻀﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺩﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺭﺘ

.

ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻰﻘﺘﻠﳌﺍ ،ﱄﺎﳌﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﰲ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺮﺛﺃ ،ﻦﺴﺣ ﻦﺴﳏ ﻡﺎﻌﻧﺇ-(1) :

ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﻛﺮﻟﺍ ﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺪﺤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓ

ﺪـﻤﳏ ﺔـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺕﺎﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗ

،ﺓﺮﻜﺴﺑ ،ﺮﻀﻴﺧ

،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ -12 ﱪﻤﻓﻮﻧ13 ﺹ ،2005 .09

ﺪﻌﺳ-(2) ،ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺷﻭ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ،ﲔﺳﺎﻳ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﺍ

ﻰﻘﺘﻠﳌ ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍ : ﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺇ ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ،ﺔﻧﻮﺘﻳﺰﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨ

، 25 27 ﻞـﻳﺮﻓﺃ ﺹ ﺹ ،2005

15 16 .

123

bîãbq

@Z òîŽÏbänÛa@ñŒî½a@¿@ñŠqû½a@ÝßaìÈÛa

@Z

@ @

ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻋﺭﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ

ﺩﺠﻨ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ لﺅﺎﻀﺘ :

M@1

´ŽÏbä½a@ñ‰†Ó ﻲﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﻭﻫZ

ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ

ﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﺎﺒ

،ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ

ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻠﻝ

ﻁﺘﻭ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃﻭ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻭ

ﻡﻬﻝﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺭﻴ ﻱﺫـﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝﻭ ،

ﺎﻤ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﻡﻬﻫﺎﺒﺘﻨﺍ ﻑﺭﺼﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺩﻤﻷﺍ لﻴﻭﻁ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ

ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ

) (1

.

M@2 ñ†í†u@bîuìÛìäØm@‰ìèà ﺭـﺜﺃ ﻪﻝ ﺎﻤﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ Z

ﻥﻋ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁ

ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻕﻴﺭ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ

ﺙﺍﺩـﺤﺇ ﻭﺃ ﻁﺎـﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ

ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺝﻭﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﺜﺘ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻭ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻤ .

M@3

@@@@ÙÜènŽàÜÛ@ñ†í†u@pbuby@‰ìèà ﺯﻴﻤﻠﻝ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻻ:

ﻬﺌﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺭ ﻭﻫ ﺎ

ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ

ﻭ ،ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﻭﺫﺃ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻭ ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻤ ﻲﻜﺎﺤﺘ ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ

ﻥﻴﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ

) (2

.

M@4

@pý†½a@ÑîÛbØm@¿@Ìm Z

لـﺜﻤ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺒﻠﺴ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﺘ

ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﻭﺃ

.

M@5

@@òîßìاa@pbbîŽÛa ﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﺍﻭﻤﻭ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﺩﻗ Z

ﺓﺎـﻋﺍﺭ

ﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻼﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ

.

ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﺙﻼﺜﺒ ﺩﺩﺤﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ

) (3

:

M@1 òîŽÏbänÛa@ñŒî½a@‰†–ß ﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻘﻨﺘZ@@

ﺎﻤﻫ ﻥﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓ :

ﺎـﻬﺘﺎﻜﺎﺤﻤﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ لﻬﺴﻴ ﺫﺇ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜﻝ لﻗﻷﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺎﻜ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤ

لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ .

-ﻭ ﺎﻴﺠ-ﻭﻝ-ﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤ ﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ

ﻪﻤﻴﺩ ،ﺔـﺒﻴﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤـﺴﻝﺍﻭ

ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺼﺤﻭ ،ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ .

M@2

@ñŒî½a@‰…b–ß@…†Ç Ûa

@

@bèØÜ·

òŽû½a ﺍ@Z@

ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋ ﺔﻝﻭﻬـﺴ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅـﻴ ﻁـﻘﻓ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺎﻜ ،ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﻠﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻜﺎﺤﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻼﺜﻤ

ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ،

ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺏﻌﺼﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ .

@ @

M@3 Ûaë@´ŽznÛa@òu‰…

n ŠànŽ½a@ŠíìĐ ،ﻉﺭـﺴﺃ لﻜـﺸﺒﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺤﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ@Z@

ﻝﺫﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﺒ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ لﺒﻗﻭ ﻙ

ﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺎـﻴﺍﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺭـﻴﻴﻐﺘﺒ ﺕﺎـﺴﺴ

ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤ ﺔﺒﺘﺭ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤ ﻕﻠﺨﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ .

ﺰﻧﻮﺟ ﺚﻳﺭﺎﺟ ،ﻞﻫ ﺰﻟﺭﺎﺸﺗ-(1) ﺹ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

.217

ﻲﺳﺮﻣ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻞﻴﺒﻧ-(2) ،

ﺇ ﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳ ﺓﺭﺍﺩ

ﳌﺍ ،ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﻲﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺐﺘﻜ ﺹ ﺹ ،

98 99 -.

ﺹ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻪﳝﺍﺰﻫ ﻦﺴﺣ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺐﻳﺩﺃ-(3) -59

.60

124

ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﻤﻟﺍ :

ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺲﺳﻷﺍ ﻟ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ :

ﻥﻫﺭﺒ ) Porter ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ(

ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﻥﺍﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ

ﺘﻴ ﻥﻴ ﻕـﻠﺨﻝ ﻥﻴﺘﻴـﺴﺎﺴﺃ

ﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ،ﻥﻴﻌﻤ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻤﻴﻗ ﻕـﻠﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ

لﺍﺅـﺴﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﻁﻴﻭ ،ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﻌﻤ ﺽﻔﺨ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺴﺠﺘﻴ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻭ ﺔﻗﻭﻔﺘﻤ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻊﻴﻭﻨﺘﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ﺽﻔﺨ ﻥﻤ

ﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ

؟ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﺘ .

ﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﻐﺒﻓ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻁﺸﻨﺘ ﻱﺫ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ،ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻤﺩﺨ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻴ )

ﻩﺎـﺠﺘﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺭ ،ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﺀﻼـﻤﻌﻝﺍ

،

ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ( ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺱﺴﺃ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻠﻝ

ﻱﻷ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ

ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺒﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ

) (1

.

ﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻡ

) -3 (6 : ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ .

א W D>E?E، DF

،

،* א1א3אد1א 'א$=و$=!%&

،

،ضא،Hאאد ص،2001

K196

ﺭﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺩ

ﺎﻤﻜ ﻡﻬﺘﻼﻴﻀﻔﺘ

ﻬﻨﺃ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﺇ ﻪﻠﻜ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﺒﻁﻴﻭ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﺎ .

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺓﺰﻴﻤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺠﻟﺍ :

ﻥﻴﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻏﺭ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺩﺍﺯ ،ﺔﺒﻗﺎﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺫﺇ

ﻡﻝ

ﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﻴ لﺒ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝ ﻙﺭﺤﻤﻝﺍ ل

ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ،

ﺎـﻤ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﺏـﺠﻭﺃ

ﻰـﻠﻋ

ﻝﺎﻋ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻊﻨﺼﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ

، ﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺎﻬ

ﺔﻓﺎـﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ

ﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻀﻓﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ .

ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ "

ﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ

ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻠﻝ ) ﺔﻌﻠﺴ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ (

ﺱـﻜﻌﺘﻭ ﺢـﻀﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﻗ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺓﺭﺩ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻨﻴﻤﻀ ﻯﺭﺨﺃﻭ ﺔﺤﻴﺭﺼ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤ ﻉﺎﺒﺸﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ

"

) (2

ﺕﺯﻭﺎـﺠﺘﻓ ﺓﺩﻭـﺠﻠﻝ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،

ﺰﻧﻮﺟ ﺚﻳﺭﺎﺟ ،ﻞﻫ ﺰﻟﺭﺎﺸﺗ-(1) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

.196

،ﱄﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﰲ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﳉﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻓ ﻮﺑﺃ ﺪﲪﺃ ﻒﺳﻮﻳ-(2) ﺍ

ﻰﻘﺘﻠﳌ ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍ : ﳌﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺇ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺮﻌ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ

، ﺔـﻧﻮﺘﻳﺰﻟﺍ ﺔـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻥﺎـﻤﻋ ،

ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ، ،

25 27 ﺃ ﻞﻳﺮﻓ ،2005 ﺹ .3 ﺓﺰﻴﻤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺠﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺗ ﺓﺰﻴﻣ :

ﺰﻴﻤﺘﻟﺍ -. ﻞﻗﻷﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻟﺍ -.

ﻉﺍﺪﺑﻹﺍ

ﺓﺰﻴﻤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﻌﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺭ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺗﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ

ﺓﺰﻴﻤﺘﻤﻟﺍ

125

ﻰﻝﺇ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺍﻭﺨ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ

ﺩﺎﻌﺒﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ

ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ

ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﺒ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﻓ

) (1

.

ﺕﺍﺯﻜﺘﺭﻤ ﺩﺤﺄﻜ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ

ﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ

ﺽﻴـﻔﺨﺘﺒ ﺢﻤـﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻥﻭﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻘﺘﻔﻴ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﻨﻤﻴ ﺫﺇ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻨﻤ لﻗﺃ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ

ﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻁﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻲ

) (2

، لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ

"

ﺭﻴﻴـﺴﺘ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ

ﺇ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﺒ لﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﺭ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﻰﻌﺴﻴ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤ ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ

"

، ﻲﻫﻭ

"

ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻠﻝ

ﺴﺃﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﻅﺘﻨﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎ

".

ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺎﻔﻋﺎﻀﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ :

-ﻨﻤ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻥﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﺠﺘ

ﺢﻤـﺴﻴ ﺎـﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ

ﻲﻝﺎﻋ ﺭﻌﺴ ﺽﺭﻔﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝ

ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤ ، ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻙﻠﺘﻤﺘ ﻻ ﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ

ﺔ ﻁـﻘﻓ

ﺎﻬﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻅﻨ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺍﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﺽﺭﻔﺘ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻥﻜﻝ .

ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ

ﻠﻝ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ،ﺓﺩـﺤﻭ

ﺴ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻋ ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻠﻝ لﻗﺃ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻭ لﻤﺎﻌﻠﻝ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ

.

ﺩﺩﺤ ﺩﻗ ) David Garvin

ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻬﻋﺎﺒﺘﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻴ ﻁﺎﻘﻨ ﺱﻤﺨ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ(

ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺍﺩﺄﻜ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ

) (3

:

-ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺏﺠﻭﺘﻴ .

-ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ لﻜ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒﻻ .

-ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﺠﻴ .

-ﻨﺒ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎ .

-لﻤﺎﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻠﻝ ﺩﺒﻻ .

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺓﺰﻴﻤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ :

ﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻜ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﺩﺤ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﻭ ،ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓ

ﺞﺌﺎـﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻕـﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲـﻨﻌﺘ

ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ لﻗﺄﺒ ﺓﻭﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ

ﻭ ، ﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺴﺠﺘﺘ ﺘـﺴ

لﻼﻐ لـﺜﻤﻷﺍ

ﻭ ،ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻠﻝ لﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻜﺒ ﺱﺎﻘﺘ

ﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺽﺭﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﻤﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤﻝ

ﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﺕ

ﺝﺎـﺘﻨﻹ ﺔـﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺨﺩـﻤﻝﺍ ﺕـﻠﻗ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ لﺩﻌﻤ ﻊﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﺎﻤﻠﻜﻓ ،

ﺔـﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺫﻭﺤﺘﺴﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤ

ﻋ-(1) ،ﻱﻭﺎﻴﳛ ﻡﺎﳍﺇ ،ﻝﺎﺣﺭ ﻲﻠ ،ﺱﺭﺎﻣ ،ﺔﺑﺎﻨﻋ ،ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﻲﺟﺎﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺲﻣﺎﳋﺍ ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ ،ﻕﺎﻓﺁ ﺔﻠﳎ ،ﻕﻮﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻮﳉﺍ

ﺹ ،2001 .42

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻪﻴﻀﳛ ﱄﻼﲰ-(2) .9

،ﻲﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ-(3) ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ

: ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ،ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﺸﻨﻠﻟ ﻞﺋﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻄﻟﺍ ،ﻲﻤﻛ ﻞﺧﺪﻣ ﺹ ،2000

.38

126

ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺒ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺎﻬﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﺒ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ

ﻲﻀﺘﻘﻴ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺍ

ﺎﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝ ـﻠﻋ ﻕﺎـﻁﻨﻝﺍ ﻊـﺴﺍﻭ ﻰ

ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻴﺜﻭ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ

) (1

.

ﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻊ

ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ،

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨ ﻥﻴﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ

ﺎـﻤﻫﻭ ﻥﻴـﺴﺎﺴﺃ

ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ :

üëc Z@

@…‰aì½a Z ﺎﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴﻭ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻁﺭﺸ ﻲﻫ

ﻥﺈـﻓ ﺔﻴﺭـﺸﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻝ

ﺔﻴﻗﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺼﺤ ﻉﺎﺴﺘﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ .

bîãbq Z@

pa‰†ÔÛa ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺩﺭﻭﻤ لﻜ ﻥﺇ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻪﻌﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﺘﺘ Z

لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺼﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻬﻅ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻥﻤ .

ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻉﺍﺪﺑﻹﺍ :

ﺓﺯـﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎـﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﻫ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻭ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻲﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻭ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺃﺭﻁﻴ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ لﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﺘﺸﻴﻭ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ .

ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ

"

ﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩـﻘﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺩـﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻭ ﺔﺴ

ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ

"

) (2

ﻭ ، ﺩﺭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ

ﺯـﻴﻴﻤﺘﺒ

ﺽﻔﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﺽﺭﻓ ﻥﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻓﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤ ،ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﻝﺍ

ﺔـﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻑﻴﻝﺎـﻜﺘ

،ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻐﺒ ﻱﺃ

ﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻴ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺄﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺞﺘﻨ

.

ﺔﻔﻜ ﺢﻴﺠﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﻜ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺎﻴﻠﺠ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ

ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻋ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺽﻭﺭﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﺒﺸﺘ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ،

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻴـﻔﺨﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘـﺴﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺄﺠﻠﺘ

لﻭﻌﺘ ﺔﻋﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺍﺭﻌﺴ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻨﻋﻭ ،ﻉﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﺯﻜﺭﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﻘﺘﺴﺇ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺎﺤﺎﺒﺭﺃ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﻥﺃ لﻭﻘﻨ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺘﺸﺍ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺎﺤﺎﺒﺭﺃ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻋﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ .

ﻌﻴ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺒﺘﻴ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺭﺒﺘ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ لﻜ ﻲﻓﻭ ،

،ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺍﺭﻌﺴ ﺽﺭﻔﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻥﻴﺤﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ

ﺔـﻤﻼﻌﻠﻝﻭ ﺞﺘـﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﻱﻭـﻗ ﺩﺠ ﺀﻻﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﺭﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺤﺠﻨ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻋﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻜﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ لﻴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻌﺼﻴ

) (3

.

-(1) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻪﻴﻀﳛ ﱄﻼﲰ .8

ﻥﺎﺣﺮﻓ ﺀﻼﻋ-(2) ﺐﻟﺎﻃ

ﻣ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ،ﰊﺎﻨﳉﺍ ﺓﲑﻣﺃ ، ﺔﻓﺮﻌ

ﻥﻮﺑﺰﻟﺍ ،ﺮﺸﻨﻠﻟ ﺀﺎﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ

،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ﺹ ،2009

.161

ﻟﺭﺎﺸﺗ-(3) ﺰﻧﻮﺟ ﺚﻳﺭﺎﺟ ،ﻞﻫ ﺰ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

201 ﺹ 202 -.

127

ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺗﺍ ﻞﻌﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺭ :

ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎـﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻭﺘﻴ ،ﺩﻴﺠ لﻜﺸﺒ لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﺘ ﻲﻜﻝ ﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺌﻼﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﻏﺭﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤ ﻉﺎﺒﺸﺇﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻀﻓﺃ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺏـﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﺏـﻠﻁﺘﻴ

ﻻﺍ ﺎﻤﺘﺴ ﻉ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻝ

، ﻭ ﻪﻨﻭﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭ

ﺕﻗ ﻪﻨﻭﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺎـﻬﺒ ﺩﺨﻷﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻜﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺫﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ

ﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺩﺠﻝﺍ لﻤﺤ ﺃ

ﺕﻗﻭ ﺏﺭﻗ ﻰـﺘﺤ ﺔﻌﻠﺴﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﺭﻐﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ لﻴﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻱﺃ

ﺎﻬﺌﺍﺩﺃ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻠﺴﺘ

) (1

، ﻌﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ لﻴﻀﻔﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻝ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺀﻼﻤ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝ

ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻊﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﺎﻤﻠﻜﻭ ،ﻪﺒﺒﺴﺒ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻ ﺀﻻﻭـﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘـﺴﻤ ﻊـﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﺀ

ﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻠﻝ ﺎﻤ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺍﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃ ﺽﺭﻔﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ

ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻙﻼﺘﻤﺍ

ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ .

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻋ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ

2)

:(

-ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻥﻤﺯ .

-ﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺩ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻨﺼ .

-ﻡﻴﻠﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺯ .

ﺕﺭﺒﺠﺃ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺭـﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻭـﻜﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻜﺎﻴﻫ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻁﻴﺴﺒﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﻓ ،ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤﻭ ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﺯﺠﺘ ، ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍﻭ

لﻤﻋ ﻕﺭﻓ

ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺎﺒ لﻤﺎﻜﺘ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ

ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺘﺴﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ،

ﻡﻜﺤﺒ ،ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﺭ

ﻭ ﺢﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻭ ﺔﻓﺯﺎﺠﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻁ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ

) (3

.

ﻱﺃ ﺓﺩـﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﻔـﺼﺍﻭﻤ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺓﺩـﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﻭﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺃ

ﻥ

ﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍﻭ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘ

،ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻗﻭﻔﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤ

ﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ :

üëc Z@

ÝîàÈÛa@óÜÇ@Œî×Ûa ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻻ@Z

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻬﺌﻼﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ

ﻗﻭﻔﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺴﺠﺘﺘ ﺍﺫﻜﻫﻭ لﻴﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺔ

.

bîãbq Z@

@@@õýàÈÛa@pbuby@Êbj‘g ﻡﺎـﻴﻗ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤ ﻉﺎﺒﺸﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻠﻴ ،لﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﻌﺒ@Z

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘﻭ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺈﺒ

.

brÛbq

@Z

@@òibvnüa@oÓë ﺎﻤ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ Z

ﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺭﺴ ﻪﻨﻭﺒﻏﺭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀ

ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ

ﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤ ﺏﺴﻜ ل .

ﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻭ لﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺭ ،ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘ

ﻕـﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ

ﺓﺀﺎـﻔﻜﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﺄـﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ ﺓﺯـﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻼﺜﻤﻓ ،ﻡﻬﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﺔﻜﺒﺎﺸﺘﻤ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻴ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،

ﻻﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ لﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤﻝ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴ

.

ﺰﻧﻮﺟ ﺚﻳﺭﺎﺟ ،ﻞﻫ ﺰﻟﺭﺎﺸﺗ-(1) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

.202

ﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺮﻣ ﻞﻴﺒﻧ ﻞﻴﻠﺧ-(2) ﻝﺎﻤﻋ

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، ﺹ ،

.18

ﺎﺘﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ-(3) ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ،ﻲﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺭ ،

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ ،

.40

128

oÖ^nÖ]ovf¹]

€b¬ V

^éqçÖçßÓi íʆù]

íéŠÊ^ßiìˆéÚÐéπ»

،ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻗﻭﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ لﺒ ،ﺔﻋﺭﺴﺒ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺕﺤﻀﺃ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺯ

ﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﺕﺩﺍ ﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜ

،ﺕﺎـﻤ

ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺄﻓ ﺜﻜﻝﺍ

ﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴ ﻐﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

ﻴ ﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﺭﻴﻴﻐ

، ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ

ﻕـﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘـﺴﻴﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻴـﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻡﻴﻋﺩﺘ ﻪﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﺩﻴﺠ ﻲﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻹﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

:

-لﻜﻜ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ .

-ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ .

ﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺽﺭﻌﻨ ﻲ

ﻲـﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ

ﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻋﺩ ﺽﺭﻌﻨ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﺴﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻗ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ ﺹﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝ ﺭ

.

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﻤﻟﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟ ﻲﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ :

ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺎﻫﺭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺍﺩﺭﻭﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﻭـﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐ

ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ .

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻤﻬﺴﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻫ

1)

: (

üëc Z@

@@ïŽÏbänÛa@áv§a ﺇ@Z

ﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻥ ﺭﺒﺠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﹰﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺤ ﺓ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺍﺫﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓﻭ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺢﺒﺼﺘ ﻥﻷ

ﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻑﻭﺴ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ

ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘـﺴﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺔـﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺯﺭﺒﺘ

ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ :

@ @

-ﻝﺍ ﻔﺨﺘ ﻴ ﺽ ﻥﻤ ﺘ ﻔﻠﻜ ﺔ ﺍ ﺔﺘﻤﺘﺃ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻨﺼﻤﻝ

ﺙﻴﺤ ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎ

ﻥـﻜﻤﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻗﺄﺒﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﺒ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ

.

ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﻤﻌﺘﻭ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﻑﺭـﻌﻴ ﺎـﻤ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ

ﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍ لﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﺒ لﻤﻌ

.

-ﻭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻓ

ﺩﺎـﺠﻴﺇ ﻰـﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻠﻝ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭ

ﺔﻴﺒﺫﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺯﻓﺎﺤﻝﺍ .

ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺭﺎﺒﺨﺘﺴﺇ

ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ

ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺩﺭﺘﻝ ،ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍﻭ ،ﺱﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻋ

ﻠ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻔﺒ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻪﻴ .

ﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﱀﺎﻓ-(1) ﻱﺭﻮﳊﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻟ ،

ﺹ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ 35

46 .

129

bîãbq Z@

@@ÞbàÇþa@pbîÜàÇ@ò½ìÇ ﺘ@Z

ﺭﺒﺘﻌ ﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ

ﺍﻝ

،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻜﻼﻬﺘﺴﺍ ،لﻗﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻓ

ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻭ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ

ﺒ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻤﻝﻭﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩ ﺽﻌﺒ

، ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﻙـﻝﺫ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ

ﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺎﺴﺒﺒ

،ﺀﺍﺯﺠﻷﺍ ،ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝ ﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﻴﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ

@ @.

ﻁﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺏﻠ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺯﺠﺎﺤ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻝﺍﺯﺇ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻬﻴﺩﻭﺯﻤﻭ

ﺎﻬﻨﺌﺎﺒﺯﻭ ﻬﻴﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻭ

لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﺎ ﻲـﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺇ

ﻬﻌﻴﻤﺠﻭ ،ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ ،ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎ

ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ

ﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤ ﺔﻝﺍﺯﺇ ﻭﺃ لﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ .

brÛbq Z@

òîàîÄänÛa@paîÌnÛa ﻲﻫZ@@

ﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝ ﺎﺒﺒﺴ

ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻝ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ،

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ لﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ لﻜﺸ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻭﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻨ

ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭـﻴﻴﻐﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘـﺴﻼﻝ ﺔـﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ

ﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﺒ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ل

ﻭ ﺯﻴﻔﺤﺘﻭ ﺹﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ

ﺩﺩﻋ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ

ﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻠﻝ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻜﺭﺤﻤ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﻭﺩ :

@ @

-ﺕﺍﺭﺭﺒﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻴ ﺇ

ﻭﻫ ﺎﻬﺒﺒﺴ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺘﻤﺘﻷﺍﻭ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻨﻻﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ

،ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ

ﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺔﻝﺍﺯﺇ ﻡﺘ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺎ

ﻥـﻤ ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ

لﻜﻴﻫ لﻌﺠ لﻼﺨ ﺎﻁﺎﺴﺒﻨﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

.

-ﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺕﺩﻬﺸ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺍﺩﺩﻋ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎ

ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺫﺍﻭﺤﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻤﺩﻨﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴ

ﻥـﻤ ﺭـﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭ

،ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﻊﺒﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻤﺩﻨﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ

.

-ﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭ-ﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺓﺭـﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﺃ ﻙﺎﻨﻬﻓ ،ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝ

ﺕﺜﺩﺤ ﺩﺃ ﺎﻤﻤ ، ﻯ

لﺨﺩﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ

،ﺏﺜﻜ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤﻭ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺍﺫﻝ

ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨ

ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻸﻝ ﻊﻴﺭﺴ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺏﻴﺠﺘﺴﻴ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﻯﻭﺘﺤﻴﻭ ،لﻁﺒﻴﻭ ،ﻊﻨﻤﻴ ﻑﻭﺴ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ .

-ﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﺔﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﻘﻘﺤ ،ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﻭﻀ

ﺤ ﺎﻤ ﺫ ﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﻝﺍ ﻨﺘ ـﻅ ﻡﻴ

ﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻠﻝ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺢﺒﺼﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻲ

ﺭﺜﺄﺘﻴ ﻥﻷ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﺒ

ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﻥﺌﺎـﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﺒﻠﻁ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﺒ ﺎﻫﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍﻭ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ

ﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺩﺤﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﺃ ،ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﺎﺒ

ﺓﺭﺸ .

bÈia‰

Z@

@pbßìÜȽa@bîuìÛìäØm@ñ‰ìq ﺎﻤﻜZ@@

ﺕﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺜﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﻼ ﻥﺈﻓ

ﺓﺭﻭﺜ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻤﻬﺴﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ

ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﺔﻋﺭﺴ ﻥﺃ ﻩﺫﻫ

ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻊـﺠﺭﻴ

ﻝ ﺃ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﺏﺒﺴ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺭﺎﻌﺴ

، ﺎﻤ ﺃ ﺩ ﻝﻼﺤﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯ ﺎﻬ

ﺱﺃﺭـﻝ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ لﺤﻤ

لﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ

، ﺍﻭﻋ ﺩﺠﻭﺃ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻫﻭﺠ ﺩﺌ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﺒ ﺭﻤﺜﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﻲﻜﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻁﺸﻨﺃ لﻜﻴﻫ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ .

@ @

130

ﺌﺭ ﻥﻴﺩﻌﺒ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﻴ

:

ﻥﺇ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﻜﺍﺫ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺴﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﻓ ،

ﻥـﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎ

ﻴﺤ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻪﻨﻷ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺀﺎﻨﺘﻗﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻡﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺙ ﻲـﻁﻌﺘ ﺎـﻬﻨﻷ ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔـﻔﻠﻜﺘ

ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﻘﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺌﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ .

-ﺘ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺍﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜ

ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺓﺭـﺼﺘﻘﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﺘ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻠﻓ

ﺍ ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﺒﻤ لﺎﺼﺘﺍﻭ ﻙﺒﺎﺸﺘ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝ

ﺸ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭ ﻥـﻤ ،

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻨ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ .

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟ ﻲﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ :

ﺇ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ

ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴ

ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺜﻤﺘﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ

) (1

:

@ @

-ﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﻹﺍ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠ

ﻁﻴـﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ لﻼـﺨ ﻥـﻤ ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ

ﺴﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺏ .

ﺎﻤﻜ ﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺔﺘﻤﺘﺃ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻠﻝ لﺜﻤﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺘﻭﺭﻝﺍ .

ﻊﻠـﺴ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﺃ ﺢﺘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺇ

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻭ .

-ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ

ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻝ .

-ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ .

ﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻴ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ

ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ

2)

:(

@ @

-ﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻁﻤﻨﻜ ﺔ

ﺔﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍﻭ

، ﻴﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﻥ

ﻥـﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﻻﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ .

ﻊﻤ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷ ﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺭﻤ

ﺩـﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻊـﻤ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅ

ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻏﺭﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤ .

-ﺓﺯﻫﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻝﻵﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ .

-ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻭ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻤﻭ ،

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ .

ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ : ﺍ ﻴﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻤﻟ ﺔ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺰﻳﺰﻌﺘﻟ :

ﻲﻠﻏﺮﻓ ﷲﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ-(1) ﻰﺳﻮﻣ

،ﺮﺼﻣ ،ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ ،ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﺸﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻠﻟ ﻙﺍﺮﺗﺍ ،ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻃ ،ﱐﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻﺍﻭ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﻮﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ، ﺹ ،2008

. 36

ﺡﺎﺒﺻ-(2) ﻡﻭﺪﻴﻘﻠﺑ ﺪﳊﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺮﺛﺃ ، ﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﰲ ﻩﺍﺭﻮﺘﻛﺩ ﺔﺣﻭﺮﻃﺃ ،ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﲑﻴﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺜﻳ

ﺔﻨﻴﻄﻨـﺴﻗ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﲑﻴﺴ ،2

،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ،2013 ﺹ .187

131

ﺽﺭﻌﻴ )

Canter 2003

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻩﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ(

) (1

:

-ﺘ لﻤـﺸﻴﻭ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻌﺘﻴﻝ ،لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺏﻌﻠ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ،ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ

ﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺒﻠﺘﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﺠﺎ

.

-ﺍ ﻥـﻋ ﺎﺜﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻝ

ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻓﻭﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ .

-ﺍ ﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺹﻘﻨ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻝ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻼﻫﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝ

ﻜﺘ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺜﻜﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻨ

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ .

-ﺍ ﺓﺯـﻬﺠﺃ ﺭﻓﺍﻭـﺘﻜ ﺔـﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻓﻼﺘﺌﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺩﺒﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺔﻴﺘﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻝ

ﻴﺴﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﻜ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘﻭ ،ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻤﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺏ ﺍ

ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﻡ

ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ )

LAN & WAN

( ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒ ﻻﻭ ، ﻰﻨﺒﻝﺍ

ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﺤﺘﻝﺍ .

-ﺍ ﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻝ ﻰ

،ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻭ

ﻥـﻤ ﹰﺍﺀﺩـﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﻌﻔﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

ﻰـﺘﺤﻭ ﻥﻴﻋﺯﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﺭﻭﺭﻤﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘﻝﺍ ،لﻘﻨﻝﺍ ،ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍﻭ ﻊﻴﻨﺼﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﺭﻭﺭﻤﻭ ﻡﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﻁﻴ ﻥﻷ لﺒﺎﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨﻝﺎﺒ .

ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ :

ﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭ

) (2

:

لـﻌﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﻥﺄﺸﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻡﻴﻅﻌﺘ

ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻻﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻤﺩﻘﺘ ﺎﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﺅﺒ .

-ﺩﻨﻫ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺕﺎﻤﺩـﺨﻠﻝ ﺔﻋﺭـﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻭـﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔـﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﺴ

ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ .

ﻥـﻤ ﺍﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺫﺇ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ

ﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻭﻘﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻡﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺹﺎﺨـﺸﻷﺍ ﻁﺒﺭـﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺭ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﺎﻌﻤ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍﻭ .

ﻥﻴﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺎﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻋﺩﺒﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ

ﺫﻫ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺍ ﺱﻜﻌﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺸﻨﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻩ

.

-ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻡﺍﺩﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ :

ﻱﺭﻮﳊﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﱀﺎﻓ-(1) ،

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ .79

ﺓﺰﻴﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﺛﺍ ،ﺩﻮﻤﳏ ﻞﻴﻋﺎﲰﺇ ﺩﻮﻤﳏ-(2) ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﺖـﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﺃ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﰲ ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ

،2009

ﺹ .54

132

ﻥﻤـﻀﺘﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻫ ﻭﻫ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ •

ﻉﺍﺭﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ .

ﺎﻔﻝﺎﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ •

ﺔـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭـﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕ

ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﻜﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ .

ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻠﻝ ﻻﻭﺃ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ •

ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ،ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗﻭ لﻭﺨﺩ ﻊﻨﺍﻭﻤ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭـﻁﺘ ،ﻲـﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ

ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺭﺴﺃ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﻝ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺴ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ .

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ )

-3 :(7 ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ .

א W

#אE( I8،موK97 LMא)2د5وN8،د)Oא+';$!* אאP')אQ%@א+ אو+

(R('O#E،P')אم%

،SאDAא،2 ص،2013

K193

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﻤﻟﺍ :

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ﺺﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺭﻭﺩ :

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﻯﻭﻗ ﺓﺩﻋ لﻤﺸﺘ ﺔﺌﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺸﻨﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ لﻜﺸﺘ

ﻥﻴـﺒ ﻥـﻤﻭ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺹﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﺤﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻤﻫﺃ ﺎﻬ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

) ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻡﻅﻨ (

ﻥـﻤ لﻭﺎﺤﻨـﺴ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،

ﻴﻜ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻗ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ ﺹﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻔ

:

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺿﻭﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺺﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺭﻭﺩ :

ﻙﻝﺫـﻝ ،ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻲﻗﻭﺴ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻁﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺭﺃ ﺹﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺭﺘﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ ﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﺤﺘ ﻥـﻤﻭ ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇﻭ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻠﻘ

ﺕﺎـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ لﻜﺸ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻡﻬﻌﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﺘ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ

) (1

لﺎﻤﻌﺘـﺴﺍ لﻼـﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺘﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،

ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ :

ﻕﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﲑﺸﺑ-(1)

، ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ :

ﺪﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ،ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﺸﻨﻠﻟ ﻕﺍﺭﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ،ﻲﻘﻳﻮﺴﺗ ﻞﺧ

،

،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ﺹ ،2002

.19

l^Úç×ù]<^éqçÖçßÓi

نC!א"ADE.

F 'א-/،=.א،دGא

$HC!א E 5".א%Iد

F

،=א،5JلLد 5%MدGא E

Nא92אא=א$<

F

5אد(7אوصMQRאSC--9Rאو E

%T7א=א'C 8T@و9=.7אU

%7א+א2אVא مא

XTא"5אYZ L

'אدRא

133

üëc

@Z@

@@ÞìznÛa@ÑîÛbØm I

Les couts de conversation

@ZH ﻭﻫ ﻥﺇ ﻱﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺤﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻫ@

ﻑﻴﻝﺎـﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ لﺜﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻼﻤﺎﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ لﻭﺎﺤ ﺘﻭ ،ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻫ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ لـﺒﻗ ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻻﻵﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜ

ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻭ ،ﻱﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ...

ﺦﻝﺍ

1)

ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘـﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻭﺠﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ،(

ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ،ﻱﺭﺘﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ )

Upjohn

ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﺒ (

ﻝﺍ لﺎﺨﺩﻹ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺘﻤ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺕﺎـﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺎـﺒﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﻡﻭـﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺩﻴﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺩﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻠﻁ

لﺩﺎـﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭـﻁﺃ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﺩﻋﺎﺴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ،ﻱﺭﻭﻓ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻡﺘﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺩـﻴﺭﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﻋ ﻙﻴﻫﺎﻨ ،ﻡﻼﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺹﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﺀﻼﻤﻋ ﺩﻭﻌﺘ )

Upjohn (

ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻝ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﻭﻌﻔﺘﻨﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ،

ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺩ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺒﻏﺍﺭ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻡﻬﻠﻌﺠﻴ .

@ @

bîãbq Z@

@wnä½a@Œî·

I

La différenciation du produit

@ZH ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ@

ﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕ

ﻡﺩﻌﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﺔﻁﻘﻨ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻡﻬﻝ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﺒ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﺭﺩﻗ

) (2

ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ، ﺕﺎـﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻓ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘ ﻥﻴﺭﺘﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻘﺘ ﺔﺒﻘﻋ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

@ @ .

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻦﻳﺩﺭﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺿﻭﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺺﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺭﻭﺩ :

ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ،ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺩﻌﺘ ﺡﺎـﺒﺭﻷﺍ لـﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ

،

ﺓﻭﻗ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﺓﺍﺭﺘـﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻠـﺴﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﺭﺩﻗ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ

ﺓﺩﻭـﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨـﺒ ﻡﺎـﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻗ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻭ ﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺹﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﺘﻤﺘﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻠﻐﺘﻠﻝﻭ ﻯﻭـﻘ

ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻤﺩﺨﻭ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻌﺴﺃﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﻻ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ )

ﻋﺎﻨﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﻲ

ﺓﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍﻭ (

ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻁﻴـﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ ﺎﻤﻤ

ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ

) (3

.

ﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺍﻭﻨﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﻡﻤﺼﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻋﺎﻁﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺯﺇ ﺎﺴﺍﺭﺘﺤ

ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺤﺸﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﺘﻝ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﺕﺭﺎﺼ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻓ ،ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤ ﺎﻤﻅﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﺘ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻱﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎـﺼﻤ ﻰـﻝﺇ لﻭـﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺭﺩﻗ ﻡﻜﺤﺒ ﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ

ﺀﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺍﺩﻗﻹﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ .

ﻕﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﲑﺸﺑ-(1)

، ﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠ

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ، .19

(2)- Michael E Porter, L’Avantage Concurrentiel, OP.cit, p 214.

ﻕﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﲑﺸﺑ-(3)

، ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ

ﺹ ، .20

134

لﺌﺎـﺴﻭ ﻥـﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﺎﻔﺘ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﻜﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭ

ﺎﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻀﻭﺎﻔﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻐﻀ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻜ ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘﺴ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤ ﻩﺎﺠﺘ

) (1

.

ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺔﻠﻳﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ﺺﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺭﻭﺩ :

ﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝ ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻗﻭـﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﺘ

ﺏﺫـﺠ ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻠﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﺕﻋﺎﻁﺘﺴﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻬﺤﺎﺒﺭﺃ لﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻲـﻓ ﻡﺤﻼﺘﺘ لﻴﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﻥﻴﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻨﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝ ﻲﻠﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻭﺴﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻪـﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻌﺠﺘ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘ

ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ

2)

.(

ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﻥﻤ لﻠﻘﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻥﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻨﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ

) (3

.

ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻦﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ﺺﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺭﻭﺩ :

ﻡﻬﻠﺒﺎﻘﺘ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔـﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ،ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ

ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ،ﺡﺎﺒﺭﻷﺍ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎ

...

ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﺤﺎﺘﺃ ﺩﻘﻝ ،ﺦﻝﺍ

ﺔﺼﺭﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ

ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ

ﺡﺎﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﻲﻨﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺴ ﺀﺎﺴﺭﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ .

ﻋﺃ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺎﺼﺭﻓ ﺕﺤﺎﺘﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻴـﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﻊـﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻤ

ﺩﻋﺎـﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻵﺍ ﺩﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻓ ،لﺎﻌﻓﻭ ﺀﻑﻜ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎـﺴﺃ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘـﺴﺎﺒ ﺯـﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ لﻼـﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻝﺍ

ﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒ ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻭﺴ

4)

.(

ﺽـﻌﺒ ﻲـﻓ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺍﻭﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ،ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺘﻤﺘﺃ

ﻱﺃ ﺝﻭﺭـﺨﻝ ﻕـﺌﺍﻭﻋ ﺕﻘﻠﺨ ﻎﻴﺭﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ

ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻬﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ﻲﻗﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻬﺠﺘ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻤﻠﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ

ﻲﻗﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﻕﺌﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﻻﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ

) (5

.

(1)- Michael E Porter, L’Avantage Concurrentiel, Op.cit, p 214.

ﺴﺣ-(2) ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ،ﺮﺸﻨﻠﻟ ﺀﺍﺮﺛﺇ ،ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺇ ،ﻦﺴﺣ ﻥﻼﺠﻋ ﻦ ﺹ ﺹ ،2008

65 66 -.

ﺻ-(3) ﻥﺎﻄﻠﺳ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ،ﻱﺮﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﻧﻮ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

.227

(4)-Michael E Porter, Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, Op.cit, P35.

(5)- Michael E Porter, L’Avantage Concurrentiel, Op.cit, p 215.

135

ﺲﻣﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺩﺪﺠﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ﺺﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺭﻭﺩ :

ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺫﻭﺤﺘﺴﻴ ﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻊـﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺄﺠﻠﺘ ﺍﺫﻝﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻲﻗﻭﺴ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺡﺎﺒﺭ

ﻲﻗﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ

ﻌﻨﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻗﻭﺴ ﺔﺼﺤﺒ ﺯﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺏﻌﻠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻼﺼﺃ ﻡﻬ

ﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﺘ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ﻲﻘﻴﻭﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺠﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﺒ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺒﻻ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ لﻭﺨﺩ ﺔﻗﺎﻋﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎ

ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺞﻴﻭﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒ ﻭﺃ ،ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺽﻭﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺘﻤﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻩﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ

) (1

.

ﺌﺍﻭﻋ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺎﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﺎﻨﺭﺸﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺨﻠﺘﺘ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻲﻗﻭﺴ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻕ

:

üëc

@Z

@

@òí…b–nÓüa@pa‰ìÏìÛa ﻲﻗﻭﺴ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺘﺒﻏﺭ ﻩﺎﺠﺘ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﻼﻤﺎﻋ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ@Z@

ﻕـﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲـﻓ ﻡﻫﺎـﺴﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻝﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺄـﺒ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺄﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻ

،لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻲﻗﻭﺴ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻥﻴﺭﺎﻴﺨ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻬﻓ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺭﺼﺃ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤﺃ :

ﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻡﺠﺤ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺇ لـﻌﻓ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺎﻅﺘﻨ

ﺔﻅﻫﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﻪﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ لﻤﺤﺘﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻡﺠﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺇﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻱﻭﻗ .

@ @

@bîãbq

@Z

@@wnä½a@Œîî·

ﻯﻭﺘـﺴﻤﻭ ﺎـﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ@Z@

ﺓﻭﻗ ﺎﻬﺤﻨﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﺍﻭ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻤﺩﺨ ،ﻥﺌﺎـﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻌﻤﺴﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ

لـﻤﺤﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﻌﻓﺩـﻴ ﺎـﻤ ،ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﺯﻴﺠﻭ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺔﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻌﺼﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺎﻘﺌﺎﻋ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﺒﻴﻁ ﺔﻌﻤﺴ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻤﺩﺨﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ لﺠﻷ ﺔﻅﻫﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺎﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻲﻗﻭﺴ ﻉﺎﻁ

.

@ @

brÛbq

@Z

@@òîÛbcŠÛa@pbjÜĐn½a ﺩـﻴﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎـﻜﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻝ ﺔﻤﺨﻀ ﻎﻝﺎﺒﻤ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﻴ@Z@

ﻊـﻨﻤﻝ ﺔـﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻐﺘـﺴﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻵﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺜﻤ ،ﺎﻬﻓﺩﻫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡـﻅﻨ ﺓﺭـﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﻴﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﺴﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ

لﻼـﺨ ﻥـﻤﻓ ،ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺝﻭﻝﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﻴﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸ ﻊﻨﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻠﻝ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺘﻤ ﺕﺍﺯﻭﺠﺤ ﺀﻼﻜﻭـﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﻭـﺴﺎﺤ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﻴﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ،ﻡﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺜﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺂﺸﻨﻤﻭ ﺭﻔﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻐـﺼﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭـﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻌﺠ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺎﻬﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ

ﺕﺎﻜﺭـﺸﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﻴﺭ ﺩﻀ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻀﻤ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﺩﻌﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻗﺍﺭﺘﺨﺍ ﺎﻤﺠﺤ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ

) (2

@ @

bÈia‰

@Z

@@Ýí†jnÛa@ÑîÛbØm ﻙﻝﺫـﻝ ،ﻯﺭﺨﻷ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺭﻴﻅﻨ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺤﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ@Z@

ﻥﺈﻓ ﺕﺎـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻐﺘـﺴﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻌﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﻝ ﺔﻤﺨﻀ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﺼﻤ لﺫﺒ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻦﺴﺣ ﻥﻼﺠﻋ ﲔﺴﺣ-(1) ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺹ ، .65

ﻕﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﲑﺸﺑ-(2) ﺹ ﺹ ،ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ ،

21 22 -.

136

ﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎ

ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﻋ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺈﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻴﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﻬﺴﺒ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻌﺼﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻗﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ

.

@ @

bŽßb

@Z

@@Éí‹ìnÛa@paìäÓ ﺎـﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺯـﻴﻤﺘ لﺠﻷ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ@Z@

ﺍﺫـﻬﺒ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺞﺘﻨﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺩﺠ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺄﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﺯﻭﺘﺒ ﻥﻭﻠﺒﻘﻴ ﻥﻴﻋﺯﻭﻤ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﻌﺼﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻠﻀﻔﻴ ﻥﻴﻋﺯﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﻥﻷ ،ﻡﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻊﻴ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺄﺒﻭ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻊﻤ .

@ @

b…b

@Z

@´ãaìÔÛaë@pbÈ튒nÛa ﺎـﻬﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﺘ ﻻ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ Z

ﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﻭﻝﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﻤﻝ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺽﺭـﻔﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ ﻪـﻨﻷ ،ﻲﻗﻭـﺴﻝ

ﻲـﻫﻭ ،ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝ ﻭﺃ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻼﺜﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻗﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻫﺭﻅﻨ ﻑﺭﺼﻝ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﻴ ﺎﻤ ،ﺔﻔﻠﻜﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

@ @ .

لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ل ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ

) Porter

ﻯﻭـﻘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻑﺼﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ،(

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ .

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ )

-3 :(2 ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﻭﺩ .

ﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻬﺟﺍﻮﻤﻟ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

ﻥﻴﺭﺘﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ M

ﻥﻴﺭﺘﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﻴﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍ .

ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍﻭ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ M .

ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ M

ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻀﻓﺃ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ .

ﻡﻬﺒ ﺔﻨﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﻲﻔﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺃﺭﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ M .

ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ ﺓ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻥﻤﺯ لﻴﻠﻘﺘ M

.

لﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ

ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ M

/ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ .

ﻕﻭﺴﻠﻝ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ M .

ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ M .

ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ M .

ﺩﺩﺠ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ لﻭﺨﺩﺒ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺍ

ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻭﻴﻗ ﻊﻀﻭ M .

ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ M .

ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ M .

ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ M .

א W LMא)2د5وN8،د)Oא+';$!* א1אP')אQ%@א+ אو+#אE( I8،موK97

(R('O#E،P')אم%

،SאDAא،2 ص،2013

K190

137

ﺐﻠﻄﻤﻟﺍ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ

: ﻢﻋﺩ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺓﺪﻧﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﻤﻠﻟ :

ﻲـﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻭﺃ لﺨﺩﻤ ﻰﻨﺒﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺯﻴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﻜﻝ ﺎـﻫﻭﻤﻨﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘـﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺄﻜ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍﻭ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﺃﺭ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ

ﻭﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺩـﻴﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﺒﻻ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺕﺤﻀﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩ

ﻕﺭﻐﺘـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤ ﺭﺴﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻰﺴﻨﻨ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍﻭ لﻭﺨﺩﺒ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻭﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺴﺘ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺭﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫ .

لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ

لﺨﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺩﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ

ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ .

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ )

-3 :(8 ﺨ ﺘ ﺕﺍﻭﻁ ﻌ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺯ .

א W دא9%T

+* אC،U@א E(

+#א ودو

L DD#

3Dא '()א W R جذX L عRO Zא

،ند"א،#א+א#אن$%#E،['[אLMא)2د5وN8،>د"א ص،2004

K82

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺨﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ :

ﻴ ﻷﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻭﻫ ﺩﻴﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺭﺜﻜ

ﻭ ﺫ ﺞﺘﻨﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻓ ،ﻥﻭﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻥﻭﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻤﺩﻘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇﻭ ﺔﻗﻭﻔﺘﻤ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ

ﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻴﻪ

، ﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ لﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺽﻭﻬﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ

، ﻥﻷ ﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺀﺍﺩ

ﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺏﺴﺎﻜﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺴﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻭﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻗﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴ

.

ﺇ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻩﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﺩﻭﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺄﺸﻨﺘ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻥ

ﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻭﺃ ،ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻭ لﺎﻜﺸ

ﺩـﻴﺯﺘ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔـﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ

ﻠﻋ لﺎﺒﻗﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﻜﻼﻬﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻴ

.

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻰﻌﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ :

-لﻴﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ :

ﻡﺩـﻘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻠﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻓ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻜﻴﺭﺸ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﻀﻔﺒ

ﻲﻓ ﺏﻏﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻤﻴﻤﺼﺘ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻪﺌﺎﻨﺘﻗﺍ

ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ) ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﺴﻜﻹﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ .(

ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ

ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ

ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﻡﻅﻨ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ

،ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ

،ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ

-ﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ،ﺭﺎ

ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ

138

ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﺀﺍﺭﺜﺈﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻥﺇ ﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻁﺄﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻀﻓﺃ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﻬﺴﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻴﺤﺘﻭ ﻥﻭﺒﺯ

.

ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻠﻝ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻓﻭﺘﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻤﺭﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤ

ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫﻭ .

ﺎﻬﻨﻴـﺴﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ لﻭﺤﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭ لﻭﺤ ﻡﻼﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ

ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻨ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺎﻬﻁﻴﺴﺒﺘﻭ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺠﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ

.

ﻥﻭـﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒﻓ ،ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺎﻌﻓﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻁﻋﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻫ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ

ﻡﺭﺒﻤ ﻕﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﺀﺎﻐﻝﺇ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻭﺃ ﻪﺘﺎﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝ ﺔﻅﺤﻝ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ .

ﺏﻁﺎﺨﺘ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻥﺫﺇ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﻪﻨﻤ لﻌﺠﺘﻭ ﻕﺌﺎﻋ ﻭﺃ ﻁﻴﺴﻭ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩ

لﻋﺎﻓ ﻑﺭﻁﻭ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻙﻴﺭﺸﻜ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ .

،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﺘ ﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ،ﺀﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍ لﻴﻠﻘﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺢﻴﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﺴ

ﻡﻬﺘﺎـﺒﻏﺭﻝ ﺔﻌﻴﺭـﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘـﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻝﺎـﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻡﻬﺌﻻﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺍﻭﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺃ ﻡﻬﺘﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺼﺘﺨﺘﻭ .

ﻫ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺘﺒﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﻗ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻁ

ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﻉﺎ ﻲﺤﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍﻭ

لﺎـﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒـﺴ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ،

ﻥﺎﻤﺘﺌﻻﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﺒ ﻭﺩﻭﺯﻤ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﻥـﻋ ﺙـﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺏﻴﻘﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻬﺠﺃ ﺕﻭﻴﺒ

ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺘﻴﻝ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ

ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻠﻝ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ .

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻉﺍﺪﺑﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﺧ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍﻭ

:

ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ

ﻭـﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺢـﻤﻁﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ

ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺎﺠﺎﻤﺩﻨﻻﺍ ﺎﻤﻭ ،

ﺕ ﺀﺎـﻨﺘﻗﺍ ﻭـﺤﻨ ﻊـﻓﺍﻭﺩ ﻻﺇ ﺕﺎـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﻝﺎﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ

ﺩﺠ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺓﺩﻴ

ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ، ﻗ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘﻝ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺴﺘ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻭﺃ

ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺩ

ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﻤﻀﻴ ﺎﻤ

ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻕﻠﺨﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ

، ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﻭ

ﻁﻴـﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ،لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻀﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺩـﺤﺘﻭ

ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ لﻀﻓﺃ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﻀﻔﺒ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ .

ﺔﻴﻗﻭـﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬـﺼﺼﺤ ﻥﻋ ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗﻭ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﺩﻜﺅﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻡﻬﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺇ ،ﺎﻬﺌﺍﺩﺃ ﻡﻴﻅﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ

ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﺜﺅـﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴـﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯـﻴﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺎﻓ ،؟لﻜﻜ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻸﻝ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﻋﺍﺩﺒﺇ ﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻰﻨﺒﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

) (1

:

ﻱﺭﻮﳊﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﱀﺎﻓ-(1) ،

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ .87

139

üëc

@Z@

@ÞbÈÏ@ïmbßìÜÈß@âbÄã@õbäi ﻕﻓﺩﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ@Z@

ﻥﻤـﻀﻴ ﺎـﻤ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﺌﺍﺩ

ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻕﻴﻌﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺔﺌﺠﺎﻔﻤ ﺙﺩﺍﻭﺤ ﻱﺃ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﻁﻴﺤﻤﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻰﻨﺒﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﻴ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ

@ @ .

bîãbq

@Z

@@bèĐîª@Éß@òŽû½a@òÓýÇ@´Ž¤ë@ÞbÈÏ@òÄÔí@âbÄã@õbäi ﺴﺘ@Z@

ﻕـﻴﻘﺤﺘﺒ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒـﺸ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺢﻤ

ﺽـﻌﺒ ﺎـﻨﻴﻁﻌﺘ ﺩـﻗ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﺭﻋ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻅﻘﻴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺎـﻤﻜ ،ﻡﻬﺘﺎـﺠﺘﻨﻤﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻼﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻡﺴﺭ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ ﻙﻴﺭـﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﻬﻅ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻁﻴﺤﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ

لـﻀﻔﺒ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻙﻴﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﺴﻜﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ لﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ ﺔﻤﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ )

Extranet .(

@ @

brÛbq

@Z@

@òîàîÄänÛa@ñŠ×aˆÛa@ŒíŒÈm ﺎـﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﻌﺼﻴ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﻜﺍﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﺠﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇZ@@

ﺔﻠﻴﻔﻜﻝﺍ لﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻓ ،ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻌﻴﻀ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﻉﺩﺒﺘ ﻥﺃ ،ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭﻜ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻭﻫ لﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻌﻠﻓ ،ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺼﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﺎﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺜﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻪﻠﻬﺴﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝ لﻭﻠﺤﻭ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﺍﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ .

@ @

bÈia‰

Z@

@òàÜÈn½a@òàÄä½a@õbäi ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﺇ@Z@

،ﻡﻠﻌﺘـﻝﺍﻭ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻊﺒﻨﺘ ﺔﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ

ﻉﺍﺩـﺒﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺓﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ

) (1

@ @.

ﻜ ﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻉ

ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ

ﺕﺎـﺠﺎﺤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺭﺴ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻬﺴﺘ لﻼﺨ ،ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻏﺭﻭ ﺢـﺴﻤ ﻲـﻓ ﻉﺭـﺴﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻑﻅﻭﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ

ﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔ

، ﺕﺎﻤﺩـﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻠـﺴﻝﺍ ﺝﺎـﺘﻨﻹ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ لﻌﻔﹸﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ

ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇﻭ ،ﻲﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﺯﻭﺘﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﺃ لﻭﺨﺩﻭ ،ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤ ﺓﺎﻜﺎﺤﻤ ﺩﺼﻗ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ .

ﺎﻤﻜ ﻕـﻴﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝ لﻭﻠﺤ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻌﻓ لﻤﺎﻋ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ

ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﺘﻭ ،ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ )

Extranet

ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﺍ ﺩﺼﻗ ،(

ﺨﺒ ﺀﺎﻬﺘﻨﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﺒ ﺀﺩﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃﻭ ﻕﺭﻁ ،ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺩ

ﺎﻤﻤ

،ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻡﻋﺩﻴ ﺎـﻬﻘﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻻ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﺸﻴﻭ

ﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺎﻴﺳﺁ ﰊﺮﻐﻟ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟﺍ-(1) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊ

.14

140

ﺽـﻌﺒ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﻬﺴﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﻘﻘﺤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺕﻗﻭﻔﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ

.

ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﺰﻳﺰﻌ :

لﺨﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺄﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

لﻗﺄﺒ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ لﻀﻓﺃ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤ ﻭ

،ﺔـﻨﻜﻤﻤ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ

ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘﻭ ﻲﻓ

ﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻝ

لﻌﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘـﺴﺇ ﻰـﻨﺒﺘﺘ ﺓﺩﺎـﻴﻗ

ﺔـﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ

ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ

ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ، ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ

ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ .

ﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥ ﻗ ﻉﺎﻁ ﻭﻫ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺎﺜﻤ

،ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ )

ﺨﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ل

ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ (

،ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻭﺃ ﻤ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻁﺒﺭ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ

ﻥﻤـﻀ ﺎـﻌ

ﻤ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﻥ

، لـﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺎﻫﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺨﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﺩﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﺘﻓ

ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﺨﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ .

ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ

) (1

:

ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﻻ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤ ﻪﻔﻠﻜﺘ لﻗﺄﺒ ﺔﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻕ

لﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘﻭ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لـﻴﻠﻘﺘ لﺜﻤ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻁﺸﻨﺄﺒ

ﻑﻴﻝﺎـﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻐـﺸﺘﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻭﺴﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ

ﻊﻤ ،ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺍ

ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝ .

ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﺘﻤﺘﺃ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

ﻡﻅﻨ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻁﺸﻨﺃﻭ ﺎﺤﻝﺍ

ﺏﻭـﺴ ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺫـﻴﻔﻨﺘ ﻲـﻓ

ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻨﻭ ،ﻲﻝﻵﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ

، لﻜ لﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻤﻫﺎﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ

ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻻﺍﻭ

ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﻐﺘﺴ .

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﻬﺴﺘﻭ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻠﻜﻴﻫ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﻨـﺼﻝﺍ ﻡـﻋﺩ ﻥـﻋ ﺔـﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎ

ﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﺎـﺠﻴﺇ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭ

ﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﺔ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﻪﺒ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ .

ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻌﻓ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺏﻌﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ

:

ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻠﻝ لﺜﻤﻷﺍ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔـﻴﻐﺒ ﻙـﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ ﺔﻤﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺸﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝ .

ﺄﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻗﻭـﺴﻝﺍ ﺔـﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻕﻘﺤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﻷﺍ لﻗﺃﻭ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ لﻗ

ﺩﻴﺯﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺯﺎﺠﻨﺍ ﺕﻗﻭ ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺨﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺕﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺹﻠﺨﺘـﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺎﻜﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﻥﻤ لﻠﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،

.

ﻱﺭﻮﳊﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﱀﺎﻓ-(1) ،

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ

83 84 .

141

ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺻﻼﺧ :

ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝ ﺔﻤﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻌﺒ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ لﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻠﺼﻭﺘﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘﻘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺽ

ﺎﻫﺩـﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴـﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘـﺴﻹﺍ ﻡـﻫﺃﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻡﻫﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘـﺴﻻﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝ لﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺀﻲـﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﺩﺠ

ﻥﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻼـﻀﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﻷ ،ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ لﺒ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﻭﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﺨ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ .

ﻤﺘﻴ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺄﻜ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻥﺇ ﻊـﻤﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻰﺸﺎ

ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺯﻴﻤ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻁﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻓﻭﻴ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ـﻝ ﺱﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻗ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ )

ﺭﺘﺭﻭﺒ (،

ﺓﻭـﻗ ،ﺔﻋﺎﻨـﺼﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﻥﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ

ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﺒﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﺴﻤ ﺓﻭﻗﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﺴﻤ ﺓﻭﻗ ،ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ،ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺱﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻗ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ .

ﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻕـﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻪﺒﻌﻠﺘ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﻠﺨﺘﺴ

ﺕﺎـﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭـﺠ ﻕـﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲـﻓ ﻪﺒﻌﻠﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎـﺼﻤﻝ لﻤﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﻕﻠﺨﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝ .

@ א

@ @ א א

@ @ אאאא

אאאد

و

143

‚{{{{{éã³ V

ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺽﺍﺭﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻗﺭﻁﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻌﺒ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﺒﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺯﺭﺒﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﺠﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﻡﻫﺃﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ

، ﻬﺘﺎﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘـﺴﺍ ﺯﺭﺒﺃﻭ ﺎ

ﻭ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﺴﻜﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﻫﺃﻭ ﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ

ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻪﺒﻌﻠﺘ ﻱ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ

ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ

ﺔ ﺔـﻤﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻡﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،

ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ .

لﺎﻤﻜﺘﺴﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺎﺤﻨ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ

ﺒ ﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﺔﺴﻭﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﺴﺈ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﺍ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝ ﻲـﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﻼﻁﻻﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻀﺘﺤﻻ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌ

ﺒ ﺫﺨﻷﺎﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌ

ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻻﺍ ﻊﻗﻭ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ

ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻪﻨﻭﻜﻝ ،ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻴ

ﺞﻤﺩ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻪﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ

ﺔـﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،

ﺔﻴﺘﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻓﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ

"

ﺕﻨﺍﺭﺘﻨﺇ

"

ﻜﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨ

ﻰﺘـﺸ ﻲﻓ

ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤﻜ ﺎﻬﻴﻨﺒﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻌﻓﺩ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ،

.

ﻑﺩﻬﻴ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝ

،ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻻﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﺙﻴﺤ

ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﻨﻴﺄﺘﺭﺍ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ لﻭﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁﺒ

ﻻﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇﻭ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﺒﺘﺨ

ﺔﻴﺌﺎـﺼﺤﻹﺍ

ﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺜﻭ ﺔﺴ

ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ .

لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻡﺘﻴﺴ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻤ ﺙﻼﺜ

لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻝ

ﻲﻓﺭـﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎـﻁﻘﻠﻝ ﻡﺎـﻋ ﻡﻴﺩـﻘﺘ

ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻩﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ )

90 / 10 ( ﻙـﻝﺫ ﺕـﻠﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻗﺭﻁﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،

لﻴﺩﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃﻭ )

2003 ،( ﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ

: ﻙـﻨﺒﻝﺍ

ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ )

(BNA ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ ،

) (CPA ، ﻭ ﺔﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ

) (BDAR

،

ﻁﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ )

(CNEP

، ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ )

(BDL

، ﺎﻤﺃ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ

ﺹﺼﺨﻓ

ﺔﺴﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﺽﺭﻌﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺨﻭ

،ﺔﺴﻭﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍﻭ

ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻭ ﻕﺩﺼ ،

ﺎﻤﺃ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ

ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻓ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ

لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ

ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ

ﺭﻭﺎـﺤﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻨﻴﻌ

ﻡﺘ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ

ﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻙ

.

144

Ùæù]ovf¹]

V

»†’¹]Ý^¿ß×ÖÝ^ÂÜè‚Ïi ë†ñ]ˆ¢]

í‰]…‚Ö]ئÕçßf×Öæ V

ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻅﻨ ﺀﺎﻘﻝﺇ ﺏﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻩﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ

، ﺩـﺼﻗ

ﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﻼﻁ ﺓﺯﺠﻨﻤﻝﺍ

، ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﻥﻤ

ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ

ﻥﻤ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ

ﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌ ﺙﻴﺤ

ﻡﻅﻨﻴ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﻙﻨﺒ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ )

La Banque d’Algérie

،( ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻀﺘﻘﻤﺒ ﺱﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ

) ﻡﻗﺭ 42 / 144 ﻲﻓ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ( 13

/ 12 / ﺩﺤﺘ ،ﺎﻬﺒﺤﺴﻭ ﺩﻭﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺼﺇ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﻪﻝ ﺕﻠﻜﻭﺃﻭ 1963

،ﻡﺼﺨﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ﺩﻴ

ﻹﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻙﻨﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺘﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﺕﻝﻭﺤﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻀﺍﺭﻗ

ﺩـﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺭﻭﺩﺼ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ

و لا

)ضرق

90 / 10

،(

ﻑﺭﺸﻴﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﻜﻜ

ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ

،ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻭﺴﻭ

ﺽﺭﻌﻨ ﺎﻘﺤﻻ

لﺤﻤ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ .

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﻤﻟﺍ :

ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻱﺮﺋﺍﺰﺠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟﺍ

:

ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻠﻝ ﻥﺇ ﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻲﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ

ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗ ﻲـﻓ ﻪـﻴﺩﺅﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻱﻷ

ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝ ﺭﻴﺒﺩﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ،

.

ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻠﺨﺩﺃ

، ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻨـﺴ ﺕﺎﺤﻼـﺼﺇ )

1986 (

)ﻭ 1988 ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﺇ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻜﻝ ،( )

1990 ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺭﻭﺩﺼﺒ (

) 90 / 10 ( لﻭﺎـﺤ ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ،

ﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻑﻴﻴﻜﺘ ﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻘﺘﻭ ،ﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎ

ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻤﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻗ

ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ لﻤﻋ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻭ ،

ﻨﺎﻜﻤﻹﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﺒ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻰﺸﺎﻤﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺕﺎ

ﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﺨﺘ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺸﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻜ

.

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺰﻴﻤﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻱﺮﺋﺍﺰﺠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨ

90) 10/ ( :

ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﺒ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﺎـﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﺎـﺼﺎﺨ ﺎـﻴﺒﻨﺠﺃ ﺎﻜﻨﺒ24

ﻊـﺌﺍﺩﻭﻠﻝ ﺩﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺩﺎﻨﺼﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﺎﺘﻜﺭﺸﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭ ﻕﻭﺴ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﺕﺜﺭﻭ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺭﺎﺨﺩﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﺎـﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﺌﺎﻗﻭ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻼﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺎﺘ ﺎﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤ ﺎﻤﺎﻅﻨ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ

ﻲﻝﺍﺭﺒﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺤﻝﺍ

، ﺔـﻴﺎﻏ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﺘﻨﻤ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻌﺠ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ

)1963

(1

، ﺭـﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺯـﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙـﻨﺒﻝﺍ لـﺜﻤ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻱ

ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺯﺨﻝﺍﻭ )

(BAD

، ﻪﻘﺸ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺌﺎﻗ ﺝﻭﺩﺯﻤ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ

ﺕﺭﺭـﻗ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻪﻘﺸ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻤﺄﺘ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ )

1966

)(

(2

.

ﻝ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻼﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻼ

ﺓﺭﻓﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ،

ﺊﺸﺎﻨ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻ ﺓﺩﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺎﺴﻤ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﺒ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ .

(1) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻕﺎﻓﺁ ﺔﻠﳎ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺼﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺣﻼﺻﻹﺍ ،ﻕﺭﺎﻃ ﱄﻼﻴﺟ ﻲﴰﺎﻬﻠﺑ ،ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ

ﺹ ،2005 55 .

ﺒﻴﺴﺣ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﻻﻮﺤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻰﻘﺘﻠﻣ ،ﻝﺯﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻴﻗﺎﻔﺗﺍﻭ ﻱﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲﺮﺼﳌﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ،ﺮﺻﺎﻧ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻠﺳ-(2) ،ﺮـﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ،ﻒﻠـﺸﻟﺍ ،ﻲﻠﻋﻮﺑ ﻦﺑ ﺔ

14 15 ،ﱪﻤﺴﻳﺩ ﺹ ﺹ ،2004

293 292 -.

145

üëc

@Z òäŽÛ@òîÏŠ–½aë@òîÛb½a@pbyý•⁄a

@I H1971

@Z

@ @

ﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﻼﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ ﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻰ

،ﺔﻴﻝ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔـﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎـﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﺠﻋ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺤﻠﺼﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻀﺭﻓ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩـﻘﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝ ﻝﺍﻭ ﻘ ﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺔﻠﻜﻴﻫ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇﻭ ،ﺽﺭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝ

) (1

، ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ )

(BAD لﺤﻤ لﺤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ

لـﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻭ ،ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺯﺨﻝﺍ ) ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﻤ .(

ﺔﻨﺴﻝ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻜ )

1971 لـﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﺒ (

ﻕﺭـﻁﻭ

ﻙﻨﺒ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ لﻜ ﻥﻁﻭﺘﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ،ﺔﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ

) (2

، ﺎـﻬﺘﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﻨﻁﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﻴﺒﺎﺴﺤ ﺢﺘﻔﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ لﻜ ﻡﻭﻘﺘﻭ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ

، ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺤﻝﺍ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝ

) (3

.

ﺎﻤﻫ ﻥﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻡﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻤﺃ

) (4

:

M@1

@ìÛa@Üa

@æbànöýÛ ﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ Z

ﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﺘﺌﻻﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺎﺤﻴﻀﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺀﺍﺭﻵﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻡﻭـﻘﻴ ﺎـﻤﻜ ،ﺩﻭﻘﻨﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺘﺌﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﺒ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ .

M@2

@nÛa@òävÜÛa

@@ÚìäjÜÛ@òîäÔ ﺔـﻨﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺴﺎﺌﺭﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴﻭ ،ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ Z

ﻱﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤ .

bîãbq

@Z āŠÔÛaë@ÚìäjÛbi@ÕÜÈn½a@æìãbÔÛa

@I O86 H12

@Z

@ @

ﻡﻗﺭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺠﻭﻤﺒ ﻡﺘ )

86 / 12 ﻲﻓ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ( 19

/ 08 / ،1986 ،ﺽﺭـﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﻭـﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﺫﺠ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ ﺉﺩﺎـﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎـﺴﺭﺇ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺴﻴ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺡﻭﺭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ

ﺭﻴـﺴﻴ ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎـﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺩﺤﻭﻴﻝ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ،ﻲﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺴﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ـﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎـﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺹﻴﺨﻠﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺒ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻲ

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻀﺘ

) (5

:

ﺔـﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺙـﻴﺤ ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎـﻬﻤﻝﺎﺒ لﻔﻜﺘﻴ ﺢﺒﺼﺃﻭ ،ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﻙﻨﺒﻜ ﻩﺭﻭﺩﻝ ﻱﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﺘﺴﺍ •

ﻑﺍﺭﺸﻹﺍﻭ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

.

ﻊـﻴﺯﻭﺘﻭ ﺭﺎﺨﺩﻻﺍ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻝ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﺘﺴﺍ •

ﻲﻓ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ

ﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻠﻝ ﻲ

.

ﻲﻠﻋ ﻦﺑ-(1) ﺯﻭﺰﻌﻠﺑ ﻭ ﺔﻳﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ، ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﺼﳌﺍ

،ﺮـﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ

، 1995 186 ﺹ ﺹ

185 -.

،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ،ﻡﺎﻳﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻣ ،ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﲑﻐﺘﳌﺍ ﻞﻇ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺰﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﻙﻮﻨﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻙﻮﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻠﺳ ﺮﺻﺎﻧ-(2) 2006

ﺹ، .266

ﺮﻫﺎﻄﻟﺍ-(3) ﺵﺮﻄﻟ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺒﻄﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻳﺩ ،ﻙﻮﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺗ ، ﺹ ،2001

182 .

(4)- Benhalima Ammour, Pratique des techniques bancaires, Edition Dahleb, Alger, 1997, p p 37-38.

ﺹ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﻙﻮﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺗ ،ﺵﺮﻄﻟ ﺮﻫﺎﻄﻟﺍ-(5) 194

195 -.

146

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﻱﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻭ ،لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﺯﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ لﻴﻠﻘﺘ •

.

ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻫﻭ ﻲﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻫ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ •

.

ﺩﻭـﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩـﻴﻤ ﻲـﻓ ﺭﻭـﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﻀ ﻪﻤﺎﻬﻤ ﻥﻤ ،ﺽﺭﻘﻠﻝ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﻨ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭ ﺔﻁﺨ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺍﻭ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ لـﺤﻤ لـﺤﺘﻝ ﻙﻭـﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤ ﺔﻨﺠﻝ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،لﺎ

ﺔﻨﺴﻝ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻝﺍ )

1971 ﻡﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﻠﻜﻭﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ،( .

ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺽﺭﻘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ )

86 / 12 ﻭ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ( ﺔﺤﻭﻝ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﻀﻝ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗ

1)

.(

Ûbq br

@Z òîÏŠ–½a@òîÛb½a@pbŽû½a@òîÛýÔnbi@ÕÜÈn½a@æìãbÔÛa

@I O88 H06

@Z

@ @

ﺭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺼ ﻡﻗ

) 88 / 06 ﻲﻓ ( 12 / 01 / ﻭ لﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ 1988

ﻡﻗﺭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻠﻝ ﻡﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ )

86 / 12 ،( ﻥﻤـﻀﺘﻤﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻜ ﻙﻭـﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺡﺎﻤـﺴﻝﺍ لـﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻊﻤ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﻨﺎ

.

ﺔﻨﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﺒﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻋﺭﺸ ﺙﻴﺤ )

1988 لﻤﺎﺸﻭ ﻊﺴﺍﻭ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ (

ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻤ ﻡﻫﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ لﻜﻝ )

88 / 06

)(

(2

:

ﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ •

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤﻝ ﻊﻀﺨ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،

ﻙﻭـﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻁﺎـﺸﻨ

ﺔﻴﺩﻭﺩﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻲﻨﺒﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻠﻝ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﺒﺍ ﻊﻀﺨﻴ .

ﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ •

ﻭﺃ ﻡﻬـﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺎﻜ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻅﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠ

ﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼ ﺕﺍﺩﻨﺴ ﻪﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻨﻁ

.

ﺅﻤﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ •

ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ لﻴﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻗﻻﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺄﺠﻠﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴ

ﻰﻝﺇ ﺄﺠﻠﺘ ﻁ

ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﻥﻭﻴﺩ ﺏﻠ .

ﻥﻤ ﻩﺩﺎﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻡﻴﻋﺩﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ لﻼﺨ )

1986 ﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﻡﺩﻌﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،( ﺍﻭﻀ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺯﺨﻝﺍ ل

ﻭ ،ﻁﺒ ﺩـﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺅﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ

ﻥﺎﻤﺘﺌﻻﺍﻭ .

ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺜﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺎﺒ )

88 / 06 ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺕـﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ (

ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ) 86 / 12 ﻕـﻘﺤﺘ ﻡـﻝ ﺕﺎﺤﻼـﺼﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﻲﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻊﻤ ﺡﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﻴﻜﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ (

،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻼﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻭ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻨﻻﺍ ﺎﺤﻼـﺼﺇ ﻱﺭـﺠﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﻁﻠـﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﺍﺯﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ

ﻲﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻠﻝ ﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﺀﻼﺘﻴ

ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،

ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺔـﻁﻘﻨ لـﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺫﺇ ،ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﺩﻗﺎﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻬﻠﻝ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺘﻌﻓﺩ

ﺮﻫﺎﻄﻟﺍ-(1)

،ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻠﻟ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ،ﻩﺍﺭﻮﺘﻛﺩ ﺔﺣﻭﺮﻃﺃ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻕﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺔﻳﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻧﺎﻜﻣ ،ﺵﺮﻄﻟ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ

ﺹ ،2004 312 .

ﻙﻮﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺗ ،ﺵﺮﻄﻟ ﺮﻫﺎﻄﻟﺍ-(2) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

195 .

147

ﺭﺎﺒ ﻑﺎﻁﻌﻨﺍ ﻫﻭ ،ﺎﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍﻭ لﻜﻜ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻼﻝ ﺓﺯ

ﺫ ﻥﻭﻨﺎـﻗ ﺭﺍﺩـﺼﺇ ﻩﺭﺭـﺒﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍ

) 90 / 10 ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ (

1)

.(

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺕﺎﺣﻼﺻﺇ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻱﺮﺋﺍﺰﺠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺰﻴﻤﻣ 90)

10/ ( :

ﺼ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ )

90 / 10 ﻭ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ( ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﺒ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ

14 / 04 / 1990 ﻑـﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎـﻋﺇ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ،

ﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﺒ ﻲﻠﻜ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ

، ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺭﺫﺠ ﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺙﺩﺤﺃ

،ﺕﺎـﻴﻝﻵﺍﻭ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﻘﺒﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻐﺒ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻝﻭﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺤﻼﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﺘﻭ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﺍﺩـﻴﺩﺠ ﺎﻌﻓﺩ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻁﻋﺇ ﺔﻴ

ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﻨﻤ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﻠﻐﻴ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝ .

üëc

@Z æìãbÓ@ù…bjß

@I O90 H10

@Z

@ @

ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ )

90 / 10 ﺎﺒ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ( ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻸﻝ ﺭﻅﻨﻝ

ﻭ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺄﺒ ﺫﺨﺃ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻀﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺕ

) 86 / 12 ﻭ ( ) 88 / 06 ،(

ﻪﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺘﻌﻴ

ﺒ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺴﺠﺘ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﻼﻴﻝﺩﻭ ﺎﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﺭ

، ﻭ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒ

ﻭ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ

) (2

:

ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻼﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻜﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ •

.

لﺼﻔﻝﺍ •

ﺔـﻨﻴﺯﺨﻝﺍ ﺩـﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺯﺨﻝ لﻭﻤﻤﻜ ﻪﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻜ ﻱﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺤ )

ﺔﻨﻴﺯﺨﻠﻝ ﻱﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ .(

ﻱﺃ ،ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺌﺍﺩﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺌﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ •

ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩ ﻰﻘﺒﻴﻝ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻼﻝ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺢﻨﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻨﻴﺯﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺇ

ﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﻴ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹ

) 3

.(

،ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺔﺘﺘـﺸﻤ ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺤﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨ ﺔﻁﻠﺴ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ •

ﺔﻨﻴﺯﺨﻝﺍ ﻭ

ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺍ لﻭﺤﺘ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻐﻝﺈﺒﻭ ،ﻱﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ "

ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ

"

) 4

،(

ﻝﺍ ﺫ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﻴ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻱ ﺎﺸﻨﺇ

ﻭ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﺒ ﺕﻴﻤﺴ ﺓﺩﻴﺤﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﺀ ﻊـﺘﻤﺘﺘ ﺽﺭـﻘﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺤﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ .

ﺀﺎﺠ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ )

90 / 10 ﻭ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ( ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﺭﻜﺫ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ

) (5

:

ﻊﻀﻭ •

ﻜﻝ ﺩﺤ ﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺇ لﺨﺩﺘ ل ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ

، ﻭ ﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺯـﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙ

ﻲـﻓ ﻱ

ﻭ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ

.

ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ •

.

ﲪﺩ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺑ-(1) ﻥﺎ

ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻯﺪﻣﻭ ﺔﻳﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ، ﺐﻠﻄﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﰲ ﺎﻬﺘﻴ

: ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﻩﺍﺭﻮﺘﻛﺩ ﺔﺣﻭﺮﻃﺃ ،ﻱﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﺹ ،2003

282 .

ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﲑﻐﺘﳌﺍ ﻞﻇ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺰﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﻙﻮﻨﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻙﻮﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻠﺳ ﺮﺻﺎﻧ-(2) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

269 .

،ﻕﺭﺎﻃ ﱄﻼﺟ ﻲﴰﺎﻬﻠﺑ-(3) ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

ﺹ، 59 .

ﻢﻗﺭ ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ-(4) ﺽﺮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺪﻘﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ،12

90) 10/ .(

،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﺒﻄﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﻨﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻄﳌﺍ ،ﰲﺮﺼﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ،ﺐﺸﻌﻟ ﻅﻮﻔﳏ-(5) ،2001

26ﺹ .

148

ﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘ •

ﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻤ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺈﺒ ﺡﺎﻤﺴﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﺃ

.

bîãbq

@Z āŠÔÛaë@†ÔäÛa@æìãbÓ@pýí†Èm

@Z

@ @

ﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻼﻴﺩﻌﺘ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻡﺘ ،ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻴﺸﺎﻤﺘ ﻥ

) 90 / 10 ﻲﻫ ( :

M@1 áÓ‰@Šßþa

@I O01

@H01

@āŠÔÛaë@†ÔäÛa@æìãbÔÛ@áàn½aë@ކȽa I

O90 H@10

) (1

:

ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺔﻔﺼﺒﻭ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺱﻤ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻲﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺭﻤﺃ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝ لﻴﺩﻌﺘ لﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻭﻤﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﻭﻤﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﺼﺒ ﺱﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺏﺠ

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻭ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﺘ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ :

ﻭ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺩﺘﺴﻴ •

ﻴ ﻥـﻤ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺔﺘﺴ ﺭﻭﻀﺤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻪﻝﺎﻤﻋﺃ لﻭﺩﺠ ﺩﻌﻴﻭ ﻪﺴﺃﺭ

ﻪﺘﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻝ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ .

ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺕﺍﻭﺼﻸﻝ ﺔﻁﻴﺴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻏﻷﺎﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﺘ •

ﺕﻭـﺼ ﻥﻭـﻜﻴ ﺕﺍﻭـﺼﻷﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ لﺩﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ

ﺎﺤﺠﺭﻤ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ .

ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻠﺜﻤﻴ ﻭﺃ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺏﻭﻨﻴ ﻥﻤ ﺽﻭﻌﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻀﻋ ﻱﻷ ﺯﻭﺠﻴ ﻻ •

.

ﺃ ﺙﻼﺜ لﻜ ﺓﺭﻤ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻴ •

ﺸ ﻲﻋﺩﺘـﺴﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﻪﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﻋﺩﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺀﺎﻨﺒ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻬ

ﺌﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺒﻤﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﻋﺩ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻼﻝ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻪﺴﻴ

.

M@2 áÓ‰@Šßþa

@I O03

@H11 āŠÔÛaë@†ÔäÛa@æìãbÔÛ@áàn½aë@ކȽa

@I O90 H@10

) (2

:

ﻫ ﺭﺩﺼ ﺫ

ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﺒ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺍ 26

/ 08 / ﻸﻝ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ 2003

ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺕﺭﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺯ )

ﺭﺎﻴﻬﻨﺍ

ﻋﺎﻨـﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻙـﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﺱﻼﻓﺇﻭ ﻱﺭـﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲ

) (BCIA

،( ﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺍﺩﺩﺸﺘ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺙﻴﺤ لﻜﺎﺸﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﺒﺒﺴﺘ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥ

ﺀﻭـﺴﺒ ﻭﺃ ،

ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ . ﻡﻗﺭ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻡﻋﺩ ﺎﻤﻜ )

03 / 11 ،ﻲـﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻘﺘﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﻲﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ (

لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﺠﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﺎﻤﻴﺴﻻﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭـﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻤﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺅﻼـﺘ ﺔـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﻴﺴﺠﺘ

ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ

:

ﻭ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺤﻼﺼ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ •

ﻨﻴﺒ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﺎﻬ

ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺤﻼﺼ .

ﺩﺘ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺨﺩﻻﻭ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﻥﺴﺤﺃ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ •

ﺹﻴﺨﺍﺭﺘﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻋ

ﺍ ﻡﺯﻠﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻊﺌﺍﺩﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇﻭ ،ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻊﺌﺍﺩﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝ

.

ﺔﻴﻭﻘﺘ •

ﻭ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﺔﻨﺠﻝ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﻭﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ

ﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭﻭ ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎ

.

ﻢﻗﺭ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ-(1) 01 01/ ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ،ﺽﺮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺪﻘﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ، ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ ،14

27 02/ 2001/ .

ﻢﻗﺭ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ-(2) 03 11/ ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ،ﺽﺮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ، ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ ،52

27 08/ 2003/ .

149

M@3 áÓ‰@æìãbÔÛa

@I O04 ZH01

@

@ @

ﻲﻓ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ 04

/ 03 / ﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝ ﻰﻨﺩﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ،2004 ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎ

ﻭ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻓ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺏ ﻰﻨﺩﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ

) 500 ﺏﻭ ،ﺝﺩ ﻥﻭﻴﻠﻤ( )

100 ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺝﺩ ﻥﻭﻴﻠﻤ (

ﻰﻨﺩﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺤ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝ

) 2004 ﺏ (

) 2,5 ﻙﻭـﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺝﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﻠﻤ ( ،

)ﻭ

500 ﻥﻭـﻴﻠﻤ(

ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻉﺯﻨﻴ ﻑﻭﺴ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻊﻀﺨﺘ ﻻ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ لﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ .

M@4 áÓ‰@æìãbÔÛa

@I O04 ZH02

@ @

ﻲﻓ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ 04

/ 03 / ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﺭﺘﺎﻓﺩ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻱﺭﺎﺒﺠﻹﺍ ﻲﻁﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،2004

ﺔﻔﺼﺒﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻱﺭﺎﺒﺠﻹﺍ ﻲﻁﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﻴ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ

) 0

% ( ) و

15

% ﻰﺼﻗﺃ ﺩﺤﻜ ( .

M@5

@áÓ‰@æìãbÔÛa I

O04

@ZH03

@ @

ﻲﻓ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ 04

/ 03 / ﻥﻴﻋﺩﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻴﻭﻌﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺌﺍﺩﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ،2004

،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﻉﺩﻭﻴﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻜﻭﻨﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻌﺌﺍﺩﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥـﻤ ﺭﻴﺴﻴﻭ

ﺔﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﺌﺍﺩﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﻑﺭﻁ .

M@6 áÓ‰@æìãbÔÛa

@I O06

@ZH02

@ @

ﻲﻓ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ 24

/ 09 / ﻉﻭﺭﻓ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ،2006

ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ .

M@7 áÓ‰@æìãbÔÛa

@I

@O08 H02 Z

@ @

ﻲﻓ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ 10

/ 09 /

،2008 ﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝ

.

M@8 áÓ‰@æìãbÔÛa

@I O08 H04 Z

@ @

ﻲﻓ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ 23

/ 12 / ،2008 ـﺒ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝ ﻰﻨﺩﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﻠﻝ ﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ )

10 ﺕﺎـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﻠﻤ (

ـﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ )

3,5 ﺝﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﻠﻤ ( .

M@9 áÓ‰@Šßþa

@I O10

@H04 áÓ‰@Šßþ@áàn½aë@ކȽa

@I O03 H11

@Z

@ @

ﻲﻓ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ 26

/ 08 / ،2010 ﻭ ،ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻤ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ

:

ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻊـﻀﺨﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﻊﻀﺨﻴ ﻻ •

ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ لﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻴﺠﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ .

ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻥﻤ ،ﻪﻁﺎﺸﻨﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﺒ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﻰﻔﻌﻴ •

ﺒﻁ ﻥﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺒﻋﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻌﻴ

.

ﺭﺎـﻁﺇ ﻲـﻓ ﻻﺇ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻜﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺹﻴﺨﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ •

ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻜﺍﺭﺸ )

51

% لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﻤ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ( .

150

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ

) 4 -1 (

ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻫ :

.2014

SOURCE: Banque d’Algérie, Banques et établissements financière, http://www.bank-of-algeria.dz/html/banque.htm, consulté le 29/12/ 2014.

-ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ

-ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ

-ﺔﻴﻔﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ

-ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ

-ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ

-ﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼ ﻁﺎ

-ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ

-ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍ .

-ﻙﻨﺒ ﺱﻴﺴﻜﺘﺎﻨ

-لﺍﺭﻨﺠ ﻲﺘﻴﺴﻭﺴ

-ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ .

-ﻙﻨﺒ ﻲﺘﻴﺴ .

-ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ .

-ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺒﻴﺭﺒ ﻲﺒﻨ ﺍ ﻲﺒ .

-ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺴﺭﺘ ﻙﻨﺒ .

-ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺞﻴﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ .

لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻹﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ

ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ .

-ﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﺭﺌﺍﺯ

.

-ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ لﻭﻜﺭﺠﺍ ﻱﺩﻴﺭﻜ .

-ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ .

-ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺴ ﻲﺒ ﺱ ﺍ ﺵﺘﺇ .

-ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ

ﻲﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ

"CNMA"

.

ﺓﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍ

ﻑﻴﻅﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ .

لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ

ﻲﻨﻫﺭﻝﺍ .

-ﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭ .

-ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻴﺘﻴﺴ .

ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺎﻐﻤﻝﺍ

ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ .

ﺭﺎﺠﻴﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍ

.SPA

-ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ .BAD

-ﻁﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺎ

ﻲﻨ

ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ .

ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺤﺘﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ

.

-ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ .

-ﻲﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ .

-ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﻨﻭﺘ ﻙﻨﺒ .

-ﻙﻨﺒ ﺱﻴﺘﺭﻭﻓ .

-ﻙﻨﺒ لﺍﺩﺎﺒﺴ .

אא

אא

א

א א

!אא א

""#אא א

151

ﺐﻠﻄﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ

: ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻙﻮﻨﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ :

ﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤ

ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴﻭ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻝ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘ )

La Banque d’Algérie ،(

ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺍﺭﺸﻹﺎﺒ

ﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﺸﻴﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﻡﻅﻨﻴﻭ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ لﻜﻜ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨ

ﻥﻤ ﺽﺭﻌﻨﻭ ،ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ :

ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ )

(BNA ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ ،

ﻱﺭــﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ )

(CPA ﺔــﻴﻔﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔــﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔــﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﻙــﻨﺒ ، )

(BDAR ﺭﻴﻓﻭــﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭــﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺩﻨــﺼﻝﺍ ،

ﻁﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ )

(CNEP ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ،

) (BDL

، ﻲﻓ ﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻡﺩﻗﻷﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ

.

ﺙﻴﺤ ﻠﻤﺸ ﺕ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ

ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻻﻭ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ

:

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻱﺮﺋﺍﺰﺠﻟﺍ ﻲﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﻚﻨﺒﻟﺍ BNA)

( :

ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻀﺘﻘﻤﺒ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺊﺸﻨﺃ )

66 / 178 ﻡﻗﺭ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺏﺠﻭﻤﺒ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ( )

66 / 178 (

ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﺒ 13 / 06 /

،1966 ﺎﻋﺩﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻠﻝ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻝ ،ﻲـﻋﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻠﻝ ﺔﻤ

ﺙـﻴﺤ

ﺩﺩﻋ لﺤﻤ لﺤ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺌﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻡﺘ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﻲﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻙﻨﺒ لﻭﺃ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻙـﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﻤﺩﺇ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﻬﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺸﻨﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺦﻴﺭﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻡﻀ ﺩﻗﻭ

ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘﻭ ﻪﻝ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ

) (1

: ﻑﻴﻠﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ

ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﺠ ﻲﺴﻨﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻘﻌﻝﺍ ،1966

ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﺠ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻠﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ،1967

ﺱﻴﺭﺎﺒ ﻙﻨﺒ

ﻲﻔﻨﺎﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ،1968

ﺎﻴﻘﻴﺭﻓﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ،

ﺔـﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻼﺒـﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﻴﺭﺎﺒ ﻙﻨﺒ

) ﺍﺩﻨﻝﻭﻫ ( ﻥﺍﻭﺠ ﻲﻓ .1968

ﺎﻫﺩﺩﻋ ﻎﻠﺒﻴ ﺫﺇ ،ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﻘﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻜ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺓﺭﺸﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻀﻴ )

170 (

ﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ )

17 ﻥﻋ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﻪﻝﺎﻤﻋ ﺩﺩﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻬﺠ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤ( )

5700 ﻼﻤﺎﻋ (

) (2

، ﻑﻠﻜﻴ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﻊﺌﺍﺩﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﺒ ﻝﺍ

لﻔﻜﺘ

ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﺒ ﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ

ﺔ ﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻘﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎ ﻭ

ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺤﻼﺼ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ

ﺔﻨﺴ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻤﺍﺩ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ )

1982 ﻭ ﺔﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻡﺘ ﻥﻴﺃ (

ﺔﻴﻔﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ

.

لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ :

ﺕﻼﻴﻬـﺴﺘﻜ ﺽﻭﺭـﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤـﻀﻭ لـﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻗ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺨ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ •

ﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻊﺌﺎﻀﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻴﻠﺴﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻑﻭﺸﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺤﺴ

ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍﻭ ﺘﺴﻤﻝﺃ

ﻨ ﻱﺩ .

ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ •

ﺱﺃﺭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﻤ .

ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ •

ﺔـﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻭ ﻭ

ﺓﺭﻴﻐـﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎـﻁﻗ

ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،

ﻴﻠﻤﻌﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺤﻝ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ ﺔ

.

ﻝﺍ لﺎﺒﻘﺘﺴﺍ •

ﺏﺎﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻊﺌﺍﺩﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺯﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻨﺴ ﺭﺍﺩﺼﺇ لﺠﻷ ﻭﺃ ﺏﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺘ ،

...

ﺦﻝﺍ .

،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺒﻄﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻳﺩ ،ﻱﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻠﻟ ﻞﺧﺪﻣ ،ﺕﺍﺪﻴﲪ ﺩﻮﻤﳏ-(1) ﺹ ،2005

130 . (2)^- Rapport d’activité de la BNA, 2000, p03.

152

ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﻑﺭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺘ لﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻙﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻓﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ لﺎﺒﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺴﺘ •

.

ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ •

ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜ

،ﺹ ﻭ ،ﻊـﻴﺒﻝﺍ ،ﺀﺎـﻨﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻌﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ

ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻘﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋﻭ ،ﺭﺎﺠﻴﻹﺍ .

ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻙﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ

) (BNA ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ

ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ :

ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ •

ﻊﺴﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﺘﻔﺒ

ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭﻝﺍ ،

ﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ

،ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻨﻤﻜ

ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺫﺠﻭ

ﻊﺌﺍﺩﻭﻝﺍ .

لﺎﺨﺩﺇ •

ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻭ ﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴ

، ﺔﺒﻜﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍ

ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﻼﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ

، ﻲﻓ لـﻅ

ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ

.

لﻼﺘﺤﺍ •

ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻥﻤﻀ

ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ

ﻭ ، ﺏﻌﻝ ﺭﻭﺩ لﺎﻌﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﺭﻴﻭـﻁﺘﻭ

ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ .

ﻲﻝﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ :

153

http://www.bna.dz/organigramme.html:

154

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻱﺮﺋﺍﺰﺠﻟﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻘﻟﺍ CPA)

( :

ﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻗﺎ

ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﺝﺍﺭﺩﺇ ،

ﻥـﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻁﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺃ ﻙﻨﺒ لﻭﺃ)

ﺔﻨﺴ ﺏﺤﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﺒﻝ ﻪﺤﺭﻁ لﻼﺨ 1989

،(

ﺭﺍﺩﺼﻹ ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺩﻗﺎﻌﺘﻴ ﻙﻨﺒ لﻭﺃ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ)

ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻁﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺘﺴﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺍﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ

ﺩﺭﺎﻜ

،(

ﻰﻌﺴﻴﻭ ﻡﻠﻗﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ

ﻠﻝ ﺔﻨﻫﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔـﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒ

ﻭ ،ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﻜﻭ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ

.

ﺱﺴﺄﺘ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺠﻭﻤﺒ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ )

66 / 336 ﻲﻓ ﺥﺭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ( 26

/ 12 /

)1966

(1

،

ﻩﺭﺩﻗ لﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﺒ )

15 ﻥﻭﻴﻠﻤ ( ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻤ لﺤ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻪﺴﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻙﻨﺒ ﻲﻨﺎﺜ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،

لـﺤ

ﺠﺘ ﻙﻭﻨﺒ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎ

: ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻠﻝ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ

(BICIA) ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ،

ﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﻫﻭﻝ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ (BPCIO)

ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻨﻴﻁﻨﺴﻘﻝ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ

(BPCIC) ﻲﺒﻌـﺸﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ،

ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ

ﻲ ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻌﻝ (BPCIAN) ﺙﻼﺜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻁﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ،

) 03 ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﺃ ﻙﻭﻨﺒ (

ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﻬﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻁﺸﻨ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻓﻭ .

ﻥﻤ ﺍﺀﺍﺩﺘﺒﺇ )

1971 ﺽﻭﺭـﻘﻝﺍ ﺢﻨـﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺼﺨﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺢﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒ (

ﻴﺒﻏﺍﺭﻠﻝ ﻥ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔـﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ

ﺔﺤﺎﻴـﺴﻝﺍ

ﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ ﻱﺭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻴ

ﺕ ﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ـﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭـﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻥﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃﻭ ﺔﻴ

ﻲـﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺽﺭ

ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺤ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺈﺒ ﺍﻭﻤﻭﻘﻴﻝ ﻥﻴﺩﻫﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻤﺍﺩﻗ ﻰﻝﺇﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝ .

ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ )

1985 ﻥﻋ لﺯﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴ ،( )

40 لـﻴﻭﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ (

) 550 ﻭ ﺭﺎﻁﺇﻭ ﻑﻅﻭﻤ ( )

8900 ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻔﻝ ﻲﻜﻨﺒ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ (

ﻲـﻓ ﺽﺭـﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩـﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺱـﻠﺠﻤ ﻑﺭـﻁ ﻥـﻤ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ لﺼﺤﺘ 07 / 04 / ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻭ ،1997 ﻭ

ﻥﻤ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻑﻝﺄﺘﺘ

) 136 ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ( )، 17 ﺔﻴﻭﻬﺠ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ ( ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺎﻬﺒ لﻐﺘﺸﻴ

) 4454 ﺯﻭﻤ ﻑﻅﻭﻤ (

ﻥﻴﻋ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ )

،ﺭﺎﻁﺇ 2374

،ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻋﺃ 1770 ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻋﺃ 310

،( ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺄﺒ ﻪﻝﺎﻤ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺭﺩﻘﻴ )

30 ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﻠﻤ ( ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،

ﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻜﺍﻭﻴ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤ

،

ﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻝﺎﻤﻋﻭ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﺭﺤﻴ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﻼﻁﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌ

ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺩـﻝﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺭﺎﺸﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ )

2053 (

ﻙﺭﺎﺸ ﺫﺇ ،لﻤﺎﻋ )

457 ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ لﺎـﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﺘﻭ لﻴﻫﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺼﺒﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ (

ﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴ

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻥـﻤ ﺓﺭﺒﺘﻌﻤ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﻜﺭﺎﺸ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋ .

ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ-(1) 66 366

-،ﺔﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ، ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ

29 12/ 1966/ .

155

ﻡﺘـﻬﻴ ﺢﺒـﺼﺃﻭ ،ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﻤﻭﻴ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺘﺄﺸﻨ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻪﺘﺎﻤﺩﺨﻭ ﻪﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻑﺭﻋ ﺼﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﻐﺸﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺎﻜ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻓﻭ ﺔﺴﺎﺴﺤ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﺒ ﺔﺤ

...

ﺦﻝﺍ .

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ

) (1

:

ﺝﺎـﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﺎـﻴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻴﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻗﻭ ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﻓﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ •

ﺓﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﻷ ﺽﻭﺭﻗ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺂﺸﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋﻭ ﺓﺭﺠﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻗﻭ .

ﻔﻠﺴﻭ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ •

ﻴ ﺔـﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔـﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺘﺸﻤ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺕﺍﺩﻨﺴ ﺀﺎﻘﻝ ﺕﺎ

ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍﻭ .

ﻑـﻠﺘﺨﻤ لـﻴﻭﻤﺘﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،لﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁﻭ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﻴﺸﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ •

ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ .

ﺍ ﺱﻭﺅﺭ ﻊﻤﺠﻭ ﻊﺌﺍﺩﻭﻝﺍ لﺎﺒﻘﺘﺴﺍ •

،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺍﻭﻤﻷ )

،ﺩﻴـﺼﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎـﺴﺤ ،ﺔـﻴﺭﺎﺠ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺴﺤ

ﺭﺎﺨﺩﻻﺍ ﺭﺘﺎﻓﺩ ،ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻨﺴ ...

ﺦﻝﺍ .(

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺹﺨﻠﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ

2)

:(

ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻘﺘ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﺠﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ •

.

ﺨﺩﺈﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ •

ﻕﻴﻭﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ لﺎ .

ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﻜﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺒﺍﺭﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻨﻭ ﻊﺴﻭﺘﻝﺍ •

.

ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ •

ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ

ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻭ ،

ﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻴﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﻜﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴ

.

ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻭﺴﺘ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ •

.

لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻁﺎﻘﻨﺒ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ

ﻲﻓ :

لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﺔﻨﺭﺼﻋﻭ ﻊﻴﻭﻨﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ •

ﻊﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺈﺒ ﻙ

) ﺔﻨﺴ 1990

،( ﻥـﻤ لﻭﺃ ﻱﺭـﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻜ

ﻥﻴﺘﻗﺎﻁﺒﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﺃ CPA/visa

و CPA/cash ﺩﺩﻋ لﺼﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ ،

ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻠﻤﺎﺤ )

3373 ﺔﻨﺴ ﻲﻓ (

) 2008 ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،( )

CPA/visa ﺩﺩﻋ لﺼﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ (

ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻤﺎﺤ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ

) 2009 ﻰﻝﺇ (

) 5289 ﺔﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻗﺎﻁﺒ (

) CIB ﻰﻝﺇ (

) 1202 ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒﻭ (

) Visa-Master card ﻰﻝﺇ (

) 351 ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ ( )

2009 .(

ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺯﻔﺤﻤﻭ لﺎﻌﻓ ﻕﻴﺭﻓ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ •

، ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻌﺴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﺒﺍ

ﺔﻨﺴ ﻥﻤ )

2007 (

ﺴ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﺍ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﻁﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﺴﻔﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻭﻘﺘ ﺔﺴﺎﻴ

ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ لﻴﻋﺎﻤﺴﻭﺒﺒ ﻲﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﺢﺘﻓ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﺓﺯﻔﻗ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻋ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻠﻫﺅﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ

ﲏﻳﻭﺰﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﻛﺎﺷ-(1) ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺒﻄﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻳﺩ ،ﻙﻮﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺍﺮﺿﺎﳏ ،

2000، ، 60ﺹ . (2)- Revue historique documentation CPAopat, P 41.

156

) 2007 ﺕـﻀﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻑﻴﺭﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻠﻘﻋ ﺽﺭﻐﺒ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻘﺘﺒ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺢﻤﺴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،(

ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ )

39.7 ﺔﻨﺴ ﺝﺩ ﻥﻭﻴﻠﻤ (

) 2006 ﻰﻝﺇ (

) 12 ﺔﻨﺴ ﺝﺩ ﻥﻭﻴﻠﻤ ( )

2008 لﺎـﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ (

ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ .

ﻡـﺘ ﺙـﻴﺤ ،لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ •

ﺔﻨﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻜﻨﺒ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ )

2008 ﻰﻤﺴﺘ (

) e-banking ﻘﺤ ﺔﻨﺭﺼﻋ لﺜﻤﺘﻭ (

لﺎـﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻘﻴ

ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻲﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺎـﺴﺘﻜﺍﻭ ﻥﺌﺎـﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺀﺎـﻀﺭﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻌﻓﺍﺭ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،

ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺠ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ .

ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ :

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ

4) 3 -(

: ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ

ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ : ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭ

ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻻﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ https://www.cpa-bank.dz

/ .

ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻻﻭ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻬﻓ

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ :

-1 ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ ) 215 .(

-2 ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ ) 201 .(

-3 ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ )

ﺀﺎﻨﻴﻤﻝﺍ .(

א م!א'א(

PDG

ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ

ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺰﺘﻟﻼﻟ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ

ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻺﻟ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﳌﺍ

ﻝﻼﻐﺘﺳﻼﻟ

ﻞﻳﻮﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺔﻴﺟﺭﺎﳋﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﳉﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺔﻴﺟﺭﺎﳋﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﺟﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﺽﺮ BTPH

ﺽﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﳋﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻠﻟ

ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻊﻳﺭﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺘﻣﻭ ﻥﻭﺆﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﺯﺎﻨﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻉﻭﺮﻔﻟﺍ

ﺕﺎﳘﺎﺴﳌﺍﻭ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻺﻟ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ

ﻂﻴﻄﺨﺘﻟﺍﻭ

ﺔﻤﻈﻧﺃ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ

ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﶈﺍ

ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﳌﺍ

ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﺪﻣ ﺔﻳﺮﻳ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳌﺍ

ﻖﻳﻮﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻢﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﲑﻴﺴﺗ

ﺔﻟﻮﻘﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺔﻳﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ

157

ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻭ ﺔﺣﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻚﻨﺑ ﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﻔﻳﺮﻟﺍ ﺔ BADR)

( :

ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ

، ﻭ ﻪـﺘﻴﻜﻠﻤ ﺩﻭـﻌﺘ ﻡﻬـﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ

ﻡﻗﺭ ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻀﺘﻘﻤﺒ ﻩﺅﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻡﺘ ،ﻲﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻠﻝ )

82 / 106 ﻲﻓ ﺥﺭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ( 13

/ 03 /

)1982

(1

ﻥـﻤ ﻕﺜﺒﻨﺍ،

،ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻠﻜﻴﻫ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻫ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻭ

،ﻲـﻋﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻭ لﻜﺎﻴ

،ﺔﻋﺍﺭﺯﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ لﻜﻭ ﻭ

لﻜﻭ ﻑﺎﻴﺭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ

ﻑﻴﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺂﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻤﻝﺍ

) (2

، ﻭﻫ ﻥﺫﺇ ﻲﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺼﺨﺘﻤ ﻙﻨﺒ

.

ﻊﺌﺍﺩﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ )

ﻷ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﺌﺍﺩﻭﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﻴ ﻱﻭـﻨﻌﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺩﺎﻤ ﺹﺨﺸ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻤ لﺠ

، ﺽﺭـﻘﻴﻭ

ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ لﺎﺠﺂﺒ لﺍﻭﻤﻷﺍ (

، ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻙﻨﺒ ﻭﻫ )

لﺎـﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ لﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁﻭ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺢﻨﻤﻴ

ﺕﺒﺎﺜﻝﺍ (

، ﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺢﻨﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻤ ،لﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ

ﻊﻴﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﺩﺼﻗ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻤﻀ ﻥﻭﺩ

ﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﻴﻬ

.

ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻌﺴﻴ ﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻬﺸﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻫﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻠﻗﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﻁ ﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎ ﺕﺍﺭﻭـﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨ ﻲﻓﺭ

ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﺎﺨﺩﺇﻭ

ﻭ ﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝ

ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺤﺭﻁﺘ ﻯ

ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ

.

ﻙﻨﺒ لﻭﺤﺘ ﻭ ﺔﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ

ﻡﺎﻋ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ )

1988 ﺔﻜﺭـﺸ ﻰﻝﺇ (

لﺎﻤ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤ )

22 ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺭﻭﺩﺼ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ،ﺝﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﻠﻤ ( )

90 / 10 ـﻐﻝﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ( ﻲ

ﻡﺎـﻅﻨ ﻪـﻝﻼﺨ ﻥـﻤ

ﻪﻤﺎﻬﻤ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻴ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﻴﻐﻜ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ،ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺹﺼﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻬـﺸ ﺎـﻤﻜ ،ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻙﻨﺒﻜ

ﺫﻨﻤ ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻋ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘ )

1991 ﻊﻤ ﻰﺸﺎﻤﺘﻴ ﻪﻠﻌﺠﻭ ،ﻪﺘﻨﺭﺼﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﻤﻭﻴ ﻰﻝﺇ (

ﺏ ﻪﻝﺎﻤ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺭﺩﻘﻴ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﻴﻏ )

33 ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻋﺯﻭﻤ ﺝﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﻠﻤ ( )

3300 ﺔـﺒﺘﺘﻜﻤ ﻡﻬﺴ (

ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ،

ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﻴﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ )

42 ﺠ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ( ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻬ

) 300 ﺎﻬﺒ لﻐﺘﺸﻴﻭ ﻉﺭﻓ (

ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ )

7000 ﺔﻴﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﻥﻭﻁﺸﻨﻴ لﻤﺎﻋﻭ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ (

3)

.(

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻤ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ :

ﺔﻨﻴﺯﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺘﺌﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺯﻴﻬﺠﺘ •

.

ﻘﻠﺘﻭ ،ﻪﺒﻠﻁ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺹﺨﺸ ﻱﻷ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺴﺤ ﺢﺘﻓ •

ﻭ ،ﻊﺌﺍﺩﻭﻝﺍ ﻲ ﺍ

ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝ

ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ .

ﺸﺘﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ •

ﺠ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺫﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍ ﻊﻴ .

ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﺒ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ •

، ﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤ .

ﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ •

ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻻﺍ ﻕﻴﻭﺴﺘﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﺭ .

ﺎﻬﺘﻜﺒﺸ ﺭﺸﻨﻭ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﻊﻤ ،ﻪﺘﻁﺸﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﻡﺠﺴﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ •

.

ﺕﺍﺪﻴﲪ ﺩﻮﻤﳏ-(1) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

.134

ﲏﻳﻭﺰﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﻛﺎﺷ-(2) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

.62

(3)- A Rezagui, Elaboration du schéma directeur d’un système d’information, banque de l’agriculture et développement rural, Paris8, (2010-2011), Page 52.

158

159

ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻚﻨﺑ BDL)

:(

ﻕﺜﺒﻨﺍ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ (CPA)

، ﻡﻗﺭ ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻀﺘﻘﻤﺒ ﻪﺴﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻡﺘ )

85 / 85 (

ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﺒ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ 30

/ 04 /

)1985

(1

ﻩﺭﺩـﻗ لﺎﻤـﺴﺃﺭﺒ ،ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻙﻨﺒ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻭﻫﻭ

ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﻠﻤ ﻑﺼﻨ

) (2

، ﺇ ﻡﺘﻭ ﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺌﺎﺸﻨ ﺕﺎـﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻭ ﻊﺌﺍﺩﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﺴﻤ ﺽﺭﻐﺒ ﺔﻴﺍﺩ

،ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻜﺒ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ

، ﻲﻓ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ

ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻭ ﺩﻴﺴﺠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺍﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝ ﻪﻁﺎﺸﻨﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺯﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﺭﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺎﻜ .

ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻉﺎﻁﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻠﻝ ﻊﻀﺎﺨ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ لﻜﺸ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻙﻨﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻭﻫ ﻀﻴﻭ ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻋﻭﺭﻓ ﺢﺘﻔﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻌﺘﺘ ﻻ ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻗ ﺎـﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻡ

) 16 ﺔـﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤ (

ﻬﺠ ﺔﻴﻭ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤ)

ﻭ (

) 153 ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ(

، ﻲﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺭﺩﻘﻴﻭ ﺏ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ

) 4340 ﻥﻴﻋﺯﻭـﻤ ﻑـﻅﻭﻤ (

ﻲﺘﻵﺎﻜ : ) 1763

،ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ( ) 1489 ﻡﻜﺤﺘ ﻥﻭﻋ (

، ) 1088 ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ ﻥﻭﻋ(

.

ﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺩﺨﻴ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻗ ﺽﻭﺭﻗﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌ

،لـﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁﻭ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ

ﺇ ﺭﻴﺩﺼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻴﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ ،ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀ

ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﻴﻓ ﺹﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺎﻤﺃ

ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔـﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﺼﻭ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ

، ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻁﺨﻤ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻴﻭ

ﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻕﺜﺒﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻁ

.

ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﻪﺘﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﻥﺇ

) (3

:

ﺭﺎﺨﺩﻻﺍ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘ •

ﻭ ، لﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻗ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻜ ﺎﻬﺤﻨﻤﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ .

لﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺍﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ •

.

ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ لﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ •

ﺔـﺤﻭﻨﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ

ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻸﻝ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ .

ﺏﺎﺒـﺸﻠﻝ لﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﺽﻭﺭﻗ ﺢﻨﻤﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﻁﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﻝﺍﻭ لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺭﻓﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﻭﺒﺃ ﺢﺘﻓ •

ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ .

ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﺭﻗ ﺢﻨﻤ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘ •

.

ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﺩﺭﻔﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ •

ﻥﻫﺭﻝﺍ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺽﺭﻗ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﺘـﺴ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ﺓﺩﻤﻝ ﺍﺩﻘﻨ ﺽﺍﺭﻗﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺏﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻉﺍﺩﻴﺇ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻰﺼﻗﺃ ﺩﺤﻜ ﺍﺭﻬﺸ ﻥﻭﺜﻼﺜﻭ ﺔﺘﺴﻭ ﺭﻬﺸﺃ .

ﻲﻝﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻙﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ :

ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ-(1) 85 85 ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ، 30

04/ 1985 / .

ﺮﻫﺎﻄﻟﺍ-(2) ﺵﺮﻄﻟ ﻙﻮﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺗ ، ﺟﺮﻣ ،

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊ 191

.

ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﻦﻣ-(3) ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺀﺎﻨﺑ www.bdl.dz

160

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ

4) 5 -(

: ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ .

ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ : ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺎﺒﻭ

http://www.bdl.dz .

ﻴﻻﻭ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻓ ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ ﺔ

:

-1 ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ .

-2 ﺏﺭﻏ ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ .

-3 ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ ﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ 1

ﺭ .

ﺲﻣﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻁﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﻓﻮﺘﻠﻟ ﻲﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﻕﻭﺪﻨﺼﻟﺍ CNEP)

:(

ﻲﻓ ﻪﺴﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻡﺘ 10

/ 08 / ﻡﻗﺭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺠﻭﻤﺒ ،1964 )

227 / 64

)(

(1

، ﻁﺎـﺸﻨﻭ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﻭﻨﺎـﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺩـﺤﻭ

ﻴﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﺨﺩﻻﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻠﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻝﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻥ

ﻲـﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﺼﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ ،ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﺔﻤﺼﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ )

206 ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ ( لـﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭ ،ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺤﻝ ﺕﺍﺭﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻤﻭ ،

ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻭ

ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﻪﻝ ﻭﻀﻋ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺏﻗﺍﺭﻤﻭ

ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺩـﻴﻭ ،ﺭﻴﻓﻭـﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺩﺎﻨـﺼﻝ ﻲﻝﻭﺩـﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺤﺘﻻﺍ

ﺮﻫﺎﻄﻟﺍ-(1) ﺵﺮﻄﻟ ﻙﻮﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺗ ، ،

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ 187 ﺹ ،

. م!א'א(א?אدLא(6Z م!א'א(א?אدLא(6Zم!א'א(א?אدLא(6Z م!א'א(א?אدLא(6Z

' نIE6نو)

!א)*א'

)*א' Bא Pد'8و 5

نو )א' 8زאو$$Iא

7:'א6A

!א$%א

م:%א

[PאضIא)0א'א

0א'א 0א'א0א'א 0א'א

ل,-.א/' ل,-.אجא]2'

Pد'8و 16

.0א Pد'8و 153

.0و [PאضIא

Pد'8و 6

161

ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ )

ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺴﺘﻨﻤ لﺍﻭﻤﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ لﺍﻭﻤﺃ ،ﺭﺎﺨﺩﻻﺍ لﺍﻭﻤﺃ

ﺕﺎﻴﻔﺸﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ (

ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺘﺄﺘﻭ .

ﻊﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﺭﺎﺨﺩﻻﺍ

ﺭﻴﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﻝ ﻸ ﻭﻋﺩﻤ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻓ

،ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ

ﺔـﻌﻔﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻭ

ﺱﻴﺭﻜﺘ ﻡﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺯﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺼﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻬﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻨﺴ ﺀﺍﺭﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﺴﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭ ﻙﻨﺒﻜ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺨﺩﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺍﺯ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻪﻝ ﺎﻴﻭﻗ ﺎﻌﻓﺩ ﻰﻁﻋﺃ ﺩﻗ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،

) (1

.

ﻲﻫ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺌﺍﺩﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ

2)

:(

لﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤ ﻲﻝﻭﺘﺒ ﺎﻤﺇ ،ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻹﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ •

ﻹﺍ ﺍﺭﺘﻗﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﺸﻨ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺽ

ﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻗﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻕﻭﺩﻨـﺼﻝﺍ ﺢﻨﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝ لﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﻡﺼﺨ ﻭﺃ ،ﺀﺎ

ﻡﺎﻋ ﺫﻨﻤﻭ ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﺩﺼﻘﺒ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ )

1982 ﺩﺼﻘﺒ ﻥﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃ ﺽﺭﻘﻴ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒ (

ﻡﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﻼﺤﻤ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺘﻗﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ .

ﺔﻴﺯﺎﻜﺘﺭﻻﺍ لﻜﺎﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻗﺇ •

.

ﺔﻨﻴﺯﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺼﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻬﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻨﺴ ﺀﺎﻨﺘﻗﺎﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ،ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺽﺌﺎﻓ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ •

.

ﺫﺇ ،ﺕﺎـﻘﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺼﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﺭﻫ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻁﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﺔﻠﻜﻴﻫ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻓ ،ﺔـﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺩـﻨﺒ ﺕـﺤﺘ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺹﻨ ﺎﻤﻋ ﻅﻭﺤﻠﻤ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﺒ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺭﻤ لـﺒﻘ

) 1980 ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺜ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﺒ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﻡﺴﺘﺍ (

) 1980 -1987 ﺕﻓﺭﻋ (

ﻡﺎﻋ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﺕﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤﻼﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨ ﺭﺍﺭﻗﺈﺒ ﺔﻠﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺭﻫﻭﺠ ﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘ )

1992 .(

ﺕﺎـﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻊـﻀﻭ ﻰﻝﻭـﺘﻴ ﺫﺇ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻬﻤ ﻪﻝ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻡﺭﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝ ﺔﻠﺼﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺠﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﻝ ﺔﺒﻜﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ ﻪﻘﺘﺎﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،

.

ﻥﻴـﻔﻠﻜﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﺎـﺸﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻔﻠﻜﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻝﺄﺘﻴ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩ ﻪﻝ ،ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺱﺃﺭﻴ ﻴﻤﺎﻋ ﺀﺍﺭﺩﻤ ﺱﻤﺨ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻥﻴﻌﻴ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺡﺍﺭﺘﻗﺎﺒﻭ ،لﻴﻝﺎﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﻥ

ﻡﻫﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ :

ﺔﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﺩﻤ •

.

ﺽﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﺩﻤ •

.

لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺎﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﺩﻤ •

.

لﻴﺼﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﺩﻤ •

.

ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﺩﻤ •

.

ﺔﻠﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺈﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﺩﻤ •

.

ﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﺩﻤ •

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃﻭ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤ ﺩﻋﺎﺴ .

ﺮﻫﺎﻄﻟﺍ-(1) ﺵﺮﻄﻟ ﻙﻮﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺗ ، ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

187 .

ﲏﻳﻭﺰﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﻛﺎﺷ-(2) ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،

67 .

162

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻻ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﺘﻨﻴ :

üëc Z@

@òíìè¦a@pbíŠí†½a Z

ﺎﻫﺩﺩﻋ ﻎﻝﺎﺒﻝﺍﻭ@ )

15

،( ﻲـﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﻁﻴـﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﻋﺯﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭﻠﻝ ﻡﻋﺩ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ

ﻋﻷﺍ لﻜﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺹﻭﺼﻨ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻀﻭﻔﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤ

ﺎـﻌﺒﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺎﺒ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ،ﻱﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤﻺﻝ ﻭ ،ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ

ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻱﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﺘ

ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ :

ﻝﺍ ،ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘ

.

bîãbq Z@

püb×ìÛa ﻊﻠﺒﻴ Z

ﺎﻫﺩﺩﻋ ) 206

،ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ ( ﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻜﻴﻫ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴﻭ ﺯﻴﻤﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨ

:

M@1 c@Ñä–Ûa@åß@òÛb×ìÛa ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻭ ﺭﺎﺨﺩﻻﺍﻭ ﺽﺍﺭﻗﻹﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻤﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ Z

.

M@2

@@@l@Ñä–Ûa@åß@òÛb×ìÛa ﺭﺎﺨﺩﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺽﺍﺭﻗﻹﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻤﺒ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ Z

ﺕﺎـﺴﺴﺅﻤ لـﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺤﻼﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ،

ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺘﻝﺍ .

M@3

@@x@Ñä–Ûa@åß@òÛb×ìÛa ﻝﺍ ﺢﻨﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻻﻭ ﺭﺎﺨﺩﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻬﻤ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﺘ Z

ﻥـﻋ ﻼـﻀﻓ ﺩﺍﺭـﻓﻸﻝ ﺽﻭﺭـﻘ

،ﻥﻴﻴﻭﻗﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺘﺘ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ

:

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ

4) 6 -(

: ﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭﻝ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭ

.

ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ : ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻥﻤ ﻝﺍ

ﺔﻜﺒﺸ http://www.cnepbanque.dz /

.

0א'

2

'א$

$$Iא6Mא 7אوAد.אE6"

אE6"

אدLאE6"א

2^"א_0א

א' 0 3

ضIאE6"

>אو?אدLאE6"

Aد.אE6"

3^"א_0א

0א'

ج

Aد.אE6"

>אو?אدLאE6"

ج^"א_0א

163

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻓ ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻻﻭ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭ ﺎﻤﺃ :

-1 ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴ

) 301 .(

-2 ﻝﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ ﺔ ﻝﺍ لﻬﺴﻝﺍ

ﺒﺭﻐ ﻲ ) 302 .(

-3 لﻴﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ )

303 (

-4 ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ ﺱﻴﺩﺎﺒ ﻥﺒ

) 304 .(

-5 ﺭﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ )

305 .(

ﺐﻠﻄﻤﻟﺍ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ

: ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻙﻮﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ

:

لﻭﺎﺤﻨ ﻴـﺤﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻁ

لـﺤﻤ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺎـﺒ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ . ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﻝﺎﺧﺩﺇ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ :

ﺘ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ ﻥﺇ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜ

ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺃ

ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ لﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ

ﺔـﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺙـﻴﺤ

ﻋﺭﺸ ﺕ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻊﺒﺘﺘﻨ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ

ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﻡﻫﻷ ﻊﺒﺘﺘ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ

) (1

:

:1991 ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ )

swift

)(

(2

ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝ .

:1992 ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻤﺭﺒ ﻊﻀﻭ )

Logiciel Sybu ﺔـﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻠﻝ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻋﻭﺭﻓ ﻊﻤ (

ﺭﻴﻴـﺴﺘ)

ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺴﺤﻝ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺹﺤﻔﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻋﺩﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ،ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ،ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ .(

ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ ﻲﻝﻵﺍ

ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺢﺘﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻘﺌﺎﺜﻭﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻔ

ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻋﺎﺴ24 .

-ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﻁﺨﻤ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ .

:1993 ﺀﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ

ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻲﻝﻵﺍ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ

.

:1994 لﻴﻐﺸﺘ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻁﺒ ﺩﻴﺩﺴﺘﻝﺍ

ﺏﺤﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ

ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ

.

:1996 لاخدإ تايلمع صحفلا يكلسلا

) Télétraitement (

ﺹﺤﻓ ، ﻲـﻓﻭ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇﻭ

ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ )

Télétransmission .(

:1998 ﺓﺩﻨﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺏﺤﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﺒ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ

.

-2000 :2002 ﻊﻀﻭ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﺨ ﻲﻠﻌﻓ

ﺯﻜﺘﺭﻴ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻨﺭﺼﻋ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ

ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺩـﺨﻝﺍ

ﻙﻝﺫـﻜﻭ

ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻬﻁﺘ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺕﺠﺘﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ

:

ﺔﻨﻳﺯ ﺪﻌﺳﻭ ﻦﺑ-(1)

،

،ﺓﺮﲰ ﻲﻛﺭﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﻳﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﻙﻮﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ

، ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻰﻘﺘﻠﳌﺍ :

ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ : ،ﺓﺮﻜﺴﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺕﺎﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺪﺤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﺓﺰﻴﻛﺮﻟﺍ 12

، ﱪﻤﻓﻮﻧ13 ﺹ ﺹ ،2005

359 360 .

ﺍﺩ ﻙﻮﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺍﺪﺼﻣ ﻦﻣﺆﻳ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻦﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻮﻫ-(2) ﺎﻴﺟﺭﺎﺧﻭ ﺎﻴﻠﺧ

.

164

:2000 ﻡﻴـﻘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤﻝ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﺴﺘ ﻁﻁﺨﻤ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇﻭ ﻙﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﻑﻌﻀﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻨﻝ ﻕﻴﻗﺩ ﺹﺤﻔﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ .

:2001 -ﺭﻴﻬﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺎﺴﺤﻝﺍ

،ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇﻭ

ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﻘﺘﻭ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻔﺨﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭـﺠﻹﺍ

ﺔـﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺔـﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ

ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻠﻤﺒ

ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ .

ﺘ ﺱﻝﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤ )

banque Assise ﺔﺼﺨﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ (

.

ﺔﻜﺒـﺸ ﻡﻴﻤﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻁﻁﺨﻤ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ )

MEGA-(PAC ﻜﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺎ

ﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺂﺒ ﺹﺘﺨﻴ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺂﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻻ لـﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺎـﺠﻤ ﻲـﻓ ﻊﻓﺩـﻝ

ﻲﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ .

:2002 -ﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻡﻴﻤﻌﺘ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝ

) (SYBU ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻠﻝ ﻡﺩﻘﻤ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻜ

.

-ﻜﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺼﺨﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺱﻝﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻤﻌﺘ ﺎ

ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﻻ .

:2003 ﻡﺎﻅﻨ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ )

SYRAT ﻭ (

ﻭﺩ ﻲﻜﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺹﺤﻔﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﺼﺭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻭﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﻥ

ﻡﻴﻘﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ لﻘﻨﻝﺍ .

-ﺩﺎﻨ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﺔـﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤﻝ ﺎﻌﻴﺠﺸﺘ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺒﻤﺒ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻱ

ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ .

-ﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻲﺘﺎ-ﻤﻭﻠﻌ-ﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ ﺩﻌ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ )

(AXYS ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻠﻝ

لﻬﺴﻴ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺏـﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ

،

ﺔﻨﺎﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻲﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ

ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ لﻬ .

-لﺎﺨﺩﺇ ﻕﺭﻁ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﻵﺍ .

:2004 -ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ لﺎﺨﺩﻹ ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ )

E-Gouvernement ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ (

.

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻮﻄﺧ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻙﻮﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ

:

ﻰﻝﻭﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ

ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ ﻝ

ﺩـﻝﺍ ﻡﺎـﻅﻨ ﺓﺭـﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻎﻝﺎـﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﻭـﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﻓ

) (RTGS ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ، ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ

"

ﺔـﻴﻜﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻡﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﺍﻭﺃ ﺹﺨﻴ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ

ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﻠﻝ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻎﻝﺎﺒﻤﻠﻝ

1)

"(

، ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺞﻝﺎﻌﻴ ﺎـﻤ

ﻭ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺘ

ﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻎﻝﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺴ ﺔ

، ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻎﻝﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ

ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻴﺩﻭ ﺎﻀﺭﻗ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﺞﻝﺎﻌﺘ ﺔﻨﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ .

ﺄﺸﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،لﻴﻭﺤﺘ ،ﻙﻭﻜﺼ ،ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻵﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺹﺘﺨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺼﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ

ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻁﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻊﻓﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺤﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ،ﻉﺎﻁﺘﻗﺍ ﺓﺭﻭـﻁﺘﻤ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ

ﺔﻴﺌﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﺴﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻼﺜﻤ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﺨ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃﻭ )

Scanners ،(

ﺍﺫـﻫ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻤﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ

ﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻠﻝ ﻲﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ .

(1)-Abdelhamid hadj arab,les risques lies aux systèmes paiment, Media banque, le journale Interne de la banque d’algérie,n°=81, décembre 2005, janvier 2006, p p10-13.

165

ﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻤﻋ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲ

ﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻭـﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎ

ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻓ ،

ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ

ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ :

üëc Z@

@@ò׊‘

I SATIM ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﻙﻭﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﻲﻫ ZH

ﻭ ﺔﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ

، ﺔـﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒ

ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ

، ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ

، ﻝﺍ ﻱﺭـﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﺭﻘ

، ﻕﻭﺩﻨـﺼﻝﺍ

ﺔﻜﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻭ ﻲﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ،ﻁﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻬﻤ ﻥﻤﻭ ،

،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻭ ،ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ

bîãbq Z@

@ãëØÛüa@òîÏŠ–Ûa@pb߆¨@ŠöaŒ¦a@ò׊‘

@@òî I ZHAEBS ﺘ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ@

ﺔﻓﺭﻴـﺼﻝﺍ ﻕـﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭ

ﻹﺍ ﺏﻭﻬﻴﻤﻠﺒ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝ

) 2004 )( (1

، ﻥﺃ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻕﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﺔﻜﺍﺭﺸ ﻡـﺘ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺔـﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ )

Diagram- EDI

ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘ ﻥﻤﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻴﺼﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻤﺭﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭﻝﺍ (

،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻼﺜﻭ

ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ )

MAGACT Multimédia

ﻭ ( ) Soft Engineering

ﺙـﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻭ (

ﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ

) Cerist

،( ﺘﻝ ﻩﺭﺜﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺄﺸﻨ ﻲﻔﻨﺎﺠ ﻲﻓ

،2004 ﺕﻴﻤـﺴ ﺔﻁﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﺭـﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝ )

AEBS Algeria E-Banking Service

،( ﺘﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻡﺴﻘﻨﺘ ﺎﻬ

ﻥﻴﻤﺴﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ :

-ﺼﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻑﻨ :

) Diagram.E-BANKING

.(

-ﻹﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻨﺼ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝ

) (EDI

ﻭ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﻡﺎﺴﻗﻷﺍ

) Diagram.E-FILES (

.

ﺭﻭﻁﺘ لﻜﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﺌﺎﺒﺯ ﺩﻴﻭﺯﺘ ﻥﻤﻀﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻱﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺼﺎﺤ

ﻪـﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭ

ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺘﻤﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺎﺒ ﻡﻬﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﺘﻭ ،ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ

) (AEBS

ﻲﻓ

ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ ﺎﻫﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﻥﻤ

) E-Banking

.(

ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻤﺎﻫ ﺕﺎـﻴﻤﻜ ﻥﻴﺯﺨﺘﻝ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻥﺇ ،ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﻤﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺙـﻴﺤ ،ﻥﻴﻠ

ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺯﺨﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ لﺠﻷ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺏﺠﻭ ﺔﻘﻓﺩﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺤ ﺩﺍﺯ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻤ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ .

(1)-Belmihoub Mohamed Chérif, rapport sur les innovations dans l’administration et la gouvernance dans les pays méditerranéens, Cas de l'Algérie , Avril 2004, p 25.

166

ovf¹]

êÞ^nÖ]

V